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Journal articles on the topic 'Skilled forelimb use'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Okabe, Naohiko, Naoyuki Himi, Emi Nakamura-Maruyama, et al. "Very Early Initiation Reduces Benefits of Poststroke Rehabilitation Despite Increased Corticospinal Projections." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 33, no. 7 (2019): 538–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319850132.

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Background. Although the effect of rehabilitation is influenced by aspects of the training protocol, such as initiation time and intensity of training, it is unclear whether training protocol modifications affect the corticospinal projections. Objective. The present study was designed to investigate how modification of initiation time (time-dependency) and affected forelimb use (use-dependency) influence the effects of rehabilitation on functional recovery and corticospinal projections. Methods. The time-dependency of rehabilitation was investigated in rats forced to use their impaired forelim

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2

Ruder, Ludwig, Riccardo Schina, Harsh Kanodia, Sara Valencia-Garcia, Chiara Pivetta, and Silvia. Arber. "A functional map for diverse forelimb actions within brainstem circuitry." Nature 590, no. 7846 (2022): 445–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03080-z.

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The brainstem is a key centre in the control of body movements. Although the precise nature of brainstem cell types and circuits that are central to full-body locomotion are becoming known; 1-5; , efforts to understand the neuronal underpinnings of skilled forelimb movements have focused predominantly on supra-brainstem centres and the spinal cord; 6-12; . Here we define the logic of a functional map for skilled forelimb movements within the lateral rostral medulla (latRM) of the brainstem. Using in vivo electrophysiology in freely moving mice, we reveal a neuronal code with tuning of latRM po

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3

Antonow-Schlorke, Iwa, Julia Ehrhardt, and Marcel Knieling. "Modification of the Ladder Rung Walking Task—New Options for Analysis of Skilled Movements." Stroke Research and Treatment 2013 (2013): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/418627.

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Method sensitivity is critical for evaluation of poststroke motor function. Skilled walking was assessed in horizontal, upward, and downward rung ladder walking to compare the demands of the tasks and test sensitivity. The complete step sequence of a walk was subjected to analysis aimed at demonstrating the walking pattern, step sequence, step cycle, limb coordination, and limb interaction to complement the foot fault scoring system. Rats (males,n=10) underwent unilateral photothrombotic lesion of the motor cortex of the forelimb and hind limb areas. Locomotion was video recorded before the in

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4

Allred, R. P., M. A. Maldonado, J. E. Hsu and, and T. A. Jones. "Training the "less-affected" forelimb after unilateral cortical infarcts interferes with functional recovery of the impaired forelimb in rats." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 23, no. 5-6 (2005): 297–302. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-2005-00315.

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Purpose: Unilateral lesions of the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) in adult rats cause major behavioral changes in the ipsilesional, "less-affected" forelimb. An increase in function and reliance on this forelimb can aid compensation for contralesional impairments, but may also promote disuse and reduced functionality of the impaired forelimb. We hypothesized that training focused on the ipsilesional forelimb following a unilateral SMC lesion would reduce the efficacy of later motor rehabilitative training of the impaired forelimb. Methods: Rats with ischemic SMC lesions were trained on a skilled re

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5

Rödter, Alexandra, Christian Winkler, Madjid Samii, and Guido Nikkhah. "Complex Sensorimotor Behavioral Changes after Terminal Striatal 6-OHDA Lesion and Transplantation of Dopaminergic Embryonic Micrografts." Cell Transplantation 9, no. 2 (2000): 197–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096368970000900206.

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In this study sensorimotor behavioral changes were monitored in rats following bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) axon terminal lesion and uni- or bilateral implantation of embryonic dopaminergic (DA) micrografts. A total of 28 μg of 6-OHDA was distributed over four injection tracts in the dorsolateral part of the caudate-putamen (CPU) bilaterally followed 4 months later by the implantation of DA micrografts spread over seven implantation tracts placed within the denervated area. Bilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned animals exhibited significantly reduced behavioral performance scores in tests of exp

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Iwaniuk, AN, and IQ Whishaw. "How skilled are the skilled limb movements of the raccoon (Procyon lotor)?" Behavioural Brain Research 99 (June 7, 1999): 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(98)00067-9.

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Raccoons have been widely used for neurobiological research and with respect to paw (hand) use have been 'considered' to be primates because they display highly developed skilled hand use. Their exceptional manipulatory ability is puzzling from an evolutionary perspective both because they belong to a taxon that is divergent from primates and because most members of their taxon are not especially skilled. Surprisingly, there has been no systematic investigation of their manipulatory ability. This was the purpose of the present study. Captive and zoo-housed raccoons were video recorded during f

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Mayer, Andrei, Márcio L. Nascimento-Silva, Natalia B. Keher, Ruben Ernesto Bittencourt-Navarrete, Ricardo Gattass, and João G. Franca. "Architectonic mapping of somatosensory areas involved in skilled forelimb movements and tool use." Journal of Comparative Neurology 524, no. 7 (2015): 1399–423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23916.

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8

Teskey, G. Campbell, Corey Flynn, Crystal D. Goertzen, Marie H. Monfils, and Nicole A. Young. "Cortical stimulation improves skilled forelimb use following a focal ischemic infarct in the rat." Neurological Research 25, no. 8 (2003): 794–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/016164103771953871.

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9

Silasi, Gergely, Jamie D. Boyd, Federico Bolanos, Jeff M. LeDue, Stephen H. Scott, and Timothy H. Murphy. "Individualized tracking of self-directed motor learning in group-housed mice performing a skilled lever positioning task in the home cage." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 1 (2018): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00115.2017.

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Skilled forelimb function in mice is traditionally studied through behavioral paradigms that require extensive training by investigators and are limited by the number of trials individual animals are able to perform within a supervised session. We developed a skilled lever positioning task that mice can perform within their home cage. The task requires mice to use their forelimb to precisely hold a lever mounted on a rotary encoder within a rewarded position to dispense a water reward. A Raspberry Pi microcomputer is used to record lever position during trials and to control task parameters, t

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10

Podraza, Katherine M., Yasmin Mehta, Vicki A. Husak, et al. "Improved functional outcome after chronic stroke with delayed anti-Nogo-A therapy: A clinically relevant intention-to-treat analysis." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 38, no. 8 (2017): 1327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0271678x17730994.

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Many preclinical treatment strategies for stroke have failed when tested in human trials. Although the reasons for these translation failures are multifactorial, one potential concern is the statistical analysis of the preclinical data. One way to rigorously evaluate new therapies is to use an intention-to-treat analysis in preclinical studies. Therefore, in this study, we set out to evaluate the treatment efficacy of a potential clinically relevant therapeutic agent for stroke, i.e., anti-Nogo-A immunotherapy, using an intention-to-treat analysis. Adult rats were trained on the skilled foreli

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11

Fricker-Gates, R. A., R. Smith, J. Muhith, and S. B. Dunnett. "The Role of Pretraining on Skilled Forelimb Use in an Animal Model of Huntington's Disease." Cell Transplantation 12, no. 3 (2003): 257–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3727/000000003108746812.

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12

Martin, John H., Daniel Engber, and Zhuo Meng. "Effect of Forelimb Use on Postnatal Development of the Forelimb Motor Representation in Primary Motor Cortex of the Cat." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 5 (2005): 2822–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01060.2004.

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In the cat, the motor representation in motor cortex develops between wk 8 and wk 13. Motor map development is accompanied by a decrease in the current thresholds for evoking movements with a concomitant increase in the number of effective sites, an increase in the distal representation, and the representation of multijoint synergies. In this study we used intracortical microstimulation in anesthetized cats to examine how forelimb motor experiences influence development of map characteristics. To promote skilled movements during wks 8–13, animals were engaged in daily performance of a prehensi

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13

Milliken, Garrett W., Erik J. Plautz, and Randolph J. Nudo. "Distal forelimb representations in primary motor cortex are redistributed after forelimb restriction: a longitudinal study in adult squirrel monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 109, no. 5 (2013): 1268–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00044.2012.

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Primary motor cortex (M1) movement representations reflect acquired motor skills. Representations of muscles and joints used in a skilled task expand. However, it is unknown whether motor restriction in healthy individuals results in complementary reductions in M1 representations. With the use of intracortical microstimulation techniques in squirrel monkeys, detailed maps of movement representations in M1 were derived before and up to 35 wk after restriction of the preferred distal forelimb (DFL) by use of a soft cast. Although total DFL area and movement threshold remained constant, casting r

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14

WHISHAW, IAN Q., WILLIAM T. O'CONNOR, and STEPHEN B. DUNNETT. "THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF MOTOR CORTEX, NIGROSTRIATAL DOPAMINE AND CAUDATE-PUTAMEN TO SKILLED FORELIMB USE IN THE RAT." Brain 109, no. 5 (1986): 805–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/109.5.805.

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15

Adkins, DeAnna L., Lindsay Ferguson, Steven Lance, et al. "Combining Multiple Types of Motor Rehabilitation Enhances Skilled Forelimb Use Following Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 29, no. 10 (2015): 989–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968315576577.

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16

Barnéoud, P., S. Parmentier, M. Mazadier, et al. "Effects of complete and partial lesions of the dopaminergic mesotelencephalic system on skilled forelimb use in the rat." Neuroscience 67, no. 4 (1995): 837–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(95)00112-v.

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17

Ishida, Akimasa, Keigo Tamakoshi, Michiru Hamakawa, et al. "Early onset of forced impaired forelimb use causes recovery of forelimb skilled motor function but no effect on gross sensory-motor function after capsular hemorrhage in rats." Behavioural Brain Research 225, no. 1 (2011): 126–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.036.

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18

Nudo, R. J., and G. W. Milliken. "Reorganization of movement representations in primary motor cortex following focal ischemic infarcts in adult squirrel monkeys." Journal of Neurophysiology 75, no. 5 (1996): 2144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1996.75.5.2144.

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1. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques were used to derive detailed maps of distal forelimb movement representations in primary motor cortex (area 4) of adult squirrel monkeys before and a few months after a focal ischemic infarct. 2. Infarcts caused a marked but transient deficit in use of the contralateral hand, as evidenced by increased use of the ipsilateral hand, and reduced performance on a task requiring skilled digit use. 3. Infarcts resulted in a widespread reduction in the areal extent of digit representations adjacent to the lesion, and apparent increases in adjacent pr

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19

FRICKER, ROSEMARY A., LUCY E. ANNETT, EDUARDO M. TORRES, and STEPHEN B. DUNNETT. "The Placement of a Striatal Ibotenic Acid Lesion Affects Skilled Forelimb Use and the Direction of Drug-Induced Rotation." Brain Research Bulletin 41, no. 6 (1996): 409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0361-9230(96)00083-4.

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20

Mayer, Andrei, Gabriela Lewenfus, Ruben Ernesto Bittencourt-Navarrete, Francisco Clasca, and João Guedes da Franca. "Thalamic Inputs to Posterior Parietal Cortical Areas Involved in Skilled Forelimb Movement and Tool Use in the Capuchin Monkey." Cerebral Cortex 29, no. 12 (2019): 5098–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz051.

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Abstract The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a central hub for the primate forebrain networks that control skilled manual behavior, including tool use. Here, we quantified and compared the sources of thalamic input to electrophysiologically-identified hand/forearm-related regions of several PPC areas, namely areas 5v, AIP, PFG, and PF, of the capuchin monkey (Sapajus sp). We found that these areas receive most of their thalamic connections from the Anterior Pulvinar (PuA), Lateral Posterior (LP) and Medial Pulvinar (PuM) nuclei. Each PPC area receives a specific combination of projections f

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21

Gilmour, Gary, Susan D. Iversen, Michael F. O’Neill, and David M. Bannerman. "The effects of intracortical endothelin-1 injections on skilled forelimb use: implications for modelling recovery of function after stroke." Behavioural Brain Research 150, no. 1-2 (2004): 171–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2003.07.006.

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22

Yew, Wai Ping, Natalia D. Djukic, Jaya S. P. Jayaseelan, et al. "Delayed Treatment with Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Accelerates Functional Recovery and Modifies Responses of Peri-Infarct Astrocytes Following Photothrombotic Stroke in Rats." Cell Transplantation 30 (January 1, 2021): 096368972098443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963689720984437.

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Dental pulp contains multipotent mesenchymal stem cells that improve outcomes when administered early after temporary middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. To further assess the therapeutic potential of these cells, we tested whether functional recovery following stroke induced by photothrombosis could be modified by a delayed treatment that was initiated after the infarct attained maximal volume. Photothrombosis induces permanent focal ischemia resulting in tissue changes that better reflect key aspects of the many human strokes in which early restoration of blood flow does not occur. Hum

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23

Kolb, Bryan, Jan Cioe, and Ian Q. Whishaw. "Is there an optimal age for recovery from motor cortex lesions? II. behavioural and anatomical consequences of unilateral motor cortex lesions in perinatal, infant, and adult rats." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 17, no. 2-3 (2000): 61–70. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-2000-00141.

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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the behavioural and anatomical effects of unilateral motor cortex ablation in neonatal, infant, and adult rats. Methods: Rats were given unilateral lesions of the motor cortex on the day of birth (P1), at ten days of age (P10), or in adulthood. They were trained on several motor tasks (skilled forelimb reaching, beam traversing, tongue extension), general motor activity, and a test of spatial learning (Morris water task). Results: Although all lesion groups were equally impaired at skilled reaching with the forelimb contralateral to the lesion,

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Zai, L., C. Ferrari, C. Dice, et al. "Inosine Augments the Effects of a Nogo Receptor Blocker and of Environmental Enrichment to Restore Skilled Forelimb Use after Stroke." Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 16 (2011): 5977–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4498-10.2011.

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25

Klahr, Ana C., Kelly Fagan, Jasmine R. Aziz, Roseleen John, and Frederick Colbourne. "Mild Contralesional Hypothermia Reduces Use of the Unimpaired Forelimb in a Skilled Reaching Task After Motor Cortex Injury in Rats." Therapeutic Hypothermia and Temperature Management 8, no. 2 (2018): 90–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ther.2017.0037.

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26

Nikkhah, Guido, Christoph Rosenthal, Hans-Jürgen Hedrich, and Madjid Samii. "Differences in acquisition and full performance in skilled forelimb use as measured by the `staircase test' in five rat strains." Behavioural Brain Research 92, no. 1 (1998): 85–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-4328(97)00128-9.

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27

Zubair, Humza N., Erik E. Stout, Natalia Dounskaia, and Irina N. Beloozerova. "The role of intersegmental dynamics in coordination of the forelimb joints during unperturbed and perturbed skilled locomotion." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (2018): 1547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00324.2018.

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Joint coordination during locomotion and how this coordination changes in response to perturbations remains poorly understood. We investigated coordination among forelimb joints during the swing phase of skilled locomotion in the cat. While cats walked on a horizontal ladder, one of the cross-pieces moved before the cat reached it, requiring the cat to alter step size. Direction and timing of the cross-piece displacement were manipulated. We found that the paw was transported in space through body translation and shoulder and elbow rotations, whereas the wrist provided paw orientation required

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Schneider, J. S., and V. Peacock. "Differential effects of GDNF treatment on rotational asymmetry, skilled forelimb use deficits and sensory neglect in unilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rats." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 13, no. 3-4 (1998): 205–12. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-1998-00067.

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The ability of a single intranigral infusion of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) to reverse deficits in skilled paw usage and sensorimotor orientation and to ameliorate apomorphine-induced rotational asymmetry in unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats was examined. After lesioning, all rats developed sensory inattention on the side contralateral to the lesion, rotational asymmetry in response to apomorphine administration and significant deficits in succesfully performing a forelimb reaching task dependent upon the use of somatosensory and proprioceptive feedback. A singl

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Whishaw, Ian Q., Douglas R. Funk, Sandra J. Hawryluk, and Elizabeth D. Karbashewski. "Absence of sparing of spatial navigation, skilled forelimb and tongue use and limb posture in the rat after neonatal dopamine depletion." Physiology & Behavior 40, no. 2 (1987): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-9384(87)90215-0.

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30

Riolobos, A. S., M. Heredia, J. A. de la Fuente, et al. "Functional Recovery of Skilled Forelimb Use in Rats Obliged to Use the Impaired Limb after Grafting of the Frontal Cortex Lesion with Homotopic Fetal Cortex." Neurobiology of Learning and Memory 75, no. 3 (2001): 274–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/nlme.2000.3979.

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31

Cordeiro, Karina Kohn, Wei Jiang, Anna Papazoglou, Sérgio Bernardo Tenório, Máté Döbrössy, and Guido Nikkhah. "Graft-mediated functional recovery on a skilled forelimb use paradigm in a rodent model of Parkinson's disease is dependent on reward contingency." Behavioural Brain Research 212, no. 2 (2010): 187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2010.04.012.

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32

Nikkhah, G., W. M. Duan, U. Knappe, A. Jo¨dicke, and A. Bjo¨rklund. "Restoration of complex sensorimotor behavior and skilled forelimb use by a modified nigral cell suspension transplantation approach in the rat parkinson model." Neuroscience 56, no. 1 (1993): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4522(93)90559-x.

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33

Chiken, Satomi, and Hironobu Tokuno. "Impairment of skilled forelimb use after ablation of striatal interneurons expressing substance P receptors in rats: an analysis using a pasta matrix reaching task." Experimental Brain Research 162, no. 4 (2005): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-004-2189-2.

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34

Plumet, Jocelyne, Josette Cadusseau, and Michel Roger. "Skilled forelimb use in the rat: amelioration of functional deficits resulting from neonatal damage to the frontal cortex by neonatal transplantation of fetal cortical tissue." Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience 3, no. 3 (1991): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/rnn-1991-3302.

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35

Heredia, Margarita, Jesús Palomero, Antonio de la Fuente, et al. "Motor Improvement of Skilled Forelimb Use Induced by Treatment with Growth Hormone and Rehabilitation Is Dependent on the Onset of the Treatment after Cortical Ablation." Neural Plasticity 2018 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6125901.

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We previously demonstrated that the administration of GH immediately after severe motor cortex injury, in rats, followed by rehabilitation, improved the functionality of the affected limb and reexpressed nestin in the contralateral motor cortex. Here, we analyze whether these GH effects depend on a time window after the injury and on the reexpression of nestin and actin. Injured animals were treated with GH (0.15 mg/kg/day) or vehicle, at days 7, 14, and 35 after cortical ablation. Rehabilitation was applied at short and long term (LTR) after the lesion and then sacrificed. Nestin and actin we

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Young, C. K., I. Q. Whishaw, and B. H. Bland. "Posterior hypothalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation restores locomotion in rats with haloperidol-induced akinesia but not skilled forelimb use in pellet reaching and lever pressing." Neuroscience 192 (September 2011): 452–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.039.

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MacLellan, Crystal L., and Frederick Colbourne. "Mild to Moderate Hyperthermia Does Not Worsen Outcome after Severe Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 25, no. 8 (2005): 1020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600099.

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Hyperthermia worsens outcome in clinical and experimental studies of ischemic stroke. Thus, we tested whether hyperthermia aggravates intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in rats. A striatal hemorrhage was produced via an infusion of bacterial collagenase. In a preliminary experiment, we compared brain and core temperatures (via telemetry) during heating (infrared lamp). The brain temperature rise exceeded that produced by enforced core hyperthermia, which was used subsequently. In these experiments up to three hyperthermia conditions (versus normothermia) were tested including: hyperthermia (>38

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Ishida, Akimasa, Yasuyuki Takamatsu, Michiru Hamakawa, Keigo Tamakoshi, Hideki Hida, and Kazuto Ishida. "Forced-use of impaired forelimb increases expression of neurotrophic factors in rats motor cortex and induces recovery of skilled reaching and stepping following internal capsule hemorrhage." Neuroscience Research 68 (January 2010): e260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neures.2010.07.1152.

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Whishaw, Ian Q., Katie Li, Paul A. Whishaw, Bogdan Gorny, and Gerlinde A. Metz. "Distinct forelimb and hind limb stepping impairments in unilateral dopamine-depleted rats: use of the rotorod as a method for the qualitative analysis of skilled walking." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 126, no. 1 (2003): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00049-9.

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Tai, Yu-Ting, Wen-Yuan Lee, Fei-Peng Lee, et al. "Low Dose of Valproate Improves Motor Function after Traumatic Brain Injury." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/980657.

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Background.Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a major health care problem worldwide. Approximately 1.5 million new TBI cases occur annually in the United States, with mortality rates ranging between 35% and 40% in severe patients. Despite the incidence of these injuries and their substantial socioeconomic implications, no specific pharmacological intervention is available for clinical use. Several studies have indicated that 300 mg/kg or 400 mg/kg of valproate (VPA) exhibits neuroprotective effects in animal models. However, humans cannot tolerate high doses of VPA. This study aims to investi

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MacLellan, Crystal L., Jacklyn Girgis, and Frederick Colbourne. "Delayed Onset of Prolonged Hypothermia Improves Outcome after Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 24, no. 4 (2004): 432–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004647-200404000-00008.

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Prolonged hypothermia reduces ischemic brain injury, but its efficacy after intracerebral hemorrhagic (ICH) stroke is unresolved. Rats were implanted with core temperature telemetry probes and subsequently subjected to an ICH, which was produced by infusing bacterial collagenase into the striatum. Animals were kept normothermic (NORMO), or were made mildly hypothermic (33–35°C) for over 2 days starting 1 hour (HYP-1), 6 hours (HYP-6), or 12 hours (HYP-12) after collagenase infusion. Others were cooled for 7 hours beginning 1 hour after infusion (BRIEF). Skilled reaching, walking, and spontaneo

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Mondello, Sarah E., Lisa Young, Viet Dang, et al. "Optogenetic spinal stimulation promotes new axonal growth and skilled forelimb recovery in rats with sub-chronic cervical spinal cord injury." Journal of Neural Engineering, July 31, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-2552/acec13.

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Abstract Objective: Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to debilitating sensorimotor deficits that greatly limit quality of life. This work aims to develop a mechanistic understanding of how to best promote functional recovery following SCI. Electrical spinal stimulation is one promising approach that is effective in both animal models and humans with SCI. Optogenetic stimulation is an alternative method of stimulating the spinal cord that allows for cell-type-specific stimulation. The present work investigates the effects of preferentially stimulating neurons within the spinal cord and not glial c

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Gutiérrez-Ibáñez, Cristián, Clara Amaral-Peçanha, Andrew N. Iwaniuk, Douglas R. Wylie, and Jerome Baron. "Online repositories of photographs and videos provide insights into the evolution of skilled hindlimb movements in birds." Communications Biology 6, no. 1 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05151-z.

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AbstractThe ability to manipulate objects with limbs has evolved repeatedly among land tetrapods. Several selective forces have been proposed to explain the emergence of forelimb manipulation, however, work has been largely restricted to mammals, which prevents the testing of evolutionary hypotheses in a comprehensive evolutionary framework. In birds, forelimbs have gained the exclusive function of flight, with grasping transferred predominantly to the beak. In some birds, the feet are also used in manipulative tasks and appear to share some features with manual grasping and prehension in mamm

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Wen, Tong Chun, Michelle Corkrum, and Jason B. Carmel. "Selective injury of thalamocortical tract in neonatal rats impairs forelimb use: model validation and behavioral effects." Developmental Neuroscience, March 25, 2025, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000544990.

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Introduction: Unilateral brain injury in neonates results in largely contralateral hand function impairment in children. Most research investigating neurorehabilitation targets for movement recovery has focused on the effects of brain injury on descending motor systems, especially the corticospinal tract. However, a recent human study demonstrated that sensory tract injury may have larger effects on dexterity than motor tract injury. In this study, we first developed a model of sensory tract injury in neonatal rats by targeting the thalamocortical tract, and then we used this model to assess t

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"The Florey Lecture, 1987 - Conticomotoneuronal projections: synaptic events related to skilled movement." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences 231, no. 1263 (1987): 147–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.1987.0039.

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During infancy, children develop an expanding repertoire of movement skills in parallel with the maturation in their brains of direct nerve-fibre connections between the cerebral cortex and motoneurons in the spinal cord. These corticomotoneuronal connections are characteristic of primates and can be studied in monkeys; in these animals, refinement in the control of movements of the hand is also associated with increasing development of corticomotoneuronal connections. In monkeys, motoneurons innervating distally acting muscles are preferentially excited by convergent activities in corticomot

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Wolsh, Cassandra, Andrew R. Brown, Samuel W. Woodard, Monica M. Lopez, and Jeffery A. Boychuk. "Abstract P814: Complex Movement Representations of Mouse Motor Cortex After Experimental Stroke." Stroke 52, Suppl_1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/str.52.suppl_1.p814.

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Stroke injury and incomplete long-term stroke recovery remain key health issues in the United States and world-wide. We seek to help identify cellular dysfunction of the motor cortex after stroke, and its possible circuit remodeling during stroke recovery, since this structure is heavily implicated in this biology. We propose to measure evoked motor responses during long-train intracortical microstimulation (LT-ICMS) of motor cortex in the mouse as a method to identify the functional organization of this structure and plasticity following experimental stroke that relates to functional recovery

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Balbinot, Gustavo, Boris Touvykine, Joyce Zaftis, et al. "Enriched Rehabilitation Reduces Abnormal Motor Synergies and Enhances Motor Plasticity Following Severe Stroke in Rats." Stroke, July 13, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/strokeaha.123.043053.

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BACKGROUND: Stroke results in loss of upper motor neuron control over voluntary movements and emergence of abnormal synergies. Presently, it is unclear to what extent poststroke recovery reflects true recovery (restitution), compensation, or some combination of these processes. Here, we investigated this question using behavioral and kinematic analyses of skilled reaching in rats subjected to severe stroke that affected both the forelimb motor cortex and dorsolateral striatum. METHODS: After stroke, male rats either spontaneously recovered or received enriched rehabilitation. We assessed forel

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Fedor, Britt A., Noam H. Sander, Maxwell MacLaren, Lane J. Liddle, Crystal L. MacLellan, and Frederick Colbourne. "Motor Rehabilitation Provides Modest Functional Benefits After Intracerebral Hemorrhage: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Translational Rehabilitation Studies." Translational Stroke Research, November 20, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12975-023-01205-w.

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AbstractFew certainties exist regarding the optimal type, timing, or dosage of rehabilitation after stroke. Despite differing injury mechanisms and recovery patterns following ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, most translational stroke research is conducted after ischemia. As we enter the era of personalized medicine, exploring subtype-specific treatment efficacy is essential to optimizing recovery. Our objective was to characterize common rehabilitation interventions used after in vivo preclinical intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and assess the impact of post-ICH rehabilitation (vs. no-rehabilit

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Frost, Shawn B., Daofen Chen, Scott Barbay, Kathleen M. Friel, Erik J. Plautz, and Randolph J. Nudo. "Reorganization of Ventral Premotor Cortex After Ischemic Brain Injury: Effects of Forced Use." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair, May 13, 2022, 154596832211016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15459683221101622.

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Background Physical use of the affected upper extremity can have a beneficial effect on motor recovery in people after stroke. Few studies have examined neurological mechanisms underlying the effects of forced use in non-human primates. In particular, the ventral premotor cortex (PMV) has been previously implicated in recovery after injury. Objective To examine changes in motor maps in PMV after a period of forced use following ischemic infarct in primary motor cortex (M1). Methods Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) techniques were used to derive motor maps in PMV of four adult squirrel mon

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Tseng, Ching-Tzu, Hailey F. Welch, Ashley L. Gi, et al. "Frequency specific optogenetic stimulation of the locus coeruleus induces task-relevant plasticity in the motor cortex." Journal of Neuroscience, December 19, 2023, JN—RM—1528–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1528-23.2023.

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The locus coeruleus (LC) is the primary source of neocortical noradrenaline (NA), which is known to be involved in diverse brain functions including sensory perception, attention, and learning. Previous studies have shown that LC stimulation paired with sensory experience can induce task-dependent plasticity in sensory neocortex and in the hippocampus. However, it remains unknown whether LC activation similarly impacts neural representations in the agranular motor cortical regions that are responsible for movement planning and production. In this study, we test whether optogenetic stimulation

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