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SANTOS, JAMILE MARIA DA SILVA DOS, CLOVIS PEREIRA PEIXOTO, MARCOS ROBERTO DA SILVA, ADEMIR TRINDADE ALMEIDA, and ANA MARIA PEREIRA BISPO DE CASTRO. "AGRONOMIC AND PRODUCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF SUNFLOWER INTERCROPPED WITH FORAGE IN A CROP-LIVESTOCK INTEGRATION SYSTEM." Revista Caatinga 32, no. 2 (2019): 514–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252019v32n224rc.
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ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and yield of a sunflower crop grown together with forages in a crop-livestock integration system. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete block design, in a 3×3 + 1 factorial scheme. Three sunflower intercropping with forage plants [sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis (SB); sunflower + Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania (SP); sunflower + Urochloa ruziziensis + Cajanus cajan (SBGu)], sown in three ways [simultaneous sowing (SS), delayed sowing (DS), and simultaneous sowing with herbicide/graminicide (SSH) application], with the monocroped sunflower as a control, with three years of cultivation (2013, 2014, and 2015). The following characteristics were evaluated: plant height, stalk diameter, head diameter, number of achenes per heads, the mass of thousand achenes, harvest index, and the productivity of achenes. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey and Dunnett tests at 5% probability. The SB and SBGu intercropped promote greater sunflower productivity. The forage Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania in intercropped with sunflower reduces plant production components and productivity. Lapsed sowing delayed and simultaneous sowing with herbicide/graminicide application promote higher productivity of sunflower.
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Gerasymchuk, Y. V., O. I. Adamenko, V. G. Sahnevych, O. M. Nychyporuk, Y. M. Berlinec, and M. M. Berlinec. "Results of research of pre-sowing disinfection of seeds in an electric field." https://journal.imesg.gov.ua, no. 11(110) (2020): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37204/0131-2189-2020-11-21.
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Annotation Purpose. Determine the effect of pre-sowing disinfection of seeds in an electric field on the indicators of sowing qualities and yielding properties. Methods. Analysis of the effect of the decontamination factors of the electric field on the pathogenic microflora of agricultural seeds and the creation of a model sample of electrotechnological means for its disinfection. Small-scale and laboratory experiments to determine the influence on the sowing qualities and yielding properties of seeds while simultaneously acting on the decontamination factors of an electric field. Results. Scheme of a model sample of an electrotechnological tool with simultaneous action on seeds of agricultural disinfectants of electrostatic field, corona discharge and ozone. Indicators of sowing qualities and yielding properties of “Terek” soybean seeds according to the results of small-field field experiment after pre-sowing decontamination in an electric field. Dependence of germination energy and laboratori likeness of wheat and maize seeds on the duration of simultaneous action of decontamination factors of electrostatic field, corona discharge and ozone. Conclusions. The simultaneous action of the decontamination factors of the electrostatic field, the corona discharge field and the ozone on soybean seeds improves its indicators of sowing qualities and yielding properties. In relation to control (seeds without disinfection in an electric field) the yield increase is 13.8–18.6%. The current tendency to reduce the duration of pest control is to increase the voltage of the electric field to 5.3 кV/сm. Disinfection of wheat and maize seeds in an electric field increases germination energy by 8–11% and laboratory germination by 5–9%. The highest value of germination energy was obtained with the duration of decontamination 30 min. Keywords: seeds, decontamination, electric field, simultaneous effect of decontamination factors, field experiment.
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Lachuga, Yu F., B. Kh Akhalaya, and Yu Kh Shogenov. "New design universal working bodies of tillage and seeding equipment." Rossiiskaia selskokhoziaistvennaia nauka, no. 4 (August 19, 2019): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2500-26272019473-76.
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New designs of tillage and seeding equipment are presented. Technological and technical deficiencies of the existing working bodies for surface tillage and sowing techniques of row crops are noted. To eliminate the shortcomings, new universal working bodies of tillage and sowing units have been proposed, which provide for the mechanization and automation of working processes of tillage and seeding of various row crops. Their technological and technical advantages over the existing traditional working bodies are given. The technical characteristics of the new working bodies are presented, which allow to simultaneously perform four operations: cultivation, fissure, seeding and leveling the field surface. Execution of the sieve in the form of two discs with rollers on its inner surface allows cutting a slit along the sides from the vertical axis of seed placement, at a depth of almost twice the sowing depth to improve the water-air regime, with simultaneous compaction of the soil by the rollers. The final operation to level the soil across the entire width of the cultivator's paw grip is carried out by embedding a train. Also presented is the design of a modernized pneumatic sowing unit for various sowing methods, ensuring the simultaneous sowing of seeds of several types of row crops with their placement at different planting depth in accordance with agrotechnical requirements
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Ofori, Francis, and W. R. Stern. "Relative Sowing Time and Density of Component Crops in a Maize/Cowpea Intercrop System." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001113.
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SUMMARYThe effect of variations in the relative sowing time and density of component crops in a maize/cowpea intercrop were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment, maize and cowpea were sown together, and either 10 or 21 days before or after each other. Maize yield was reduced when sown at the same time or after cowpea; intercrop cowpea yields were less than sole cowpea yields at all sowings. In the second experiment, maize densities of 35, 50 and 70 × 103 plants ha−1 were combined with cowpea densities of 70, 100 and 140 × 103 plants ha−1. Increasing the density of either crop in the mixture resulted in increases in total yield. Maize reduced cowpea yields more than the effect of cowpea on maize yields. In terms of LER and total seed protein yield, there was no advantage of either staggered sowings over simultaneous sowing or of the various intercrop density combinations, except between the lowest and the highest densities of either maize or cowpea. The LERs appeared to follow the trends in cowpea yields and total seed protein yields the trends in maize yields.
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Ofori, Francis, and W. R. Stern. "Relative Sowing Time and Density of Component Crops in a Maize/Cowpea Intercrop System." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (1987): 41–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700003392.
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SUMMARYThe effect of variations in the relative sowing time and density of component crops in a maize/cowpea intercrop were examined in two experiments. In the first experiment, maize and cowpea were sown together, and either 10 or 21 days before or after each other. Maize yield was reduced when sown at the same time or after cowpea; intercrop cowpea yields were less than sole cowpea yields at all sowings. In the second experiment, maize densities of 35, 50 and 70 × 103plants ha−1were combined with cowpea densities of 70, 100 and 140 × 103plants ha−1. Increasing the density of either crop in the mixture resulted in increases in total yield. Maize reduced cowpea yields more than the effect of cowpea on maize yields. In terms of LER and total seed protein yield, there was no advantage of either staggered sowings over simultaneous sowing or of the various intercrop density combinations, except between the lowest and the highest densities of either maize or cowpea. The LERs appeared to follow the trends in cowpea yields and total seed protein yields the trends in maize yields.
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Begum, AA, MSU Bhuiya, SMA Hossain, Amina Khatun, SK Das, and MY Sarker. "System Productivity of Potato + Maize Intercropping as Affected by Sowing Date." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 19, no. 2 (2017): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v19i2.31848.
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The experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research Field, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur during 2009-2010 to find out suitable sowing time of maize in potato + maize intercropping for maximum yield and economic return. Treatments of the experiment were: T1= Simultaneous sowing (SS) of potato and hybrid maize (HM), T2= SS of potato and composite maize (CM), T3= HM sown 10 days after potato planting (DAPP), T4= CM sown 10 DAPP, T5= HM sown 20 DAPP, T6= CM sown 20 DAPP, T7= HM sown 30 DAPP, T8= CM sown 30 DAPP, T9= HM sown 40 DAPP, T10 = CM sown 40 DAPP, T11= Sole potato, T12= Sole HM and T13= Sole CM. The result revealed that sole potato and maize produced the highest yield, LAI, TDM and CGR. The HM showed better performance than CM. The highest equivalent yield a monetary return indicated that potato + HM sown 30 DAPP intercropping was the most productive and profitable.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2016 19(2): 11-20
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Clerget, B., M. Sidibe, C. S. Bueno, et al. "Crop photoperiodism model 2.0 for the flowering time of sorghum and rice that includes daily changes in sunrise and sunset times and temperature acclimation." Annals of Botany 128, no. 1 (2021): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcab048.
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Abstract Background and Aims Daylength determines flowering dates. However, questions remain regarding flowering dates in the natural environment, such as the synchronous flowering of plants sown simultaneously at highly contrasting latitudes. The daily change in sunrise and sunset times is the cue for the flowering of trees and for the synchronization of moulting in birds at the equator. Sunrise and sunset also synchronize the cell circadian clock, which is involved in the regulation of flowering. The goal of this study was to update the photoperiodism model with knowledge acquired since its conception. Methods A large dataset was gathered, including four 2-year series of monthly sowings of 28 sorghum varieties in Mali and two 1-year series of monthly sowings of eight rice varieties in the Philippines to compare with previously published monthly sowings in Japan and Malaysia, and data from sorghum breeders in France, Nicaragua and Colombia. An additive linear model of the duration in days to panicle initiation (PI) and flowering time using daylength and daily changes in sunrise and sunset times was implemented. Key Results Simultaneous with the phyllochron, the duration to PI of field crops acclimated to the mean temperature at seedling emergence within the usual range of mean cropping temperatures. A unique additive linear model combining daylength and daily changes in sunrise and sunset hours was accurately fitted for any type of response in the duration to PI to the sowing date without any temperature input. Once calibrated on a complete and an incomplete monthly sowing series at two tropical latitudes, the model accurately predicted the duration to PI of the concerned varieties from the equatorial to the temperate zone. Conclusions Including the daily changes in sunrise and sunset times in the updated photoperiodism model largely improved its accuracy at the latitude of each experiment. More research is needed to ascertain its multi-latitudinal accuracy, especially at latitudes close to the equator.
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Petrychenko, Je. "Research of the unit for intrasoil fertilizing of soil with simultaneous sowing." Visnyk agrarnoi nauky 95, no. 1 (2017): 68–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/agrovisnyk201701-13.
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Melnikov, Dmitry, Ivan Ignatenko, Yuri Tsarev, and Dmitry Vivchar. "Analysis of design and technological solutions of strip sowing machines." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 05040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017505040.
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General analysis of the design and technological solutions of machines for strip sowing is given. The task is to find a middle ground between constructive and technological solutions and zonal conditions that would ensure high productivity of the cultivated crop at minimal cost. The analysis shows that a promising direction is the use of combined aggregates designed for surface tillage, both for sowing grain crops and for row crops, with simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers and harrowing.
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Chuyanov, Dustmurod, Golib Shodmonov, Gayrat Ergashov, and Islom Choriyev. "Combination machine for soil preparation and sowing of gourds." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404035.
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The purpose of the study is to substantiate the method and design scheme of a combined machine for preparing the soil and sowing melons. The authors propose a new method of soil preparation and sowing, as well as a machine for its implementation. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and statistics were used in this study. The method of preparing the soil and planting gourds provides a combination of the following technological processes: the turnover of the layers of the upper layer of soil, the sowing area to the left and to the right, shallow tilling the soil of the field with the left and right sides of the sowing area, deep tillage seeding areas with simultaneous formation of irrigation furrows and the local application of fertilizers, soil preparation for sowing in line sowing and sowing seeds of melons. The machine consists of lister housings installed along the axis of symmetry of the unit, flat cutters, parallel-type deep-diggers, furrowers, coulters for fertilizing, and a sowing device. It was found that preparation of soil for sowing and planting of melons with a minimum expenditure of energy is provided by the width of Lusternik buildings 86 cm, the width of tillers and cultivators, respectively, 45 and 33 cm, the longitudinal distance between the body and the plane of 35 cm between the cultivators of 42.3 cm, and longitudinal spacing of the chisel cultivator and sowing device 110 cm.
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Ibragimov, A. A., A. К. Karakhanov, A. A. Abdurakhmanov, A. Е. Eshdavlatov, P. A. Uteniyazov, and A. A. Khadzhiev. "Research Results for a New Onion Seed Drill." Agricultural Machinery and Technologies 14, no. 4 (2020): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22314/2073-7599-2020-14-4-12-16.
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. For sowing small seeds of vegetables, in particular onions, special seeders are used. They are not produced in the Republic of Uzbekistan, while many diff erent pneumatic seeders are produced abroad. The authors note that foreign samples are complex in design, not adapted to local soil and climatic conditions, cannot provide even seed placement on ridges, and the cost of the seeders themselves and service are very high.(Research purpose) To develop a vegetable seeder in relation to the soil and climatic conditions of Uzbekistan, to determine the seeding rate of onion seeds depending on the length of the active part of the seed reel, to evaluate the formation quality of sowing ridges and irrigation furrows.(Materials and methods) The authors determined the sowing rate by turning the seeder drive wheel at a given length of the active part of the sowing reel and collecting the sown seeds in cups with further weighing. The quality of sowing ridges and irrigation furrows formation was evaluated by the method of profi ling the fi eld before and after the seeder’s pass.(Results and discussion) The authors developed a vegetable seeder that performed three operations in one pass: cutting irrigation furrows, forming sowing ridges of a trapezoidal shape and sowing onion seeds and other small-seeded vegetable crops in a three-row tape method in each tape. They found that the dependence of the seeding rate on the length of the active part of the reel had a slightly fragile parabolic shape, and the required seeding rates – 24-48 pieces per linear meter (3.9-7.8 kilograms per hectare) – were provided with the length of the sowing reel 3.3- 6.2 millimeters. It was proved that the seeder provided a high-quality formation of sowing ridges and irrigation furrows: the row spacing was 68.8 centimeters (installation spacing – 70 centimeters), the top ridge width was 42.5 centimeters (the predetermined one was 40 centimeters), the depth of irrigation furrows was on average 9.6 centimeters.(Conclusions) A vegetable seeder was developed for sowing small-seeded vegetable crops with the simultaneous formation of sowing ridges and cutting irrigation furrows, which ensured high-quality performance of all operations and observance of onion seeds.
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Akhalaya, B. H., Yu H. Shogenov, L. S. Adamia, and А. H. Shogenov. "THE USE OF AERODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SEEDS TO OPERATE A UNIVERSAL SYSTEM OF SEEDING PNEUMATIC UNIT VACUUM ACTION." Vestnik of the Russian agricultural science, no. 4 (August 16, 2018): 69–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.30850/vrsn/2018/4/69-71.
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The device of the pneumatic sowing device of vacuum action which differs in simplicity of a design, the lowered material consumption, low level of mechanical damage of a sowing material (minimum values of percent of crushing of seeds), possibility of simultaneous sowing of seeds of two different cultures in one row (it is important for fodder crops) is developed. Structurally, the following basic changes have been made in the pneumatic sowing device:1. The scattering part of the pipe (with experimentally selected parameters, length 100 ... 120 mm and a sieving angle 80 ... 90°) allows the main zone to intercept the flow of seeds from the hopper, without passing them to the lower part of the sowing disc – in the accumulation zone; 2. The air flow from the nozzle supports the seeds (through the use of their useful aerodynamic qualities) in a suspended state near the holes of the sowing disc, which contributes to the reliable suction of the seeds to the holes of the disc. At the same time, the nozzles prevent the penetration of seeds into the accumulation zone, which allows to improve the quality of the sowing apparatus. The exclusion of the tedder from the structural part of the sowing device reduces the percentage of mechanical damage to the seeds (which affects the yield), as well as the material capacity of the structure itself.
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Scaloppi, Julie Christine, and Andréa Lúcia Teixeira de Souza. "Simultaneous effects of reintroduction strategy and seed size on the initial development of two tropical tree species in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation." Australian Journal of Botany 68, no. 6 (2020): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20093.
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Seedling planting is the most common strategy used to reintroduce tropical native tree species; however, direct sowing has simplicity and operational ease advantages. Functional traits such as seed size and growth rates have been shown to be relevant for better plant performance. We evaluated the effects of intraspecific variation in seed size and the reintroduction strategy simultaneously on the development of Hymenaea courbaril (L.) and Enterolobium timbouva (Mart.) introduced in an abandoned eucalyptus plantation over 462 days. Plants from small, medium and large seeds were reintroduced by planting seedlings and direct seeding. Both species achieved high rates of emergence and survival was high in the two reintroduction strategies. Seed size was not related to emergence and mean time to emergence for either species. The survival of both species was higher than 74% in the field, and seed size had little effect on survival rates. In general, H. courbaril plants introduced by direct sowing had higher growth, and seed size correlated positively with stem size. In contrast, the growth of E. timbouva plants introduced by seedling planting was higher than in plants introduced by direct sowing regardless of seed size. The light requirements of this species seem higher than for H. courbaril. Our results suggest the feasibility of reintroducing species by direct sowing in eucalyptus understory, but since plant growth varies between species, there may be a balance between the advantage of the initial plant size provided by planting seedlings and the advantage of a better root development provided by direct sowing.
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Korottseva, I. B., and A. S. Ermolaev. "Influence of individual elements of hybrid seed technology on seed productivity of the parent form of cucumber F1 Murava." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-19-23.
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Relevance.It is very important not only to create a hybrid of cucumber, which in all respects suits the producers of vegetable products, but also to ensure that the production of hybrid seeds with high varietal and sowing qualities is not unprofitable. A high yield of hybrid seeds can be obtained only with good pollination of the maternal line, for this purpose there should be enough male flowers on the paternal form and the flowering time of the parent forms should coincide.Materials and methods. The research was carried out in the first turn of the winter greenhouse with low-volume cultivation technology in 2017-2018. The object of research was the parent forms of a promising hybrid of parthenocarpic type F1 Murava. The maternal form is of the female type, the paternal form is predominantly of the female type of flowering. Terms of sowing of parental forms were studied: simultaneously and with a difference of 7-8 days. Experiments on different variants of treatments of the paternal form with gibberellic acid (concentration 0.09-0.1%) were laid in order to obtain a sufficient number of male flowers for pollination of the maternal form. The parent forms were planted at the hybridization site according to the 3:1 scheme. Pollination of female plants was carried out manually daily.Results. As a result, it was concluded that for good pollination of the maternal form of the hybrid F1 Murava, two triple treatments of the paternal form with gibberellic acid in the phase of two real leaves are needed. Treatment with gibberellic acid paternal form, sown a week later, was more effective. Obviously, this is due to the improvement of growing conditions at a later date of planting seedlings. When sowing the mother form a week later than the father, the seed productivity of hybrid seeds was higher, compared with simultaneous sowing of parent forms and reached 53.5 g per plant.
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Begum, AA, MN Islam, SS Kakon, MAHM Kamal, MA Aziz, and SK Paul. "Effect of Sowing Date of Sweet Corn on Potato + Sweet Corn Intercropping System." Bangladesh Agronomy Journal 18, no. 2 (2016): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/baj.v18i2.28899.
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An experiment was conducted at the Agronomy research field of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur and at Regional Agricultural Research Station, Burirhat, Rangpur during Rabi season of 2013-14 and 2014-15 to find out optimum sowing date of sweet corn in potato + sweet corn intercropping system for getting maximum yield and economic return. Six treatments viz., simultaneous sowing of potato and sweet corn, sweet corn sown at 10 days after potato planting (DAPP), sweet corn sown 20 DAPP, sweet corn sown 30 DAPP, sole potato and sole sweet corn were tested in this study. Sweet corn sown at 20 DPP produced the highest potato equivalent yield (Joydebpur: 41.41 t ha-1 in 2013-14 and 42.22 t ha-1 in 2014-15 and Rangpur: 42.29 t ha-1 in 2013-14 and 42.52 t ha-1 in 2014-15). The highest gross return at Joydebpur Tk. 431050 ha-1 and at Rangpur Tk. 436248 ha-1, gross margin at Joydebpur Tk. 286805 ha-1 and at Rangpur Tk. 271985 ha-1 and benefit cost ratio at Joydebpur 2.99 and at Rangpur 3.01 were observed over the years in the same treatment. In this treatment, tuber yield was reduced 3.4-4.1% in Joydebpur and 7.8-8.4% in Rangpur due to intercropping. The result indicated that sweet corn sown 20 DAPP might be suitable intercrop combination for getting maximum yield and economic return.Bangladesh Agron. J. 2015, 18(2): 15-21
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Kem, A. A., M. S. Chekusov, and A. N. Shmidt. "The influence of the combined coulter operation on the quality and yield of grain." Traktory i sel'hozmashiny 1, no. 6 (2020): 72–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31992/0321-4443-2020-6-72-77.
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The article presents the results of the studies of the effect of the combined paw coulter for multi-level sowing of grain crops and the simultaneous introduction of a starting dose of mineral fertilizers on the quality and yield of grain of soft spring wheat Omskaya 36 carried out in 2019-2020. When sowing using the SKP-2.1M seeder, which was reequipped with combined coulters, where mineral fertilizers were applied below the seeds of spring wheat, the yield increase in the experiments carried out in 2019 by 14% average in comparison with the control sowing with the SKP-2.1 seeder with serial coulters, where mineral fertilizers were applied to the same soil horizon with seeds. The conducted field experiment in 2020 confirmed the previously obtained results of the coulter performance; the increase in grain when using the combined coulters on the SPK-2.1M seeder was 12.5%. The difference in grain yield happened due to the different weather conditions in 2019 and 2020. The qualitative indicators of spring soft wheat when sowing with combined openers in comparison with a serial seeder gave an average increase in protein by 7.9% and 4.7%, and the highest gluten values on the control seeder were in the range of 25.8-27.1%, and on the experi-mental SKP-2.1M seeder it was 26.1−28.5% in 2019-2020, respectively. Thus, according to the re-sults of the laboratory field studies carried out over two years, it was found that the proposed design of the combined coulter for sowing and applying mineral fertilizers below the sowing of seeds is efficient and it contributes to an increase in yield and quality of grain of soft spring wheat.
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Sariev, A. Kh, N. Yu Cherbakova, and N. Yu Terentyeva. "Assessment of the Possibility of Biological Recultivation Tail Deposits in the Yenisei North." Ecology and Industry of Russia 25, no. 5 (2021): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2021-5-39-45.
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The assessment of the possibility of creating a plant-soil cover on an artificially created seal-gravel drainage layer with a rocky bed (h=110¸150 cm), on the disturbed areas of the adjacent areas of tailings storage facilities. Research for 2017–2019 shows that when sowing recult-vants with sowing standards of 150–200 kg/ha and doses of fertilizer N60P60K60 and N120P60K60 on an artificial substrate it is possible to form meadow formations with a density of grass 10–12000 pc/m2 and average productivity of 21–24 c/ha. A plant-soil-blooded blood with a turf layer of 8–10 cm is created with the simultaneous overlap of heavy metals of man-made substrates and elimination of pulp sands dusting, which contributes to the improvement of the microclimate of the environment.
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Berdimuratov, Parakhat, Bakhtiyar Shaymardanov, Dilshod Ruziyev, Abdulaziz Khujakulov, Irina Gorlova, and Ohunjon Usarov. "Seeder of exact seeding of seeds of cotton on the crest with drip irrigation." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 04044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126404044.
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The research aims to develop a seed drill for precise seeding on a ridge with drip irrigation. The basic principles and methods of classical mechanics, mathematical analysis, and statistics were used in this study. The existing technologies of sowing cotton seeds are analyzed. The authors have developed a method of seeding the cotton on the crest with drip irrigation and drill for its implementation, including the working body for fertilizer, shaper gasket comb attached to him Coulter, sigortac for seeding, packer roller, device for laying irrigation hose, and sigortac for sealing hose soil. Combining the operations of sowing cotton seeds with the simultaneous formation of ridges, fertilizing, and drip irrigation helps to reduce labor costs and increase the yield of raw cotton. This reduces the consumption of irrigation water, simplifies the design of the irrigation hose, and increases its service life
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Nourou, Abdourahamane Issa M., Addam Kiari Saidou, and Jens B. Aune. "Development and Use of a Planter for Simultaneous Application of Seed, Fertilizer and Compost in Pearl Millet Production in Niger—Effects on Labor Use, Yield and Economic Return." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (2020): 1886. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121886.
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Sowing and application of mineral and organic fertilizer is generally done manually in the Sahel, resulting in low precision and delayed application. The objective of this paper is to present a new mechanical planter (Gangaria) for the combined application of seeds and soil amendments (mineral fertilizer, compost, etc.), and to assess the effects of using this planter in pearl millet on labor use, yield and economic return. The labor study showed that the mechanized application of seeds and compost reduced time use by a factor of more than six. The on-station experiments were completely randomized experiments with six replications and six treatments: T0 (control), T1 (0.3 g NPK hill−1), T2 (25 g compost hill−1), T3 (25 g compost + 0.3 g NPK hill−1), T4 (50 g compost hill−1) and T5 (50 g compost + 0.3 g NPK hill−1). Treatments T1 to T5 were sown by the planter with seeds that were primed in combination with coating of seeds with a fungicide/insecticide. The treatment T5 increased grain yield and economic return compared to the control by 113% and 106%, respectively. The advantages for farmers using this approach of agricultural intensification are timelier sowing of dryland cereal crops, easy application of organic fertilizer and more precise delivery of input, thereby making this cropping system more productive and less vulnerable to drought.
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Kozar, S. F., T. A. Yevtushenko, and T. O. Usmanova. "INFLUENCE OF POLYSACCHARIDE-PROTEIN COMPLEX ON THE EFFICIENCY OF BACTERIZATION OF SOYBEAN WITH RYZOHUMIN." Agriciltural microbiology 30 (December 3, 2019): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35868/1997-3004.30.13-19.
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Objective. Study the effect of the polysaccharide-protein complex on the efficiency of the use of the microbial preparation Ryzohumin for presowing and early bacterization of soybean seeds. Methods. Field experiment, microbiological, gas chromatography, mathematical statistics methods. Results. The influence of presowing bacterization of Suziria soybean variety on the formation of plant-microbial symbiosis with the use of Ryzohumin and simultaneous treatment of seeds with polysaccharide-protein complex (PPC) was studied. It was found that the highest number of nodules was in the variant with presowing bacterization using Ryzohumin with PPC: 4.5 times higher compared to control. In the variant with the use of PPC with early bacterization of seeds, the number of nodules on the roots of the plants was at the level of the variant with presowing bacterization using Ryzohumin (without PPC), although it was lower than the variant with presowing bacterization with the use of PPC. The largest weight of nodules was found during presowing bacterization using Ryzohumin and PPC treatment: it was on average 5.3 times higher compared to control during the years of studies. In the study of the influence of bacterization on the nitrogen-fixing activity of soybean nodule bacteria, its growth in all variants with bacterization was established. The highest activity was observed in the variant with presowing bacterization and treatment using PPC — 6,278.0 nmol C2H4/plant per hour, which is 2.7 times higher in comparison with the control parameters (without bacterization). With the early bacterization of seeds with Ryzohumin and PPC, the activity of nitrogen fixation was at the level of the variant with pre-sowing bacterization without PPC. On average, over the three years, the yield of soybean under pre-sowing bacterization was 3.33–3.43 t/ha, which is 29.6–33.5% higher than in the control, and early bacterization with Ryzohumin and PPC treatment provided an increase of 0.68 t/ha, which is 26.5% higher than in the control. Conclusion. Bacterization with Ryzohumin and simultaneous treatment with PPC helps to increase the weight and number of nodules on the roots of soybean plants both during pre-sowing and early bacterization of seeds. Formation of effective plant-microbial symbiosis provides an increased yield of soybeans up to 33.5% compared to the control variant. At the same time, early bacterization simultaneously with PPC provides an increased yield of 26.5%. The data obtained can be used to improve soybean cultivation technologies.
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Шайдуллин, Khasan Shaydullin, Шайхов, et al. "INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES AND TECHNIQUES INTRODUCTION EXPERIENCE FOR CULTIVATION AND POST-HARVEST HANDLING OF GRAIN AND SEEDS." Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 9, no. 1 (2014): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3808.
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This study discusses a plant breeding and seed system recovery. According to the 2013 information, over 3000 seeders with colters of strip cropping were upgraded, which worked in 64 regions of the country. Simultaneously with the work on the modernization of the seeders for strip cropping, Russian Institute of Mechanization together with LLC “Tekhtsentr Laishevo” and “KhaRaSha” developed a design specification on the universal seeder SUZT 4of strip cropping with 4 meter width and a design specification on unified with it breeding and farming seeder SFS -2 with 2 meter wide. The pilot seeder SUZT-4 was designrd in LLC “KhaRaSha” and in 2012 it was successfully held acceptance tests with the recommendation on production at the Kirov Machine Testing Station. This seeder is designed for strip sowing of cereals, legumes, small-seeded crops and grass with simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers, as well as for early spring narrowband sowing of sparse winter crops and perennial grasses and subsurface mineral fertilizers plant nutrition. In 2013 there have manufactured a pilotmachine of breeding and farming seeder SFS-2 and it was transferred to Machine Testing Station for carrying out acceptance tests. The speeding up the implementing these seeders allow to carry out technological operation of planting crops in a highly effective stripping way with a significant increase of productivity and with high quality seeds. On spring wheat crops, where the seeds were prepared by car SMVO and sowing performed by seeders with ODA colters of strip cropping, the field germination ranged was from 92.5 to 95.6%, which is 4.5-8.1% higher, than seeds, obtained without isolation of their specific weight and drill sowing by double disc coulters. As a result, the higher harvest is formed by 8-10 centner per hectare and more. Additional 1.0 million tons of crops were reaped from improved seeds quality. Thus, the use of universal seeders with single disc - hoe colters and seed-crop cleaning machines SMVO is the most affordable way to increase the crops yield and seed quality for all farms. Key words: selection and seed-farming, Seed-growers association, seed-crop cleaning machine, processing of grain and seed, a seeder with disc-hoe colters, strip cropping .
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Negrini, Ana Clarissa A., Paulo César T. de Melo, Edmilson José Ambrosano, Rogério Haruo Sakai, Eliana Aparecida Schammass, and Fabrício Rossi. "Performance of lettuce in sole cropping and intercropping with green manures." Horticultura Brasileira 28, no. 1 (2010): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362010000100011.
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The performance of lettuce in sole and intercropped with green manures was assessed under different establishment times. The lettuce fresh and dry weight, number of leaves per plant, diameter and length of head, and fresh and dry weight of green manure were evaluated. The intercropping design was additive and both cash and cover crops were planted in rows. The experimental design was of randomized complete blocks in split plot scheme, with six replicates. The plots represented the green manure sowing days (0, 20, 40 and 60 before transplanting of lettuce), and the sub-plots were assigned by cropping systems (lettuce in sole crop and intercropped with black oat, cowpea or white lupin). Simultaneous planting in the intercropping did not affect the lettuce performance. However, when the green manures were sown before lettuce, they influenced it in a negative way. Among the green manures, cowpea increased biomass and had a higher negative effect on lettuce performance compared to white lupin, which appeared to produce less competition. The sole crop and the intercropping with simultaneous planting of the green manures resulted in a better lettuce performance.
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Ярошенко, Павло Миколайович. "Grounding of the combined unit chart for the presowing cultivation and simultaneous sowing of the row crop cultures." Technology audit and production reserves 5, no. 1(25) (2015): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2312-8372.2015.52019.
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Jaskulska, Iwona, and Dariusz Jaskulski. "Winter Wheat and Spring Barley Canopies under Strip-Till One-Pass Technology." Agronomy 11, no. 3 (2021): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030426.
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Modern agriculture promotes non-inversion, ploughless tillage systems, and simplified plant cultivation methods. Environmentally friendly plant production technologies must nevertheless guarantee high yields of good quality. In the years 2017/18–2019/20, studies were carried out in which it was assumed that these conditions could be met by strip soil tillage with simultaneous application of fertilisers and paired-row sowing (strip-till one-pass (ST-OP). Two field experiments were conducted to compare two cereal cultivation technologies: ploughless, non-inversion tillage, seedbed preparation, entire-surface fertilisation, and narrowly spaced row sowing (PL-ES); and ST-OP, with two narrow spaced rows (12 cm apart) in a strip of tilled (paired-row sowing), fertilised soil, and a 24.4-cm-wide inter-row of untilled soil. Fields of winter wheat and spring barley were investigated, assessing plant density and spatial variation, plant height, yield components, and yield. The morphological and physiological indices of the plants and canopies determined were leaf area index (LAI), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), leaf stomatal conductance, and relative chlorophyll content in leaves. The ST-OP technology provides uniform planting in the canopy, especially under conditions of insufficient rainfall. Fields of winter wheat and spring barley cultivated by this method featured shorter plants with more stalks with spikes, and spikes with greater weight and number of grains, than in the fields of cereals grown under PL-ES. The LAI and PAR indices in the narrow inter-rows were similar to the PL-ES technology and higher than in the wide, untilled inter-rows. Leaves of cereals grown under ST-OP contained more chlorophyll and had a higher leaf stomatal conductance. This technology, which provides higher winter wheat and spring barley yields, is an alternative to ploughless tillage with row sowing.
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James, A. T., and R. J. Lawn. "Application of physiological understanding in soybean improvement. II. Broadening phenological adaptation across regions and sowing dates." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 1 (2011): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10290.
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This paper describes the implementation of a strategy to develop high-yielding soybean cultivars with wider adaptation across latitudes and sowing dates using the ‘long juvenile’ (LJ) trait to ‘convert’ elite temperate cultivars to subtropical and tropical adaptation. In an initial proof-of-concept evaluation, temperate semi-dwarf cultivars from Ohio in the Mid-West of the USA (40°N) were converted into genotypes adapted to the subtropics of southern Queensland (25–28°S), of which cv. Melrose was the first to be released for commercial production. The effect of the LJ trait was to delay flowering of the new genotypes by 10–14 days depending on temperature, while retaining the high yield potential and lodging resistance of the temperate varieties. The temperate cultivars were insensitive to photoperiod in the subtropics, and this attribute was largely retained in cv. Melrose. The LJ trait was also used to convert temperate culinary soybean varieties from eastern Asia to subtropical–tropical adaptation, although susceptibility to disease required the simultaneous introgression of resistance genes from additional sources. Several elite LJ oilseed and culinary varieties with broad adaptation in eastern Australia have since been developed. Like Melrose, these varieties are earlier maturing (110–125 days duration) than traditional, full-season cultivars (120–140 days depending on sowing date), less sensitive to photoperiod, and require higher plant populations than full-season varieties for maximum yield. However, they can be grown over a wider range of latitudes and sowing dates than full-season varieties. Similarly, the LJ trait was used to delay flowering of very early flowering, photoperiod-insensitive soybean varieties used in Asian farming systems, increasing yield potential without changing photoperiod insensitivity. The broadening of varietal adaptation over latitudes and sowing dates has allowed public soybean breeding resources to be rationalised, with one national Australian program replacing four previous, regionally focused programs. The research provides a tangible example of how physiological understanding of genotype × environment interaction contributed to soybean improvement in eastern Australia.
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Soldatova, Irina, Sergey Dzhibilov, Eduard Soldatov, and Lyudmila Guluyeva. "Technologies and methods of restoration of degraded forage lands of the Central Caucasus." Agrarian Bulletin of the 203, no. 12 (2020): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2020-203-12-35-42.
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Abstract. The article presents the results of R&D and new units for the restoration of degraded mountain areas. The purpose of the study is the accelerated restoration of the natural phytocenosis and the implementation of measures to improve meadows using these aggregates. The object of the study is the technologies and units developed by the authors for the following operations: cutting bumps, raking stones, sowing grass mixtures with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers. The research objectives included: determining the initial floristic composition of a degraded mountain meadow; assessment of the impact of events and agricultural practices on the change in the floristic composition of the grass stand, its productivity and energy intensity; identification of the effectiveness of the application of the developed units when sowing herbs in turf and targeted application of mineral fertilizers. The novelty of the technical solution lies in the fact that new resource-saving methods have been developed to improve mountain fodder land using small-sized universal units. . The tests were carried out at a mountain hospital located on the southeastern exposition of the Dargavskiy depression of the North Ossetia-Alania, at an altitude of 1650 m above sea level with a slope of 10°, in six plots, with a recorded area of 360 m2. Three options in triplicate. The first option is natural seeding, and the second is grass seeding by the aggregate, the third option is grass seeding and low doses of N60P45K20 fertilizers. The plots are located across the slope randomized. It was found that at a concentration of 17.2 MJ of energy in 1 kg of dry matter of feed, the total collection in the control plot was 29.7 GJ, and in the seeded experimental field – 85.3 GJ; the crop of the aboveground fodder mass, when sowing grasses, in the first year of observations amounted to 21.8 c/ha of dry weight, which is 3 times higher than in the control. During the growing season of the third year of observations, the yield in the sown area was 39.2 c/ha of dry weight against 19.3 c/ha in the control.
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Palta, J. A., and S. Peltzer. "Annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) reduces the uptake and utilisation of fertiliser-nitrogen by wheat." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 5 (2001): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar00085.
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The effect of timing of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) emergence on the uptake and utilisation of N by wheat was investigated in a field trial on a duplex soil at Katanning, Western Australia, and in a glasshouse study in which 15N-fertiliser was applied. Three treatments were used to investigate the effect of timing of annual ryegrass emergence on the uptake and utilisation of N by wheat: simultaneous sowing of wheat and annual ryegrass, sowing of annual ryegrass 1 week before wheat, and sowing of the annual ryegrass 1 week after wheat. A control treatment, consisting of wheat sown alone, was also included. Plant densities during the field trial were 105 and 140 plants/m2 for wheat and annual ryegrass, respectively, whereas in the glasshouse they were 105 plants/m2 for wheat and 155 plants/m2 for annual ryegrass. Fertiliser-N was applied at seeding of wheat at 50 kg N/ha in the field trial and 60 kg N/ha in the glasshouse. The introduction of annual ryegrass into the wheat system reduced the production of biomass and the grain yield of wheat. The earlier the annual ryegrass was introduced into the system, the greater the reduction in the biomass and grain yield of wheat. Poor tillering and slow rates of growth were accountable for the reduction in biomass, whilst the reduction in wheat grain yield was caused by the reductions in ear number, kernels per ear, and kernel size. Grain N content and hence grain protein was also reduced by the introduction of annual ryegrass into the wheat system. Irrespective of the timing of introduction of annual ryegrass, the low N uptake of wheat resulted from a reduction in the uptake of both soil and fertiliser-N. This indicates that annual ryegrass competed with wheat not only for the fertiliser-N that was applied at seeding of wheat, but also for mineralised soil N. The competition for N reduced the total recoveries of fertiliser-N in the wheat plant. Total recoveries of fertiliser-N in the wheat plant suggest that 59% of the fertiliser-N was not taken up by wheat when annual ryegrass was sown 1 week earlier than wheat or at the same time as wheat, whereas only 32% was not taken up by the wheat when annual ryegrass was sown 1 week later than wheat. More competitive wheat genotypes would be those with better efficiency in the uptake of N and its utilisation in maintaining yield and grain protein under infestations of annual ryegrass.
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Соколов, Сергей, Sergey Sokolov, А. Новиков, and A. Novikov. "Development tendency of sowing air operating technology by unmanned aerial vehicles in artificial reforestation." Forestry Engineering Journal 7, no. 4 (2018): 190–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a3d040dc79c79.94513194.
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The choice of technology and technical means for sowing seeds is formed on the basis of analytical information on the structural characteristics of areas for artificial reforestation. The identification of the trends in the development of aerial forest processes by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) is based on the methodology for a systematic review and patent search, taking into account the following criteria: the accuracy of the search, the inclusion of results, exclusion of results, extraction, and comparison of actual data. The main development trends are determined by: creation of aerial seeding technology on unsuitable and (or) inaccessible areas using UAVs with an integrated precision sowing device; development of new aerial control system, distinguished by the structure of closely integrated inertial-satellite monitoring system that provides for the loss of satellite measurements of the determination of all parameters of the motion of unmanned aerial vehicles by an autonomous algorithm, new types of sensors, functional components and algorithms for nonlinear filtering of positional parameters and parameters of angular motion of UAV; effective from the computational point of view, methodology of online monitoring of dynamic nonlinear objects based on information from electronic maps and satellite measurements; radically new complex studies of the relationship between the main operations of alternative presowing treatment and survival and preservation of forest cultures. The technology of forest aerial seeding during the development and setting for production will ensure: reduction in the environmental load on the environment and costs of artificial reforestation in these areas with simultaneous and subsequent monitoring of the results; optimal seed sowing schemes, taking into account the silvicultural requirements, and high-precision navigation of the UAV in the event of the loss of satellite measurements; use of high-quality reproductive material with specified qualitative characteristics, obtained with the use of technical means, which, at the earliest stage of processing, allocate viable color-seeded races, which are the basis for obtaining forest cultures with improved hereditary properties, and form seed-capsules with necessary physiological and physical and mechanical properties providing protective functions in the juvenile stage of ontogenesis.
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CARLOS SILVA CRUZ, SIMÉRIO, GUILHERME FILGUEIRAS SOARES, TIAGO CAMILO DUARTE, DARLY GERALDO DE SENA JUNIOR, and CARLA GOMES MACHADO. "NITROGEN SIDEDRESS ON SILAGE MAIZE INTERCROPPED WITH MARANDU GRASS." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 15, no. 3 (2016): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/1980-6477/rbms.v15n3p490-498.
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ABSTRACT - The method used for the establishment of an intercropping system may interfere in the optimal timing of nitrogen sidedress fertilization on maize for silage. Due to this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen sidedress timing on the development and yield of silage maize and Marandu grass grown under irrigation in an intercropping. A split plot randomized blocks design with four replications was used. The plots corresponded to the nitrogen sidedress timing on silage maize (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing, corresponding to the phenological stages V3, V5, V7 and R1, respectively). The subplots consisted of two consortium establishment methods, Marandu Grass simultaneously sowed with the maize crop and 30 days after. The simultaneous sowing of silage maize and Marandu grass intercropped, and irrigated favors the grass development and dry mass yield, reducing the yield of maize ear green mass and maize total dry mass. The nitrogen fertilization after corn sowing reduced maize silage yield and favored the forage production of the intercropped Marandu grass.Keywords: Zea mays; Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; interspecific competition; integration crop-livestock.ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA DE COBERTURA PARA O MILHO SILAGEM CULTIVADO EM CONSÓRCIO COM CAPIM MARANDURESUMO - O método de introdução da forrageira no sistema de consórcio pode interferir no momento ideal para a realização da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura na cultura do milho silagem. Em função disto, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes épocas de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no desenvolvimento e produtividade da cultura do milho silagem e do Capim Marandu, cultivados em consórcio sob irrigação. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas corresponderam à época de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no milho silagem (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após semeadura do milho, equivalendo à semeadura, V3, V5, V7 e R1, respectivamente). Nas subparcela, foram testados dois métodos de implantação do consórcio: Capim Marandu semeado simultaneamente à cultura do milho e 30 dias após. A semeadura simultânea do milho silagem e do Capim Marandu, em sistema de consórcio, favoreceu o desenvolvimento e a produção de massa seca do capim, reduzindo a produtividade de massa verde de espigas de milho e massa seca total de plantas. A adubação nitrogenada de cobertura realizada após a semeadura prejudicou a produção de milho silagem e beneficiou o desenvolvimento do capim Marandu cultivado em consórcio.Palavras-chave: Zea mays; Urochloa brizantha cv. Maradu; competição interespecífica; integração lavoura-pecuária.
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CARLOS SILVA CRUZ, SIMÉRIO, GUILHERME FILGUEIRAS SOARES, TIAGO CAMILO DUARTE, DARLY GERALDO DE SENA JUNIOR, and CARLA GOMES MACHADO. "NITROGEN SIDEDRESS ON SILAGE MAIZE INTERCROPPED WITH MARANDU GRASS." Revista Brasileira de Milho e Sorgo 15, no. 3 (2017): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.18512/rbms.v15i3.595.
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ABSTRACT - The method used for the establishment of an intercropping system may interfere in the optimal timingof nitrogen sidedress fertilization on maize for silage. Due to this, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects ofnitrogen sidedress timing on the development and yield of silage maize and Marandu grass grown under irrigation inan intercropping. A split plot randomized blocks design with four replications was used. The plots corresponded to thenitrogen sidedress timing on silage maize (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 days after sowing, corresponding to the phenologicalstages V3, V5, V7 and R1, respectively). The subplots consisted of two consortium establishment methods, MaranduGrass simultaneously sowed with the maize crop and 30 days after. The simultaneous sowing of silage maize andMarandu grass intercropped, and irrigated favors the grass development and dry mass yield, reducing the yield ofmaize ear green mass and maize total dry mass. The nitrogen fertilization after corn sowing reduced maize silage yieldand favored the forage production of the intercropped Marandu grass.Keywords: Zea mays; Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu; interspecific competition; integration crop-livestock.ADUBAÇÃO NITROGENADA DE COBERTURA PARA O MILHO SILAGEM CULTIVADO EM CONSÓRCIO COM CAPIM MARANDURESUMO - O método de introdução da forrageira no sistema de consórcio pode interferir no momento ideal para arealização da adubação nitrogenada em cobertura na cultura do milho silagem. Em função disto, objetivou-se avaliaros efeitos de diferentes épocas de adubação nitrogenada em cobertura no desenvolvimento e produtividade da culturado milho silagem e do Capim Marandu, cultivados em consórcio sob irrigação. Utilizou-se delineamento experimentalde blocos ao acaso em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas corresponderam à época de adubaçãonitrogenada em cobertura no milho silagem (0, 15, 30, 45 e 60 dias após semeadura do milho, equivalendo à semeadura,V3, V5, V7 e R1, respectivamente). Nas subparcela, foram testados dois métodos de implantação do consórcio: CapimMarandu semeado simultaneamente à cultura do milho e 30 dias após. A semeadura simultânea do milho silagem edo Capim Marandu, em sistema de consórcio, favoreceu o desenvolvimento e a produção de massa seca do capim,reduzindo a produtividade de massa verde de espigas de milho e massa seca total de plantas. A adubação nitrogenadade cobertura realizada após a semeadura prejudicou a produção de milho silagem e beneficiou o desenvolvimento docapim Marandu cultivado em consórcio.Palavras-chave: Zea mays; Urochloa brizantha cv. Maradu; competição interespecífica; integração lavoura-pecuária.
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Streb, Peter, Hermann Schaub, and Jürgen Feierabend. "Latent Oxidative Stress Responses of Ozone-Fumigated Cucumber Plants Are Enhanced by Simultaneous Cold Exposures." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C 51, no. 5-6 (1996): 355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znc-1996-5-612.
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Abstract Cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.) were grown under controlled conditions and fumigated with either O3, diluted automobile exhaust or a combination of both. The ratio of variable to maximum chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) was estimated as a measure of PSII activity Activities of the enzymes catalase, glutathione reductase and guaiacol-dependent peroxidase and contents of the antioxidants ascorbate and glutathione were assayed as potential indicators of oxidative stress. The behavior of catalase and of PSII are of particular diagnostic interest because they require continuous repair in light. Exposures of up to 13 days to moderate concentrations of the pollutant gases alone did not induce striking changes in any of the activities that were assayed. A lso when the plants were subjected to an additional stress treatment by exposing them to 4 short cold treatments (2h each at 0 - 4 °C in light on days 12-15 after sowing) which induced marked declines of the Fv/Fm ratio, the chlorophyll content and the catalase activity, these cold-induced symptoms of photodamage were not significantly enhanced by the fumigation treatments. However, increases of the activities of glutathione reductase and peroxidase observed during a period of recovery following the cold-exposures were markedly higher in O3-fumigated plants, as compared to plants grown in filtered air or fumigated with car exhaust alone. The results emphasize that effects of moderate pollutant exposures may be latent or delayed over long time periods and that defence responses can be enhanced when plants are exposed to additional, naturally occurring stress situations.
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Zelenkov, V. N., V. V. Latushkin, M. I. Ivanova, et al. "The influence of lighting on the seeds germination of chinese cabbage and broccoli and antioxidant activity of microgreens in the closed system of the synergotron ISR 1.01." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 6 (December 18, 2019): 146–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2019-6-146-150.
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Relevance. Growing plants in artificial conditions (closed agroecosystems) requires precise regulation of plant growth factors, starting from the first stages of ontogenesis. One of the parameters is the presence or absence of light in the period of seed germination. For most types of cabbage the standard method is germination in the dark, but for freshly harvested seeds (at rest) light exposure is necessary. According to the literature, the mechanisms of the effect of light on seed germination are complex and ambiguous, so the issue needs detailed research.Methods. Therefore, the purpose of this work was to study the germination of seeds of broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica Plenck) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa var. chinensis), taking into account the light factor and the simultaneous analysis of antioxidant activity as a marker of changes in metabolic processes.Results. The experiment has revealed a significant increase in the antioxidant activity of the microgreens during germination in the dark compared to germination in the light (in broccoli by 5.5 times, in Chinese cabbage by 4.8 times). Later on, after the seedlings are moved to the light, the differences between the light and dark versions practically disappear. After germination in the light, the antioxidant activity of microgreens in comparison with the original (dry seeds) decreased by 3-3.5 times, while in the dark – on the contrary, increased by 1.5-1.6 times. The final results of germination (germination energy and seed germination) practically do not differ in the versions. In the case of dark germination, the height of microgreens is greater (due to etiolation and stretching in the absence of light), however, later on, the differences in the versions are smoothed out. The biomass of microgreens in the version of light germination on the 4th day after sowing seeds in broccoli is by 9.1% higher, in Chinese cabbage – by 10.5%. In case of Chinese cabbage, differences remained until the end of the experiment (on the 18th day from sowing seeds), in case of broccoli they were smoothed out. Comparison of two kinds of cabbage has showen that broccoli in the closed system of the synergotron forms a much higher aboveground biomass than Chinese cabbage (on the 4th day after sowing – by 37%, on the 18th day – by 75.4% in the dark version).
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Stetsenko, S. K., E. M. Andreeva, G. G. Terekhov, T. V. Hurshkainen, and A. V. Kuchin. "On the Regulation of the Joint Use of Growth Stimulants and Pesticides in Forest Growing." Ecology and Industry of Russia 23, no. 1 (2019): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2019-1-66-71.
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The results of studying the effect of the growth stimulants Verva and Verva-El on the growth qualities of pine ordinary seedlings grown under the pre-sowing soil preparation using the roundup (glyphosate) herbicide are presented. The necessity of the presented experiments is connected with the establishment of the impact of the joint effect of new growth-promoting drugs and pesticides traditionally used in forestry on woody plants. It was shown that under laboratory conditions, the simultaneous presence of the roundup herbicide in the growth medium (agaragar) and seed treatment with the growth stimulants Verva and Verva-El leads to an inhibition of the growth of two-week-old pine seedlings, due to a decrease in the size of the roots. In the small-plot field experiment, an increase in the stem height was found in the variants using stimulants relative to this indicator in the variant where the pine was grown only with the use of roundup.
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Beata, Rutkowska, Szulc Wiesław, Szara Ewa, Skowrońska Monika, and Jadczyszyn Tamara. "Soil N2O emissions under conventional and reduced tillage methods and maize cultivation." Plant, Soil and Environment 63, No. 8 (2017): 342–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/291/2017-pse.
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The study concerned the determination of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) emissions under conventional and reduced tillage conditions. In the reduced cultivation, a soil cultivating seed drill was used for simultaneous sowing of seeds and subsurface application of fertilizer. The emission levels of the gas tested were dependent on the year of the study and the method of soil tillage, and were subject to considerable changes during the growing season. The use of reduced soil tillage significantly limited emissions of the analysed gas into the atmosphere. Depending on the year of the study, N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the reduced tillage system was from 15% to 40% lower than in the conventional system. Low levels of easily mineralized components in soil could have been the cause of the reduction in N<sub>2</sub>O emissions to the atmosphere.
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Кilinchuk, A. I., and V. F. Botnari. "BIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND SOWING QUALITIES OF NON-CLOTTING GARLIC, DEPENDING ON THE LOCATION OF THE GARLIC CLOVES IN THE BULB." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 13–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-4-13-15.
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Research conducted at the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection found that when using the peripheral and internal cloves of garlic for planting in comparison with the use of them of different locations without calibrating them by mass, during the growth between the variants differences in the area of the leaf surface of plants were observed. Indicator of the foliage also depends on of the location of the garlic cloves in the bulb. The location of garlic cloves, peripheral and internal, as a planting material, also affects the growth of vegetative mass formation and bulb weight. In the bulb structure the peripheral cloves of garlic have some increase in their quality over internals (the ratio is in the range of 60:40%). Analysis of the obtained productivity data makes it possible to note that in the formation of high yields of non-clotting garlic, the location of the clove of garlic in the bulb is of the leading importance. Differences in gross and commodity yields, between variants (B3) and (B2) are not so great, but the advantage of the first one is everywhere traced. Studies have also found that the use of all garlic cloves for planting at different locations without calibrating them by weight, leads to differently bulbs maturing time, which makes the harvesting process more difficult and leads to additional labor costs, in which case when harvesting - 24% of it consist of small noncommodity bulbs. The use of the same mass garlic cloves of different locations for planting ensures the simultaneous of ripening, a greater proportion of standard bulbs and a high quality of planting material.
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Bocianowski, Jan, Piotr Szulc, Agnieszka Waśkiewicz, and Adrian Cyplik. "The Effect of Agrotechnical Factors on Fusarium Mycotoxins Level in Maize." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (2020): 528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110528.
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The occurrence of diseases in the cultivation of maize (Zea mays L.) leads to the loss of grain yield and the simultaneous deterioration of its quality. Fungi of the genus Fusarium spp. pose the greatest threat to maize cultivation. These fungi occur at all stages of the plant’s development, causing Fusarium seedling blight, root rot, foot rot, and ear rot, including grains. Therefore, the aim of the conducted field studies was to determine the influence of selected agriculture factors on mycotoxin contents in maize grain and ear core. Moreover, it should be noted that the presence of mycotoxins in food products in terms of legal regulations is quite a fundamental barrier both in domestic and international trade. The field experiment was carried out at the Department of Agronomy of Poznań University of Life Sciences, on the fields of the Experimental and Educational Unit in Swadzim, Poland, in 2013–2014, in four field replicates. The study involved the following factors: soil sowing preparation method, types of variates, and fertilization method, all of which shape mycotoxin accumulation. The results indicated that the main effects of years were significant for all observed traits for both the core and grain. The concentrations of deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, and zearalenone were higher in 2014 than in 2013 for both core and grain. The concentrations of fumonisin B1 and fumonisin B2 were higher in the first year of study for core and grain. The direct sowing of maize significantly affects plants’ health status, expressed by an increase in mycotoxin accumulation. Traditional hybrid SY Cooky characterized higher values of observed traits than “stay-green” hybrid Drim (except fumonisin B2 for cob). The positive effect of the row method of NP fertilizer application is based on a decrease in mycotoxin content.
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Ayala, Carlos Cardona, Carlos Cardona Villadiego, Carlos Peñate Pacheco, Hermes Araméndiz Tatis, and Miguel M. Espitia Camacho. "Growth, biomass distribution, gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) under drought conditions." February 2020, no. 14(02):2020 (February 20, 2020): 371–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.02.p2557.
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Drought modifies plant development and generates losses in agricultural production. The aim of this study was to analyze the growth, biomass distribution, gas exchange, and chlorophyll fluorescence in nine cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotypes under drought conditions in the greenhouse condition. A completely randomized experimental design with four replicates was used. The following genotypes (treatments) of LC-006-016, LC-029-016, LC-036-016, LC-021-016, LC-005-016, LC-009-016, LC-014-016, LC-002-016, and Caupicor-50 (control) were evaluated with irrigation for 21 days (after sowing) and 38 days of drought (DD) for a total duration of 59 days. In a simultaneous experiment, other plants of the same genotypes were irrigated for 59 days after sowing (DAS) with replacement of evapotranspirated water every three days. Measures of plant height and number of leaves were taken every four days, biomass at 59 days, gas exchange every seven days and chlorophyll fluorescence at 17, 21 and 38 DD. Moisture losses were quantified by recording the loss of soil weight every three days. The results showed that plant height reached 72.2% lower in plants under drought, while the vegetative biomass decreased by 76.3%. The photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were decreased 64.6%, 93.1%, and 86.9% under drought, respectively. Furthermore, intrinsic water use efficiency (A/gs) was increased almost six times. However, it was decreased when drought progressed towards the soil water content loss more than 0.0827 g.g-1. The quantum yield of photosynthesis (ΦPSII) was decreased 28.4%, 40.3% and 43.5% at 17, 21 and 38 DD, respectively, under drought condition. The principal component analysis (PCA) suggests that the genotypes with higher A/gs and those with higher biomass production show greater resistance to drought.
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Borovskaia, A. D., N. A. Mashcenсo, and A. V. Gumaniuk. "SECONDARY METABOLITES OF HIGHER PLANTS AS GROWTH REGULATORS FOR ONIONS." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 4 (July 27, 2018): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-4-71-75.
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Possibility of pre-sowing seed treatment with growth regulators of steroid and iridoid nature has been studied while growing onions. In the experiment, an "ecostim" preparation has been used for the pre-sowing treatment of onion seeds, the active ingredient of which is the glycoside of the steroid nature of tomatosides isolated from the seeds of Solanum lycopersicum L., as well as the sum of iridoid glycosides (linarosides) from Linaria vulgaris Mill. To identify the technological parameters of the use of plant growth bio-regulators preliminary testing has been conducted in the Laboratory of Natural Bio-Regulators of the Institute of Genetics, Physiology and Plant Protection, A comparison of the effectiveness of the compounds obtained on the germination of onion seeds has shown that the greatest stimulation has been achieved by using low concentrations (0.0001% - 0.001%) of tomatoside solutions (eostimis preparation) and higher concentrations (0.005% - 0.01%0 of linarosides. Production tests have been carried out in the field in the Pridnestrovian Research Institute of Agriculture. Variety specificity of the impact of natural bio-regulators has been determined by the example of 3 varieties of onions, different in terms of maturation, resistance, etc. (Pinguin, Diamant and Chalcedon). It has been proved that the effect of the tested growth regulators has a pronounced varietal specificity and mainly is determined by the early maturity of the variety. It has been found that the compounds studied were most effective when growing onions under unfavorable conditions, and the amount of iridoid glycosides from the linaria had a greater stimulating effect compared with the tomatoside. Seed treatment with bio-regulators has provided the simultaneous emergence of seedlings, the leveling in growth and development of plants, as well as increased the yield of onions by 27.6% - 41.3%.
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Borovskaya, A. D., N. E. Mashchenko, R. A. Ivanova, and A. V. Gumanyuk. "Efficiency of Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. bioregulators in stimulation of vegetable growth and development." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (October 30, 2020): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2020-5-54-59.
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Relevance. Increasing the resistance of vegetable plants to unfavorable growing conditions with the use of growth regulators that actively affect the seed quality, increase the survival rate of seedlings, stimulate the setting, formation and maturation of the crop is a significant reserve for increasing productivity with the already achieved level of intensification of their production.Material and methods. The effect of verbascosides obtained by exhaustive extraction with 60% aqueous ethyl alcohol from the aboveground part of Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. (Scrophulariaceae) was studied on the germination, growth, development and yield of tomatoes, cucumbers, onions and white cabbage. Before sowing, the seeds were soaked in an aqueous solution of verbascosides for 15-20 minutes, followed by drying to flowability at the rate of 0.5-0.8 liters of solution per 1 kg of seeds.Results. It is shown, that possessing phytoregulatory activity and influencing the metabolic and synthetic reactions of plants, these compounds, applied exogenously, stimulate the seed germination energy and total germination of vegetable crops, provide simultaneous appearance of seedlings and optimal plant density, accelerate the growth dynamics of plants assimilation surface and fruit mass. Reducing the consequences of stresses arising in the process of plant growth and development, they thereby contribute to increasing plant resistance, productivity and improving the commercial quality of the products. The ability of these compounds to improve the production process of vegetable crops, depending on the type and variety of vegetables was established. Their highest stimulating effect was determined on cabbage variants, where the yield exceeded the control by 34.3%. The performed studies and obtained results allow to recommend the pre-sowing seed treatment with a 0.01% solution of biological active substances from Verbascum densiflorum Bertol. as an element in technology of growing vegetable.
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Noureldeen, Ahmed, Mohd Asif, Taruba Ansari, et al. "Effect of Individual, Simultaneous and Sequential Inoculation of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Meloidogyne incognita on Growth, Biochemical, Enzymatic and Nonenzymatic Antioxidants of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)." Plants 10, no. 6 (2021): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10061145.
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This study was conducted on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. K-21) to investigate the bioprotective nature of Pseudomonas fluorescens and its interactive effects with Meloidogyne incognita in terms of growth biomarkers, changes in biochemical attributes and modulation in antioxidant enzymes of the tomato plant. In this study, we grew tomato plants with M. incognita and P. fluorescens in separate pots, simultaneously and sequentially (15 days prior or post) after 15 days of seed sowing. The sequential inoculation of Mi15→Pf maximally increased the root-knot index and decreased the nematode population. It was also noted that inoculation suppressed the plant growth biomarkers in comparison to control. However, maximum suppression in nematode reproduction and increment in growth and physiological attributes were observed when P. fluorescens was applied 15 days prior to the nematode (Pf15→Mi) as compared to control. All the treatments showed an increase in antioxidant enzymes. Expression of phenol content and defensive enzymes such as peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased, in contrast to a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents when compared with the untreated inoculated plants. However, the highest levels of POX and SOD, and a lowest of phenol, MDA and H2O2 were displayed in the treatment Pf15→Mi, followed by Mi+Pf and Mi15→Pf.
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Gusev, Valentin, Lyubov Zazykina, Inna Sysoeva, and Valeriy Lukashenko. "Advantages and disadvantages of mechanical manure dewatering." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 04004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128504004.
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The article provides an analysis of the performed experiments on mechanical dewatering of manure by a press and a centrifuge. It was determined that 2.5-3.5 tons of liquid can be removed from 10 tons of manure with 70% moisture. It is known that the mechanical method of removing moisture from manure saves a significant amount of thermal energy in comparison with the thermal method, which is moisture evaporation. However, along with water, nutrients dissolved in it, especially nitrogen, are removed from the manure. The subsequent use of nitrogen-depleted manure as fuel is beneficial because less nitrogen oxide is released into the atmosphere. Moreover, when coal is added to the manure, it is possible to intensify this process. Up to 44% of nitrogen, up to 41% of phosphorus and up to 35% of potassium pass into the liquid fraction. Such liquid can be used for foliar feeding of plants with a close arrangement of sowing crops. When using manure as a fertilizer, it is more expedient not to use mechanical dewatering, but to perform thermal drying with simultaneous disinfection from pathogenic microflora and weed seeds. To exclude formation of manure lumps with an outside crust and some droppings that didn’t undergo disinfection, it must be pre-mixed with dry droppings or sawdust.
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Fischer, R. A. "Number of kernels in wheat crops and the influence of solar radiation and temperature." Journal of Agricultural Science 105, no. 2 (1985): 447–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600056495.
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SUMMARYThe number of kernels per m2 (K) in well managed and watered wheat crops was studied using results of experiments in Mexico and Australia in which short spring wheat cultivars were subjected to independent variation in radiation, largely via artificial shading, and in temperature. Also crops subjected to differences in weather (year), sowing date and location within Mexico, revealed responses to the natural and simultaneous variation which occurs in radiation and temperature. Responses in K were interpreted in terms of spike dry weight at anthesis (g/m2) and number of kernels per unit of spike weight.K was linearly and most closely related to incident solar radiation in the 30 days or so preceding anthesis, herein termed the spike growth period; for the cultivar Yecora 70 with full ground cover the slope was 19 kernels/MJ. This response seemed largely due to a linear response of crop growth rate to intercepted solar radiation. The proportion of dry weight increase partitioned to the spike increased somewhat with reduced radiation. Also increasing temperature in the range 14–22 °C during this period reduced K (slope approximately 4% per CC at 15 °C). The cause appeared to be lower spike dry weight due to accelerated development. The number of kernels per unit spike weight at anthesis was little affected by radiation or temperature, and averaged 78±2/g for the cultivar Yecora 70.With natural variation in radiation and temperature, K was closely and linearly correlated with the ratio of mean daily incident or intercepted radiation to mean temperature above 4·5 °C in the 30 days preceding anthesis. As this ratio, termed the photothermal quotient, increased from 0·5 to 2·0 MJ/m2/day/degree, K increased from 70 to 196 × 102/m2. These responses of K to weather, sowing date and location were closely associated with variation in spike dry weight.It was concluded that the ratio of solar radiation to temperature could be very useful for estimating K in wheat crop models. Also the analysis of K determination in terms of spike dry weight appeared promising, and suggests that wheat physiologists should place greater emphasis on the growth period immediately before anthesis.
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ФИРСОВ, А. С., and Е. С. БЕЛЯКОВА. "THE RESULTS OF A THREE-FACTOR EXPERIMENT OF A COMBINED CUTTER FOR VARIOUS LEVEL SOWING OF SMALL SEED CROPS AND THE APPLICATION OF MINERAL FERTILIZERS." VESTNIK RIAZANSKOGO GOSUDARSTVENNOGO AGROTEHNOLOGICHESKOGO UNIVERSITETA IM P A KOSTYCHEVA, no. 1(49) (March 30, 2021): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.36508/rsatu.2021.49.1.027.
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Проблема и цель. Целью исследований рабочего органа для посева мелкосеменных культур с одновременным внесением минеральных удобрений, патент на полезную модель RU № 195476, является определение рациональных параметров и режимов работы при осуществлении технологической операции посева льна с внесением минеральных удобрений. Методология. Основой проведения трехфакторного эксперимента является получение массива данных для обширного исследования технологического процесса посева. При планировании эксперимента составлена план-матрица с кодированием исследуемых факторов. Полученные значения качественных показателей заносятся в сводную форму, далее осуществляется статистическая обработка полученных результатов с использованием компьютерной программы Excel, входящей в пакет Microsoft Ofce. По результатам проведения эксперимента оформлены уравнения регрессии второго порядка. Для каждого уравнения проводится оценка по критериям Кохрена, Фишера и Стьюдента (оценивается значимость коэффициентов регрессии, проводится проверка воспроизводимости опыта и адекватности модели). Заключительным этапом обработки данных является построение поверхности отклика в декартовой системе координат XYZ с использованием компьютерной программы MathCAD 13 и STATISTIKA-10. После построения графических зависимостей осуществлялся анализ полученных поверхностей показателей. Результаты. Результатом трехфакторного эксперимента являются полученные рациональные показатели и режимы работы сошника при проведении операции посева льна с внесением минеральных удобрений. Заключение. Установлены рациональные параметры и режимы работы комбинированного сошника в лабораторных условиях, необходимые для дальнейшего исследования многофункционального рабочего органа сеялки в полевых опытах. Problem and purpose. The purpose of research of the working body for sowing small-seeded crops with the simultaneous application of mineral fertilizers, patent for a useful model RU No. 195476, is to determine the rational parameters and operating modes in the implementation of the technological operation of sowing fax with the introduction of mineral fertilizers. Methodology. The basis for conducting a three-factor experiment is to obtain a data set for an extensive study of the technological process of seeding. When planning an experiment, a plan was drawn up with the coding of the factors under study. The obtained values of quality indicators are entered into a summary form, then statistical processing of the results obtained using the Excel computer program included in the Microsoft Ofce package is carried out. Based on the results of the experiment, second-order regression equations were formulated. For each equation, an assessment is carried out according to the Cochran, Fisher and Student criteria (the signifcance of the regression coefcients is estimated, the reproducibility of the experience and the adequacy of the model are checked).The fnal stage of data processing is the construction of the response surface in the XYZ Cartesian coordinate system using the computer programs MathCAD 13 and STATISTIKA-10. After plotting the graphical dependencies, the obtained surfaces of the indicators were analyzed. Results. The result of the three-factor experiment is the obtained rational indicators and operating modes of the opener during the operation of sowing fax with the introduction of mineral fertilizers. Conclusion. The rational parameters and operating modes of the combined opener in laboratory conditions, necessary for further research of the multifunctional working body of the seeder in feld experiments, have been established.
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Meijer, W. J. M. "The influence of winter wheat cover crop management on first-year Poa pratensis L. and Festuca rubra L. seed crops." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 35, no. 4 (1987): 529–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v35i4.16712.
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In field trials at 3 locations in the Netherlands in 1978-84, P. pratensis or F. rubra was sown simultaneously with a wheat cover crop in Sep.-Nov. or sown in Dec.-Apr. into an Oct. sown wheat crop. Wheat was sown at 110 or 160 kg/ha with between-row spacings of 12.5, 25.0, 37.5 or 50 cm, and given 140 kg N/ha as a single or split dressing. Light interception of several wheat cultivars was measured in concurrent government cultivar trials. Mean seed yield of P. pratensis was lowest with Feb.-Apr. sowing (0.80 t/ha) and highest with Sep. sowing (1.34 t). Mean F. rubra yield was lowest with Sep. sowing (1.26 t) and highest with Oct.-Nov. sowing (1.42 t/ha). Tillering of the grasses ceased if >85% of the solar radiation was intercepted by the cover crop. Grass production was enhanced by using a wheat cultivar with a late-closing canopy, decreased cover crop sowing rate and split application of N. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Neto, José Fidelis Dos Santos, Misael Mendes Soares, Sara Santos Cardoso, Edson De Sousa Silva, Helton Devison De Lima Silva, and Fábio Mielezrski. "Spatial Arrangement Management of Maize Hybrids at Semiarid Microclimate." Journal of Agricultural Studies 8, no. 2 (2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v8i2.15686.
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Maize (Zea mays L.) is a plant of the Poaceae family, originating in Central America and cultivated in practically every region of the world. In Brazil, it is the most important cereal for the economy, but the productivity is lower when compared to other countries. This may be due to inadequate plant density per unit area, low soil fertility and spatial arrangement of plants. Thus, the development of better performance hybrids and changes in sowing density and spacing appear as techniques for increasing productivity without increasing production costs. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the agronomic performance of two maize hybrids as a function of plant population and row spacing in semiarid microclimate to identify those agronomic and microclimatic factors that influence it. Two simultaneous fieldwork were conducted in an experimental area, at the microregion of Paraíba swamp. A randomized complete block design was used with six treatments distributed in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme, resulting from the combination of two maize hybrids (H1 and H2) and three population densities (40,000, 60,000 and 80,000 plants.ha-1) for Experiment 1; and two maize hybrids (H1 and H2) and three spacings (0.40, 0.60 and 0.80 m) for Experiment 2. In general, the results of this study suggest that larger populations of maize provide significant increases in grain yield for microclimatic conditions Paraíba semiarid, and when environmental factors are not limiting.
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Peixoto, Joicy Vitória Miranda, Gabriel Mascarenhas Maciel, Ana Carolina Silva Siquieroli, Lucas Medeiros Pereira, José Magno Queiroz Luz, and Douglas José Marques. "Comparison between non-parametric indexes in the selection of biofortified curly lettuce." Comunicata Scientiae 11 (August 24, 2020): e3351. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v11i.3351.
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Selection indexes can be applied to simultaneous analysis of traits, increasing the efficiency of breeding in choosing the genotypes that meet the needs of both the market and the consumer. While it is a technic applied to several cultures, there are few studies about it in lettuce lines. For this reason, the aim of this study was to comparate assess the efficiency of different selection indexes for selecting biofortifiedleaf lettuce lines with good agronomic traits. The experiment was carried out at the Estação Experimental de Hortaliças of Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU), campus Monte Carmelo, in 2018. The experiment was designed in full randomized blocks of 3 repetitions with 25 leaf lettuce genotypes (22 lines from cultivars Pira 72 versus Uberlândia 10000 and 3 commercial cultivars – cv. Grand Rapids, UFU-Biofort and Uberlândia 10000). The lines are part of the UFU biofortified lettuce breeding program and were assessed for the total green mass (g), the stem diameter (cm), commercial leaves count, plant diameter (cm), foliar temperature (°C), SPAD index, anthocyanin content (mg 100g-1 sample), and bolting (days after sowing). To estimate selection gains, 10 genotypes were selected using both direct and indirect selection, as well as the traditional index, the sum of ranks index, Willians base index, and the multiplicative index. Mulamba and Mock sum of ranks index and Subandi multiplicative index provided the biggest total gains for the traits assessed in biofortified leaf lettuce. Both indexes were similar in selecting genotypes.
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EFENDI, MUHAMMAD, AISYAH HANDAYANI, and INTANI QUARTA LAILATY. "Short Communication: Seed germination of twelve Indonesian begonias for conservation." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 20, no. 4 (2019): 1192–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200435.
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Abstract. Efendi M, Handayani A, Lailaty IQ. 2019. Short Communication: Seed germination of twelve Indonesian begonias for conservation. Biodiversitas 20: 1192-1197. Knowledge of seed quality is essential when seeds are stored for the long term. A preliminary study on Begonia seed conservation was conducted, to characterize morphology and germination testing on native Begonia from Indonesia. As many as 12 species of Indonesian Begonia were observed for the characteristics of fruit and seeds. Later, we tested the level of seed viability at different levels of fruit maturity. The experimental design used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with two factors. Data analysis was performed using the Statistical Tool for Agricultural Research (STAR) program and further testing the Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a 5% significance level. Generally, all seeds were barrel-like in shape, the smallest size in B. muricata (252.42 µm length), and the largest size in B. areolata (up to 451.42µm length, while the operculum 28.48 µm-104.9 µm length). Most Begonia seeds start germinating in the second and third weeks after sowing. B. scottii, and B. verecunda, as well as B. longifolia, showed germination in the second week, while other species tended not to be simultaneous. Dry seed germination was higher than seed wet for eight weeks. B. longifolia and B. scottii had the highest germination in wet seed treatment: while in the dry seed treatment, the highest germination was showed by B. areolata and B. muricata.
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Kambulov, S. I., I. V. Bozhko, A. A. Boyko, D. S. Podlesniy, and L. A. Vodianitskaya. "Research results of agrotechnical indicators of universal seed-fertilizer stubble drill SZS-4U." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 07018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128507018.
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As known, seed drills are the most complex agricultural machines in terms of the performed technological process since they include a number of sequentially or concurrent operations. The modern crop farming technologies shall include practices that improve soil fertility through the application of organic and mineral fertilizers. Sustainable crop production is carried out with environmentally friendly and economically competitive farming methods. The object of this paper is to determine the main agrotechnical parameters of universal seed-fertilizer stubble drill SZS-4U. The research methodology has involved determination of the main agrotechnical parameters of the seeder. Based on the research results it was found that the uneven seeding of winter and spring wheat at two speed modes was 2,98% and 3,04%, for spring barley is was 2,70% and 3,00%, mineral fertilizers – 7,57% and 7,69%. With the optimum depth of the openers, the actual depth of seeds placement of spring wheat was 56,5 and 48,9 mm, winter wheat – 44,5 and 43,9 mm, spring barley – 48,0 and 44,3 mm, these data meets a given depth of seeding. After SZS-4U has passed there’s been retained 68,12 – 72,38 percent (%) of stubble on unprepared or minimally prepared grounds, and these values meet agrotechnical requirements which stipulate at least 65 ± 10%. Thus, we can conclude that the universal seed-fertilizer stubble drill SZS-4U meets all agrotechnical requirements and stipulated indicators in terms of sowing winter wheat, spring barley, and spring wheat with simultaneous fertilization.
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Głowicka-Wołoszyn, Romana, Andrzej Wołoszyn, Joanna Stanisławska, Agnieszka Kozera, and Zuzanna Sawinska. "ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF WEED CONTROL METHODS IN WINTER WHEAT CULTIVATION ON LARGE-SCALE FARMS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXII, no. 4 (2020): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.5966.
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In modern agriculture, on large-scale farms using monoculture, reduced tillage and intense chemical protection, the phenomenon of herbicide resistance in weeds is the cause of ecological and economic losses. More and more attempts are made to answer the question about the profitability of reducing agrotechnical treatments and intensifying chemical methods of weed control with a simultaneous intensification of the problem of herbicide resistance in weeds occurring in winter wheat crops, which dominates the structure of cereal sowing in Poland. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the costs of weed control for winter wheat cultivation on large-scale farms where there was no problem of weed resistance and on farms where resistant biotypes were identified. The research was based on a survey conducted among owners of farms cultivating winter wheat in 2019. The collected data were elaborated using basic methods of descriptive statistics and economic analysis. Based on the research results, it was found that with an increase in the area of farms, reduced tillage and monoculture are used more frequently than conventional tillage and crop rotation. At the same time, the commonly used chemical weed control methods are more frequently applied than mechanical ones. Economic efficiency indicators for winter wheat protection against weeds indicate a decrease in this efficiency with an increase in farm size. This is because the larger the farms, the more frequently the occurrence of resistant weed biotypes, which was confirmed by laboratory tests, and farmers more often assumed that such a problem occurred on their farms
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Smoleń, Sylwester, Łukasz Skoczylas, Iwona Ledwożyw-Smoleń, et al. "The quality of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivated in the field depending on iodine and selenium fertilization." Folia Horticulturae 28, no. 2 (2016): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2016-0018.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the influence of various chemical forms of iodine (I−and IO3−) and selenium (SeO32−and SeO42−) on the nutritional and health-promoting quality of carrot (Daucus carotaL.) storage roots. The experiment (conducted in 2012-2014) comprised the soil fertilization of carrot ‘Kazan’ F1in the following combinations: 1. Control, 2. KI, 3. KIO3, 4. Na2SeO4, 5. Na2SeO3, 6. KI + Na2SeO4, 7. KIO3+ Na2SeO4, 8. KI + Na2SeO3, 9. KIO3+ Na2SeO3. Iodine and selenium were applied twice: before sowing and as top dressing in a total dose of 5 kg I ha−1and 1 kg Se ha−1. No significant influence of iodine and selenium fertilization was noted with respect to average root weight and leaf yield. Each year, the application of KI + Na2SeO4negatively affected the content of glucose and total sugars in carrot. An increased sucrose level was noted in the roots of plants treated with KIO3+ Na2SeO4, with a total sugar concentration comparable to the control. Irrespective of the year, carrots fertilized with KI were characterized by the highest accumulation of nitrates (III) – NO2−in roots. The simultaneous introduction of iodine and selenium compounds (KI + Na2SeO4, KIO3+ Na2SeO4, KI + Na2SeO3and KIO3+ Na2SeO3) into the soil reduced the content of nitrates (III) in carrot as compared to combinations with the individual application of these compounds. The influence of the tested factors on other analysed parameters (the content of dry weight, nitrates (V), chlorides, oxalates, citrates, free amino acids, carotenoids, phenolic compounds, phenylpropanoids, flavonols and anthocyanins as well as free radical scavenging activity (DPPH) was rather year-dependent.