Academic literature on the topic 'Slight bias'
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Journal articles on the topic "Slight bias"
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Thoemmes, Felix. "M-bias, Butterfly Bias, and Butterfly Bias with Correlated Causes – A Comment on Ding and Miratrix (2015)." Journal of Causal Inference 3, no. 2 (2015): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2015-0012.
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AbstractDing and Miratrix [1] recently concluded that adjustment on a pre-treatment covariate is almost always preferable to reduce bias. I extend the examined parameter space of the models considered by Ding and Miratrix, and consider slight extensions of their models as well. Similar to the conclusion by Pearl [7], I identify constellations in which bias due to adjustment, or failing to adjust is symmetrical, but also confirm some findings of Ding and Miratrix.
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Puskás, László G., Ágnes Zvara, László Hackler, and Paul Van Hummelen. "RNA Amplification Results in Reproducible Microarray Data with Slight Ratio Bias." BioTechniques 32, no. 6 (2002): 1330–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2144/02326mt04.
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Elijah, Adesanya ADEFISAN* &. Ezekiel YUSUF. "NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF FOG OCCURRENCES OVER A SOUTHERN PART OF NIGERIA." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH SCIENCE & MANAGEMENT 5, no. 8 (2018): 134–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1405414.
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Numerical prediction of fog evolution remains difficult due to its complex processes that requires adequate representation of the local perturbations in weather models despite the progress made in advance weather prediction models. The performance and sensitivity of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model in reproducing fog episodes over Akwa Ibom international airport (AKIA) Nigeria for the first time in West Africa was studied. Some real cases of radiation fog over AKIA were simulated using a set of parameterization schemes to simulate warm fog and visibility limits. Seven fog events were selected for model validation and sensitivity studies in this research work. The use of Kunkel (1984) empirical relationship result showed good agreement between simulated horizontal visibility limits using Liquid Water Content (LWC) when compared with observation. The modelled diurnal patterns of temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were also evaluated with the observed. It was found out that the model also captures the diurnal pattern and the value with very slight biases. These slight biases however, do not affect model results except where overestimation of wind speed and temperature could give rise to an earlier dissipation of fog. Fog estimation through temperature and relative humidity profile is as a result of the turbulent mixing within fog that causes the homogenization of the layers where the fog is present. The result showed evolution of fog through quasi-saturated state between temperature and relative humidity defining fog characteristic onset pronounced by surface inversion
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Gingery, James R., Ahmed Elgamal, and Jonathan D. Bray. "Response Spectra at Liquefaction Sites during Shallow Crustal Earthquakes." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 4 (2015): 2325–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/101813eqs272m.
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Site amplification studies and building code provisions recognize that soil liquefaction can alter the characteristics of ground shaking at a site. However, guidance as to how the amplitudes of spectral accelerations are modified is lacking. In this paper, available recorded ground motions from shallow crustal earthquakes at sites that exhibited evidence of liquefaction are investigated. Analysis of residuals computed relative to Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) estimates reveal positive bias at longer periods, slight negative bias at intermediate periods, and slight positive bias at short periods. Trends with V S30, NGA-estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA), and moment magnitude are also observed. A model is developed that removes the initially observed residual bias and reduces uncertainty. The proposed model can be used to adjust NGA-estimated acceleration response spectra to account for the effects of liquefaction on ground shaking.
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Bradshaw, Scott D. "Impression Management and the Neo Five-Factor Inventory: Cause for Concern?" Psychological Reports 80, no. 3 (1997): 832–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.80.3.832.
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Two studies examined whether NEO Five-Factor Inventory profiles might be biased by management of impression. In the studies, participants (83 women and 43 women, 14 men) completed a measure of the five factors of personality under complete anonymity and then completed the NEO Five-Factor Inventory under either complete anonymity or under conditions intended to motivate impression management. No effects were found in Study 1, but slight effects were found in Study 2. Findings suggest conditions which create a strong motivation for impression management could slightly bias the profiles; however, this bias had little effect on the over-all profiles.
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Yang, Xinran. "Gender Bias in Imprisonment Decisions of Intentional Spousal Homicide in China." BCP Social Sciences & Humanities 21 (February 15, 2023): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpssh.v21i.3486.
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Spousal homicide has become one of China's most common forms of femicide. Therefore, the investigation of systematic gender bias and gender in-group bias in imprisonment decisions is conducted in this study to explore the fairness and impartiality of the Chinese judicial system. Fifty random intentional spousal homicide cases in China are analysed using the context analysis method. The study found a large similarity between the judicial decision made by female and male judges; however, male plaintiffs have a larger chance of receiving sentences of life imprisonment and the death penalty from judges of either gender. Moreover, excluding life imprisonment and the death penalty, plaintiffs of identical gender as the judge are more likely to receive slightly shorter sentences, suggesting a slight in-group gender bias in the judicial decision in China.
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Olberding, Amy. "Subclinical Bias, Manners, and Moral Harm." Hypatia 29, no. 2 (2014): 287–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12026.
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Mundane and often subtle forms of bias generate harms that can be fruitfully understood as akin to the harms evident in rudeness. Although subclinical expressions of bias are not mere rudeness, like rudeness they often manifest through the breach of mannerly norms for social cooperation and collaboration. At a basic level, the perceived harm of mundane forms of bias often has much to do with feeling oneself unjustly or arbitrarily cut out of a group, a group that cooperates and collaborates but does not do so with me. Appealing to the subtle but familiar choreography of mannered social interaction, I argue, makes it easier to recognize how exclusion can be accomplished through slight but symbolically significant gestures and styles of interaction, where bias manifests not in announced hostility but in an absence of the cooperation and collaboration upon which we rely socially.
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Franchi, Jimmy, Martin Domeij, and Kwang Won Lee. "1200 V SiC MOSFETs with Stable VTH under High Temperature Gate Bias Stress." Materials Science Forum 963 (July 2019): 753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.963.753.
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In this work, threshold voltage drift of SiC MOSFET devices have been investigated. The drift during positive gate bias application was found to be moderate for three commercial grade devices, while the results for negative gate bias application differ widely. We demonstrate ON Semiconductor SiC MOSFETs with threshold voltage stability under both positive and negative bias stress due to an improved gate oxide process, and the influence of high field stress on the threshold voltage is additionally discussed. A long term transient high temperature gate bias stress is shown to cause a slight positive shift in the threshold voltage of the ON Semiconductor devices, while the on resistance remains constant.
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Zhang, Rui, Yanmei Liu, Chongyang Wang, Fengting Cao, Qixiang Fan, and Tiegang Wang. "Structure and Properties of Arc Ion Plating Deposited AlCrSiN Coatings Controlled by Pulsed Bias Voltage." Metals 13, no. 8 (2023): 1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met13081448.
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AlCrSiN coatings are promising protective candidates for cutting and forming tools. During the coating deposition process, the microstructure and properties of the coatings were dramatically affected by bias voltages. To further optimize and enhance the AlCrSiN coating, a series of coatings were deposited at different pulse bias voltages using arc ion plating technology. By virtue of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, scratch method, OCP, EIS, and other analytical methods, the effects of the pulse bias voltage on the crystal structure, microstructure, and mechanical, tribological, and electrochemical properties of the AlCrSiN coatings were analyzed. The study revealed that the pulse bias voltage exerted a slight influence on the aluminum and nitrogen content of the coatings. As the pulse bias voltage increased, the hardness, critical load, and tribological performance of the AlCrSiN coatings first increased gradually, and then were impaired slightly. When the pulse bias voltage was −100 V, the resulting AlCrSiN coating exhibited the densest structure, the highest hardness, the strongest adhesion, and the best wear resistance. In this case, the coating hardness and critical load reached 2668 HV and 72.7 N, respectively. The friction coefficient and wear rate were 0.35 and 1.02 × 10−3 μm3/N·μm, respectively. Simultaneously, the AlCrSiN coating demonstrated exceptional corrosion resistance in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solutions, surpassing uncoated 304 steel by 3~4 times.
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Smith, L. L., and J. C. Gille. "Validation of the Aura High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder geopotential heights." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 7, no. 8 (2014): 2775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-2775-2014.
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Abstract. The geopotential height (GPH) product created from global observations by the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) instrument on NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) Aura spacecraft is discussed. The accuracy, resolution and precision of the HIRDLS version 7 algorithms are assessed and data screening recommendations are made. Comparisons with GPH from observations, reanalyses and models including European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-Interim), and National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) Reanalysis illustrate the HIRDLS GPHs have a precision ranging from 2 to 30 m and an accuracy of ±100 m up to 1 hPa. Comparisons indicate HIRDLS GPH may have a slight low bias in the tropics and a slight high bias at high latitudes. Geostrophic winds computed with HIRDLS GPH qualitatively agree with winds from other data sources including ERA-Interim.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Slight bias"
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"Wave scattering from slightly deformed spheres =: [Qing wei bian xing qiu ti dui bo dong zhi san she]." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5886880.
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by Lam Ching Chi.<br>Parallel title in Chinese characters.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.<br>Includes bibliographical references.<br>List of Table --- p.v<br>List of Figures --- p.vi<br>Acknowledgments --- p.xv<br>Abstract --- p.xvi<br>Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1<br>Chapter Chapter 2 --- Electromagnetic wave scattering from a homogeneous sphere : Mie scattering --- p.13<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Formulation<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Morphology-dependent resonance (MDR)<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Quasinormal modes<br>Chapter 2.4.1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 2.4.2 --- Location of poles of the S-matrix<br>Chapter 2.4.3 --- Quality factor<br>Chapter 2.4.4 --- Scattering efficiency<br>Chapter 2.5 --- The general effect on scattering from a perturbed sphere<br>Chapter Chapter 3 --- T-matrix method for scalar wave scattering --- p.48<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Formalism for scalar waves<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Evaluation of matrix element<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Incident wave expansion coefficients<br>Chapter 3.5 --- Scattering efficiency<br>Chapter 3.6 --- An application of the T-matrix method<br>Chapter 3.7 --- Discussions and conclusion<br>Chapter Chapter 4 --- Logarithmic perturbation method in scattering of scalar waves --- p.77<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Formalism<br>Chapter 4.2.1 --- Defining relations<br>Chapter 4.2.2 --- The matrix equation<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Evaluation of matrix element<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Scattering features and properties<br>Chapter 4.4.1 --- Poles of the S-matrix<br>Chapter (a) --- First order<br>Chapter (b) --- Second order<br>Chapter 4.4.2 --- Quality factor<br>Chapter 4.4.3 --- T-matrix representation<br>Chapter 4.5 --- Degenerate perturbation<br>Chapter (a) --- Weak coupling limit<br>Chapter (b) --- Stong coupling limit<br>Chapter Chapter 5 --- Study of wave scattering from slightly deformed spheres using logarithmic perturbation method --- p.110<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 5.2 --- Results and Discussions<br>Chapter 5.2.1 --- Evaluation of matrix element<br>Chapter 5.2.2 --- Scattering efficiency<br>Chapter 5.2.3 --- Frequency shift<br>Chapter 5.2.4 --- Quality factor<br>Chapter 5.2.5 --- Physical interpretation for quadrupole distortions<br>Chapter Chapter 6 --- Morphology-dependent resonances in radially-inhomogeneous spheres --- p.143<br>Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 6.2 --- Formalism<br>Chapter 6.3 --- Numerical method<br>Chapter 6.4 --- Logarithmic perturbation method<br>Chapter 6.5 --- Scattering properties<br>Chapter 6.5.1 --- Pole shift<br>Chapter 6.5.2 --- Quality Factor<br>Chapter 6.6 --- A specific example : Results and Discussions<br>Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.165<br>Appendix A --- p.168<br>Appendix B --- p.170<br>Appendix C --- p.171<br>Appendix D --- p.175<br>Appendix E --- p.178<br>Appendix F --- p.181<br>Appendix G --- p.183<br>Appendix H --- p.186<br>Appendix I --- p.192<br>References --- p.195
Books on the topic "Slight bias"
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Jensenius, Francesca R. Status and Recognition. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190646608.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 inquires into the status and recognition of India’s new SC elite: the socioeconomic profile of SC politicians compared to other politicians, and their relationship to other elites and to their voters. SC politicians used to have significantly less formal education than other politicians, but that is no longer the case. However, SCs tend to be less wealthy than other politicians, less likely to have a criminal record, and seem to be perceived as less “glamorous.” Interview evidence indicates that while SC politicians still face some discrimination, factors like power, education, and money have served to reduce this caste bias. Further, voters generally seem to evaluate SC politicians similarly to other politicians; and voters who had lived in a reserved constituency for a long time were slightly more likely to evaluate SC politicians positively.
Book chapters on the topic "Slight bias"
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Décieux, Jean Philippe. "Is There More Than the Answer to the Question? Device Use and Completion Time as Indicators for Selectivity Bias and Response Convenience in Online Surveys." In IMISCOE Research Series. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67498-4_17.
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AbstractThe main objective of the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) is to establish a longitudinal data set that provides information on life trajectories of international migrants. However, a large amount of paradata were also collected in order to obtain meta-information on respondents’ survey participation. This auxiliary information can help to optimize data quality at all stages of the survey process. By continuing the existing discussion in the field of online surveys, this chapter pursues a twofold objective: it reflects device usage (mobile vs. computer) and elucidates determinants of device choice. In particular, it analyses whether selectivity effects due to respondent’s device choices bias the sample. Moreover, this chapter investigates differences in response time between devices to detect differences in response burden. The analysis of response burden differences by device is an important issue, since an increased device-specific response burden can be a predictor of actual and further panel dropouts. In both device-specific selectivity and survey burden, only slight differences were found between mobile and desktop devices. Using these data, the following paper addresses the need to analyse potential sources of survey error and provides evidence that GERPS data do not appear to contain noteworthy bias attributed to device usage.
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Ysmanova, Kasiet. "Awareness in Central Asian States of Discrimination Against Labor Migrants Abroad." In Human Rights Dissemination in Central Asia. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-27972-0_8.
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AbstractLabor migration and the treatment of Central Asian (CA) migrants abroad is an important issue discussed among the wider public and the human rights community both within and outside the region. This chapter compares cross-country survey data on awareness about specific human rights-related matters taken from the migration section of the Central Asia Barometer Survey (CAB Survey) conducted in fall 2021 and spring 2022. The data helps us understand how societies in all five CA countries perceive migration issues in general, with a focus on the treatment of their citizens as labor migrants abroad. This data is illustrated by comparing the public attitudes toward labor migration in the fall of 2021 and spring of 2022. The findings indicate that most respondents across Central Asia are indeed concerned about the treatment of labor migrants in host countries. Concern about this topic in Tajikistan and Turkmenistan increased slightly from fall 2021 to spring 2022. However, the degree of concern varies across the different Central Asian states and societies, a phenomenon that we discuss in our paper as an effect of response and nonresponse bias within an authoritarian context, thus also shedding light on the situation regarding freedom of speech and expression in Central Asia.
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Crowell, Amber R., and Mark A. Fossett. "Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation in Nonmetropolitan Communities." In Racial and Ethnic Residential Segregation Across the United States. Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38371-7_4.
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AbstractFor at least half a century, much of the literature on residential segregation has primarily focused on large metropolitan areas, where most of the population resides in one or more high-density urban cores and medium-density, outlying suburban environments. Many influential landmark segregation studies have focused on small samples featuring primarily the largest 50–60 metropolitan areas in the country. In contrast, our knowledge of residential segregation outside of metropolitan contexts is very limited, even as nonmetropolitan communities are becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. This is due in large part to the challenges with measuring residential segregation in nonmetropolitan contexts, which we address in this book. By using segregation measures that are corrected for index bias, measuring segregation of households rather than persons, and relying on the often overlooked separation index, we draw substantive conclusions about patterns and trends of White-Black, White-Asian, and White-Latino residential segregation in nonmetropolitan communities from 1990 to 2010. We also further demonstrate the superiority of our methodological choices by comparing our findings to those that would be produced through conventional approaches and by reviewing case studies of selected nonmetropolitan areas. Substantively, we find that segregation in nonmetropolitan communities is often not as high as what is observed in metropolitan areas, especially for Asian and Latino households. However, segregation is certainly capable of being high in nonmetropolitan communities, even when the minority proportion is very small. White-Latino segregation is typically quite low and has remained stable in micropolitan areas while slightly declining in noncore counties. This is more so true for White-Asian segregation in nonmetropolitan communities where segregation is very low and has remained low since at least 1990. Methodologically, we conclude that our innovations to segregation measurement expand opportunities to broaden and deepen the literature to understand the nature of residential segregation in nonmetropolitan communities.
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Rosenthal, Gil G. "Origins and Histories of Mating Preferences." In Mate Choice. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691150673.003.0013.
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This chapter describes how mating preferences can arise in a context unrelated to mating. It discusses biases and how these can occur at every pre-, peri-, and postmating stage of mate choice. Biases presumably vary among and within individuals, and in response to social and environmental cues, as much as expressed preferences do. A slight bias in a few choosers can kick-start runaway coevolution of traits and preferences. Biases can also be very permissive, which means that there are many routes for them to respond to courters. Until choosers have preferences, natural selection cannot act on choosers based on their mating preferences. Once courters have co-opted a preexisting mechanism in choosers that favors some mates over others, selection can start acting on choosers.
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Ogbomo, Queen. "Walking a Mile in Their Shoes." In Leading and Managing Change for School Improvement. IGI Global, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3940-8.ch005.
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This study examined the impact of a poverty simulation project, an experiential learning procedure on preservice teachers' perception of elementary students living in poverty. Thirty undergraduate preservice teachers from two cohorts in a public university in the southern part of the United States were asked to participate in a poverty simulation activity to expose them to the lived experiences of people living in poverty. An early analysis of the debriefing session after the simulation project showed that students viewed this simulation project as an engaging learning experience. Means and standard deviations of scores in relation to pre-test and post-test personal bias toward poverty, understanding individuals in poverty, effort in teaching students living in poverty, and responsibility for students living in poverty were obtained. While there was no significant difference from the paired sample t-tests, there was a slight difference in three of the four areas measured.
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McElroy, Gail. "The impact of gender quotas on voting behaviour in 2016." In The post-crisis Irish voter, edited by Michael Marsh, David M. Farrell, and Theresa Reidy. Manchester University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9781526122643.003.0009.
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In 2016 Ireland joined over fifty countries worldwide in the adoption of candidate gender quotas, and it became the first case of a country doing so under the single transferable vote electoral system. Its impact was evident from the dramatic rise in the number of women candidates fielded in this election – 163, as compared to 86 in 2011. This chapter builds on previous research of the Irish case to assess whether the use of gender quotas had any impact on voters’ attitudes towards women candidates. The analyses of INES data in previous elections found no evidence of voter prejudice against female candidates. There could be reason to expect that might change in the light of gender quotas. The introduction of the quota in 2016 was a significant ‘shock’ to the system: parties were forced to find a large number of women candidates very quickly, so the recruitment pool was likely to have more ‘average’ women in it. Given this context, the chapter tests for true bias amongst the Irish electorate. The analysis reveals little evidence of this on the whole, apart from the slight exception of Fianna Fáil, whose supporters revealed some male bias. Apart from that partial exception, the findings generally are consistent with previous studies: what matters most is how well the candidate is known, and therefore it is incumbency that is the main factor, not the sex of the candidate.
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Singal, Vijay. "Bias in Currency Forward Rates." In Beyond The Random Walk. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195158670.003.0011.
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Abstract Currency forward rates are determined in accordance with interest rate parity, such that the total returns from investment in two risk-free assets are identical. Equivalence of returns implies that the forward rate fore-sees the currency with a higher interest rate falling in value. However, the evidence reveals that currencies with higher interest rates do not actually fall as much as implied by the forward rate, creating the forward rate bias. A trading strategy that short-sells currencies with low interest rates and buys currencies with high interest rates can generate abnormal profits. The topic of this chapter is different from other chapters: it is slightly more complex and related to currencies rather than stocks, but it is nonetheless extremely important. From a trading perspective, the bias discussed in this chapter has been documented in several hundred research papers and many books. Institutional investors, hedge funds, banks, currency traders, and many other market professionals periodically try to take advantage of this bias. The forward rate bias, as it is generally known, is also related to international investing and currency hedging.
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Goedert, Nicholas. "Bias and Responsiveness in Partisan Maps." In Ground War. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197626627.003.0006.
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This chapter contrasts the patterns of bias observed between partisan maps in competitive versus noncompetitive states. In large swing states, such as Michigan and Pennsylvania, the efficiency gap curves follow a very reliable pattern, with bias maximized when the national vote is even or slightly favors Democrats, but declining as tides increase. These states also see low competitiveness when the national vote is close, but become very responsive under strong Democratic tides. It contrasts these states with partisan gerrymandering in noncompetitive states, usually overlooked by existing measures, including Tennessee, Indiana, Maryland, and Massachusetts. It finds that partisan maps in noncompetitive states are less aggressive and more defensive than in the swing states and do not attempt to maximize seats the dominant party will win but instead strongly reinforce existing incumbents. This results in maps that appear less biased under normal conditions but will also be less responsive during wave elections.
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Singh, Anuj Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Pati, Shiva Kumar Patil, Wolf Uwe Reimold, Arun Kumar Rao, and Om Prakash Pandey. "Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) of impact melt breccia and target rocks from the Dhala impact structure, India." In Large Meteorite Impacts and Planetary Evolution VI. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2021.2550(14).
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ABSTRACT The ~11-km-wide, Paleoproterozoic Dhala impact structure in north-central India comprises voluminous exposures of impact melt breccia. These outcrops are discontinuously spread over a length of ~6 km in a semicircular pattern along the northern, inner limit of the monomict breccia ring around the central elevated area. This study of the magnetic fabrics of impact breccias and target rocks from the Dhala impact structure identified a weak preferred magnetic orientation for pre-impact crystalline target rocks. The pre- and synimpact rocks from Dhala have magnetite and ilmenite as common magnetic phases. The distributions of magnetic vectors are random for most impact melt breccia samples, but some do indicate a preferred orientation. Our anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) data demonstrate that the shape of susceptibility ellipsoids for the target rocks varies from prolate to oblate, and most impact melt breccia samples display both shapes, with a slight bias toward the oblate geometry. The average value for the corrected degree of anisotropy of impact melt rock (P′ = 1.009) is lower than that for the target rocks (P′ = 1.091). The present study also shows that both impact melt breccia and target rock samples of the Dhala structure have undergone minor postimpact alteration, and have similar compositions in terms of magnetic phases and high viscosity. Fine-grained iron oxide or hydroxide is the main alteration phase in impact melt rocks. Impact melt rocks gave a narrow range of mean magnetic susceptibility (Km) and P′ values, in contrast to the target rock samples, which gave Km = 0.05–12.9 × 10−3 standard international units (SI) and P′ = 1.036–1.283. This suggests similar viscosity of the source magma, and limited difference in the degrees of recorded deformation. Between Pagra and Maniar villages, the Km value of impact melt breccias gradually decreases in a clockwise direction, with a maximum value observed near Pagra (Km = 1.67 × 10−3 SI). The poor grouping of magnetic fabrics for most impact melt rock samples implies local turbulence in rapidly cooled impact melt at the front of the melt flow immediately after the impact. The mean K1 for most impact melt samples suggests subhorizontal (&lt;5°) flow in various directions. The average value of Km for the target rocks (4.41 × 10−3 SI) is much higher compared to the value for melt breccias (1.09 × 10−3 SI). The results of this study suggest that the melt breccias were likely part of a sheet-like body of sizeable extent. Our magnetic fabric data are also supported by earlier core drilling information from ~70 locations, with coring depths reaching to −500 m. Our extensive field observations combined with available widespread subsurface data imply that the impact melt sheet could have covered as much as 12 km2 in the Dhala structure, with an estimated minimum melt volume of ~2.4 km3.
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Nagasawa, Yujin. "3. Why do so many people believe in miracles?" In Miracles: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198747215.003.0003.
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‘Why do so many people believe in miracles?’ considers why it is that the belief in miracles is so widespread. It addresses a number of remarkable recent findings in psychology that seem to support the miracle bias hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, belief in miracles is widespread because humans are cognitively and developmentally biased towards forming and transmitting such a belief. The minimal counterintuitiveness theory suggests concepts that deviate slightly from intuitive expectations can be transmitted more successfully than common concepts that are compatible with expectations. This theory applies across cultures, which may be why miracle episodes are common irrespective of geographical location or religious tradition.
Conference papers on the topic "Slight bias"
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Priyantha, Namal, Palitha Jayaweera, George R. Englehardt, Alexei Davydov, and Digby D. Macdonald. "The Localized Corrosion of Alloy 22 in Simulated HLNW Environments." In CORROSION 2004. NACE International, 2004. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2004-04693.
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Abstract The localized corrosion behavior of Alloy 22 (N06022) in acidified (pH = 3) NaCl brines at elevated temperature (80°C) and under potentiostatic and open circuit conditions has been investigated. Both pitting corrosion and intergranular attack are observed on specimens polarized into the transpassive dissolution region. Damage functions constructed for pits that nucleate and grow under high potential bias conditions (948 or 998 mVshe, within the transpassive dissolution region) indicate that Alloy 22 is a strongly repassivating system, which limits the depths to which pits will grow into the surface. The damage functions have been used to derive values for the delayed repassivation constant, γ; yielding values of 0.1 to 1.0 day-1. Damage functions calculated from DFA (Damage Function Analysis) confirm that the penetration of pits into the substrate under prototypical repository conditions will be severely limited by the strong tendency toward delayed repassivation. The available evidence suggests that pitting corrosion will not pose a significant threat to canister integrity in a Yucca Mountain-like repository, but this conclusion needs to be confirmed by further experimental and theoretical analysis. Under open circuit conditions, the corrosion potential is observed to shift in the positive direction with time, with a steady state being achieved after about four months. The steady state corrosion potential is found to be more positive (0.25 VShe) in aerated, saturated NaCl at 80°C than in the deaerated environment (0.15 VShe). After an exposure period of 180 days to pH= 3, saturated NaCl brine at 80°C, small pits were observed on the surfaces, particularly under aerated conditions. This observation is consistent with the detection of meta-stable pitting in potentiostatic transients (chronoamerograms) measured at a higher potential (0.49 VShe vs 0.25 Vshe) and at a slightly higher temperature (95°C vs. 80°C). The high resistance of Alloy 22 to passivity breakdown and to stable pitting is attributed to a low meta-stable pit nucleation rate, a low survival probability, and a low stable pit penetration rate, in addition to the strong tendency for pit repassivation, as noted above.
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Assi, Fernanda Malheiros, and Helena de Medeiros Caseli. "Biases in GPT-3.5 Turbo model: a case study regarding gender and language." In Simpósio Brasileiro de Tecnologia da Informação e da Linguagem Humana. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5753/stil.2024.245358.
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Interactions with Generative Language Models like OpenAI’s GPT3.5 Turbo are increasingly common in everyday life, making it essential to examine their potential biases. This study assesses biases in the GPT-3.5 Turbo model using the regard metric, which evaluates the level of respect or esteem expressed towards different demographic groups. Specifically, we investigate how the model perceives regard towards different genders (male, female, and neutral) in both English and Portuguese. To achieve this, we isolated three variables (gender, language, and moderation filters) and analyzed their individual impacts on the model’s outputs. Our results indicate a slight positive bias towards feminine over masculine and neutral genders, a more favorable bias towards English compared to Portuguese, and consistently more negative outputs when we attempted to reduce the moderation filters.
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Ito, Seigo, Hiroko Sodeyama, Kiyoaki Takiguchi, and Toru Matsumoto. "Failure Analysis Method of Using Laser Nano Electrostatic Field Probe Sensor (L-NEPS)." In ISTFA 2011. ASM International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2011p0387.
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Abstract We propose in this paper to introduce the L-NEPS (Laser Nano Electro-static field Probe Sensor), which can detect the slight quasi-electrostatic field generated by optical excitation and thermal excitation occurred when laser beam irradiates on the surface and back of the Die of LSI under non-bias and non-contact conditions, as well as the method to locate the failure point with this device. This report explains the principle of quasi-electrostatic field sensing by L-NEPS and the detection mechanism, and also illustrates the effectiveness of this detection method on the basis of analysis data of two examples of LSI failures (ESD breakdown).
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Lagonikaki, Maria, and Ivanka Asenova. "Examining the effect of gender on the Landmark task judgment in preschool children." In 8th International e-Conference on Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences. Center for Open Access in Science, Belgrade, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32591/coas.e-conf.08.11143l.
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With the aim to examine gender-related differences in visual spatial perception/attention in preschool age, 84 boys and 94 girls (range 3,4 – 6,7 years old) were studied with a Landmark task which require whether 17 pre-marked horizontal lines are correctly bisected in two equal halves. Between-group comparisons were based on the differences in mean scores three variables: Percentage of correct answers, Quotient of error, and Type of perceptual error. The results revealed a slight effect of gender on the Landmark task judgment in preschool children, with the male group exhibiting higher magnitude of leftward bias in comparison to the female group.
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Huang, Q., C. M. Lilley, and K. M. Paing. "Contamination Effect on the Electrical Resistivity of Gold Nanowires." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13750.
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Gold nanowires were patterned with e-beam lithography and fabricated with a gold film deposited by e-beam evaporation. Carbon and oxygen contaminants were found to be present mostly on the gold surface with x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Slight carbon contamination was indicated through the film thickness. Dimensions of the nanowires were measured with scanning electron microscopy, and the resistance of the wires was measured with a 2-probe stage at a low vacuum. Non-linear current-voltage curves were obtained, which was attributed to Joule heating. Further analysis, by restricting the bias voltage in a small range and negligible Joule heating, suggests that surface contamination can significantly affect the resistivity measurements of gold nanowires.
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Zhong, Qi, Shichang Gao, and Bo Yi. "An Optimized Method for Massive Sensitive Data Classification in an Industry Environment." In 9th International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (CSIT 2022). Academy and Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2022.121405.
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In the era of big data, data is endowed with higher potential value. However, new challenges are also brought to data security, especially for the sensitive data in an industrial environment. Nowadays, with the development of industrial internet, enterprises connect each other, under which a slight carelessness may lead to the leakage of sensitive data, which will bring inestimable losses to enterprises. Hence, sensitive data classification is required as a secure way to avoid such situation. This paper presents a sensitive data classification method based on an improved ID3 decision algorithm. Firstly, we introduce the idea of attribute weighting to optimize the basic structure of traditional ID3. Secondly, we use the weighted information gain to select nodes during tree construction, which improves multi-value bias defect compared with the traditional algorithm. Experimental results show that we can achieve branching accuracy up to 97.38%.
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Mirasso, Claudio R., and Luis Pesquera. "Transmision of solitons generated by modulation of laser diodes with mydsystem phase conjugation." In Nonlinear Guided Waves and Their Applications. Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/nlgw.1995.nfa10.
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It has been recently pointed out that pseudorandom sequences of solitons can be generated and transmitted at GHz rates by direct modulation of laser diodes (LD) when biasing slightly below threshold1. Using this bias current the response of the gain-switched laser to a bit ”1” is independent of the previous input bits2. Then the large pulse fluctuations due to pattern effects, produced by the random sequences of input bits, are avoided and soliton generation under pseudorandom word modulation conditions is possible. Using solitons generated by gain-switched LD at GHz rates a large time jitter has been observed after transmission over transoceanic distances3. We have shown that this is due to the pulse-to-pulse frequency jitter originated in the LD4. Other important effects at high bit rates are soliton interation and Gordon-Hauss jitter. It has been demonstrated that midsystem optical phase conjugation (OPC) can reduce these effects in periodically amplified soliton transmission systems5.
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Ventura, Liliane, Cassius Riul, Jean-Jacques De Groote, Sidney J. F. Sousa, and Gunter C. Dablas de Oliveira. "Automatic keratometry in slit lamps." In Biomedical Optics (BiOS) 2007, edited by Fabrice Manns, Per G. Soederberg, Arthur Ho, Bruce E. Stuck, and Michael Belkin. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.697061.
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Anderson, Betty Lise, and Peter L. Fuhr. "Measurement of spatial coherence of quantum well laser diodes." In OSA Annual Meeting. Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.thr5.
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The radiation pattern of multiple quantum well phased array laser diodes is generally complicated. The spatial coherence of such a beam has been measured experimentally using a twin single-mode optical fiber arrangement for sampling the beam at arbitrary points, as well as the traditional Young's double slit method. The aperture separation distances were varied to greater than twice the beamwidth, taken to be the full width at the half-maximum intensity points. Spatial coherence measurements were obtained for emissions parallel and perpendicular to the junction plane. The spatial coherence was found to lie in the 0.2-0.4 range. The visibility also increases slightly with bias current, with zero spatial coherence for below lasing threshold operation.
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Lee, Jooho, Bikash Nakarmi, Bongho Kim, et al. "Cross slit-grooves grid structure for surface plasmon resonant sensor." In SPIE BiOS, edited by Alexander N. Cartwright, Dan V. Nicolau, and Dror Fixler. SPIE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2212009.
Full textReports on the topic "Slight bias"
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A, Bengolea, Chamorro F, Catalano HN, and Izcovich A. Assessing the safety and effectiveness of the bivalent vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus in pregnant women: a systematic review. Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.ac54af0724.
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Objective The aim of this systematic review is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy and safety of the bivalent vaccine against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) compared to the placebo or the absence of vaccination in pregnant women to inform a clinical recommendation at the internal medicine department of Hospital Alemán of Buenos Aires. Methods In order to identify randomized clinical trials that evaluate our question of interest, we carry out thorough searches in Epistemonikos and Pubmed, from the date of creation of each source until January of the year 2024. Additionally, we consider additional sources to identify referencias that could not have been identified through electronic search. Two reviewers independently selected the studies included, extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias. We perform a quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) and prepare summary tables of findings as recommended by the Grade Group. The results of this review were presented to a team of clinical experts of the internal medicine department of Hospital Alemán of Buenos Aires who analyzed and issued judgments for each of the criteria proposed within the framework of evidence to the decision. After issuing the judgments for each criterion, experts formulated the clinical recommendation for the problem of interest. Result Through the search strategy, 331 references were identified that were examined by title and summary. Of these, 14 references for the evaluation by full text were included. Finally, 2 randomized clinical trials were included. The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women probably decreases the risk of respiratory infection, severe respiratory infection and hospitalization by RSV in the newborn. The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women probably does not increase the risk of presenting serious adverse events in the mother and does not generate an increase in non -serious adverse events (both in the mother and in the newborn). The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women could generate a slight increase in serious adverse events in the newborn (13 more events for 1,000 newborns), however the certainty of evidence is low. Clinical recommendation Based on this body of evidence, the German Hospital of Buenos Aires conditionally recommends the use of the bivalent vaccine for RSV in pregnant patients (32 to 36 weeks of gestation) (CONDITIONAL RECOMMENDATION IN FAVOR, LOW CERTAINTY IN THE EVIDENCE). Conclusions The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women presents significant benefits by reducing the risk of severe respiratory infections in newborns, supported by overall safety in pregnant women.
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A, Bengolea, Chamorro F, Catalano HN, and Izcovich A. Assessing the safety and effectiveness of the bivalent vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus in pregnant women: a systematic review. Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.ac54af0724.v1.
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Objective The aim of this systematic review is to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the efficacy and safety of the bivalent vaccine against the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) compared to the placebo or the absence of vaccination in pregnant women to inform a clinical recommendation at the internal medicine department of Hospital Alemán of Buenos Aires. Methods In order to identify randomized clinical trials that evaluate our question of interest, we carry out thorough searches in Epistemonikos and Pubmed, from the date of creation of each source until January of the year 2024. Additionally, we consider additional sources to identify referencias that could not have been identified through electronic search. Two reviewers independently selected the studies included, extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias. We perform a quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) and prepare summary tables of findings as recommended by the Grade Group. The results of this review were presented to a team of clinical experts of the internal medicine department of Hospital Alemán of Buenos Aires who analyzed and issued judgments for each of the criteria proposed within the framework of evidence to the decision. After issuing the judgments for each criterion, experts formulated the clinical recommendation for the problem of interest. Result Through the search strategy, 331 references were identified that were examined by title and summary. Of these, 14 references for the evaluation by full text were included. Finally, 2 randomized clinical trials were included. The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women probably decreases the risk of respiratory infection, severe respiratory infection and hospitalization by RSV in the newborn. The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women probably does not increase the risk of presenting serious adverse events in the mother and does not generate an increase in non -serious adverse events (both in the mother and in the newborn). The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women could generate a slight increase in serious adverse events in the newborn (13 more events for 1,000 newborns), however the certainty of evidence is low. Clinical recommendation Based on this body of evidence, the German Hospital of Buenos Aires conditionally recommends the use of the bivalent vaccine for RSV in pregnant patients (32 to 36 weeks of gestation) (CONDITIONAL RECOMMENDATION IN FAVOR, LOW CERTAINTY IN THE EVIDENCE). Conclusions The bivalent vaccine against RSV in pregnant women presents significant benefits by reducing the risk of severe respiratory infections in newborns, supported by overall safety in pregnant women.
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J, Ramos, Novillo F, Nava D, et al. In patients with acute COVID-19, should remdesivir be used compared to placebo? Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.83ffa48119.
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Objective The aim of this living systematic review is to provide a summary of the effects of remdesivir in the of people with acute covid-19. Methods Eligible studies were randomised trials evaluating the effect of remdesivir versus placebo or no treatment. We conducted searches in COVID-19 L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform, a system that performs regular searches in databases, trial registries, preprint servers and websites relevant to COVID-19. All the searches covered the period until 06/23/2023. No date or language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently evaluated potentially eligible studies according to predefined selection criteria, and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias, using a predesigned, standardised form. We performed meta-analyses using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using the GRADE approach. Results Our search strategy yielded 897 references. 10 randomized controlled trials reported in 15 references met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The relative risk of mortality was 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 - 1.00). This means remdesivir reduced the risk of mortality in 9%, compared with placebo or no treatment. In the studies identified in this review 760 people not receiving remdesivir out of 5372 presented the outcome Mortality (141 per 1000) versus 732 out of 5790 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0). In other words, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0), falls in the range of an effect of small magnitude. The relative risk of mechanical ventilation requirement was 0.62 (95% CI 0.40 - 0.94). This means placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement by 38%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 710 people not receiving placebo or no treatment out of 4539 presented the outcome Mechanical ventilation requirement (156 per 1000) versus 616 out of 4920 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10). In other words, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. The relative risk of serious adverse events was 0.75 (95% CI 0.60 - 0.92). This means reduced the risk of serious adverse events by 25%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 266 people not receiving out of 1266 presented the outcome Serious adverse events (210 per 1000) versus 266 out of 1665 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16). In other words, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as moderate. The estimated absolute effect, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. Conclusions Remdesivir may result in a slight reduction in mortality. Remdesivir may result in a reduction in mechanical ventilation requirement. Remdesivir probably results in a reduction in serious adverse events.
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J, Ramos, Novillo F, Nava D, et al. In patients with acute COVID-19, should remdesivir be used compared to placebo? Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.83ffa48119.v1.
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Objective The aim of this living systematic review is to provide a summary of the effects of remdesivir in the of people with acute covid-19. Methods Eligible studies were randomised trials evaluating the effect of remdesivir versus placebo or no treatment. We conducted searches in COVID-19 L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform, a system that performs regular searches in databases, trial registries, preprint servers and websites relevant to COVID-19. All the searches covered the period until 06/23/2023. No date or language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently evaluated potentially eligible studies according to predefined selection criteria, and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias, using a predesigned, standardised form. We performed meta-analyses using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using the GRADE approach. Results Our search strategy yielded 897 references. 10 randomized controlled trials reported in 15 references met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The relative risk of mortality was 0.91 (95% CI 0.83 - 1.00). This means remdesivir reduced the risk of mortality in 9%, compared with placebo or no treatment. In the studies identified in this review 760 people not receiving remdesivir out of 5372 presented the outcome Mortality (141 per 1000) versus 732 out of 5790 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0). In other words, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -12.22 per 1000 (from -24 to 0), falls in the range of an effect of small magnitude. The relative risk of mechanical ventilation requirement was 0.62 (95% CI 0.40 - 0.94). This means placebo or no treatment reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement by 38%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 710 people not receiving placebo or no treatment out of 4539 presented the outcome Mechanical ventilation requirement (156 per 1000) versus 616 out of 4920 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10). In other words, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -60.11 per 1000 (from -93 to -10), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. The relative risk of serious adverse events was 0.75 (95% CI 0.60 - 0.92). This means reduced the risk of serious adverse events by 25%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 266 people not receiving out of 1266 presented the outcome Serious adverse events (210 per 1000) versus 266 out of 1665 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16). In other words, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as moderate. The estimated absolute effect, -53.38 per 1000 (from -84 to -16), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. Conclusions Remdesivir may result in a slight reduction in mortality. Remdesivir may result in a reduction in mechanical ventilation requirement. Remdesivir probably results in a reduction in serious adverse events.
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Ramos-Rojas, José, Francisco Novillo, Daniel Nava, et al. In patients with acute COVID-19, should remdesivir be used compared to placebo? Epistemonikos Interactive Evidence Synthesis, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30846/ies.sr1000.
Full textAbstract:
The aim was to assess the efficacy of remdesivir in people with acute covid-19 compared with placebo. Eligible studies were randomised trials evaluating the effect of remdesivir versus placebo. We conducted searches in COVID-19 L·OVE (Living OVerview of Evidence) platform, a system that performs regular searches in databases, trial registries, preprint servers and websites relevant to COVID-19. All the searches covered the period until 06/23/2023. No date or language restrictions were applied. Two reviewers independently evaluated potentially eligible studies according to predefined selection criteria, and extracted data on study characteristics, methods, outcomes, and risk of bias, using a predesigned, standardised form. We performed meta-analyses using random-effect models and assessed overall certainty in evidence using the GRADE approach. Results: our search strategy yielded 132 references. 10 randomized controlled trials reported in 15 references met our inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The relative risk of mortality was 0.92 (95% CI 0.83 - 1.01). This means remdesivir reduced the risk of mortality in 8%, compared with placebo. In the studies identified in this review 762 people not receiving remdesivir out of 5340 presented the outcome Mortality (143 per 1000) versus 734 out of 5477 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -12 per 1000 (from -24 to 1). In other words, -12 per 1000 (from -24 to 1) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as low. The estimated absolute effect, -12 per 1000 (from -24 to 1), falls in the range of an effect of small magnitude. The relative risk of mechanical ventilation requirement was 0.71 (95% CI 0.41 - 1.24). This means placebo reduced the risk of mechanical ventilation requirement in 29%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 189 people not receiving placebo out of 989 presented the outcome Mechanical ventilation requirement (191 per 1000) versus 182 out of 1195 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -55 per 1000 (from -113 to 46). In other words, -55 per 1000 (from -113 to 46) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as very low. The estimated absolute effect, -55 per 1000 (from -113 to 46), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. The relative risk of serious adverse events was 0.74 (95% CI 0.57 - 0.95). This means reduced the risk of serious adverse events in 26%, compared with . In the studies identified in this review 265 people not receiving out of 1238 presented the outcome Serious adverse events (214 per 1000) versus 256 out of 1401 in the group that did receive it, with a risk difference of -56 per 1000 (from -91 to -10). In other words, -56 per 1000 (from -91 to -10) people did not develop the outcome because of the intervention. We assessed the certainty of the evidence for this outcome as moderate. The estimated absolute effect, -56 per 1000 (from -91 to -10), falls in the range of an effect of moderate magnitude. Conclusions: Remdesivir may result in a slight reduction in Mortality. Remdesivir may reduce the Mechanical ventilation requirement but the evidence is very uncertain. Remdesivir probably results in a reduction in Serious adverse events.
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Magaraphan, Rathanawan. The effects of Ethoxylated Bisphenol A Dimethacrylates content on the thermal and thermo-mechanical properties of chemical crosslinked Polylactic acid. Chulalongkorn University, 2015. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2015.85.
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Crosslinking structures of PLA can be effectively introduced into PLA by melt mixing using the initiation of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) in the presence of ethoxylated bisphenol A dimethacrylates (Bis−EMAs) which was used as a crosslinking agent. The results showed that the introduction of DCP into PLA above 3 phr increased storage modulus and complex viscosity when compared to PLA. DCP/PLA in the presence of Bis−EMAs content showed the optimum of storage modulus and complex viscosity were at a 5 phr Bis–EMAs loading and decreased as more Bis–EMAs were incorporated into DCP/PLA. The thermal stability of DCP/PLA/Bis–EMAs did not change when compared to PLA. Moreover, glass transition and cold crystallization temperatures of 0.3DCP/PLA/Bis–EMAs and 0.5DCP/PLA/Bis–EMAs slightly increased with increasing Bis–EMAs content. The crystallinity of DCP/PLA and DCP/PLA/Bis–EMAs were lower than that of PLA. The introductions of DCP and Bis–EMAs into PLA showed an increase of Young’s modulus and a decrease of elongation at break. In addition, the dynamic mechanical properties revealed the improvement in high-temperature performance efficiency of the crosslinked PLAs where, in this work, their flow, thermal, mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties increased with increasing Bis−EMAs content up to 5 phr.
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Koduru, Smitha, and Jason Skow. PR-244-153719-R01 Quantification of ILI Sizing Uncertainties and Improving Correction Factors. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011518.
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Operators routinely perform verification digs to assess whether an inline inspection (ILI) tool meets the performance specified by the ILI vendors. Characterizing the actual ILI tool performance using available field and ILI data is a difficult problem due to uncertainties associated with measurements and geometric classification of features. The focus of this project is to use existing ILI and excavation data to develop better approaches for assessing ILI tool performance. For corrosion features, operators are primarily interested in quantifying magnetic flux leakage (MFL) ILI tool sizing error and its relationship to burst pressure estimates. In previously completed PRCI research, a limited MFL ILI dataset was used to determine the corrosion feature depth sizing bias and random error using principles published in API 1163 (2013). The research demonstrated the tendency for ILI predictions to be slightly lower than field measurements (i.e., under-call) for the dataset studied, and it provided a framework for characterizing this bias. The goal of this project was to expand on previous work by increasing the number and type of feature morphologies available for analysis, and by estimating the sizing error of ILI measured external corrosion features. New geometric classification criteria, complementing the current criteria suggested by the Pipeline Operator Forum (POF 2009), were also investigated. Lastly, correction factors based on burst pressure prediction accuracy were developed to account for the effect of adopting various feature interaction rules. This report has a related webinar (member login required).
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Rains, Caroline, and Kristen Giombi. How Effective Are Healthy Eating Interventions Delivered in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings? A Cochrane Review Summary With Commentary. RTI Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2024.rb.0038.2407.
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This brief summarizes the published Cochrane Review, “Healthy Eating Interventions Delivered in Early Childhood Education and Care Settings for Improving the Diet of Children Aged Six Months to Six Years,” by S. L. Yoong, M. Lum, L. Wolfenden, J. Jackson, C. Barnes, A. E. Hall, S. McCrabb, N. Pearson, C. Lane, J. Z. Jones, E. Nolan, L. Dinour, T. McDonnell, D. Booth, and A. Grady (https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD013862.pub3). The Cochrane Review examines evidence for effectiveness of healthy eating interventions delivered in early childhood education and care (ECEC) settings for improving child dietary quality and health among children aged between 6 months and 6 years. Review authors conclude that ECEC-based healthy eating interventions may improve child diet quality slightly, potentially increasing fruit consumption (moderate-certainty evidence) and may have favorable effects on child weight (high-certainty evidence) and risk of being overweight or obese (moderate-certainty evidence). Overall, the review supports healthy eating interventions delivered in ECEC settings on several outcome measures; however, the certainty of evidence is moderate to very low because of considerable heterogeneity, potential publication bias, and high/unclear risks of bias. The review and original commentary acknowledge the limitations of the evidence, suggesting that future trials examine the impact of specific intervention components and focus on populations in low- and lower-middle-income countries. The original commentary also describes other relevant research focused on healthy eating interventions in ECEC settings that have shown an impact.
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Selph, Shelley S., Andrea C. Skelly, Rebecca M. Jungbauer, et al. Cervical Degenerative Disease Treatment: A Systematic Review. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer266.
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Objectives. Cervical degenerative disease (CDD) is common, becomes more prevalent with age, and is managed with surgical and nonoperative treatments to alleviate pain, improve function, and prevent progression or recurrence. This systematic review summarizes the evidence on treatments for CDD. Data sources. We searched Ovid MEDLINE®, Embase®, and Cochrane CENTRAL from 1980 to February 15, 2023; reference lists; and clinical trial registries. Review methods. Predefined criteria were used to identify studies; prespecified methods were used to assess study quality and strength of evidence for key outcomes. Effects were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively where appropriate. Results. We included 57 randomized controlled trials, 56 nonrandomized studies, and 1 systematic review. Studies enrolled patients with radiculopathy and/or myelopathy with disease at one or more levels. A variety of surgical approaches were used; there were few comparative studies of nonoperative treatments. Most studies were rated moderate risk of bias, while the majority of evidence was rated low or insufficient strength to draw conclusions on comparative benefits and harms. Cervical arthroplasty versus anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF): In single-level disease, there were no important differences between cervical arthroplasty and ACDF in pain or function. Cervical arthroplasty was associated with a lower likelihood of reoperation and slightly lower likelihood of any serious adverse event (SAE) in the short term, with no difference between cervical arthroplasty and ACDF in SAEs longer term. In patients with 2-level disease, pain, function, and likelihood of reoperation at the index level were similar, but the likelihood of an adverse event was slightly lower at 24 months with cervical arthroplasty, with no difference at 120 months. Anterior versus posterior approach: There was no difference between these approaches in pain, function, quality of life, and reoperation in patients with fewer than three operated levels. Limited evidence suggests that a posterior approach is associated with a greater likelihood of experiencing any SAE in patients with procedures at three or more levels. Standalone cage versus plate and cage in ACDF: Fusion rates were similar between standalone cage versus plate and cage; there were no differences between treatments in postoperative arm pain, function, quality of life, or adjacent-level ossification. Laminoplasty versus laminectomy and fusion. There was little difference between surgical techniques in postoperative function, but the risk of experiencing a complication was lower with laminoplasty, with no difference in reoperation rates. Conclusions. There were few differences in benefits between surgical approaches and techniques for the treatment of CDD. However, there were some differences in the frequency of adverse events for some comparisons.
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Skelly, Andrea C., Eric Chang, Jessica Bordley, et al. Radiation Therapy for Metastatic Bone Disease: Effectiveness and Harms. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer265.
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Objectives. To evaluate the comparative effectiveness and harms of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for palliative treatment of metastatic bone disease (MBD). Data sources. Four electronic databases from 1985 to January 30, 2023; a targeted search for re-irradiation through January 30, 2023; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and nonrandomized studies of interventions (NRSIs) comparing dose-fractionation schemes and EBRT delivery techniques (for initial radiation and re-irradiation, i.e., retreatment for recurrent or persistent pain) and EBRT alone versus in combination with other palliative treatments. Study risk of bias was assessed using predefined criteria. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed for the primary outcomes of pain, function, spinal cord compression relief, quality of life, and harms. Results. We included 53 RCTs and 31 NRSIs; most were fair quality. In patients receiving initial radiation for MBD there was a small increase in the likelihood of overall pain response (improved pain measures with stable or decreased analgesic use) for multiple fraction (MF) EBRT versus single fraction (SF) EBRT up to 4 weeks post-radiation therapy (SOE: moderate) and for higher dose (6 or 8 Gy) SF EBRT versus lower dose (4 Gy) SF EBRT up to 52 weeks post-radiation therapy (SOE: low). SF and MF EBRT did not differ at later followup (SOE: moderate) nor did comparisons of MF EBRT dose/fractions (SOE: moderate ≤12 weeks; low >12 weeks). Re-irradiation was more common with SF versus MF EBRT. Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) (SF or MF) was associated with a slightly higher (up to 20 weeks, SOE: low) and moderately higher (30 weeks; SOE: moderate) likelihood of overall pain response versus MF EBRT. For re-irradiation, SF and MF SBRT had a similar likelihood of overall pain response, as did SF versus MF EBRT (SOE: low for all). Harms may be similar across dose/fraction schemes and techniques; serious harms were rare. Comparative effectiveness evidence for EBRT was sparse. Conclusions. In patients with uncomplicated MBD receiving initial palliative radiotherapy, the likelihood of overall pain response for SF and MF EBRT is probably similar, particularly after 4 weeks; re-irradiation was more common with SF-EBRT. SF and MF SBRT may provide slightly greater likelihood of overall pain response versus MF EBRT; evidence is limited. SF and MF EBRT may have similar likelihoods of overall pain response in patients receiving re-irradiation. High-quality evidence comparing SBRT with EBRT is needed in populations with complicated and uncomplicated MBD, as is research on effectiveness of EBRT versus other treatments. Update: An addendum is located at the end of the main report, before the appendixes.