Academic literature on the topic 'Shortage of water resources'
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Journal articles on the topic "Shortage of water resources"
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Wu, Caimin, Wei Liu, and Hongbing Deng. "Urbanization and the Emerging Water Crisis: Identifying Water Scarcity and Environmental Risk with Multiple Applications in Urban Agglomerations in Western China." Sustainability 15, no. 17 (2023): 12977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151712977.
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Urbanization and climate change have combined to exacerbate water shortages in cities worldwide. While rapid urbanization is faced with the risk of water resource shortage, there are few studies on the impact of water resource shortage and the ecological environment in mega-regions. Taking the three major urban agglomerations in Western China as an example, the spatial–temporal agglomeration pattern and driving force for the risk of water shortage are analyzed. First, a new comprehensive index system for environmental risks of water resources has been established, which can be used to assess spatial changes in water resource shortage risks. Secondly, the relationship between water resource shortage and the urban agglomeration effect is discussed in regards to water resource vulnerability, exposure, and recoverability. The results showed: (1) From 2000 to 2018, the risk of total water shortage in 12 provinces (cities) in Western China decreased from 3.42 to 2.59; the risk of total water shortage in the Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration dropped the fastest, with an average annual decline rate of 10.57%. (2) Water resource shortage in different cities of the three major urban agglomerations is out of sync in time and space; the risk level of water shortage is high in the north and low in the south. (3) Geological environmental change is an important influencing factor of water resource shortage; the negative impact of industrial water use on the risk of water shortage is the largest, with a contribution of 24.9%. In addition, this paper also puts forward policy suggestions to alleviate the risks of water shortage in the urbanization process in the western region. This research can provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of urban water resources.
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Ishibashi, Tamon. "Perspective of Water Resources in Japan and in the World." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (1991): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0396.
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Recently, problems of water shortage are becoming global in both developed and developing countries. This is due to tremendous population increases and also urbanization and industrialization. In this paper, countermeasures for future water shortages are described.
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Zeng, Yujie, Dedi Liu, Shenglian Guo, et al. "A system dynamic model to quantify the impacts of water resources allocation on water–energy–food–society (WEFS) nexus." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 26, no. 15 (2022): 3965–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-26-3965-2022.
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Abstract. Sustainable management of the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus remains an urgent challenge, as interactions between WEF and human sensitivity and reservoir operation in the water system are typically neglected. This study proposes a new approach for modeling the WEF nexus by incorporating human sensitivity and reservoir operation into the system. The co-evolution behaviors of the nexus across water, energy, food, and society (WEFS) were simulated using the system dynamic model. Reservoir operation was simulated to determine the water supply for energy and food systems by the Interactive River–Aquifer Simulation water resources allocation model. Shortage rates for water, energy, and food resulting from the simulations were used to qualify their impacts on the WEFS nexus through environmental awareness in society. Human sensitivity indicated by environmental awareness can then adjust the co-evolution behaviors of the WEFS nexus through feedback loops. The proposed approach was applied to the mid–lower reaches of the Hanjiang River basin in China as a case study. Results indicate that environmental awareness shows the potential to capture human sensitivity to shortages from water, energy, and food systems. Parameters related to boundary conditions and critical values can dominate environmental awareness feedback to regulate socioeconomic expansion to maintain the integrated system from constant resource shortages. The annual average energy shortage rate thereby decreased from 17.16 % to 5.80 % by taking environmental awareness feedback, which contributes to the sustainability of the WEFS nexus. Rational water resources allocation can ensure water supply through reservoir operation. The annual average water shortage rate decreased from 15.89 % to 7.20 % as water resources allocation was considered. Threats from water shortage on the concordant development of the WEFS nexus are significantly alleviated, particularly for the area with a limited regulating capacity for the water project. Therefore, this study contributes to the understanding of interactions across the WEFS systems and helps in improving the efficiency of resource management.
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He, Huaxiang, Mingwan Yin, Aiqi Chen, Junqiu Liu, Xinmin Xie, and Zhaohui Yang. "Optimal Allocation of Water Resources from the “Wide-Mild Water Shortage” Perspective." Water 10, no. 10 (2018): 1289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10101289.
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A major objective of the optimization of water resources allocation is to ensure the supply an adequate amount of water to users at the right time and maximize the utilization of water resources. However, in case of insufficient water supply, water shortage is likely to occur intensively for specific water users or in specific periods, referred to as a “concentrated water shortage”. The risk of a concentrated water shortage should be shared across a wider range of users and periods, so that it would have a less severe impact on each calculation unit in each period, which we refer to as the “wide-mild water shortage”. In this study, the nonlinear weight of the water supply objective function can be converted into a piecewise linear weight based on the law of diminishing marginal utility, making it possible to reduce or even eliminate the concentrated water shortage and thus making the allocation of water resources more reasonable. The case study in the Nen River basin in northeast China shows that the improved method results in a significant increase in water shortage units but a significant reduction in water shortage range. As a consequence, water shortage is more uniformly distributed from April to June, which contributes to solving the concentrated water shortage problem in May. However, it should be noted that to what extent the wide-mild water shortage can be realized depends not only on the marginal utility of water demand, but also on the available water supply and the regulative capacity of water supply projects. In spite of this, the improved method enables water to be supplied more suitably for users at the appropriate time, which contributes to improving the utilization of water resources and helping decision-makers better address the problem of concentrated water shortage.
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Ma, Jigang, Haofang Wang, Libin Zhao, and Song Wei. "Study on water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601006.
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Water resources optimal regulation is an important means to mitigate the shortage of water resources and promote social and economic sustainable development in regions or watershed. With the rapid development of urban population and industrial and agricultural production in recent years, the shortage of water is becoming more and more serious in Jiaodong area. The four regions with serious water shortage including Weifang, Qingdao, Yantai and Weihai in Jiaodong area are the typical research areas. In combination with the water transfer project of Yellow river to Qingdao and the south-to-north water transfer project, the water diversion is carried out to alleviate the contradiction between water supply and demand of Jiaodong area. The year of 2014 deemed as the base year and the years of 2020 and 2025 are the planning years. Based on the supply and demand analysis of water resources, an optimal regulation model is built with the minimum total water shortage considering the constraints of water supply capacity of project, water distribution capacity and minimum water supply of bleeds and so on. The optimal regulation schemes are obtained by solution model using MATLAB programming. The results show that water shortage rate of the four cities decreases significantly in annual regulation. For different planning years, guarantee rate of 50%, 75% and 95%,the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 15.35%、15.75% and 16.85% respectively in 2020, and in 2025the total water shortage rate will be reduced by 13.27%、13.26% and 14.19% respectively. Therefore the water resources optimal regulation of inter-basin water transfer project can effectively mitigate water scarcity and the contradiction between water supply and demand in Jiaodong area.
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Ma, Jing, Hongliang Liu, Wenfeng Wu, Yinqin Zhang, and Sen Dong. "Research on Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Handan City Based on the Refined Water Resource Allocation Model." Water 15, no. 1 (2022): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15010154.
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In order to realize the dynamic regulation and control of regional water resources and alleviate the imbalance between supply and demand of regional water resources, on the basis of the demand of refined management of water resources, the dynamic General Water Allocation and Simulation Model (GWAS) of Handan City was constructed. The research on the optimal allocation of water resources in different regions and counties under different normal and dry years in the planning years (2025 and 2035) was carried out. The results show that the allocated water volume in the normal and dry years of Handan in 2025 is 2.248 billion m3 and 2.150 billion m3, respectively, and the water shortage rate is 11.72% and 22.11%, respectively. The water shortage is mainly in agriculture. In 2035, the allocated water volumes in normal and dry years will be 2.504 billion m3 and 2.33 billion m3, respectively, and the water shortage rates will be 4.50% and 21.84%, respectively. After optimized allocation, the water supply structure was significantly improved. The proportion of groundwater supply will decrease at each planning level year, and the water supply of external water transfer and unconventional water will increase. This research can provide technical reference to the Handan development scheme depending on water resources in the future, as well as the optimal allocation of water resources in other cities in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region.
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Zhang, Xue, Lirong Xu, and Chunhui Li. "Sustainability of Water Resources in Shandong Province Based on a System Dynamics Model of Water–Economy–Society for the Lower Yellow River." Sustainability 14, no. 6 (2022): 3412. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14063412.
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The sustainability of water resources is a common issue for all human beings. In order to solve the water resource shortage problem in the lower Yellow River region of China, this paper uses a system dynamics approach from the perspective of a water–society–economy coupled model for the sustainable utilization of water resources in the lower Yellow River region in Shandong province. The model was validated using the water quantity, economic, and demographic statistics of nine prefecture-level cities in Shandong province from 2011 to 2020. Based on this model, three analysis scenarios were set up. The sustainability of water resources in the lower Yellow River region of Shandong province was analyzed by integrating and regulating indicators in the coupled model. The research shows that, with the liberalization of the population policy, water shortages will become critical. However, by appropriately reducing the water consumed for economic needs, water deficiency can be resolved. According to the forecast of scenario analysis, scenario 3 (the Sustainable development scenario) was chosen as the optimum solution. Assuming that the growth rate of agricultural and industrial production is controlled to reduce water consumption, the water deficiency rate of Shandong province will decrease year by year, and eventually the water shortage situation will gradually improve from 2022.
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Hsu, Shiang-Kueen. "Shortage Indices for Water-Resources Planning in Taiwan." Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 121, no. 2 (1995): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9496(1995)121:2(119).
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Tang, Xiaoyu, Ying He, Peng Qi, Zehua Chang, Ming Jiang, and Zhongbin Dai. "A New Multi-Objective Optimization Model of Water Resources Considering Fairness and Water Shortage Risk." Water 13, no. 19 (2021): 2648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192648.
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Assessing the fairness of water resource allocation and structural water shortage risks is an urgent problem that needs to be solved for the optimal allocation of water resources. In this study, we established a new multi-objective optimization model of water resources based on structural water shortage risks and fairness. We propose an improved NSGA-III based on the reference point selection strategy (ARNSGA-III) to solve the optimization model. The superiority of this method was proven by comparing it with three other methods, namely, NSGA-III, MOSPO, and MOEA/D. The model was applied to optimize the allocation of water resources in Wusu City in China. The results show that the new multi-objective optimization model provides reasonable and feasible solutions for solving water conflicts. The convergence and stability of ARNSGA-III are better than those of the other three algorithms. Allocation schemes of water resources for Wusu City in normal years, dry years, and extremely dry years are proposed. In normal years, the structural water shortage risk index is reduced by 50.1%, economic benefits increased by 0.2%, and fairness is reduced by 60.5%. This study can provide new ideas for solving the multi-objective optimization of regional water resources.
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Zhao, Yun, Rui Zhang, Heping Shu, et al. "Study on Optimal Allocation of Water Resources Based on Uncertain Multi-Objective Fuzzy Model: A Case of Pingliang City, China." Water 16, no. 15 (2024): 2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16152099.
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Water shortages are serious in northwest China due to the level of social and economic development, engineering, resource shortages, and other factors being restricted, so the conflict between supply and demand for water resources is prominent in different regions and different water use sectors. Therefore, Pingliang City was selected as the research object in this study. The membership function was introduced, and an interactive algorithm to correct model parameters based on the fairness constraint was derived. An uncertain multi-objective fuzzy programming model was also established. The results show that the optimal allocation of water will be 38,051.9~40,740 × 104 m3 and 39,938.4~41,317.5 × 104 m3 under a normal year (p = 50%) and a dry year (p = 75%) in 2025, respectively, and the corresponding water shortage rates will be 4.2% and 6.7%. In 2035, the optimal water allocation will be 45,644.1~49,245.9 × 104 m3 and 46,442.4~50,044.2 × 104 m3 and the water shortage rates will be 7.0% and 7.0%, respectively. The proportion of groundwater supply will decrease by 8.8% and 13.8% in 2025 and 2035 after the optimal allocation, the proportion of surface water supply will increase by 9.6% and 12.2%, and the proportion of reclaimed water will increase by −0.78% and 2.1%, respectively. The results can provide a technical reference for the development and utilization of water resources in other cities and similar areas in semi-arid regions.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Shortage of water resources"
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Andersson, Sofia, and Elin Lundkvist. "Torkans effekt på dricksvattenförsörjningen i Mälarregionen : En studie om kommuners arbete med vattenfrågor utifrån erfarenheter från 2017." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-352459.
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Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om kommuner i Mälarregionen drabbades av låga yt- och grundvattennivåer under sommaren 2017, hur situationen hanterades, deras dagliga arbete med vattenfrågor och om handlingsplaner fanns för låga nivåer före 2017. Vi vill även se hur kommunerna ställer sig till klimatförändringar samt sammanställa vilka roller och ansvar som olika myndigheter har när det kommer till vattenförsörjning. Arbetets undersökningsområde begränsades till 39 kommuner i fyra län: Södermanlands, Upplands, Västmanlands och Örebro län. För att besvara syftet skickades en enkät ut till kommunerna och intervjuer genomfördes med två av kommunerna. En litteraturstudie genomfördes för att kunna besvara ansvarsfördelningen mellan olika myndigheter. Enkäten besvarades av 26 kommuner. Det viktigaste resultat var att kommunerna, trots vattennivåer under det normala, inte upplevde vattenbrist i den omfattningen som vi trott. Fem kommuner angav att de drabbades av vattenbrist. Den huvudsakliga åtgärden som infördes var bevattningsförbud. Från enkäten framkom att det i stor utsträckning saknats handlingsplaner för att hantera en situation med vattenbrist innan 2017. Majoriteten av kommunerna tror att deras vattenförsörjning kan påverkas av klimatförändringar, men bara 14 angav att de har en handlingsplan för det. Resultatet som framkom från intervjuerna gällde främst processen för införandet av skyddsområden. Även i litteraturstudien framkom det att arbetet med vattenskyddsområden inte går i den takt som är nödvändig för att nå målen förhållbar och långsiktig dricksvattenförsörjning.<br>The aim of this paper is to examine how municipalities in the Mälar region of Sweden were affected by the low surface and groundwater levels in the summer of 2017, how municipalities handled the situation, how they work with water related questions in their daily work and whether they had an action plan for dealing with shortage of water prior to 2017. Lastly, we also aim to compile the roles and responsibilities for different authorities when it comes to water supply. The area of study was limited to 39 municipalities in four counties: Södermanlands, Upplands, Västmanlands and Örebro county. To answer the aim, a survey was sent out to all municipalities and interviews were done with two of the municipalities. A literature study was done in order to answer the division of responsibilities between different authorities. The survey was answered by 26 municipalities. The main result we got from the survey was that even though the water levels were below normal, the municipalities didn’t experience water shortages in the extent we had expected. Five municipalities indicated that they had been affected by the water shortages. The main measure that were done was the irrigation ban. From the survey it was found that most of the municipalities were lacking action plans to deal with a water shortage situation before2017. The majority of the municipalities believe that their water supply can be affected by climate change, but only 14 indicated that they have an action plan for it. The results obtained from our interviews primarily marks the division of responsibilities for water conservation areas. As conducted from the literature study, the processes to constitute water conservation areas does not seem to be smooth and quick enough to meet the goals of sustainable and long-term water supply.
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Osei-Asare, Yaw. "Household Water Security and Water Demand in the Volta Basin of Ghana /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/491615132.pdf.
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Bitat, Belkacem. "Gestion de l'eau en situation de pénurie : le cas de la ville de Tamanrasset (Sahara central)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3123.
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La ville de Tamanrasset comme une ville récente du Sahara central, a été confrontée au long de son histoire à un problème d’approvisionnement en eau potable. Cette situation qui endure la population de la ville a dû d’une croissance démographique rapide (sédentarisation, immigration), une urbanisation anarchique et à des ressources en eau très limites. Avec, la persistance de la pénurie, les difficultés d’accès à l’eau potable, et une gestion étatique inefficace, les habitants ont toujours fait recours aux services des revendeurs d’eau par les camions-citernes, et ont développé des dispositifs de stockage plus au moins sophistiqués pour assurer une consommation régulière à l’intérieur de l’habitation, tout en étant indépendant du programme de rotation du distribution élaboré par l’A.D.E. Pour résoudre le problème de la pénurie d’eau ; il a fallu attendre l’intervention de l’état algérien par la réalisation d’un grand projet d’adduction en transférant des eaux fossiles (albienne) du bas Sahara vers la ville de Tamanrasset (700 km). Il est à signaler que ce passage d’une gestion de pénurie vers celle d’abondance reste un défi qui nécessite plus de moyens et d’attention. D’une manière plus précise, le travail que nous avons mené concerne les interactions entre le rationnement, imposé par les services de l’eau de la ville en conséquence du manque d’eau et d’une politique de gestion inadéquate avec les spécificités locales, et les solutions envisagées par les usagers et l’état<br>The city of Tamanrasset as a new city in the central Sahara was faced throughout its history to a water supply problem. This situation endures the population of the city had a rapid population growth (settlement, immigration), uncontrolled urbanization and limits water resources. With the persistence of the shortage, lack of access to safe drinking water, and inefficient state management, people have always used the services of water reseller’s tankers, and developed storage devices more or less sophisticated to ensure regular consumption in within the housing, while being independent of rotation program distribution developed by the ADE. To solve the problem of shortage of water, it took the intervention of the Algerian state by carrying out a large supply project by transferring fossil water (Albian) of the down Sahara to the city of Tamanrasset (700 km). It should be noted that the passage of a management shortage to abundance that remains a challenge requiring more resources and attention. More specifically speaking, the work we've done for the interactions between the rationing imposed by the water services in the city as a result of lack of water and inadequate management policy, with specific local and the solutions envisaged by users and the state
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Camarena, Campos Oscar Miguel, and Calderón Samuel Pablo Meza. "Evaluación de estrategias de gestión de recursos hídricos para enfrentar futuras situaciones de escasez, utilizando el modelo weap en la sub cuenca blanco." Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/653344.
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En zonas alto andinas, el suministro de agua depende de la capacidad de almacenamiento y formas de distribución. Por ende, se utilizó un modelo de planificación y evaluación de recursos hídricos (WEAP) en la sub cuenca Blanco, ubicada en la intercuenca Huallaga; para evaluar estrategias de gestión en escenarios futuros y lograr hacer frente a una probable escasez de agua entre 2034 y 2049. Este estudio consideró los recursos hídricos de cada distrito de la subcuenca y comparó cuatro escenarios futuros distintos alternando medidas estructurales y no estructurales para periodos secos y normales.
Los resultados muestran que el consumo agua aumentará considerablemente en los distritos de estudio, y que habrá una situación de estrés hídrico de agua sin nuevos sistemas de captación de agua. La prevención de la escasez de agua en el futuro requiere la implementación de medidas de ahorro de agua y el uso de nuevas infraestructuras hidráulicas.
La implementación de medidas estructurales (reservorios, presas, bocatomas, canales de regadío) y las medidas no estructurales (capacitaciones, tecnificación del uso del agua, planes de contingencia, etc) pueden dar como resultado un potencial de ahorro de agua de 89% y 35% respectivamente, mientras que la implementación de ambas medidas da un 100% de cobertura para las demandas en el año 2034. Por otra parte, para 2049 el potencial de ahorro usando medidas estructurales sería de 50%, mientras que si sólo se usan medidas no estructurales el ahorro sería de 35%. Sin embargo, adoptando ambas estrategias se puede ahorrar el 100%.<br>In high Andean areas, water supply depends on storage capacity and forms of distribution. Therefore, a water resources planning and evaluation model (WEAP) was used in the Blanco sub-basin, located in the Huallaga inter-basin; to evaluate management strategies in future scenarios and manage to face a probable water shortage between 2034 and 2049. This study considered the water resources of each district of the sub-basin and compared four different future scenarios alternating structural and non-structural measures for dry periods and normal.
The results show that water consumption will increase considerably in the study districts, and that there will be a situation of water stress without new water collection systems. Preventing water shortages in the future requires the implementation of water saving measures and the use of new hydraulic infrastructures.
The implementation of structural measures (reservoirs, dams, intakes, irrigation canals) and non-structural measures (training, modernization of water use, contingency plans, etc.) can result in a potential water saving of 89% and 35% respectively, while the implementation of both measures gives 100% coverage for the demands in the year 2034. On the other hand, by 2049 the savings potential using structural measures would be 50%, while if only measures are used non-structural savings would be 35%. However, adopting both strategies can save 100%.<br>Tesis
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Saleh, Mohamed Al-Azhari M. "Modelling irrigation water management under water shortage and salinity conditions." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/11348.
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The usefulness of mathematical models in identifying efficient management strategies under uncertain conditions is, however limited by the theories used in models as well as by the availability and quality of field data that can be used in the calibration and validation of these models. Many models have been developed and used to simulate water and solute flux in the crop rootzone. This thesis describes the development and application of two different models, the WAVE and UNSATCHEM models to simulate water and solute transport in the vadose zone and their effect on crop transpiration and yield. The WAVE model was modified to include the effect of salinity on crop transpiration, and used to simulate soil water balances, to investigate long-term salinity build-up in the root zone, and in conjunction with a crop yield response model to assess their effect on crop yield. The practicality of the modelling approach in the establishment of optimal irrigation and drainage practices is considered through application to the Makhtaaral region of South Kazakhstan. The impact of several irrigation and drainage scenarios was evaluated. Optimal irrigation and drainage strategies for sustainable crop production have been derived. The application of the UNSATCHEM model as a multi-species model to the Makhtaaral region is also demonstrated for the evaluation of the current irrigation and drainage practices. For the problem considered in this study, the WAVE model along with the crop yield response model can be used as a tool for assessing the impact of different irrigation and drainage scenarios on crop yield. The results demonstrate that the modelling approach is robust and applicable under arid and semi-arid conditions and to a wide range of water shortage and salinity.
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Alsaeedi, Abdullah Hassan. "Utilizing ground water contributions to resolve irrigation water shortage in Al-Hassa." Thesis, Open University, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.262511.
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Schulze, Lucy, and Lena Bauer. "Water, Water, Everywhere? : How Different Stakeholders Perceive and Address the Water Shortage on Gotland, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-325049.
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“Vattenfrågan har alltid varit viktig på Gotland” (Bastani et al. 2015, p. 25) - “Water questions have always been important on Gotland”. Contrary to the common perception that water shortage does not pose a problem to northern European countries, the case on Gotland provides the example that it is a real issue. Due to several factors, the Swedish island faces severe water shortages during the summer and is in urgent need to address this in the light of an expected growing number of people coming to Gotland. Since water is a topic affecting a wide range of stakeholders, the water issue is already in the focus of attention and occasionally passionately discussed on the island. The aim of this paper was to identify with the help of qualitative research how relevant stakeholder groups perceive and address the water shortage on Gotland. The identified stakeholder groups were from the administrative/political sectors, industrial/business sectors, the research sector as well as engaged citizens. During the research it became clear that the water shortage can be characterized as a wicked problem, which in its nature is impossible to solve but only manageable due to its complexity. Yet, the majority of stakeholders did not recognize the wicked problem as such which explains the multiplicity of existent strategies for how to deal with it. The different approaches lead to outcomes that seem to only address parts of the problem but fail to manage it in its entirety. The study suggests that institutional voids, meaning a lack of clear responsibilities regarding who should manage the problem and how seem to both arise from and contribute to the complexity of the problem. As result of this research, it seems crucial to firstly gain a comprehensive understanding of the situation and then work with multi stakeholder communication and cooperation against prevailing institutional voids in order to address the water shortage effectively.
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Mulholland, Holly. "Water politics in the Middle East a multicase approach to regional water shortage." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4988.
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Water shortage is a salient issue in the Middle East commonly overshadowed by more sensational topics such as the oil crisis and the Arab-Israeli Conflict. There is a debate among scholars as to whether water shortages in the Middle East will destabilize the region into armed conflict. Realists argue that non sustainable water sources will be the catalyst which will inevitably lead states to fight one another in a zero-sum game over limited water resources. Liberal Functionalists argue that there are precedents for multilateral cooperation and a technical approach may hold the key to providing solutions to the current water crisis. This research will examine three case studies from the Middle East region: the Jordan River Basin, the Tigris and Euphrates River Basin, and the Disi Aquifer on the border of Jordan and Saudi Arabia. Limited to a specific geographic region, these cases are indicative of water shortages that have or will become potential geostrategic centers for the water crisis.<br>ID: 029810515; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references.<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>Political Science<br>Sciences
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Martinez, Vila, and Martin Alvaro. "Integrated water resources management: restoration of water quality in water resources from developing countries." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31626.
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Water is most essential but scarce resource in developing countries. Presently the quality & the availability of the fresh water resources is the most pressing of the many environmental challenges on the national horizon. The stress on water resources is from multiple sources and the impacts can take diverse forms. Geometric increase in population coupled with rapid urbanization, industrialization and agricultural development has resulted in high impact on quality and quantity of water in developing countries. The situation warrants immediate redressal through radically improved water resource and water quality management strategies.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31626
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Västberg, Erika. "Hållbar vattenförsörjning i områden med vattenbrist : Sustainable water supply solutions for areas affected by water shortage." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-224957.
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In some coastal areas in Sweden water shortage sometimes appears because the withdrawal of groundwater is greater than the groundwater recharge. It creates a situation where the available groundwater is insufficient to support residents and businesses with drinking water. The high withdrawal of groundwater also creates a risk for saltwater intrusion to drinking water wells. The problem most commonly occurs during the summer when the groundwater recharge is low, but the population is high, due to tourism and summer residents. The purpose of this study was to investigate how local water supply in areas affected by water shortage can be solved as sustainable as possible. The work was divided into three parts where the first part comprised of a literature review on water systems in which four different options were investigated: artificial groundwater recharge, rainwater harvesting, desalination and water reuse. The second part of the work consisted of developing a method for choosing the best water supply solution based on nature-given and social conditions. The method evaluated the quality of the supplied water and disease control, technical robustness, environmental impacts and resource use, liability and user aspects, the possibility for rebuilding and costs. Multi-criteria analysis (MCA) was used as a decision tool. The last part of the thesis was to test the method on a case study area, Grisslehamn in Norrtälje. Four systems alternatives were compared: desalination of sea water, building a surface water treatment plant supplied by water from two nearby fresh water ponds, rainwater harvesting at household level and collection and central treatment of greywater in combination with the construction of a surface water treatment plant. The results from the MCA showed that seawater desalination as a complement to the existing water plant was the best option for Grisslehamn followed by the surface water plant, collection of greywater and finally rainwater harvesting. Costs and possibility for rebuilding was shown to have a large impact on whether desalination or building of a surface water treatment plant was the best option. Therefore it is important in any future studies that detailed investigations of water quality and costs are done before decision is made on which one of the two alternatives that is the best solution for Grisslehamn.
Books on the topic "Shortage of water resources"
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Victoria. Office of the Auditor-General. Restricting environmental flows during water shortages. Victorian Government Printer, 2010.
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X, Tsiourtis Nicos, and European Water Resources Association. Symposium, eds. Water resources management under drought or water shortage conditions: Proceedings of the EWRA 95 Symposium, Nicosia, Cyprus, 14-18 March 1995. A.A.Balkema, 1995.
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Briggs, Andrew C. Water shortages: Environmental, economic and social impacts. Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Shalizi, Zmarak. Addressing China's growing water shortages and associated social and environmental consequences. World Bank, 2006.
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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Resources. To authorize the Secretary of the Interior to conduct feasibility studies to address certain water shortages within the Snake, Boise, and Payette River systems in Idaho, and for other purposes: Report (to accompany H.R. 2563) (including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office). U.S. G.P.O., 2006.
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Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet. Division of Water., ed. Kentucky water shortage response plan. Kentucky Natural Resources and Environmental Protection Cabinet, Dept. for Environmental Protection, Division of Water, 1988.
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California. Governor's Advisory Drought Planning Panel. Critical water shortage contingency plan. Dept. of Water Resources, 2000.
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Lane, Alexander, Michael Norton, and Sandra Ryan. Water Resources. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118793985.
Full textBook chapters on the topic "Shortage of water resources"
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Jiang, Qiuxiang, Yongqi Cao, Ke Zhao, and Zhimei Zhou. "Risk Assessment of Water Resources Shortage in Sanjiang Plain." In Computer and Computing Technologies in Agriculture IX. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48357-3_52.
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Park, Dooho. "The Economic Impacts of Water Shortage During a Drought in Korea: Using Intraregional I-O Analysis." In Advances in Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89465-0_59.
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Crouch, Dora P. "Avoiding Water Shortages Some Ancient Greek Solutions." In Diachronic Climatic Impacts on Water Resources. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61084-4_7.
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Desalegn, T. "Opportunities to Improve Water Productivity in Farmer-Led Irrigation: A Case Study of Ethiopia." In Enhancing Water and Food Security Through Improved Agricultural Water Productivity. Springer Nature Singapore, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-1848-4_15.
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Abstract To construct economic growth and poverty reduction, farmer-led irrigation is increasing nowadays in many African, South Asian, and Latin American countries. Smallholder farmers’ vulnerability to climate shocks due to rainfall variability, frequent droughts, and inadequate water resources, which threaten agricultural productivity and food security is known. Understanding the current and future crop water demand is key for improving agricultural productivity, and bringing food security, especially in arid and semi-arid areas where irrigation is needed to overwhelm shortage and rainfall variability. Water productivity (WP) is to produce more yield with less water use, increase income, improve livelihoods, and bring ecological benefits at less social and environmental costs per unit of water used. Some of the approaches for increasing WP include more yield with proper water use, changing the cropping pattern from low to high-value crops, decreasing costs related to social, health, and environmental aspects, and achieving more livelihood support such as more job opportunities, diversified nutritious food, and income for the same amount of water. Potential opportunities are vastly needed to achieve the productivity of irrigated agricultural systems around the globe through the full engagement of smallholder farmers, public-private sectors, government entities, and potential water resource management stakeholders. This chapter will briefly discuss opportunities for improving WP about farmer-led irrigation, focussing on smart utilization of water resources and agronomic practices to achieve higher yields using less water. Using the available water sources and low-cost water-lifting alternative technology options, implementing efficient irrigation water application methods, practicing deficit and supplemental irrigation techniques, and adopting climate-smart on-farm water management techniques and technologies are potential opportunities for improving WP in farmer-led irrigation areas.
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Roychowdhury, Rajib, Naimat Ullah, Z. Neslihan Ozturk-Gokce, and Hikmet Budak. "Haplotype Mapping Coupled Speed Breeding in Globally Diverse Wheat Germplasm for Genomics-Assisted Breeding." In Compendium of Plant Genomes. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38294-9_13.
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AbstractThis century is facing huge challenges such as climate change, water shortage, malnutrition, and food safety and security across the world. These challenges can only be addressed by (i) the deliberate application and utilization of cutting-edge technologies and (ii) combining/using interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary, and even transdisciplinary tools and methods. For scientists to respond to these challenges in a timely manner, it is required the adoption of new tools and technologies and then transforming the technological outcomes into “knowledge”. It is highly unlikely that we could maintain or meet the demands in year 2050 unless we use scientific and technological resources effectively and efficiently. Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approaches combined with all available tools are integral for academic and industry programs. This chapter summarizes wheat breeding and genetics coupled with genomics and speed breeding tools to assist with crop development and improvement.
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Joyce, Alyssa, Simon Goddek, Benz Kotzen, and Sven Wuertz. "Aquaponics: Closing the Cycle on Limited Water, Land and Nutrient Resources." In Aquaponics Food Production Systems. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-15943-6_2.
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AbstractHydroponics initially developed in arid regions in response to freshwater shortages, while in areas with poor soil, it was viewed as an opportunity to increase productivity with fewer fertilizer inputs. In the 1950s, recirculating aquaculture also emerged in response to similar water limitations in arid regions in order to make better use of available water resources and better contain wastes. However, disposal of sludge from such systems remained problematic, thus leading to the advent of aquaponics, wherein the recycling of nutrients produced by fish as fertilizer for plants proved to be an innovative solution to waste discharge that also had economic advantages by producing a second marketable product. Aquaponics was also shown to be an adaptable and cost-effective technology given that farms could be situated in areas that are otherwise unsuitable for agriculture, for instance, on rooftops and on unused, derelict factory sites. A wide range of cost savings could be achieved through strategic placement of aquaponics sites to reduce land acquisition costs, and by also allowing farming closer to suburban and urban areas, thus reducing transportation costs to markets and hence also the fossil fuel and CO2 footprints of production.
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Tantoh, Henry Bikwibili, Suiven John Paul Tume, Nyong Princely Awazi, and Tracey J. M. McKay. "Gender and Climate Change Education in Sub-Saharan Africa as the Missing Component in Climate Change Adaptation for an Effective Management of Natural Resources." In Practices, Perceptions and Prospects for Climate Change Education in Africa. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-84081-4_8.
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Abstract Natural resources remain fundamental to rural livelihoods and wellbeing in Africa, where they serve as foundation of economic development. However, climate change continues to exert pressure on natural resources particularly, water resources which are central to socio-economic development. Hence, the effects of climate change affect different demographic groups differently. Rural women, for example, who are amongst the poorest are one of the most marginalized groups and vulnerable in terms of education about climate change. Given the fast pace at which the world is changing, rural women have to contend with the shortages and difficulties of water, while these problems are exacerbated by their limited level of education and challenges posed by a rising population. Most significant among these is how to effectively improve the education of rural women who are vital in natural resource management to meet their needs and those of their communities. Inequalities in land tenure and access to natural resources, is everywhere governed by power dynamics that often contribute to the marginalization of rural women in poor communities. In addition, studies on adaptive capacity and differentiated-gender vulnerability are limited. This study seeks to investigate the role of gender education in climate change adaptation and effective natural resources management. A systematic review of academic literature consisted in the methodology adopted for this study. The results indicated that a gendered approach that values the capacities, limits and vulnerabilities of rural women is required for effective natural resource management and climate change adaptation.
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Maguta, John Kibe, Daniel M. Nzengya, Chrocosiscus Mutisya, and Joyce Wairimu. "Building Capacity to Cope with Climate Change-Induced Resource-Based Conflicts Among Grassroots Communities in Kenya." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_131.
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AbstractKenya is among the world’s most vulnerable countries to climate change-related stresses and extreme events. According to FAO, over 75% of the country is classified as arid and semiarid with rainfall availability and amounts quite unevenly spread across the different parts of the country. The country has very skewed distribution of water sources with the western area being relatively well endowed with abundant water resources. The exponential growth in the country’s population over the years, together with rapid environmental degradation and poor water resource development programs, have worsened the country’s vulnerability to the effects of climate change. Ethnic conflicts over land resources are common-place in Kenya’s rural areas where majority of the people live and the effects of extreme climate change events are likely to exacerbate resource-based conflicts. In this chapter we explore the extent of climate change-induced resource conflicts in three counties along rainfall availability gradient, namely, Kiambu County which experiences relatively high rainfall and also high urban population, Machakos County, which generally experiences modest rainfall availability, and Makueni County regarded to be one of the most arid and semiarid counties in the country. Data were collected in 2017 using a closed ended questionnaire. Between-subjects MANOVA design was used to examine relationship between independent and dependent variables. Qualitative results of the open-ended question reveal that climate change impacts can be diverse, particularly for vulnerable regions such as arid and semiarid regions such as Makueni County. In this county, respondents mentioned nine ways climate change had impacted communities, with the most frequently mentioned impact being increasing food insecurity followed by increasing water shortages. Machakos followed with seven impacts mentioned starting with increased water shortages followed by scarcity of pasture. In Kiambu County, only four impacts were mentioned with food insecurity being frequently mentioned among the list of impacts of climate change in the county. Results of the descriptive and inferential statistics reveal that resource-based conflicts vary along the hydrological gradient. In Machakos County, resource-based conflicts are perceived to have risen during the last 5 years (M = 3.92, SD = 0.66), followed by Makueni (M = 4.10, SD = 0.670). Kiambu residents do not consider resource-based conflicts to have risen during the last 5 year, (M = 2.50, SD = 1.38). Differences in severity of climate related conflicts are statistically significant, F2, 76 = 12.78, p <0.01. Also, climate change is strongly perceived to be a factor in the rise of resource-based conflicts in Machakos County (M = 4.10, SD = 0.67). In Makueni County as well, climate change is perceived to be a significant contributor to resource-based conflicts (M = 3.98, SD = 1.70). These findings have relevance on county and national policies targeted to build capacity to cope with climate change induced resource-based conflicts among grassroot communities in Kenya.
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Mukwada, Geofrey, and Sarudzai Mutana. "Surviving the Limits Imposed by a Changing Climate: The Case of Urban Drought and Water Supply Sustainability in Phuthaditjhaba." In Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15773-8_6.
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AbstractIn urban environments, sustainable access to water resources depends on many factors, including climatic, social and economic conditions characterizing the surrounding environment. For urban areas in mountain environments these conditions are compounded by stressors resulting from climate change, such as drought, as well as physical remoteness, economic marginalization and poverty, phenomena which impose limits on access to water. Based on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1, 6 and 13, which were part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development adopted by UN member states in 2015, in this paper we assess the impact of urban drought on water security in the mountain city of Phuthaditjhaba, South Africa. World Meteorological Organization - Time Series (4.04) climate (precipitation and maximum temperature) data for Phuthaditjhaba were analysed for trends for the period between 1960 and 2019. Trends of Standardized Precipitation Index values and Maximum Temperatures were used to determine how climate change has affected Phuthaditjhaba’s sources of water supply, namely the Fika Patso and Metsimatsho dams. A sample of Landsat images from the same period was used to determine how the two water bodies have responded to the change over time. The results indicate that the two reservoirs have shrunk due to climate change induced drought, thus worsening water insecurity in the city. The results also indicate that mean annual stream discharge is projected to decrease by 39% for the 2016–2045 period. Lastly, based on government reports on water shortages in Phuthaditjhaba and other secondary sources, the results also indicate that though 90% of Phuthaditjhaba’s population has access to potable water, only 55% of the residents have access to reliable water supply. We conclude that without urgent government intervention the future of the livelihoods of the poor majority of Phuthaditjhaba’s residents will remain bleak due to dwindling water resources, making SDG 6, and those influenced by it, unattainable.
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Chen, Xi, Xiaoyong Cui, Linxiao Sun, et al. "Dryland Social-Ecological Systems in Central Asia." In Dryland Social-Ecological Systems in Changing Environments. Springer Nature Singapore, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-9375-8_7.
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AbstractThe countries of Central Asia are collectively known as Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Kazakhstan. Central Asian countries have experienced significant warming in the last century as a result of global changes and human activities. Specifically, the five Central Asian countries’ populations and economies have increased, with Turkmenistan showing the fastest growth rates in GDP and per capita GDP. Farmland change, forestry activities, and grazing are examples of land use/land cover change and land management in Central Asia. Land degradation was primarily caused by rangeland degradation, desertification, deforestation, and farmland abandonment. The raised temperature, accelerated melting of glaciers, and deteriorated water resource stability resulted in an increase in the frequency and severity of floods, droughts, and other disasters. The increase of precipitation cannot compensate for the aggravation of water shortage caused by temperature rise in Central Asia. The ecosystem net primary productivity was decreasing over the past years, and the organic carbon pool in the drylands of Central Asia was seriously threatened by climate change. Grassland contributed the most to the increase of ecosystem service values in recent years. Most ecosystem functions decreased between 1995 and 2015, while they are expected to increase in the future (except for water regulation and cultural service/tourism). Global climate change does pose a clear threat to the ecological diversity of Central Asia.
Conference papers on the topic "Shortage of water resources"
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Stuart, Christine M. "Maintaining Cooling Water System Performance Using Recycled Water." In CORROSION 1993. NACE International, 1993. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1993-93457.
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Abstract Recycling waste water to cooling towers frequently influences treatment performance. Important considerations include water quality, system dynamics, and program selection. Plants implementing waste water reuse strategies involving recycle to a cooling tower continues to increase. Conventional wisdom dictates the use of ground or surface water for cooling tower make-up, but water shortages and regulatory concerns drive industry to study reuse options. Industrial and municipal waste streams provide industry with previously untapped resources. These streams may contain constituents such as organics, sulfides, ammonia and metals. Contaminant type and concentration will mandate recycle potential and any necessary stream pretreatment. Processes such as reverse osmosis, side-stream softening, oxidation, and ion exchange may be required. Problem components may also influence cooling water treatment selection. System dynamics that must be reviewed in any recycle program include metallurgy, holding time index (HTI), and velocity. Due to the existence of contaminants in recycled water, tower control and program performance monitoring is of paramount importance. Case studies are presented which discuss these topics.
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Jacques, S., J. Peultier, J.-C. Gagnepain, and P. Soulignac. "Corrosion Resistance of Duplex Stainless Steels in Thermal Desalination Plants." In CORROSION 2008. NACE International, 2008. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2008-08261.
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Abstract The number of countries, which suffer from a shortage of fresh water resources, is increasing continuously. For this reason, the number of desalination projects (production of fresh water from sea water) is booming. In the past, carbon steel, clad steels, copper-nickel alloys, or austenitic stainless steel grades such as 316L were the primary materials used for the walls of thermal process evaporation cells. More recently the duplex grades UNS S32304 and UNS S32205 have been selected for this application. This paper provides some of the technical reasons, which brought about this change in the choice of materials selected. Initially, the results of an extensive corrosion study, performed in a representative environment for evaporation cells and including both duplex and austenitic grades, are presented and discussed. Then a joint corrosion testing program conducted in cooperation with a well established desalination plant designer and run under actual plant conditions is outlined. The results of these field tests led to the development of a new concept for evaporation cells based on utilizing duplex stainless steels.
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Melnikov, Alexey V., and Alexander V. Klokov. "Evaluation of Renewable Energy Resources Potential for Elimination Electricity Shortage." In 2025 7th International Youth Conference on Radio Electronics, Electrical and Power Engineering (REEPE). IEEE, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1109/reepe63962.2025.10971099.
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Chou, Frederick N., Hao-Chih Lee, and Chia-Wen Wu. "Mitigating High Turbidity Induced Shortage by Water Reallocation." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)605.
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Li, You, Du Jianqing, Hu Chunming, and Liu Ping. "Shortage of Water Resources in Jaffna Peninsula of Sri Lanka." In 2020 International Conference on Intelligent Transportation, Big Data & Smart City (ICITBS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icitbs49701.2020.00229.
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Starosta, L. E., K. S. Westphal, and J. D. Walker. "Simple Management Tools to Reduce Water Pumping Based on Hydrologic Probabilities and Supply Shortage Risk Quantification." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)322.
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Huang, Erin Y., and Venkatesh Merwade. "Sand Dam Hydraulics, Hydrology, and GIS Modeling Simulation in Predicting River Behavior under Multiple Weather Conditions to Solve Water Shortage Problems." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2015. American Society of Civil Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784479162.151.
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Guanghong Xiong and Jisheng Qiu. "Establishment of water shortage risk assessment index system of Guanzhong - Tianshui Economic Zone." In 2012 International Symposium on Geomatics for Integrated Water Resources Management (GIWRM). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/giwrm.2012.6349653.
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ALAMEDDINE, IBRAHIM, AMANI MAJZOUB, MAJDI ABOU NAJM, and MUTASEM EL-FADEL. "ROOFTOP RAINWATER HARVESTING: ALLEVIATING WATER SHORTAGES AT THE HOUSEHOLD LEVEL." In WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT 2019. WIT Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/wrm190031.
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FENG, LIHUA, and CHONGFU HUANG. "A RISK ASSESSMENT MODEL OF WATER SHORTAGE AND ITS APPLICATION FOR ANALYZING BEARING CAPACITY OF WATER RESOURCES." In Proceedings of the 6th International FLINS Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702661_0070.
Full textReports on the topic "Shortage of water resources"
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Just, Richard E., Eithan Hochman, and Sinaia Netanyahu. Problems and Prospects in the Political Economy of Trans-Boundary Water Issues. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7573997.bard.
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The objective of this research was to develop and apply a conceptual framework for evaluating the potential of trans-boundary bargaining with respect to water resource sharing. The research accomplished this objective by developing a framework for trans-boundary bargaining, identifying opportunities for application, and illustrating the potential benefits that can be gained thereby. Specifically, we have accomplished the following: - Developed a framework to measure the potential for improving economic efficiency considering issues of political feasibility and sustainability that are crucial in trans-boundary cooperation. - Used both cooperative and non-cooperative game theory to assess feasible coalitions among the parties involved and to model potential bargaining procedures. - Identified empirically alternative schemes of cooperation that both improve upon the economic efficiency of present water usage and appease all of the cooperating parties. - Estimated the potential short-run and long-run affects of water reallocation on the agricultural sector and used this information to understand potential strategies taken by the countries in bargaining processes. - Performed case studies in Israeli-Jordanian relations, the relationship of Israel to the Palestinian Authority, and cooperation on the Chesapeake Bay. - Published or have in process publication of a series of refereed journal articles. - Published a book which first develops the theoretical framework, then presents research results relating to the case studies, and finally draws implications for water cooperation issues generally. Background to the Topic The increase in water scarcity and decline in water quality that has resulted from increased agricultural, industrial, and urban demands raises questions regarding profitability of the agricultural sector under its present structure. The lack of efficient management has been underscored recently by consecutive years of drought in Israel and increased needs to clean up the Chesapeake Bay. Since agriculture in the Middle East (Chesapeake Bay) is both the main water user (polluter) and the low-value user (polluter), a reallocation of water use (pollution rights) away from agriculture is likely with further industrial and urban growth. Furthermore, the trans-boundary nature of water resources in the case of the Middle East and the Chesapeake Bay contributes to increased conflicts over the use of the resources and therefore requires a political economic approach. Major Conclusions, Solutions, Achievements and Implications Using game theory tools, we critically identify obstacles to cooperation. We identify potential gains from coordination on trans-boundary water policies and projects. We identify the conditions under which partial (versus grand) coalitions dominate in solving water quality disputes among riparian countries. We identify conditions under which linking water issues to unrelated disputes achieves gains in trans-boundary negotiations. We show that gains are likely only when unrelated issues satisfy certain characteristics. We find conditions for efficient water markets under price-determined and quantity-determined markets. We find water recycling and adoption of new technologies such as desalination can be part of the solution for alleviating water shortages locally and regionally but that timing is likely to be different than anticipated. These results have been disseminated through a wide variety of publications and oral presentations as well as through interaction with policymakers in both countries.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion, and Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.
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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Bolton, Laura. Attitudes to Water Usage in Jordan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.105.
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The author undertakes a literature review of attitudes to water usage in Jordan. One survey was identified which assessed attitudes towards water conservation, sampling 2000 residents in three regions in Jordan (Irbid, Amman, and Zarqa) in 2017. According to the survey, only 61% of respondents believed there was a water shortage in Jordan. 23% believed the water shortage was due to population pressures. The survey focussed more on water conservation than water use. Most of the respondents felt the government were not doing enough on water shortage issues. They were not asked how they feel about the role of the government versus their individual responsibility. Older respondents perceived the shortages to be more critical. A lack of interest in participating in water saving activities was identified among the youth. Water quality was perceived as poor in the USAID survey and noted in other sources. The survey found that most residents had management strategies in place for the day that the water was delivered. Views about politics of regional cooperation and refugee pressure on water use potentially affect attitudes to water but this was not identified specifically within the scope of this report.
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Macpherson, Hannah. Arts Interventions for Sustainable Sanitation and Resource Recovery. Institute of Development Studies, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2023.013.
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Many countries in the global South declare regions to be open defecation free (ODF), but they must still address significant sanitation, wastewater, and faecal sludge management challenges. Climate uncertainty, water shortages, and weak infrastructure mean that ‘flush and forget’ systems are not always possible or desirable. This briefing describes how art interventions can help people reimagine alternative sanitation futures. Drawing on research in Nepal, it describes how activities such as dance workshops, humanure planting, song competitions, and radio jingles can generate new knowledge about sanitation challenges and faecal sludge re-use, showing that ‘brown’ can be ‘gold’!
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Head, Debbra. Can the U.S. Do More to Help Avert a World Water Shortage. Defense Technical Information Center, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada431912.
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Carlson, H., A. Pietroniro, P. Gober, et al. Water resources. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328396.
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Matsumura-Tundisi, Takako, and José Galizia Tundisi. Water Resources Management. Editora Scienza, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26626/978-85-5953-031-5.2018b001.
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Brown, Thomas C., Romano Foti, and Jorge Ramirez. Water resources (Chapter 12). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington Office, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/wo-gtr-87.
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Water resources of Massachusetts. US Geological Survey, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri904144.
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Transboundary Water Resources Management and the Potential for Integrated Water Resources Management. American Museum of Natural History, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5531/cbc.ncep.0015.
Full textAbstract:
Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is an evolving concept used to address the difficult issues associated with making efficient and effective use of the world’s limited water resources. IWRM differs by country due to geography, culture, and stage of development, but generally involves the management of all water resources taking into account other natural resource management, as well as social, economic, environmental and technical issues. A significant issue in water management is the need for cooperation among nations sharing transboundary waters that may have different usage requirements. We look at the history, progress, and challenges in implementing IWRM in the management of transboundary water resources in three case studies: the Rhine River (Europe), the Mekong River (Southeast Asia), and the Zambezi River (Southern Africa).