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Haskin, Heather. "The Withdrawn and Sociable Behaviors of Children with Specific and Nonspecific Language Impairment." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3129.pdf.
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Bradshaw, Amanda Lyn. "Assessing Effects of IQ on Sociable and Withdrawn Behaviors in Children with Language Impairment." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1356.pdf.
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Sato, Chisaki. "Social and behavioral aspect of mother's health behaviors and neonatal health." Scholar Commons, 2004. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/2972.
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The results of this study indicate that two groups of mothers share a relatively similar socioeconomic status, knowledge of health and hygiene, and have similar health-seeking behaviors. The mothers' lack of knowledge and their local view of illnesses seemed to embody questionable newborn care related to breastfeeding practices and oil applications to newborns. Three psychosocial factors that appeared to contribute to the mother's health-seeking behaviors were attitudinal factors (this consisted of favorable or unfavorable perceptions toward services based on the mother's prior experiences or familiarity with service), social pressures (opinions from others and the mother's competing responsibilities), and self-efficacies accessibility, availability, and affordability). In addition, the external factor of poverty in the slum settlements was also a significant factor which determined the mother's health seeking behaviors.
The implications of these findings are discussed in further detail, which are then followed by a set of recommendations for future health interventions designed to reduce the risk of sepsis neonatorum in urban communities. This study underscores the benefits of integrating the perspectives of anthropology and public health to further the understanding of the neonatal health problem. Finally, the need for future studies is addressed as it is necessary to further understand the existing local practices and beliefs in relation to the risks of sepsis neonatorum.
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Meyers, Jacob-Joon. "Humility and social behaviors using humility as a tool to increase prosocial behavior /." Tallahassee, Fla. : Florida State University, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/fsu/lib/digcoll/undergraduate/honors-theses/341783.
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McCusker, Matthew Erik. "Investigation of the Effects of Social Experience on Snapping Intensity in Equus caballus Foals." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31672.
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This study attempted to examine three aspects of Equus caballus foal snapping behavior. First, it suggested that the previous theoretical explanation for snapping established by behavioral researchers was incorrect. Second, as a means of suggesting an alternative hypothesis, this study proposed that snapping behavior could be a modified play response that was elicited when foals were confused by the complex social signals displayed by conspecifics. Finally, this project tested the aforementioned hypothesis by recording interactions between foals and conspecifics and analyzing the snapping intensity with each subjectâ s previous level of social experience. There were two indicators utilized to establish social experience. First, the â ageâ of the foal was employed as a measure of overall life experience and development. Second, the number of hours per day the foal was exposed to conspecifics gave an effective measure of the amount of time the subject had an opportunity to learn the complex Equine visual communication (referred to as â out-timeâ ).Master of Science
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Lee, Ada Lai Yung. "A social dilemma perspective on socially responsible consumption." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/587.
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Recent research on corporate social responsibility has focused on the corporate level, whereas limited research has been conducted at the individual level most commonly referred to as socially responsible consumption. Recycling is a kind of socially responsible consumer behaviour because it benefits the society as a whole in the long term but involves a personal cost and does not benefit the individual consumer directly. Previous studies on recycling have used theories such as the theory of interpersonal behaviour, means-end chain theory, theory of planned behaviour or norm activation model. However, these theories have only explained part of recycling behaviour and are inadequate because they have not explained it from a social dilemma perspective. A social dilemma is a situation in which there is conflict between an individual's self-interest and the collective interest of the group. Will consumers pursue their own interests or will they act for the good of the entire society? This study takes an innovative approach to explain recycling behaviour through the lens of social dilemma theory. It uses a mixed methods approach that combines both qualitative and quantitative elements in the research design. A phenomenological approach is used to gain a deeper understanding of the recycling experiences of individuals, and survey data is used for quantitative analyses. In the qualitative study, 142 significant statements and eight themes were identified from 20 in-depth interviews. In the quantitative study, data were collected from 332 respondents. Based on the data analysis, the central relationships in the model are supported. There is a positive relationship between the expectation that others will participate in recycling and the likelihood of personal participation in recycling, and there is also a positive relationship between the likelihood of personal participation and recycling behaviour. Of the four moderators considered, only social value orientation is significant. In the latter part of this thesis, the theoretical and methodological contributions and practical implications of the study are discussed.
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Dominguez, Escalon Ximena. "Learning Behaviors Mediating the Relationship between Behavior Problems and Educational Outcomes." Scholarly Repository, 2008. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_theses/117.
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This study examined the relationship between behavior problems, learning behaviors and educational outcomes for at-risk preschool children. A sample of Head Start children (N = 196) were selected in the Southeast. Behavior problems were assessed using The Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA; Le Buffe & Naglieri, 1999) and learning behaviors were assessed using the Preschool Learning Behavior Scale (PLBS, McDermott, Green, Francis & Stott, 1996). Educational outcomes included measures of literacy and math, collected using subscales from the Galileo System for the Electronic Management of Learning (Galileo; Bergan et al., 2003). Behavior problems were found to predict learning behaviors, math and literacy. Furthermore, learning behaviors were found to mediate the effect of behavior problems on literacy and math, and such mediation effects were not found to be moderated by gender nor age. The findings of the study provide a preliminary explanation regarding the mechanism through which behavior problems relate to educational outcomes for preschool children.
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Wier, Anne Thayer. "Altering socially rejected pre-kindergartners' social status and social behavior : an intervention strategy /." Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3008467.
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Moscoso, Manolete S. "Toward a cognitive analysis of behavioral change: the pro active social behavior." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 1996. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101192.
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This article presents an analysis of the pro active social behavior construct based on the sociallearning theory. Self efficacy is briefly reviewed and discussed in the context of Bandura' s conceptual work. Reference is made to cognitive variables such as values and beliefs, as fundamental principies in the development of the pro active social behavior. I examine che distinctions between fears of failure, success, and rejection as they relate to the process of self sabotage. Comments are made on the transformation of meaning and its benefits on fear extinction. Finally, I briefly describe the principies of the associative neurophysiological conditioning as a therapeutic program for the management of emocional states by the individual.Este artículo presenta un análisis del Comportamiento Social Pro Activo utilizando como modelo la teoría del aprendizaje social. Se revisa el concepto de autoeficacia, originalmente propuesto por Bandura, y se hace referencia a variables de tipo cognitivo tales como los sistemas de valores y creencias. Se examinan las distinciones entre el temor al fracaso, al éxito, al rechazo, y su relación con el proceso de autosabotaje. Asimismo se discute la importancia de la transformación del significado y sus beneficios en la extinción del temor. Se presenta un modelo conceptual del control de los estados emocionales y sus implicancias en el proceso de la acción. Finalmente, se describen las premisas fundamentales del Condicionamiento Neurofisiológico Asociativo como un programa terapéutico que facilita el manejo de los estados emocionales de la persona.
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Martin, Sarah B. "Theory of Mind, Social Information Processing, and Children's Social Behavior." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1262100680.
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Baton, Emily. "An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Social Skills Application for Children who are Homeless." Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6179.
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Researchers have found children who are homeless are twice as likely to develop learning disabilities when compared with non-homeless children and three times as likely to develop emotional and behavioral problems (Bessuk et al., 2014). Additionally, homeless children are more likely to have deficits in regards to social skills (DiBiase & Waddell, 1995; National Child Traumatic Stress Network Homelessness and Extreme Poverty Working Group, 2005), however no known research has specifically explored increasing social skill deficits among homeless children. The purpose of the current research was to a) extend the research on using technology to teach social skills to homeless children and b) examine the efficacy of using the Let’s Be Social application (Everyday Speech, 2015) to teach social skills with the addition of Behavioral Skills Training (BST) if needed. The results of this study showed that participants demonstrated substantial increases in all three social skills after the BST intervention. With the exception of one participant, Sandy, whose baseline levels for one behavior (sharing) met criteria for the skill and did not need further intervention.
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Karver, Christine L. "Neuropsychological Functioning, Social Information Processing, and Parent-Reported Behavior and Social Competence in Internationally Adopted Girls with a History of Institutionalization." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427797253.
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Kennedy, Caitlin E. "Parental Adherence Intentions for Obese Children's Health Behaviors| Extending the Theory of Planned Behavior." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3592033.
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The current study examined how parental underestimations of child’s weight status, parental worry, and the Theory of Planned Behavior variables (attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control) predict intentions to adhere to the American Academy of Pediatrics’ (AAP) recommendations of four childhood health behaviors. These behaviors include: 1) eating five fruits and/or vegetables per day; 2) spending two hours or less on screen time (television, computer, and video games) per day; 3) engaging in at least one hour of physical activity per day; and 4) limiting (having zero) sugarsweetened beverages. Parents (N = 78) of overweight and obese children, ages six to 13 years old, were recruited from pediatric medical clinics and participated in an online study, where they were exposed to these AAP behavioral recommendations for children and completed online measures. Attitudes predicted of behavioral intentions for all recommendations except fruit and vegetable consumption. Subjective norms marginally predicted behavioral intentions for physical activity and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Perceived behavioral control predicted behavioral intentions for the four recommendations. Parental worry predicted behavioral intentions for fruit and vegetable consumption. Additional theoretical and practical implications of this research are also discussed.
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Wong, Daphne S. L. "Exploring the impact of team building on group cohesion of a multicultural team." Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1602057.
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This research explored the topic of team building for a multicultural team and investigated the impact on group cohesion. The participants were members of a work group, each of a different nationality. Review of existing literature revealed a list of team building elements most suited for the multicultural context. A team building program incorporating those elements and customized for the participant group was designed and implemented. Pre and post survey data showed no significant difference in group cohesion, although there was a slight increase in the score for task cohesion. Qualitative interview data, however, suggested a positive impact on group cohesion, with the impact perceived to be greater on task cohesion than social cohesion. Elements of the team building program that were found to be the most impactful were: it provided an opportunity to generate a deeper awareness of others, it provided an opportunity to generate deeper self-awareness, it provided a platform for team collaboration, and it contained fun and interesting activities.
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Heiblum, Naamith. "The mediated effects of parental attributions on parenting behaviors : implications for adolescent antisocial behavior /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3036829.
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Dodge, Cynthia Lynne. "Increasing social interaction in socially isolated preschool children." Scholarly Commons, 1987. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/502.
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The purpose of this study was to improve social interaction and peer acceptance in socially isolated pre school children. It investigated whether children's stories a lone, and children' s stories paired with instrument playing led to improved peer ratings and an increase in social interaction during the following s mall group and large group free play periods . The subjects consisted of two groups of three children aged 3 - 5 years old . The study was conducted at two licensed preschools Monday through Friday in activity rooms. The children were selected on the basis of having the lowest scores on the Behavioral Observation device and by teacher referral. A Sociometric-Assessment device was a l so used pre-post to measure the change of peer social standing. Results of t he multiple baseline analysis across subjects showed that five of the six subjects had a greater overall increase in social interaction during the Books & Music treatment phase. Results of the Sociometric-Assessment measure showed a positive change (p< . 001) in the target subjects social standing among peers. Follow-up data suggested some maintenance of treatment effects . Given all of the positive changes, music educators and therapists should consider this type of intervention.
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Elkins, Rebecca L. "Social and Behavioral Factors Associated with Adolescent Steroid Use." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1427900007.
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Bailey, Benjamin, Valerie M. Hoots, Andrea Dr Clements, and Beth Bailey. "THE RELATIONSHIP AMONG PRENATAL DRUG EXPOSURE AND SOCIAL FEAR, INHIBITORY CONTROL, AND HEAD CIRCUMFERENCE." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2018/schedule/202.
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Drug use during pregnancy is a growing concern in the US, as prenatal drug exposure (PDE) predicts negative outcomes in child development. One such outcome is physical, as existing research supports a relationship between PDE and head circumference at birth. Other outcomes include temperament-related behaviors, such as inhibitory control. Inhibitory control, which is the inability to resist impulses to heed a command, has been negatively correlated with PDE. Further, there is a small body of research suggesting a positive relationship between PDE and general fearfulness. Within this, research on social fear and PDE is even more limited. Findings from one study indicate infants with cocaine PDE experience more distress around others than infants without cocaine PDE. Following these lines of research, the current study investigated relationships among PDE, head circumference at birth, and temperament-related outcomes (e.g., social fear and inhibitory control). Participants consisted of 215 mothers from South-Central Appalachia. PDE was operationalized using scores on the self-report substance use questionnaire, which measures use of a broad range of drug use. Inhibitory control and social fear were operationalized using parental report TBAQ subscale scores. We hypothesized that there would be statistically significant differences between infants with PDE and those without PDE with regards to head circumference at birth, inhibitory control at 15 months of age, and social fear at 15 months of age. We also hypothesized that PDE would be negatively correlated with head circumference at birth, negatively correlated with inhibitory control at 15 months of age, and positively correlated with social fear at 15 months of age. Based on independent samples t-tests, after Bonferroni correction (p = .0125), no statistically significant differences were found between PDE and non-PDE infants with regards to head circumference at birth t(213) = -0.41, p = 0.68), parental report of social fear in children at 15 months of age t(213) = 2.24, p = 0.026), or parental report of inhibitory control in children at 15 months of age t(213) = -.204, p = .839). Bivariate Pearson product-moment correlations revealed a statistically significant negative relationship between amount of PDE and social fear at 15 months of age r(215) = -.187, p = .006. No statistically significant linear relationships were found between amount of PDE and inhibitory control r(215) = .005, p = .947, or between amount of PDE and head circumference at birth r(215) = -.027 p = .691. With the exception of the negative relationship between PDE and social fear, our hypotheses were not supported by our findings. The inverse relationship between social fear and PDE indicates a need for further research. The inconsistency between findings from the current study and existing literature may, to some degree, be accounted for by the limitations of retrospective self-report of substance use. Additionally, with a predominantly Caucasian sample, a more diverse sample is needed. Nonetheless, findings from the current study point to a need for additional research on the relationships among PDE, temperament-related behaviors, and physical outcome variables to further explore inconsistencies with existing research.
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Hoke, Derek J. "The Relationship Between Coaching Mentors, Age, and Adolescent Problem Behaviors." DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/931.
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This study examined coaches as potential mentors who could influence adolescent problem behaviors. By using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health), this study compared adolescents who self-reported not having any adult mentors in their life against adolescents who self-reported having a coach mentor in their life on various problem behaviors (i.e., sexual attitudes and behaviors, tobacco, marijuana, steroid, and alcohol use). This study also looked ages of adolescents to see what, if any, influences age presented. Results of this study indicated that in some areas coaches might have a positive effect, albeit slight. When age was analyzed it became apparent there were significant differences between younger and older adolescents' problem behaviors. Discussion addressed implications, theory, limitations, and directions for future research related to coaches as mentors of adolescents.
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Caldarella, Paul. "An Investigation of Social Skills and Antisocial Behaviors of At-Risk Youth: Construct Validation of the Home and Community Social Behavior Scales." DigitalCommons@USU, 1997. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6093.
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The major purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the construct validity of a new parent rating scale, the Home and Community Social Behavior Scales (HCSBS), that was used to measure the social skills and antisocial behaviors of at-risk youth in Northern Utah. The results indicate that the HCSBS possesses strong internal consistency with high alphas. Convergent validity with both teacher ratings and student self-ratings of social competence and antisocial behavior appeared slight. Discriminant validity was indicated by the near zero correlations between the HCSBS and the KTEA. The instrument appeared able to detect group differences as indicated by the large and clinically significant effect size differences between at-risk and non-at-risk sample mean scores, as well as a 92.37 correct classification percentage. Finally, the factor analysis of the HCSBS suggested four social competency factors and three antisocial behavior factors, which were extremely similar to the results obtained for the teacher version of the instrument. Directions for future research, as well as implications and limitations of the current study, are noted.
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Santos, Elisa Augusto dos. "Comportamento e organização social do preá Cavia magna (Rodentia: Caviidae)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/47/47132/tde-31032014-112740/.
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A socioecologia estuda a diversidade dos sistemas sociais a partir dos princípios da ecologia comportamental. Roedores são bons modelos para o estudo dos sistemas sociais por apresentarem elevada variação no comportamento social, a qual pode ser uma adaptação selecionada no passado evolutivo e/ou uma resposta adaptativa ao contexto ecológico atual. Estudar preás para investigar a flexibilidade da organização social é relevante porque, apesar de explorarem vários ambientes diferentes, esses animais podem apresentar certa rigidez comportamental. Nesse contexto, a hipótese que avaliamos é a de que a organização social dos preás Cavia magna, um herbívoro pouco estudado, encontrado do Norte do Uruguai ao Sul do Brasil, depende de determinantes ecológicos atuais, sendo uma resposta adaptativa. A hipótese alternativa é a de que a organização social é uma resposta adaptada, limitada por características selecionadas no passado. Para isso, (1) caracterizamos suas interações sociais; (2) avaliamos as distâncias interindividuais durante o forrageamento, (3) analisamos o padrão de agregação dos indivíduos e (4) comparamos seus comportamentos e organização social com os dados disponíveis de uma população da espécie ocorrente no Uruguai e com os dados de Cavia intermedia, uma espécie endêmica das Ilhas Moleques do Sul, em Santa Catarina que apresenta adaptações ao habitat insular. Os preás foram observados em uma área urbana costeira, dentro do campus do Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), em Florianópolis. Esse local apresenta isolamento da população em área pequena e com pouco risco de predação, isto é, uma área semelhante ao habitat insular. Observamos os preás na estação fria-seca e quente-úmida, por 60 dias. Concluímos que a população de C. magna do IFSC é social, pois encontramos grandes tamanhos médios de agregação, elevados Índices de Associação entre os indivíduos, e associações preferenciais em três grupos com conformação típica de harém. Constatamos que são poligínicos, porque o acesso às fêmeas diferiu entre os machos, e estes apresentaram mais comportamentos agonísticos que as fêmeas. A presença de hierarquia de dominância e ausência de comportamento territorialista dos machos indicaram que a poliginia foi sem defesa. Apesar de termos encontrado um sistema social semelhante ao de C. intermedia, não encontramos características típicas de síndrome insular. Dessa forma, corroboramos a hipótese de que a organização social dos preás é uma resposta adaptativaSocioecology studies social systems applying the behavioral ecology principles. Studying rodents social systems represents a valuable opportunity once this group shows high variations on social behavior, which may be an adaptation selected in evolutionary past and/or an adaptative feedback to the ecological context. Investigate the social organization flexibility by studying cavies is relevant because of its relative behavioral rigidity, despite their occupation of different environments. In this context, we intend to evaluate our hypothesis on the Cavia magna, cavie social organization: it depends on current ecological factors, being an adaptive answer. C. magna is an herbivore found on northern Uruguay and south of Brazil. The alternative hypothesis is that the social organization is an adaptive answer, limited by reaction rules selected on the past. The cavies was observed in a coast urban area, inside of the Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina (IFSC), in continental Florianópolis, Brazil. The population is isolated in a small area with low predatory risk, being similar to an insulated habitat. We collected data on social interaction, interindividual distances during foraging, grouping pattern and sexual ratio. This data was compared to the available data of Cavia intermedia, from the Moleques do Sul archipelago, specie that was probably derived from C. magna and presents adaptations to the insular habitat. Cavies were observed for 60 days in cold-dry and hot-wet season. We have concluded that the studied C. magna population is social, given that we have found relatively large mean groups size, high Association Indexes between individuals, and preferred associations in three clusters with typical harem structure. We have also found that the population is polygynous, because the access to females differed between male individuals, and the males performed significantly more agonistic behaviors than females. The existence of a dominance hierarchy and the absence of male territorial behavior pointed to polygyny without defense. Even though the studied social system is similar to the one observed on C. intermedia, we did not encounter typical insular syndrome features on C. magna. Accordingly, we have supported the hypothesis that the cavies social organization is an adaptive answer
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Gallagher, Christopher. "Social Burden and Attributions of Hostility in Predicting Counterproductive Work Behavior." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1541096416412655.
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Horsch, Laura Marie. "Continuity of Behavioral Inhibition in Early Childhood: The Impact of Parental Attitudes toward Socially Inhibited Behavior." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77993.
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Although behavioral inhibition has been found to be relatively stable, such stability has not always been shown. Moreover, although an association between parental shyness and child behavioral inhibition has been reported, this relationship is imperfect and indirect. The present study proposed that one factor that may impact these relationships is the attitudes parents hold toward having a shy, inhibited child. Although shyness is typically regarded as a negative and maladaptive trait, it is not necessarily viewed as problematic by all parents. The present study investigated a series of ten specific hypotheses that centered around the notion that variations in parental attitudes toward shyness may lead some parents to encourage and other parents to discourage behaviors typically associated with shyness in their young children. Using a longitudinal design, the present study examined the relations among the constructs of parental attitudes toward shyness, child behavioral inhibition, childrearing strategies, and parental shyness over a span of two years in a sample of 3 to 6 year-old children and their parents. Results revealed several interesting and valuable findings. Maternal attitudes toward shyness emerged as a moderator of the relationship between behavioral inhibition at Time 1 and Time 2. Maternal attitudes toward shyness also emerged as a significant moderator of the relationship between maternal shyness and child behavioral inhibition. However, childrearing strategies did not mediate the relationship between maternal attitudes toward shyness and behavioral inhibition in children as predicted.Ph. D.
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Wusik, Michael. "Socially Positive Behaviors as Self-Handicapping." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76979.
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Self-handicapping is a strategic measure taken to protect an individual's insecure positive reputation when future success is uncertain. Present literature operationalizes self-handicapping narrowly, focusing on socially negative behaviors such as drinking and procrastination. The current research sought to broaden the conceptualization of self-handicapping by considering socially positive behaviors. Eighty-nine female participants were given an impossible task allegedly targeting spatial reasoning ability and randomly assigned to groups based on feedback received (non-contingent success feedback vs. no feedback). Participants were then informed that they would be given time to practice and then retested. During their practice period, participants were given an opportunity to help a confederate. While few helped, participants who received NCSF spent significantly more time socializing than those who received no feedback. A second study evaluated the effectiveness of the previous manipulation. Fifty-eight females followed the same procedure as in study one and instead of practicing, they were asked to rate their performance during phase one, as well as their confidence regarding the upcoming task. Participants who received NCS (vs. no) feedback rated their performance on the target task significantly higher, but without a correspondingly high degree of confidence about replicating their performance. These findings suggest the study one manipulation was effective in creating an insecure positive reputation. The findings in these two studies suggest that behavioral self-handicapping among females may be more prevalent than previously thought, and that the self-handicapping construct may indeed be in need of broader conceptualization. Suggestions for future research are noted in the General Discussion.Master of Science
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Tucker, Fred D. "Influences of Food Availability and Social Context on Behavior and Behavioral Plasticityin Xiphophorus helleri Hybrids." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1565280065733666.
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Fredrick, Joseph W. "Relations of Parenting Behaviors and Behavioral Inhibition to Fears of Social Evaluation In Adolescence: A Moderation Model." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1615232305598037.
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Kelly, George III. "Identifying Predictor Characteristics of Cohort Influenced Donor Behavior in Non-Profit Organizations." Thesis, Northcentral University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10640926.
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Donor behavior in the non-profit organizational environment is a complex matrix of social influences that include social expectations from social media sites, direct cohort and peer influence, and perceptions of organizational performance, transparency and fundraising expenditures. A widespread general problem in non-profit organizations (NPOs) is that organizational members (cohorts) can exert an influence on the donor behavior of others, and organizational fundraising objectives can be adversely impacted. The purpose of this research was to identify those predictor characteristics that negatively influence donor behavior and would assist in minimizing costs associated with fundraising. I employed a quantitative study using a correlational design of multivariate analyses to identify a set of predictor characteristics originating from the influence of organizational cohorts on donor behavior. This study used a modified original survey to collect data from 244 non-randomized participants from the State of Colorado who donated to non-profit organizations (NPOs) in the last year.
A series of backward regressions produced five statistically significant models that showed positive correlations among the fifteen dependent variables that were included in the survey. In addition, the statistical evidence (p >.001) provided additional support for the three alternate hypotheses in all three research questions. In this study, I attempt to provide correlations that serve as predictor characteristics of cohort influence in the non-profit organizational environment. This data also provides additional information on donation behavior patterns for the three-key areas of interest: Donation Amounts, donation frequency, and volunteer hours. Additional research across other demographic and geographic areas is recommended.
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Benistant, Julien. "Three Essays in behavioral Ethics on Honesty and Fairness." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2085.
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Cette thèse contient trois essais en éthique comportementale. En utilisant des outils d’économie expérimentale et de neurophysiologie, notre travail dévoile certains déterminants sociaux et contextuels qui influencent les décisions liées à l’honnêteté ou à l’équité.Le premier chapitre examine comment les incitations compétitives influencent l’impact de l’identité sociale et de la nature du mensonge sur les comportements (mal)honnêtes. Nos résultats montrent qu’en compétition, l’identité de groupe ne joue aucun rôle, même lorsque les expérimentateurs ne peuvent observer directement le comportement des tricheurs. Cependant, les participants sont moins malhonnêtes lorsque leurs mensonges affectent directement leur adversaire que lorsqu’ils ne les affectent qu’indirectement, mais seulement lorsque l’expérimentateur ne peut pas observer directement leurs mensonges.Le deuxième chapitre examine l’effet d’être informé continuellement des performances, potentiellement malhonnête, d’une autre personne sur la malhonnêteté des individus, tant dans un contexte compétitif que non compétitif. Nos résultats montrent que, seulement en compétition, la malhonnêteté des participants n’est pas affecté par le type d’information qu’ils recoivent (continues ou finales). Cela est principalement dû au fait que, lorsqu’ils ne sont pas informés continuellment, les participants masculins surestiment la malhonnêteté de leur adversaire. Ainsi, lorsqu’ils sont informés du comportement réel de leur adversaire, ils adaptent leur comportement et trichent moins que lorsqu’ils ne sont pas informés.Enfin, le troisième chapitre examine si le fait de subir une perte ou un gain dans une tâche influe sur une décision ultérieure de partage. Conformément à nos prédictions théoriques, nous constatons que le fait de perdre de l’argent, par rapport à un point de référence, réduit la générosité des gens, tandis que l’expérience d’un gain augmente ultérieurement la générosité des individus. Contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait croire, le niveau d’excitation émotionnelle ressenti lorsque les personnes sont informées du montant reçu n’explique pas leur décision de partageThis thesis contains three essays in behavioral ethics. By using tools from experimental economics and neurophysiology our work unveils some social and contextual determinants that affect decisions related to either honesty or fairness.The first chapter investigates how competitive incentives influence the impact of both group identity and the nature of the lie on (dis)honest behavior. Our results show that under competition, group identity plays no role, even when experimenters cannot directly observe the behavior of cheaters. However, participants are less dishonest when their lies directly affect their opponent than when they affect them only indirectly but only when there is no possible scrutiny from the experimenter.The second chapter examines the effect of being continuously informed about another participant’s performance on individuals’ dishonesty in both competitive and non-competitive settings. Our results show that, only non-competitive settings, participants are more likely to be dishonest when we give them continuous information or not. The lack of effect of social information in competitive settings is mainly due to the fact that, when they are not informed, male participants overestimate their opponent’s dishonesty. Thus, when informed of their opponent’s actual behavior, they adapt their behavior and cheat less than when uninformed.Finally, the third chapter studies whether experiencing a loss or a gain in a task affects a subsequent sharing decision. Consistent with our theoretical predictions, we find that losing money compared to a reference point, reduces people’s generosity while experiencing a gain increases individuals’ subsequent generosity. Unlike expected, the level of emotional arousal when individuals are informed about whether they gained or lost money does not explain their subsequent sharing decision
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MacKelvie, Erin. "A Comparison of Traditional Aggregated Data to a Comprehensive Second-by-Second Data Depiction in Functional Analysis Graphs." Scholarly Commons, 2021. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/3730.
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Functional analyses (FAs) are an important component of treatment and the data gathered from FAs are often graphed in an aggregate or summary format, such as mean rate per session. Given the prevalence of undifferentiated analyses, it may be that this common method of data depiction is incomplete. In this paper, we compare the traditional aggregate method to a comprehensive second-by-second demonstration of the data including all appropriate and inappropriate responses emitted, as well as programmed and accidental antecedent and consequent variables, which may help further clarify the results of a functional analysis. We compared the functional analysis results of two participants when the data were depicted using the traditional rate aggregate method and depicted using a comprehensive second-by-second method. Although both rate and comprehensive second-by-second data depiction resulted in similar conclusions regarding the maintaining variables for the participants, comprehensive second-by-second data depiction allowed us to draw the conclusions in less time. Additional advantages and disadvantages of each method as it relates to efficiency, therapeutic risk and safety, and practicality are also discussed. Keywords: efficiency, functional analysis, problem behavior, safety, within-session second-by-second analysis.
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Sheldon, Kristyn. "Effects of toys and teacher facilitation strategies on social behaviors of preschool children with behavior problems and developmental delays." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1334240542.
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Avila, LeAnn S. "Evaluation of the Teaching Tools for Young Children with Challenging Behavior (TTYC): Improving Classroom Behavior in Young Children." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7603.
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The Teaching Tools for Young Children with Challenging Behavior (TTYC) presents a useful tool to disseminate evidence-based practices into the classroom setting for teachers to create lasting behavioral changes in young children. This study aims to further examine the use of TTYC by classroom teachers for students ages 4-6 years old with and without disabilities who had difficulty engaging in classroom routines or activities. A multiple-baseline across participants design was employed to demonstrate the outcomes of the TTYC in increasing appropriate classroom behavior and reducing problem behavior of the target children. The results indicated that the teachers’ fidelity of implementing the behavior intervention plans designed using the TTYC was relatively high with the exception of a few sessions. The teachers’ implementation of the plans resulted in increased appropriate classroom behavior and decreased problem behavior for all three child participants. The data indicated an association between implementation fidelity and changes in child behavior. When the teachers had difficulty implementing the steps for implementing intervention strategies, the children’s problem behavior increased, resulting in decreases in appropriate classroom behavior.
Keywords: problem behavior, young children, teaching tools for young children, manualized behavioral intervention, classroom behavior
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Christensen, Mathew. "Adopted Adolescents' Heterosexual Relationship Formation and Sexual Behaviors." DigitalCommons@USU, 2002. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2638.
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Adolescents' perceptions and behaviors about romantic heterosexual relationships and sexual intercourse were compared among adolescents living with adoptive, bio logical, and stepparent s. Data come from The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). In 1995, over 20,000 adolescents living throughout the United States completed a 90-minute in-home interview that asked numerous questions about romantic relationships and sex ual behaviors. Add Health used a multi-stage cluster design to collect a random sample representative of adolescents attending U.S. schools.
Results showed that several demographic characteristics (gender, age, race/ethnicity, parent's education, and number of parents in the household) were associated with adolescents' perceptions and behaviors regarding romantic relationships and sexual intercourse. Descriptive mean comparisons not controlling for any demographic characteristics showed more similarities than differences between adopted and nonadopted adolescents' heterosexual relationship formation and sexual behaviors. A second set of descriptive mean comparisons, controlling for the influences of gender and number of parents in the home, showed more differences than similarities between adopted and nonadopted adolescents living in single-parent families. Adopted females reported many more experiences of rape and/or incest than non adopted females living in two-parent and single-parent families.
Multivariate regression analyses controlling for five demographic characteristics found more similarities than differences between adopted and nonadopted adolescents. Most J ifferences that were f0und were small in magnitude. Adopted males reported more ictealism when asked to describe their ideal romantic relationships and more sexual activity when asked to describe their actual romantic relationships than nonadopted males. Adopted females were nearly three-and-a-half times more likely than biological females, and nearly two-and-a-halftimes more likely than stepfamily females to report forced sexual intercourse. Adopted females also reported more negative perceptions about the consequences associated with sexual intercourse than nonadopted females.
Findings about mediating concepts theorized to be the link between adopted adolescents' experiences and resultant outcomes were inconclusive. Findings overall showed that adopted and nonadopted adolescents' heterosexual relationship format ion and sexual behaviors were more similar than different. Differences that were found were most frequent among single-parent families and most substantial between adopted and nonadopted females' reports of forced sexual intercourse.
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Vo, Hongchau. "The Evaluation of Tablets to Increase Compliance and Decrease Problem Behaviors in Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6046.
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The purpose of this study was to replicate the effects of the study by Neely et al. (2013) and also determine if the tablet served as a reinforcer for three participants with escape maintained behaviors. A multiple baseline with an alternating treatment design was utilized in the first phase in which academic work was completed on either traditional materials or the tablet. The following phases for each participant were dependent on the prior phase, with a final choice phase. All participants showed lower levels of problem behaviors and higher levels of compliance when tablets were introduced contingent upon completing work. For all participants, the tablet was chosen 100% of the time, and two participants had 100% accuracy and compliance while using the tablet.
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Ochalek, Taylor Anne. "Examining sucrose subjective response among individuals with opioid use disorder." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2020. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1185.
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Aims: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and opioid agonist treatment (OAT) with methadone or buprenorphine represents the most efficacious treatment. However, data suggest that chronic administration of opioids may be associated with significant weight gain, possibly by altering an organism’s perception of and preference for sweet foods. The primary aim of this laboratory study was to rigorously examine sucrose subjective response among adults receiving OAT and a comparison sample without OUD. As secondary outcomes, we also sought to compare the groups on additional baseline characteristics that may influence subjective sucrose response and weight gain during treatment.
Methods: Participants were 40 adults receiving treatment for OUD (OUD+) and a comparison sample of 40 adults without OUD (OUD-). All participants completed an initial screening visit that included questionnaires on eating behaviors, diet and nutrition, recent substance use, and measurement of body mass index. Eligible participants completed two, same-day outpatient laboratory sessions during which they sampled six experimenter-administered concentrations of sucrose solution (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0M in distilled water) each three times under double-blind counterbalanced conditions. Following each exposure, participants rated the pleasantness and intensity of each sample using 100-point visual analog scales.
Results: OUD+ participants rated sucrose solutions as less pleasant than OUD- participants (p<0.001). However, this effect was limited to the three lowest sucrose concentrations (0, 0.1, 0.25M), and at higher concentrations there were no group differences. There were no between-group differences on ratings of intensity (p=0.35). Given these baseline group differences in placebo (0M) responding, sucrose response was also examined in terms of change from baseline. In this analysis, there was a significant group effect, with a higher magnitude of change in pleasantness ratings and a lower magnitude of change in intensity ratings from 0M in OUD+ vs. OUD- participants (p’s<0.05). With regard to baseline characteristics that may influence sucrose response and eating behavior more generally, the OUD+ group had a higher prevalence of obesity, food insecurity, unhealthy eating behaviors, high sugar consumption, and nutrition knowledge deficits compared to the OUD- group (p’s<0.05).
Conclusion: Data from preclinical and clinical research have suggested that opioid agonist medications may enhance subjective response to sweet flavors. In the present study, OUD+ participants exhibited a higher magnitude of change in pleasantness ratings from placebo compared to OUD- participants. However, this effect was largely driven by pronounced group differences in perceived pleasantness of essentially unsweet solutions. On the outcome of sucrose intensity, findings were more mixed with no consistent differences between OUD+ and OUD- participants. In contrast, group differences were far more pronounced in participants’ daily eating behaviors and nutrition knowledge, with OUD+ participants presenting with a consistently more severe profile. These data highlight the significant risk factors experienced by OUD+ individuals that extend beyond drug-related risks and may inform future scientific and clinical efforts to improve health outcomes in this vulnerable population.
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Stoppel, David Christopher. "Social Behavior and Gene Expression Disturbances in Mouse Models of Angelman Syndrome and Idic15 Autism." Thesis, Harvard University, 2014. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:11314.
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Reciprocal changes in UBE3A gene dosage cause two neurodevelopmental disorders. Maternally inherited deletions of UBE3A cause Angelman syndrome, characterized by intellectual disability, motor defects, seizures, and a pathognomonic increased social motivation. Whereas maternally inherited triplications of UBE3A as in Idic15 Autism underlie decreased sociability and increased repetitive restrictive behaviors of this disorder. Identifying the cellular compartments and neuronal subtypes where excess and loss of Ube3a impair behavior is essential to understanding and potentially treating the disorders. In Chapter 2, we show that mouse models of maternal loss of UBE3A (Ube3a-mKO, Angelman syndrome) and triplication of UBE3A (Ube3a-2x, Idic15) have opposite effects on social behavioral and cortical gene expression. Social preference and social vocalizations are reduced in Ube3a-2x and increased in Ube3a-mKO mimicking the human phenotypes. Using a nuclear localizing signal tagged Ube3a transgenic mouse (Ube3a-NLS), we show that Ube3a acts in the nucleus to impair social behavior and cortical gene expression. Many of the genes reciprocally regulated by nuclear Ube3a are part of an Autism protein-interaction network. In Chapter 3, we demonstrate Ube3a-2x mice have increased aggression, an important Autism comorbidity. In contrast, maternal loss of Ube3a reduces aggression, consistent with the gregarious, amiable nature of individuals with Angelman syndrome. We then mapped the loci where increased Ube3a increases aggression. Increased aggression was observed when Ube3a was targeted to glutamatergic and vasopressinergic but not to GABAergic or oxytocinergic neurons. In Chapter 4, we show that in mice, social behavior is downregulated by social experience via Ube3a. In wild-type mice, altering their social environment strongly regulates their social behavior: individual housing causes hypersocial whereas group housing causes hyposocial behavior. In Ube3a-2x animals, group housing caused an excessive downregulation of social behavior whereas single housing fully rescued their social behavior deficits. By contrast, in Ube3a-mKO animals, the suppressive effects of group housing on social experience was largely blocked, suggesting Ube3a is required for this process. In summary, this thesis characterizes the role of UBE3A gene dosage in regulating social and aggression behaviors and identifies the subcellular compartment and neuronal subtypes where changes in Ube3a gene dosage disturb the homeostasis of these behaviors.
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Oueghlissi, Rim. "Essays on socially responsible behaviours." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE004.
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Cette thèse tente d’éclairer les liens éventuels entre l'engagement en faveur du développement durable des entreprises et des pays et les performances. Elle s’articule autour de deux parties.La première partie traite de l’aspect micro-économique en se centrant sur le lien entre la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE), transposé du développement durable au monde des entreprises, et la performance de l’entreprise. Les déterminants des décisions en matière de RSE jouent un rôle central pour mieux comprendre le lien RSE/performances. En particulier, le chapitre 1 montre que la taille de l’entreprise détermine le niveau de prise en compte des enjeux sociaux et environnementaux, en soulignant notamment que les PMEs, moins concernées par la RSE que les grands groupes, investissent davantage dans les enjeux liés à leurs parties prenantes. Le chapitre 2 explore comment la gouvernance d’entreprise, et en particulier la structure de propriété, affectent l’engagement RSE des entreprises. Il montre que le développement des démarches de RSE est négativement relié à la présence d’actionnaires majoritaires. Après avoir mis en exergue la taille de l'entreprise et la structure de propriété comme des facteurs clés des décisions RSE et des déterminants potentiellement importants de la relation RSE-performance, le chapitre 3 prend un exemple de pratiques de RSE: « la bonne ambiance au travail » et examine son impact sur le niveau d’effort des salariés. Les résultats concluent à une corrélation négative entre la bonne ambiance au travail et l'effort productif et à l'absence de lien avec l'effort cognitif. Ces résultats fournissent une meilleure compréhension des processus et des mécanismes sous-jacents qui pourraient intervenir entre la RSE et la performance de l'entreprise.La seconde partie, macro-économique, porte sur la relation entre l’engagement environnemental, social et de gouvernance (ESG) des gouvernements et la performance économique. Plus précisément, l’analyse pose un double questionnement. Le premier concerne le lien entre les performances extra-financières et le risque souverain. La réflexion se situe dans une logique financière et la notion de développement durable et/ou engagement ESG est ramenée à une information extra-financière, que les investisseurs institutionnels utilisent pour évaluer les risques souverains. En particulier, le chapitre 4 mesure l’impact de cette notation extra-financière sur le rendement des fonds obligataires. Il montre que les facteurs macro-économiques ne sont pas les seuls déterminants du prix d’une obligation souveraine. Les marchés financiers intègrent également les performances extra-financières des Etats, en ce sens que de bonnes notations extra-financière diminuent le coût de la dette souveraine. Le chapitre 5 construit un indice composite, sensible au niveau de l’engagement ESG des Etats et montre que l’effet des facteurs ESG sur le rendement des obligations souveraines varie selon les maturités, les dimensions, les régions et les périodes sélectionnées. Le second questionnement porte sur l’effet des pratiques ESG sur la croissance économique. Le chapitre 6 étudie les liens de causalité, à court et à long terme, entre les performances ESG des Etats et la croissance économique. Les résultats montrent que ces deux dernières sont co-intégrées. Ils suggèrent que si les performances ESG affectent positivement le taux de croissance du PIB à court terme, son impact, en revanche est non positif sur le long termeThis thesis attempts to clarify the possible links between sustainable development commitment of firms and governments and performance. It revolves around two parties.The first part, dealing with the microeconomic aspects, focuses on the link between Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), sustainable development transposed to the world of business, and firm performance. The determinants of CSR decisions are central to better understand the CSR-performance link. In particular, chapter 1 shows that firm size determines the level of integration of social and environmental issues by stressing that SMFs, less concerned with CSR compared to larger groups, invest more in issues related to their stakeholders. Chapter 2 explores how corporate governance, in particular the ownership structure affects firm CSR commitment. It shows that the development of CSR initiatives is negatively related to the presence of controlling shareholders. After highlighting that firm size and ownership concentration are key determinants of CSR decisions and potential crucial determinants of the CSR-performance relationship, chapter 3 takes a specific CSR practice: ``the good atmosphere at work", and examines its impact on employees' effort. The results show a negative correlation between the good atmosphere at work and productive effort and the lack of connection with the cognitive effort. These results provide a better understanding of the processes and underlying mechanisms that might intervene between CSR and firm performance.The second part, related to the macroeconomic aspects, examines the relationship between environmental, social and governance (ESG) government's engagement and economic performance. More specifically, the analysis raises two questions. The first concerns the link between non-financial performance and sovereign risk. The argument here is that the concept of sustainable development and/or ESG engagement is reduced to an extra-financial information, that institutional investors use to assess the sovereign risk of the countries. In particular, chapter 4 measures the impact of extra-financial ratings on the performance of bond funds. It shows that macroeconomic factors are not the only determinants of the price of a sovereign bond. Financial markets also include the non-financial performance of States in the sense that good extra-financial ratings reduce the cost of sovereign debt. Chapter 5 constructs a composite index, sensitive to the ESG commitment of States and shows that the impact of ESG factors on the performance of sovereign bond maturities varies according to the dimensions, the regions and selected periods. The second inquiry concerns the effect of ESG practices on economic growth. Chapter 6 explores the causality in the short and long term, between ESG performance of States and economic growth. The results show that these two letters are co-integrated. They suggest that if the ESG performance positively affects the GDP growth rate in the short term, its impact, however is not positive in the long term
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Sakurai, Kenji. "Coworker Incivility and Incivility Targets’ Work Effort and Counterproductive Work Behaviors: The Moderating Role of Supervisor Social Support." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1300292411.
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Turchik, Jessica A. "The Prediction of Sexual Risk Behaviors among College Students Using the Theory of Planned Behavior." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1273864560.
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Stoffer, Brent M. "Social Context and Mate-Choice Plasticity in a Wolf Spider." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1448037275.
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Callahan, Emily Huber. "The behavioral assessment of social behavior in young children an examination of convergent and incremental validity /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2009.
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Han, Tae-Im. "Understanding the Effects of Social Norms and Knowledge on Socially Responsible Consumer Behavior (SRCB)." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1417516750.
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SUPERCHI, ELISA. "CRIMINAL LEADERS' BEHAVIORS: EXPLORING CRIMINAL CAPITAL OF 'NDRANGHETA BOSSES INVOLVED IN DIFFERENT ACTIVITIES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/38238.
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All'interno di ogni contesto competitivo, le persone sfruttano asimmetrie relazionali derivanti da connessioni che sono fonte di nuove informazioni e risorse. Gli individui in posizioni di intermediazione sono solitamente leader dei rispettivi gruppi. Nonostante i ricercatori abbiano esteso il concetto di capitale sociale al contesto criminale, permane una relativa mancanza di conoscenza riguardo a come i capi sfruttino il loro capitale criminale. Diversi studi hanno dimostrato che i leader di solito fungono da intermediari all'interno delle reti criminali e ciò garantisce loro un efficace equilibrio tra efficienza e sicurezza nella gestione delle attività illecite. Tuttavia, altri studi hanno dimostrato che i leader criminali spesso impiegano misure di sicurezza aggiuntive, come prendere le distanze dalle attività più rischiose come nel traffico di droga (DT) e dalle telefonate.
Questo studio esamina i comportamenti dei leader criminali per identificare se e in che modo variao in base alle principali attività svolte dalle loro reti e rispetto ai canali di comunicazione utilizzati. Questo studio si basa su otto casi studio di gruppi di ‘Ndrangheta coinvolti nel DT, o altri tipici crimini legati alla mafia centrati sul controllo del territorio (COT). I risultati indicano che mentre i leader criminali favoriscono l'intermediazione e la sicurezza quando sono coinvolti nel COT, optano per la chiusura e l'efficienza quando sono coinvolti nel DT.
Questi risultati gettano luce sui comportamenti dei leader criminali, che, a loro volta, aumentano le conoscenze esistenti sulla struttura interna delle reti criminali.Within every competitive setting, people exploit relational asymmetries stemming from connections that are sources of novel information and resources. Individuals in brokering positions are ordinarily a respective groups’ leader. Whilst scholars have extended the concept of social capital to the criminal context, there remains a relative dearth of knowledge concerning precisely how leaders exploit their criminal capital. Manifold studies have shown that leaders usually act as brokers within criminal networks, which provides an effective balance between efficiency and security in the management of illicit activities. However, other studies have demonstrated that criminal leaders often employ additional security measures, including inter alia distancing themselves from riskier activities, such as drug trafficking (DT) networks and communicating via telephone. This study examines criminal leaders’ behaviors to identify whether and in what ways they vary according to the main activities performed by their networks, and with respect to the communication channels used. This study is underpinned by eight case studies of ‘Ndrangheta groups involved in DT, or other typical Mafia-related crimes centered on the control of the territory (COT). The results indicate that while criminal leaders favor brokerage and security when involved in COT, they opt for closure and efficiency when involved in DT. Ultimately, these findings cast light upon criminal leaders’ behaviors, which, in turn, enhances extant knowledge on the internal structure of criminal networks.
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Griffin, Deborah, and N/A. "Social Issue Exchange: An Exploration of Determinants and Outcomes." Griffith University. Department of Marketing, 2007. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070910.111229.
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It has been argued that marketing contributes to society by finding solutions to a diverse range of social issues. Importantly, research within the (social) marketing domain recognises that the concept of exchange is a fundamental aspect of influencing people to take on positive social issue behaviours (Andreasen, 1995; Rothschild, 1999). However, regardless of the influence of social marketing, ultimately the behavioural exchange resides with the individual. This infers that exchange can be considered from the individuals (i.e., consumers) point of view, of intrapersonal or self-exchange (Gould, 1994). Furthermore, the conditions that facilitate or constrain this form of exchange are found within the individual and relate to for example, individual differences. However, in recent years there has been limited interest in exchange theory within the marketing domain and, in particular, exchange as a fundamental consumer behaviour phenomenon (Anderson et al, 1999; Gould, 1994). This study seeks to extend current consumer behaviour and social marketing knowledge in the areas of exchange theory and personality. Based on an examination of the extant literature, a model of determinants and outcomes of Social Issue Exchange was developed and empirically tested. The Social Issue Exchange Model proposed in this study accounts for a number of associations which includes a representation of personality termed pro-social orientation along with social issue involvement, attitude toward social issues, subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The determinants of social issue exchange included the multi-component variable pro-social orientation comprising the traits risk aversion, locus of control, consideration of future consequences, susceptibility to normative influence and social responsibility along with the variables social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues. The outcomes of social issue exchange include the variables of subjective assessment of negative consequences and feelings. The study adopted a quantitative methodology using an Internet administered questionnaire that allowed for the measurement of the determinants and outcomes of social issue exchange. The construction of the questionnaire followed a sequential process which involved developing new measures, utilising and adapting existing measures and then pre-testing these measures to ensure the development of a psychometrically sound and respondent-friendly survey instrument. The final survey used Excess Alcohol Consumption and Speeding social issues as stimuli for the study. Data collection resulted in 1146 (comprising 559 for Speeding social issue, and 587 for Excess Alcohol Consumption social issue) useable surveys for subsequent analysis. Analysis included a number of statistical procedures including correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis and tests of the model via Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis. Overall, the findings provided support for the proposed Social Issue Exchange Model. In terms of the measurement model, the findings show that pro-social orientation accounted for different amounts of variance in the five traits, with consideration for further consequences accounting for the most variance and susceptibility to normative influence accounting for the least. In terms of the inner model, all the hypothesised paths were supported with the exception of attitude towards social issues and social issue exchange. A comparison of the smaller models (i.e., Speeding and Excess Alcohol Consumption) with the overall model indicated that largely the relationships were consistent, with the exception of social issue involvement and attitude towards social issues which was not supported in the Excess Alcohol Consumption model. The findings provide a number of theoretical and practical implications for research. From a theoretical perspective, broadening the concept of exchange to account for self-exchange in the context of social issue behaviours contributes to the body of knowledge on exchange. Moreover, aggregating traits to form the multi-component construct pro-social orientation takes a holistic approach to personality and thereby, provides greater clarification of the psychological processes that drive individuals to respond positively or negatively to social issues and associated behaviours. From a practical perspective, this study may lead to a better understanding of how personal characteristics can shape an individuals response to social issues as well as their behaviours. In summary, the importance of understanding the processes that influence individuals social issue behaviours provides a justification for this study. Accordingly, this study offers valuable insights into how exchange is an integral feature of individual behaviour change, as well as positive social change for society.
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Nam, Susie. "A Preliminary Study on the Effects of Behavioral Mimicry on Drinking Behaviors in Older Adult Populations." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/22727.
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Malnutrition and dehydration are prevalent health risks among older adults in skilled nursing facilities, particularly among those with cognitive impairments. Existing behavioral interventions do not consider social aspects of mealtimes, and there is limited research on social aspects of mealtimes in older adults. The current study introduces nonconscious behavioral mimicry as a social approach to supplement existing interventions.
A repeated measures design examining the imitation of a confederate’s drinking and cup touching behaviors was employed to investigate whether these behaviors can be altered due to nonconscious behavioral mimicry in healthy older adults (N = 14; M = 71 years old). Findings indicate that behavioral mimicry increased drinking behaviors, while no significant effect was observed with cup touching behaviors. One plausible reason for this is the goal-directed nature of drinking behaviors. This thesis supports further studies to increase the magnitude of nonconscious behavioral mimicry in older adult populations with cognitive impairments.
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Herchen, Julia L. "Unethical Prosocial Behavior: Theory Development and Experimental Findings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2015. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc804877/.
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Job performance has historically been divided into two subsets, that which is prescribed and that which is discretionary. Further, discretionary workplace behavior has typically been described as either helpful or ethical (i.e. organizational citizenship behavior) or harmful and unethical (i.e. workplace deviance behavior) with behavior that is both helpful and unethical rarely discussed. I term this lesser discussed type of discretionary workplace behavior unethical prosocial behavior and define it as discretionary actions that are intended to benefit a specific referent outside the self, either an individual or a group, that are illegal and/or morally inappropriate to larger society. In addition to defining unethical prosocial behavior, this paper places the behavior in an organizing framework of discretionary workplace behaviors and tests several hypotheses regarding unethical prosocial behavior. The hypotheses address three primary research questions. First, are there contextual conditions that make it more likely that a person will engage in unethical prosocial behavior? Second, does the nature of the relationship between the actor and the beneficiary make unethical prosocial behavior more or less likely? And third, are there individual characteristics that serve to either constrain or enhance the likelihood that and individual will engage in unethical prosocial behavior? A 2 x 2 experimental design was used to test these hypotheses. As expected, in-group (vs. out-group) salience increased the likelihood of UPB. Individuals in the in-group condition engaged in significantly greater UPBs than those in the out-group condition. Contrary to expectations, shared reward (vs. no reward) decreased the likelihood of UPB. Individuals who were due a reward engaged less in UPBs than those who were not due a reward. Possible explanations for this relationship (both methodological and theoretical) are explored. While the overall effect of reward structure on UPB was in the opposite direction from that which was expected, propensity to morally disengage had the anticipated effect on the relationship between rewards and UPB. Those high in propensity to morally disengage were more likely to engage in UPB when a shared reward was offered (vs. no reward). Due to the nature of the task and the data collected, it was possible to operationalize UPB as a continuous measure as well as a dichotomous event (UPB/no UPB). This lead to a supplemental analysis that shed additional light on the nature of the relationship between group salience and UPB. The analysis shows that not only do subjects tend to over report the scores for fellow in-group members, but they also tend to underreport scores for out-group members. Fruitful areas for future work on the nascent UPB construct are discussed.
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Necksten, Lisa. "En knuff i rätt riktning- en studie om att förändra individers miljömässiga beteenden genom triggers och Fogg behavior model." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22900.
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För att förstå vad som får en individ att förändra beteenden till mer miljövänliga har studien utgått ifrån Fogg behavior model som menar att faktorerna motivation, förmåga och triggers behövs för att ett beteende ska förändras. Studien har undersökt i hur stor grad individer som har motivation och förmåga, samt fått triggers, uppnått sina miljömässiga beteendeförändringsmål. Det har även undersökts hur stor skillnad triggern gör för att ett beteende ska uppnås. Jag höll fyra, för allmänheten öppna, föreläsningar om kemikalier i vardagen varpå deltagarna satte fem beteendeförändringsmål att uppnå. Hälften fick under två månaders tid kontinuerliga triggers varpå samtliga respondenter fyllde i en uppföljning där de rankade i vilken grad de upplevde att deras beteendemål var uppfyllt. Resultatet visar att gruppen med både motivation, förmåga och triggers i genomsnitt nådde sina mål med 82,6 % och att gruppen med motivation och förmåga, men utan triggers, uppnådde sina mål i genomsnitt med 59,9%. Fishers exakta test visar en signifikansnivå på p < 0,01 vilket innebär en hög signifikant. Detta tyder på att Fogg behavior model är tillförlitlig samt att faktorn trigger är viktig för att en beteendeförändring ska ske.To understand what makes individuals change their behaviors towards more environmentally friendly, this study started with Fogg behavior model which says that the factors needed to change a behavior is motivation, ability and triggers. This study investigated in which scale individuals who has motivation, ability and triggers achieved their goals of changing behaviors to more environmentally friendly, and how much effect the trigger had. I had four lectures, all opened for the general public, about chemicals in the every day life and afterwords the participants chose five ”behavior-goals” they wanted to achieve. Half of the respondents got triggers every week and after two months everybody made a follow-up where they rated in which scale they experienced that their goals were achieved. The result shows that the group with both motivation, ability and triggers reached their goals in average with 82,6% and the group with motivation and ability but without triggers reached their goals in average with 59,9 %. Fisher ́s Exact Test shows a significance level of p < 0,01 which is the same as a highly significant. This indicates that Fogg behavior model might be reliable and that the trigger is important for a behavior to occur.
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Johnson, Robert N. "Attention Factors in Temopral Distortion: The Effects of Food Availability on Responses within the Interval Bisection Task." DigitalCommons@USU, 2013. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1722.
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There are differences within the timing literature regarding the effects of distracter stimulus presentation within timing tasks. Whereas some researchers have found underestimation (changes in the degree of temporal stimulus control), others have found generalized disruption of timing responses. The purpose of this thesis was to determine the importance of food availability on responses within a time estimation task, using pigeons as subjects. Specifically, it was hypothesized that presenting food access following timing responses after a distracter task would produce underestimation of the target interval, relative to control conditions. Using a 2-parameter function fit to "proportion long" data from the interval bisection task, data revealed a generalized disruption effect of the distracter on timing behavior. Further analysis revealed that presentation of the food following timing responses after the distracter task reduced stimulus control within the timing task, revealing underestimation of the target interval. These findings suggest that the causes of the differences within the timing literature may be based upon differences in procedure.
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Ewing, Lee Elizabeth. "Social Norms' Influence on Gendered Behaviors." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27118.
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Individual variability in engagement in gendered behavior is primarily assumed to be the result of variability in gender roles (i.e., femininity, masculinity; Bem, 1981). However, contextual factors have also been shown to influence behaving in gendered ways (Leszczynski & Strough, 2008; Pickard & Strough, 2003). The current studies sought to explore engagement in gendered behaviors by examining the influence of social norms on gendered behaviors, as well as how those perceptions interact with gender self-concepts (i.e., gendered contingencies of selfworth, self-efficacy for behaving in gendered ways, similarity to others of one's sex) to influence engagement in gendered behaviors. Two studies were conducted in which participant behavior was measured by having them complete tasks with ambiguous gender stereotypes associated with them: pain threshold and endurance. The norms were presented through direct feedback in Study 1 and through behavioral modeling from confederates in Study 2. Each study also examined the moderating effect of gender self-concepts: gendered contingencies of selfworth, self-efficacy for behaving in gendered ways, and similarity to others of one's sex. In study 1, sex differences were found such that men who were told that their sex was superior evidenced elevated pain threshold when compared to men who were not given any gender specific information. Furthermore, similarity to others of one's sex moderated the association. In study 2, direct tests of the effect of presented norms on groups were not found to be significant. However, when controlling for each of the gender self-concepts, individuals who had same-sex superiority demonstrated had significantly higher pain threshold than those who had observed same-sex confederates demonstrating inferior pain threshold and endurance. Additionally, individuals with higher levels of gender self-efficacy were more likely to have the gendered information impact their behavior than individuals with low levels of gender self-efficacy. Overall, social norms were found to have an impact on individuals' engagement in gendered behaviors, although individual personality factors moderated those relationships. The current work shines a light on how gender norms can both heighten or diminish engagement in gendered behaviors, and underscores the need to examine individual differences when exploring the impact of contextual norms.
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Boose, Klaree. "Behavior and socioendocrinology of bonobos (Pan paniscus): mechanisms that contribute to the evolution and maintenance of social structure in the other Pan species." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23165.
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Research into the origins of our own social behavior begins with understanding how environmental elements lead to complex social interaction. Social structure emerges from these interactions as a bottom-up process, whose patterning constitutes the very framework of a society. Studies of behavioral mechanisms are important in determining the full repertoire that results in the social and dominance structures of a species. Hormones such as oxytocin and cortisol facilitate and fluctuate in response to social interactions and measuring their relative values among individuals is a valuable tool in testing functional hypotheses of behavioral mechanisms. The objective of this dissertation is to investigate several fundamental, under-, or previously unstudied behavioral mechanisms and hormonal correlates that shape the unique social system of bonobos.
The first study describes the pattern of expression of harassment behavior among immatures and tests predictions generated by the Exploratory Aggression and Rank Improvement hypotheses. Results demonstrate that immatures use harassment to test the nature of existing inter-individual relationships and to explore the parameters of aggressive behaviors and furthers our understanding of juvenile development of aggression and integration into the dominance hierarchy. The second study describes the pattern of occurrence of infant handling and tests predictions generated by several functional hypotheses, including examining the relationship between oxytocin and handling behaviors. Results show a significant sex difference in expression of handling where, during adolescence, male interest in infants sharply declines whereas females continue to handle infants, the expression of which was correlated with oxytocin. These results primarily support the Learning-to-Mother hypothesis and provide insight into the role oxytocin may play in facilitating care-giving behaviors in young females. The final study explores the patterning of female sexual behavior and male aggression, and investigates whether male constraint of female choice imposes a cost to females through induction of a stress response. Results show that while females exercise unconstrained mate choice through proceptive behaviors, males influence female receptivity through aggression and sexual coercion, shedding light on the degree to which rank related asymmetry in male mating success reflects female choice vs. constraint of choice.
This dissertation includes previously published and unpublished co-authored material.
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Ostmeyer-Kountzman, Katrina Francine. "Development and Testing of a Primary Tier Social Skills Program: Effects for Children with Exceptionalities." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64287.
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School-wide positive behavior support (SWPBS), a tiered prevention model targeted at making educational environments safe and effective, is swiftly gaining popularity in the United States (Brandt, Chitiyo, May, 2012). This model aims to teach prosocial behavior through positively stated rules and expectations; however, there is little research examining social skills instruction using a tiered model (Schoenfield, Rutherford, Gable, Rock, 2008). This is of considerable concern for children with autism spectrum (ASD) and related social disorders as educators attempt to address the social needs of these students within a SWPBS framework (Sansoti, 2010). The current study aimed to begin exploration into the topic of a tiered social skills training framework for children with autism spectrum and related social/behavioral disorders and their typically developing peers by initial implementation and testing of a primary tier social skills program through the use of a mixed model research design. The program was implemented in two classrooms (1 preschool and 1 kindergarten) in southwest Virginia. A mixed-method research study was conducted to determine whether the program leads to improved classroom environment, improved social functioning for children with ASD or social difficulties (n=8), what qualities of children, teachers, and classrooms affect implementation and results, and what additional changes or elements need to be provided to implement the program without the aid of a researcher. While quantitative results failed to yield significant findings, qualitative results partially supported the use of the program. While the initial results were small to insignificant, they point to important considerations for further refinement of the program.Ph. D.