Academic literature on the topic 'Smart grid network'

Increased penetration of distributed generations in distribution networks are altering the technical characteristics of the grid, pushing them to operate closer to their limits of safe and reliable operation. New renewable generators connecting to the distribution network will be constrained due to the presence of thermal and voltage constraints during times of low demand and high generation output. The traditional reinforcement planning by means of increasing the capacity of network assets can be very costly and usually ends up in overinvested network with low utilization rates of the assets. In recent years, some smart technologies have been introduced to be used to increase the utilization of network assets and provide the adequate capacity for Distributed Generations (DGs). These smart solutions can help the Distributed Network Operators (DNOs) to provide cheaper and faster network connections for DGs. This thesis presents a multi epoch Optimal Power Flow (OPF) model for capacity and voltage management of a distribution network for integrating new DGs. The model uses the smart solutions including Dynamic Line Rating (DLR), Quad-Booster (QB), Static VAR Compensator (SVC) and Automatic Network Management (ANM) for DGs as well as the traditional reinforcement options. Also the model finds the optimal connection points for new DGs to reduce the cost of network investment and DG curtailment. The multi epoch model is solved with both incremental approach where the investment is carried out incrementally and with integrated approach where the planning is done strategically anticipating the future needs of the network. It compares the application of smart solutions in short and long term planning. The proposed model is applied to a generic UK distribution network and the results are discussed.

The next-generation electric power system, known as smart grid, relies on a robust and reliable underlying communication infrastructure to improve the efficiency of electricity distribution. Cellular networks, e.g., LTE/LTE-A systems, appear as a promising technology to facilitate the smart grid evolution. Their inherent performance characteristics and well-established ecosystem could potentially unlock unprecedented use cases, enabling real-time and autonomous distribution grid operations. However, cellular technology was not originally intended for smart grid communication, associated with highly-reliable message exchange and massive device connectivity requirements. The fundamental differences between smart grid and human-type communication challenge the classical design of cellular networks and introduce important research questions that have not been sufficiently addressed so far. Motivated by these challenges, this doctoral thesis investigates novel radio access network (RAN) design principles and performance analysis for the seamless integration of smart grid traffic in future cellular networks. Specifically, we focus on addressing the fundamental RAN problems of network scalability in massive smart grid deployments and radio resource management for smart grid and human-type traffic. The main objective of the thesis lies on the design, analysis and performance evaluation of RAN mechanisms that would render cellular networks the key enabler for emerging smart grid applications. The first part of the thesis addresses the radio access limitations in LTE-based networks for reliable and scalable smart grid communication. We first identify the congestion problem in LTE random access that arises in large-scale smart grid deployments. To overcome this, a novel random access mechanism is proposed that can efficiently support real-time distribution automation services with negligible impact on the background traffic. Motivated by the stringent reliability requirements of various smart grid operations, we then develop an analytical model of the LTE random access procedure that allows us to assess the performance of event-based monitoring traffic under various load conditions and network configurations. We further extend our analysis to include the relation between the cell size and the availability of orthogonal random access resources and we identify an additional challenge for reliable smart grid connectivity. To this end, we devise an interference- and load-aware cell planning mechanism that enhances reliability in substation automation services. Finally, we couple the problem of state estimation in wide-area monitoring systems with the reliability challenges in information acquisition. Using our developed analytical framework, we quantify the impact of imperfect communication reliability in the state estimation accuracy and we provide useful insights for the design of reliability-aware state estimators. The second part of the thesis builds on the previous one and focuses on the RAN problem of resource scheduling and sharing for smart grid and human-type traffic. We introduce a novel scheduler that achieves low latency for distribution automation traffic while resource allocation is performed in a way that keeps the degradation of cellular users at a minimum level. In addition, we investigate the benefits of Device-to-Device (D2D) transmission mode for event-based message exchange in substation automation scenarios. We design a joint mode selection and resource allocation mechanism which results in higher data rates with respect to the conventional transmission mode via the base station. An orthogonal resource partition scheme between cellular and D2D links is further proposed to prevent the underutilization of the scarce cellular spectrum. The research findings of this thesis aim to deliver novel solutions to important RAN performance issues that arise when cellular networks support smart grid communication.<br>Las redes celulares, p.e., los sistemas LTE/LTE-A, aparecen como una tecnología prometedora para facilitar la evolución de la próxima generación del sistema eléctrico de potencia, conocido como smart grid (SG). Sin embargo, la tecnología celular no fue pensada originalmente para las comunicaciones en la SG, asociadas con el intercambio fiable de mensajes y con requisitos de conectividad de un número masivo de dispositivos. Las diferencias fundamentales entre las comunicaciones en la SG y la comunicación de tipo humano desafían el diseño clásico de las redes celulares e introducen importantes cuestiones de investigación que hasta ahora no se han abordado suficientemente. Motivada por estos retos, esta tesis doctoral investiga los principios de diseño y analiza el rendimiento de una nueva red de acceso radio (RAN) que permita una integración perfecta del tráfico de la SG en las redes celulares futuras. Nos centramos en los problemas fundamentales de escalabilidad de la RAN en despliegues de SG masivos, y en la gestión de los recursos radio para la integración del tráfico de la SG con el tráfico de tipo humano. El objetivo principal de la tesis consiste en el diseño, el análisis y la evaluación del rendimiento de los mecanismos de las RAN que convertirán a las redes celulares en el elemento clave para las aplicaciones emergentes de las SGs. La primera parte de la tesis aborda las limitaciones del acceso radio en redes LTE para la comunicación fiable y escalable en SGs. En primer lugar, identificamos el problema de congestión en el acceso aleatorio de LTE que aparece en los despliegues de SGs a gran escala. Para superar este problema, se propone un nuevo mecanismo de acceso aleatorio que permite soportar de forma eficiente los servicios de automatización de la distribución eléctrica en tiempo real, con un impacto insignificante en el tráfico de fondo. Motivados por los estrictos requisitos de fiabilidad de las diversas operaciones en la SG, desarrollamos un modelo analítico del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio de LTE que nos permite evaluar el rendimiento del tráfico de monitorización de la red eléctrica basado en eventos bajo diversas condiciones de carga y configuraciones de red. Además, ampliamos nuestro análisis para incluir la relación entre el tamaño de celda y la disponibilidad de recursos de acceso aleatorio ortogonales, e identificamos un reto adicional para la conectividad fiable en la SG. Con este fin, diseñamos un mecanismo de planificación celular que tiene en cuenta las interferencias y la carga de la red, y que mejora la fiabilidad en los servicios de automatización de las subestaciones eléctricas. Finalmente, combinamos el problema de la estimación de estado en sistemas de monitorización de redes eléctricas de área amplia con los retos de fiabilidad en la adquisición de la información. Utilizando el modelo analítico desarrollado, cuantificamos el impacto de la baja fiabilidad en las comunicaciones sobre la precisión de la estimación de estado. La segunda parte de la tesis se centra en el problema de scheduling y compartición de recursos en la RAN para el tráfico de SG y el tráfico de tipo humano. Presentamos un nuevo scheduler que proporciona baja latencia para el tráfico de automatización de la distribución eléctrica, mientras que la asignación de recursos se realiza de un modo que mantiene la degradación de los usuarios celulares en un nivel mínimo. Además, investigamos los beneficios del modo de transmisión Device-to-Device (D2D) en el intercambio de mensajes basados en eventos en escenarios de automatización de subestaciones eléctricas. Diseñamos un mecanismo conjunto de asignación de recursos y selección de modo que da como resultado tasas de datos más elevadas con respecto al modo de transmisión convencional a través de la estación base. Finalmente, se propone un esquema de partición de recursos ortogonales entre enlaces celulares y D2

<p>Housing has represented one of the most ancient aspects in the social life of humankind. The need of a shelter has developed through millennia from the basic forms of dolmen to the current deconstructivist and emotional architectures that contribute to the identification of cities, countries and cultures. Although the new architectural styles have deeply developed from their basic solutions, they still respond to the same needs of housing, social aggregator and icons. Nonetheless, the transformation the architecture has encountered in the centuries can be divided in four main groups, depending on features like architectural composition, material use and energy requirements. These groups can be defined as sustainable primitive solutions, technology dependent architectures,passive architectures and finally the active architectures that have arisen in the last years. The thesis research analyzes the development of these four groups through the investigation of those forces and principles that have contributed and enforced the development of the peculiarities of the built forms of the respective period. In particular, the research focuses on the development of active housing in regard to the current economical and energetic crises, highlighting the transformation of housing from a pure architectonic process to a wider concept of sustainable energy producer. On a further stage, the research underlines the opportunities that active architectures offer in terms of energy production while overtaking the “NYMBism” that is often correlated with energy facilities. Finally, it analyses the development of smart grids, water management and biogas production as important tools for the development of a network of architectures that become diffuse small energy facilities and sustainable resource consumers.</p>

A smart gird improves reliability and efficiency of the power network by actively engaging with customers. Increasing demand for energy, availability of untapped renewable energy, and an aging electric grid infrastructure have motivated researchers to redesign the current electric network . Advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) facilitates implementation of dynamic pricing and predicting load demand in an area through a communication system that also enables customer participation. The home area network (HAN), part of the AMI, is comprised of a smart meter and electric appliances used in the home. A wireless mode of communication is used in the proposed HAN to support the AMI. The exchange of data in a wireless medium is prone to various malicious attacks and interference issues since it is a shared medium. This work investigates security issues in the HAN since it constitutes a major building block for the smart grid. This paper discusses wireless security threats in HAN and possible security solutions. An experimental prototype of a secure wireless HAN framework is designed and implemented.<br>Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Engineering, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science.

A Wide Area Measurement, Protection and Control (WAMPAC) strategy offers great potential for the upgrade of the supervision, operation, protection and control of modern power systems. Forwarding high volume measurements as well as timecritical protection and control signals across a national area power infrastructure poses a major challenge. A flexible, reliable communication platform is the key to enabling these enhanced functionalities. Thus the research focuses on the issues of communication network topology and Quality of Service (QoS) control that enable the range of fully functional WAMPAC applications, ensuring that their requirements in terms of delay and throughput are satisfied. In the goal of designing a flexible and reliable platform, the appropriate network topology is designed and analysed laying the foundation for the investigation of the optimum placements of Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) and the characterisation of network performance. Clustering algorithms are applied to determine the locations of the distributed network of PMUs based on the designed network topology not compromising the power infrastructure requirements. The assignments of traffic flows according to the IEEE C37.118 standard and proposed advanced WAMPAC applications are analysed through simulation for the existing United Kingdom power system. Performance of the system is verified in terms of link capacities, network topologies and QoS, and results prove the proposed solution guarantees the network performance required to support the spectrum of WAMPAC applications.

На даний момент в Україні, як і в усьому світі, гостро стоїть проблема вичерпності природніх енергоресурсів. Згідно статичних даних, запасів палива вистачить приблизно на 60-80 років. На сьогодні існує декілька напрямків, які спрямовані на створення електричної енергії з відновлювальних джерел та перспектив найбільш економічно-вигідного її використання. Однією з яких є Smart Grid. Головним завданням «розумної» мережі буде реагування системи на будь-які зміни її параметрів, виявленні пошкоджень в мережі та крадіжки електроенергії, і як результат передачі цифрового сигналу для швидкого усунення проблем.

During the last three decades, the significant increase in electricity demand, and its consequences, has appeared as a serious concern for the utility companies, but no major changes have been applied to the conventional power grid infrastructure. Recently, researchers have identified efficient control and power distribution mechanisms as the immediate challenges for conventional power grids. The next step for conventional power grid towards the Smart Grid is to provide energy efficiency management along with higher reliability via smart services, in which the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is inevitable. ICT introduces powerful tools to comply with the smart grid requirements. Among various ICT properties, the telecommunication network plays a key role for providing a secure infrastructure. The two-way digital communication system provides an interaction between energy suppliers and consumers for managing, controlling and optimizing energy distribution. We can also define the smart grid as a two-way flow of energy and control information, where the electricity consumers can generate energy using green energy resources. The main objective of this thesis is to select an effective data communication infrastructure to support the smart grid services by considering a hybrid wireless and optical communication technologies. Radio-over-Fibre (RoF) networks are considered as a potential solution to provide a fast, reliable and efficient network backbone with the optical access network integration and the flexibility and mobility of the wireless network. Therefore, we adopt the integration of RoF to Passive Optical Network (PON) as a broadband access network to transmit smart grid data along with the Fiber to the Home/Building/Curb (FTTx) traffic through the shared fibre, and utilizing Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). Finally, we present and analyze the simulation results for the aforementioned infrastructure based on our enhanced ROF-PON integration model.

During the last century, the significant increase in electricity demand, and its consequences, has appeared as a serious concern for the utility companies, but no essential change has been applied to the conventional power grid infrastructure till now. Recently, researchers have identified efficient control and power distribution mechanisms as the immediate challenges for conventional power grids. Hence, the next step for conventional power grid toward Smart Grid is to provide energy efficiency management along with higher reliability via smart services, in which the application of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is inevitable. ICT introduces powerful tools to comply with the smart grid requirements. Among various ICT properties, the telecommunication network plays a key role for providing a secure infrastructure. The two-way digital communication system provides an interaction between energy suppliers and consumers for managing, controlling and optimizing energy distribution. We can also define the smart grid as a two-way flow of energy and control information, where the electricity consumers can generate energy using green energy resources. The main objective of this thesis is to select an effective communication infrastructure to support the smart grid services by considering wireless and optical communication technologies. Fiber-wireless (FiWi) networks are considered as a potential solution to provide a fast and reliable network backbone with the optical access network integration and the flexibility and mobility of the wireless network. Therefore, we adopt the integration of the wireless sensor network (WSN) to Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) as a broadband access network to transmit smart meter data along with the Fiber To The Home/Building/Curb (FTTX) traffic through the shared fiber. Finally, we present and analyze the simulation results for the aforementioned infrastructure based on our adopted priority-based FTTX-WSN integration model.

Power system is the one of the most critical parts of the whole energy utilization around the world. Recently people pay more attention to the energy utilization, new types of generations, storages and power utilization need to increase energy efficiency and reduce carbon emission. Due to the power grid currently is still mainly under the old-designed approach, it is increasingly exposed limitation on efficiency enhancement, security and reliability improvement, new technologies compatibility and meeting larger power capacity requirements. Thus, Smart Grid is 'born' to improve power grid for these requirements. It is an overlapping area between power system and digital technology, intelligent technology, communication technology and so on. Smart Grid can provide updates for nearly all sections of traditional power grid. It is a systematic framework that new technologies integration, system development strategy and planning, customers' awareness improvements and supports from all relevant areas. The areas must be operated in coordination and parallel. Firstly, this thesis introduces Smart Grid and Smart Metering on its definition, characteristics and deployment. Secondly, this thesis describes a load forecasting system for macro-grid. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was introduced to achieve this work for its excellent mapping approximation ability. In the third section, thesis focuses on load forecasting for micro-grid. BackPropagation method is used to train the Multi-layer Perceptron (MLP) ANN and its results were compared to that from Radial Basis Function (RBF) ANN. Analysis was focused not only on the two networks but also ANN generalization problems and differences between micro-grid load and macro-grid load prediction.