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Journal articles on the topic 'Sodium sulphate solution'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Conic, Vesna, Branka Pesovski, Vladimir Cvetkovski, et al. "Lead sulphate leaching by sodium chloride solution." Chemical Industry 67, no. 3 (2013): 485–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120503096c.

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Bioleaching treatment of complex multi-metallic Cu-Zn-Pb-Ag-Au mineral concentrates leds to the formation, besides easily soluble zinc and cooper sulphates, of hardly soluble lead (II) sulfate (PbSO4) sludge. To determine the leaching parameters of PbSO4 with NaCl in the bioleaching residue, lead sulphate solution was synthetically prepared. The effect of process parameters, namely NaCl concentration, solid:liquid phase ratio, processing time, temperature and Cl ions was examined. It was found that 100% Pb by leaching can be achieved with NaCl concentration of 250 g/dm3, time 20 min, temperature 353 K and solid:liquid phase ratio =1:20.

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Pešata, Michal, Lukáš Procházka, and Jana Boháčová. "Possibilities of Using Pumice Concrete as Thermal Insulation Lining of Industrial Chimneys." Solid State Phenomena 321 (July 26, 2021): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.321.105.

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This paper deals with the possibility of using pumice concrete as thermal insulation lining of industrial chimneys. Two formulas were prepared, the first from sulphate resistant cement and the second as a reference mixture from Cem I 42.5R. The thermal insulating properties of the prepared recipes will be evaluated as well as the resistance to the action of sulphates in 5 % sodium sulphate solution. No significant decrease in strength was observed when samples were stored in 5% sodium sulfate solution for 60 days. Only the reference series reported a significant unexpected decrease in strength.

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Dołhań, Agnieszka, Anna Jelińska, and Marcelina Bębenek. "Stability of Ceftiofur Sodium and Cefquinome Sulphate in Intravenous Solutions." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/583461.

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Stability of ceftiofur sodium and cefquinome sulphate in intravenous solutions was studied. Chromatographic separation and quantitative determination were performed by using a high-performance liquid chromatography with UV-DAD detection. During the stability study, poly(vinylchloride) minibags were filled with a solution containing 5 mg of ceftiofur sodium or cefquinome sulphate and diluted to 0.2 mg/mL with suitable intravenous solution depending on the test conditions. The solutions for the study were protected from light and stored at room temperature (22°C), refrigerated (6°C), frozen (−20°C) for 30 days, and then thawed at room temperature. A comparison of results obtained at 22°C and 6°C for the same intravenous solutions showed that temperature as well as components of solutions and their concentration had an influence on the stability of ceftiofur sodium and cefquinome sulphate. It was found that ceftiofur sodium and cefquinome sulphate dissolved in intravenous solutions used in this study may be stored at room temperature and at 6°C for up to 48 h.

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Somrerk, Chandra Ambhorn, Wisarut Wachirasiri, and Gobboon Lothongkum. "Effects of Chloride and Sulphate Ions on the Experimental E-pH Diagrams of AISI 316L Stainless Steel in Deaerated Aqueous Solutions." Advanced Materials Research 813 (September 2013): 443–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.813.443.

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A cyclic polarisation method was applied to construct the E-pH diagrams of AISI 316L stainless steel in deaearted solutions containing 1000 and 2000 ppm of sodium sulphate without and with 3550 ppm of sodium chloride. Addition of chloride ions to the sulphate solutions caused a region of imperfect passivation regime to appear, and its addition to the 1000-ppm sulphate solution considerably reduced the transpassive potential. Furthermore, the addition of sulphate ions to the 3550-ppm chloride solution enlarged the passivation regime, mainly by shifting the transpassive potentioal to the noble direction. However, the imperfect passivation regime also enlarged by the positive shift of that potential and by reduction of the protection potential. This negative role of sulphate is discussed in comparison with the role of sulphate on accelerating pit growth studied by the critical-pitting-temperature technique reported in literature.

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Borisov, Ivan M., Azamdzhon A. Nabiev, Alfia A. Mukhamedyanova, Lutfullo Soliev, Azamdzhon F. Toshov, and Jamila M. Musodzhonova. "ELECTROLYTIC DISSOCIATION OF SODIUM SULFATE IN AQUEOUS ETHANOL SOLUTIONS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 60, no. 6 (2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/tcct.2017606.5535.

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The reducing the degree of electrolytic dissociation of sodium sulphate with the increasing a proportion of ethanol in the hydroalcoholic solution was shown with the conductometric method. It was established that the dissociation constant of sodium sulfate decreases with the increasing a concentration of alcohol in the solution. Physico-chemical properties of sodium sulfate in water-alcohol solutions on salt solubility and dissociation were not studied. In this regard, in the present study we examined an electrolytic dissociation of sodium sulfate in water-ethanol solutions. Firstly, a saturated aqueous solution of sodium sulfate, sodium sulfate solubility process was observed with the aid of crystal optic method. For this purpose, a saturated aqueous sodium sulfate was added, and the calculated amount of alcohol measured on mass of precipitated sodium sulfate decahydrate after drying to constant weight. By weight difference between the original and the precipitate salt (calculated as sodium sulphate) dissolved salt mass was measured. It is generally recognized that the degree of dissociation of the electrolyte in the electrolytic solution depends on the dielectric constant of the solvent. Water (e= 78.53) and ethanol (e = 24.3) has vary large permittivity. Therefore, by varying the alcohol content in the mixture with water it may receive different solvents with a dielectric constant, affecting the equilibrium state in the salt solution. To find the degree of electrolytic dissociation used Na2SO4 conductometric method based on measuring the electrical conductivity of solutions with variable molar concentration of salt and alcohol was applied. The dependence of the molar conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium sulphate is transformed to direct line in coordinate of Kohlrausch equation. It is known that the degree of electrolytic dissociation of the electrolyte depends not only on its nature, but on the dielectric constant of the medium. Therefore, in water-ethanol solutions sodium sulfate shows the properties of weak electrolyte. In this case, the dependence of conductivity on the molar concentration of sodium sulphate in water-ethanol solutions will have a different appearance.Forcitation:Borisov I.M., Nabiev A.A., Mukhamedyanova A.A., Soliev L., Toshov A.F., Musodzhonova Dzh.M. Electrolytic dissociation of sodium sulfate in aqueous ethanol solutions. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 6. P. 59-64.

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Kim, Hyun-Ho, Kyung-Ho Park, Chul-Woo Nam, and P. K. Parhi. "Oxidation-Precipitation of Cobalt (II) in Aqueous Sulphate Solution Using Sodium Persulfate." Korean Journal Metals and Materials 51, no. 12 (2013): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2013.51.12.865.

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Baciocchi, R., and A. Chiavola. "Ion exchange process in the presence of high sulphate concentration: resin regeneration and spent brine reuse." Water Supply 6, no. 3 (2006): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.791.

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This paper provides new insights on the regeneration step of an ion exchange process for the treatment of surface and ground water characterized by high sulphate concentration. Repeated regeneration of ion exchange resin with a sodium chloride solution (brine) did not alter the resin performances with respect to the fresh one. Besides, neither the sodium chloride concentration of the brine, which was varied between 1 and 3 M, nor the presence of sulphates at concentrations up to 20 g/L in the brine, did notably affect the regeneration efficiency. The brine was effectively treated by adding calcium or barium chloride, in order to remove the sulphates and re-establish the original chloride concentration. Calcium chloride was allowed to obtain up to 70% sulphate precipitation, whereas an almost 100% precipitation efficiency was obtained when barium chloride was used. The precipitation step was described by a model based on the mass action, coupled to the Bromley model for the description of the non-ideal behaviour of the electrolytic solution. This model was shown to give correct, or at least conservative, estimates of the equilibrium sulphate concentration when either calcium or barium chloride was used as precipitating agent.

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Moon, Han-Young, Seung-Tae Lee, and Seong-Soo Kim. "Sulphate resistance of silica fume blended mortars exposed to various sulphate solutions." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 30, no. 4 (2003): 625–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l03-024.

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The different performances of silica fume blended mortars placed in various sulphate-bearing exposure conditions were investigated. Experimental study was carried out on mortars immersed in 5% sodium sulphate, 5% magnesium sulphate, and mixed 5% sodium sulphate and 5% magnesium sulphate solutions for 270 d of sulphate exposure. Another variable was the replacement ratio of cement with silica fume (0, 5, 10, and 15% of the cement by weight). The results showed conclusively that silica fume should be given serious consideration for use in sulphate environments. In other words, in a sodium sulphate solution, silica fume showed a beneficial effect on mitigating compressive strength reduction and length change of mortars. However, the strength deterioration factor of the mortar specimen with some silica fume content (especially 15% of the cement by weight) was greater than that of the mortar specimen without silica fume under Mg2+ ion oriented attack. These different sulphate deterioration mechanisms are presented in the study. Microstructural investigations such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) were also used to support the explanation for these mechanisms.Key words: sodium sulphate, magnesium sulphate, silica fume, strength deterioration factor, length change.

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M. Uday Bhaskar, Ipsita Bose Roy Choudhury,. "Effect of Sulphate Attack on Self Compacting Concrete." Tuijin Jishu/Journal of Propulsion Technology 44, no. 3 (2023): 321–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/tjjpt.v44.i3.278.

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Many current structures are characterized by the complexity of architecture (various shapes and bends) and a high concentration of reinforcement which often makes it difficult to use concrete with conventional plasticity. Recent researches have been conducted in order to adopt concrete to these structures. The resulting concrete formulations are characterized by better workability, while remaining stable with mechanical properties and durability. This new type of concrete can fit in place under the influence of gravity, hence the term self compacting concrete “SCC”. The external attack of sulphate salts is considered as one of the major problems affecting concrete durability. Sulphates are highly soluble salts in the form of sodium sulphate, calcium sulphate, potassium sulphate, and magnesium sulphate. Sulphate attack is a process in which sulphates react with various phases of hydrated cement paste leading to deterioration of the concrete matrix through spalling, softening, and mass loss, which may lead to expansion and loose strength and elasticity. It is recognized as a complex process due to the effect of The aim of this study to demonstrate the change in strength in SCC when the cement is replaced with lime powder and to determine the sulphate attack on the self compacting concrete. Compressive strength characteristics for 7days and 28days of the self compacting concrete are determined in which cement is partially replaced with lime powder (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%) and cured in the sodium sulphate solution. To attain the planned objectives of the present investigation, M20 grade self compacting concrete is taken and values of cement replaced with limestone at the percentages of 0%,10%,20%,30% were considered. The total of 48 cubes,48 cylinders were casted.24 cubes and 24 cylinders are cured in normal water and 24 cubes and 24 cylinders are cured in sodium sulphate solution. and determined the compressive strength and split tensile strength values. The developments of compressive and tensile strengths of self compacting concrete at the age of 7and 28 days are investigated. Under the influence of external sulphate attack. The parameters comparing the SCC with normal concrete are increased at the 20% of lime powder replacement after that the parameters decreases gradually.

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Pan, Bing Suo, and Yang Yang. "A High-Speed Nickel Plating Bath for Manufacture of Diamond Tools." Key Engineering Materials 359-360 (November 2007): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.359-360.68.

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To increase the manufacture efficiency of electroplated diamond tools, a nickel plating solution containing ammonium sulphate and sodium formate was investigated. The effects of concentration of ammonium sulphate, sodium formate and pH value on throwing power, covering power, ability to resist Cu2+ contamination and deposit microhardness were studied. Surface topography of deposits was also observed by SEM. Compared to watts bath, the plating solution studied is advantageous in terms of the performance of plating solution, deposit hardness and diamond bit behavior. Ammonium sulphate can refine deposit crystal grains and result in crystal form change.

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Ahson, Rabia, Riaz Ahmad, Naveed Afzal, and Farrukh Ehtesham Mubarik. "Effect of Structure Modifying Agents on the Structural, Morphological and Optical Features of Hydrothermally Grown ZnO." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 5 (2020): 3265–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17389.

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Morphology of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is an important parameter to enhance the efficiency of optoelectronic devices. Morphology also plays a significant role in gas sensing properties of ZnO. In this research work, different morphologies of Zinc Oxide including nanorods, disks and flakes were obtained using Zinc Acetate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Trisodium Citrate as additives to a parent solution of Zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)2·6H2O) and Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA, (CH2)6N4) for hydrothermal growth. Use of Zinc Acetate as an additive has been rarely reported. This work presents the ability of Zinc Acetate to transform the morphology of ZnO nanorods to nanoneedles. Furthermore, in this study addition of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Trisodium Citrate to the parent solution has shown potential for growing continuous granular films by the low cost and low temperature hydrothermal technique. Variation in crystallite size and band gap values with increasing concentration of Zinc Acetate, Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and Trisodium Sulphate has been studied. Films with crystallite sizes of 7.48 nm and 6.77 nm were achieved with 5 mM Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and 5 mM Trisodium Citrate respectively. The band gap of films produced with 5 mM Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate and with 5 mM Trisodium Citrate were 3.43 eV and 3.45 eV respectively. Therefore hydrothermal growth with Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate or Trisodium Citrate is a potential technique for obtaining granular ZnO films.

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Milosavljevic, Milutin, Ljiljana Babicev, Svetlana Belosevic, et al. "Innovative environmentally friendly technology for copper(II) hydroxide production." Chemical Industry 72, no. 6 (2018): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind180630023m.

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The innovative laboratory procedure for the synthesis of copper(II) hydroxide in the form of the aqueous suspension was developed. The reaction mechanism consists of the reaction between copper(II) sulphate pentahydrate and sodium carbonate by successive ion exchange of carbonate ions with the hydroxide ones in a multistep process. Production of copper(II) carbonate and sodium sulphate by reacting of copper(II) sulphate with sodium carbonate was followed by addition of sodium hydroxide solution whereby the product, copper(II) hydroxide, was obtained by releasing an equimolar amount of sodium carbonate. It was determined that, the equimolar reaction of copper(II) sulphate and sodium hydroxide lead to the maximal reactants exploitation. Sodium phosphate, formed in the final process stage by addition of 10 % phosphoric acid solution, acted as a copper(II) hydroxide stabilizer. High yield of the product was obtained by optimizing the synthesis parameters: reaction time, molar ratio of reactants and the reaction temperature. The obtained product was formulated to obtain a commercial product, which is used as a fungicide and bactericide.

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Obianyo, Jude Iloabuchi. "Effect of Salinity on Evaporation and the Water Cycle." Emerging Science Journal 3, no. 4 (2019): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/esj-2019-01188.

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This study is on the effect of salinity on evaporation from water bodies and probable influence on the water cycle. Five different salts were used in this study, different concentrations of Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Nitrate solutions in the neighbourhood of 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20 and 0.24 g/cm3 were prepared by dissolving 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 g weights of these salts in 500 cm3 of distilled water. The first evaporation can contained only 500 cm3 of distilled water and served as the control experiment. The solutions were introduced in evaporation cans each of capacity 700 cm3, stored under room temperature and evaporation allowed to take place. Evaporation from the cans were measured at 24 hours intervals for a period of 14 days. Results showed that in all salts, as salinity increases, evaporation is reduced. On the 10th day, evaporation retardation factors for Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Hydroxide, Sodium Chloride, Ammonium Chloride and Potassium Nitrate were found to be 0.800, 0.490, 0.712, 0.820 and 0.822 respectively. Ratios of evaporation retardation factors were 1:1.6327 for Sodium hydroxide : Magnesium Sulphate; 1:1.4531 for Sodium Hydroxide : Sodium Chloride; 1:1.6735 for Sodium Hydroxide : Magnesium Sulphate; 1:1.4531 for Sodium Hydroxide: Sodium Chloride; 1:1.6327 for Sodium Hydroxide : Ammonium Chloride and 1:1.6776 for Sodium Hydroxide : Potassium Nitrate solutions. Highest evaporation took place in Potassium Nitrate solution at the ultimate concentration of 0.24 g/cm3, this was followed by Ammonium Chloride, Magnesium Sulphate, Sodium Chloride and Sodium Hydroxide. These salinity effects will impact on the outflow parameter in the water cycle with consequent reduction in evaporation which reduces precipitation, hence the formation of rain in the cloud would be inhibited and ultimately lead to climate change.

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Patrisia, Yulin, David W. Law, Chamila Gunasekara, and Arie Wardhono. "Fly ash geopolymer concrete durability to sulphate, acid and peat attack." MATEC Web of Conferences 364 (2022): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236402003.

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The durability of concrete has a profound impact on the service life of structural elements. Indonesia has extensive peat soils, which provide a highly aggressive environment for concrete structures. Geopolymer concrete has demonstrated good durability when exposed to acid /sulphate conditions similar to those encountered in peat soils. This paper investigates the performance of geopolymer concretes produced using Indonesian type F fly ash under sulphate and acid chemical attack. Geopolymer concrete specimens have been exposed for 12-months in a range of solutions: 5% sodium sulphate, 5% magnesium sulphate, 1% and 3% sulphuric acid, and simulated peat solution. The mechanical and durability properties of specimens together with a control concrete have been monitored for compressive strength, change in mass, water absorption and volume of permeable voids, ultra pulse velocity, air and water permeability, pH profile, and microstructural analysis (XRD, SEM/EDS). The control immersed in water achieved 56.93 MPa at 12-months of age. Magnesium sulphate exposure had a significant deterioration impact on the compressive strength of geopolymer concrete, demonstrating an 11% reduction in strength, while those exposed to sodium sulphate had an 8.9% increase in strength. Specimens exposed to peat solution displayed a slightly increased strength and those in acid conditions a 1.2% and 4.5% decrease in 1% acid and 3% acid, respectively. In general, the geopolymer concrete displayed a high level of resistance against sodium sulphate, 1% sulphuric acid and simulated peat attack.

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Narain, Datt Kandpal, K. Sanwal H., K. Joshi S., and Joshi S. "Micellization of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate and sodium lauryl sulphate in mixed aqueous solution." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 85, Nov 2008 (2008): 1102–5. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5820267.

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Physical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Kumaun University, S .S .J. Campus, Almora-263 601, Uttarakhand, India E-mail : narain_datt@rediffmail.com, dr.s.k.joshi.alm@gmail.com Manuscript received 27 May 2008, accepted 7 August 2008 The micellization behaviour of linear alkyl benzene sulphonate has been studied conductometrically in presence of sodium Iauryl sulphate in aqueous solution. The conductance data are used to obtained values of critical micelle concentration, cmc, of mixed surfactant systems of different compositions. The results are interpreted in the light of various possibilities of micelle formation with equilibriums between possible surfactant species formed by both the surfactant in mixed system. It has been proved by measuring solubilization of anthracene in mixed surfactant systems and effect of temperature on cmc that is the detergency performance of LABS can be enhanced in presence of ½ cmc of sodium Iauryl sulphate in aqueous solution.

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Sancak, Emre, and Şükrü Özkan. "Sodium Sulphate Effect on Cement Produced with Building Stone Waste." Journal of Materials 2015 (May 7, 2015): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/813515.

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In this study, the blended cements produced by using the building stone waste were exposed to sulphate solution and the cement properties were examined. Prepared mortar specimens were cured under water for 28 days and then they were exposed to three different proportions of sodium sulphate solution for 125 days. Performances of cements were determined by means of compressive strength and tensile strength tests. The broken parts of some mortar bars were examined with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Besides, they were left under moist atmosphere and their length change was measured and continuously monitored for period of 125 days. In blended cements, solely cements obtained by replacing 10–20% of diatomites gave similar strength values with ordinary Portland cement (CEM I 42.5R) at the ages of 7, 28, and 56 days. In all mortar specimens that included either waste andesite (AP) or marble powder (MP) showed best performance against very severe effective sodium sulphate solutions (13500 mg/L).

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Lanez, Touhami, Nacer Chaabia, and Amina Belaid. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Mean of Measuring Film Thickness of Calcium Sulfate Precipitate on an XC70 Carbon Steel." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 32 (April 2014): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.32.54.

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In this paper we present the use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurement as a tool to measure the thickness of calcium sulphate film formed on an XC70 carbon steel. The solution used is a mixture of sodium sulphate and calcium chloride solution at different concentrations. The film thickness of calcium sulphate is estimated, after an immersion time of 4 days. The results indicate reciprocal relationship between measured capacitance and thickness of calcium sulphate film

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Lanez, Touhami, Nacer Chaabia, and Amina Belaid. "Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy as a Mean of Measuring Film Thickness of Calcium Sulfate Precipitate on an XC70 Carbon Steel." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 32 (April 22, 2014): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-d3rps0.

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Pešata, Michal, Lukáš Procházka, and Jana Boháčová. "Possibilities of Using Pumice Aggregates into Thermal Insulation Lining of Industrial Chimneys." Solid State Phenomena 325 (October 11, 2021): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.325.168.

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This paper deals with the possibility of using pumice aggregates into thermal insulation lining of industrial chimneys. It introduces the construction of modern chimneys and mentions possible risks and degradation processes associated with condensate penetration. In the experiment, mixtures with pumice as aggregate were prepared. The thermal insulation properties, compressive strengths and the resistance to sulphates in a 5% sodium sulphate solution were evaluated and compared.

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Anarbayev, A. A., G. M. Ormanova, B. N. Kabylbekova, B. Kh Kucharov, and M. B. Kenzhekhanova. "INVESTIGATION OF THE CONVERSION PROCESS OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE OF SODA PRODUCTION DISTILLER LIQUID IN THE PRESENCE OF MIRABILITE AND THENARDITE." RASAYAN Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 02 (2022): 1280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2022.1526871.

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The production of soda in the world is accompanied by a large amount of hard-to-recycle liquid waste (distiller liquid) in the form of a solution of CaCl2 and NaCl salts. To solve the problems of the soda industry, some countries of the world approach in different ways, liquid waste is drained into the seas and rivers. In some cases, distiller liquid is partially processed into calcium chloride or liquid road mixtures, building materials, etc. However, the disposal of liquid and solid waste from the soda industry does not always solve environmental problems in this region. In this regard, studies of the conversion of calcium chloride of distiller liquid using sodium sulphate of a mirabilite:thenardite mixture in various ratios have been carried out. It was found that the excess sodium sulphate and its stoichiometry lead to the jointprecipitation of calcium and sodium sulphates. In the process of conversion of calcium chloride with sodium sulphate in the ratio of natural mirabilite:thenardite = 100:0 occurs intensively due to the rapid dissolution of Na2SO4·10H2O. Conversion of calcium chloride at a norm of 0.92-1.0 and a temperature of 50-60°C at various ratios of mirabilite:thenardite shows that in the process of conversion of calcium chloride, the degree of conversion is reached to a maximum of 97% and at an optimum temperature of 50 °C, the stoichiometric norm of sodium sulphate 1.0 and the duration of 60 minutes. A further increase in temperature does not affect the degree of conversion of calcium chloride

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Vaičiukynienė, Danutė, Jūratė Mockienė, Dalia Nizevičienė, and Ignas Ramanauskas. "Influence of Na2SO4 Produced from Phosphogypsum Conversions on the Basic Properties of Building Gypsum." Materials 18, no. 1 (2025): 158. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18010158.

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This study comprises two distinct but interrelated parts. The first part involves optimizing the conditions for the conversion of phosphogypsum to a Ca(OH)2 and Na2SO4 solution. The second part focuses on enhancing the mechanical properties of gypsum through the use of a sodium sulphate additive derived from the conversion of phosphogypsum. An ultrasonic disperser was employed to accelerate the reaction between phosphogypsum and a sodium hydroxide solution. The mean dispersion time was found to be 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 min. The resulting product was a solution of calcium hydroxide and sodium sulfate. The impact of varying quantities of Na2SO4 on the compressive strength and density of building gypsum samples was investigated. An increase in the quantity of sodium sulphate from 0.2% to 2% resulted in a notable rise in the density of the building gypsum samples, from 1127 kg/m3 in the reference sample to 1264 kg/m3 in the sample containing 2% sodium sulphate. Therefore, in all instances, the utilization of the Na2SO4 additive in the gypsum samples resulted in elevated compressive strengths (4.8–8.6 MPa) in comparison to the reference sample devoid of this additive (1.6 MPa).

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Knap, Monika, and Wojciech Piasta. "Effect of sulphate corrosion on the durability of air-entrained cement mortars." MATEC Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201817402012.

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Sulphate corrosion is a complex sequence of chemical and physical processes that, when the aqueous sulphate solutions are exposed for a sufficiently long time, irreversibly destroys the microstructure of cement paste. In order to determine the durability of Portland cement mortars, mortar resistance tests were carried out on a 5% solution of sodium sulphate by measuring linear deformations. The tests included 1 series of non air-entrained mortars and 3 series of air-entrained mortars with air content: 7%, 10% and 13%. The biggest deformations were observed for non air-entrained samples, the smallest for mortar with an air content of 13%. Compressive strength tests of mortars after 28 days and 80 weeks of residence in a solution of sodium sulphate were also carried out. For all mortars, the strength measured after 80 weeks immersion in Na2SO4 increased in relation to the strength after 28 days of maturation. Observations of the cement mortar microstructure using a scanning electron microscope (SEM-EDS) showed that ettringite was present in both the C-S-H structure and the air pores. By means of XRD analysis, the occurrence of crystalline materials was detected. Based on the research, it was found that air-entrained cement mortars showed greater durability in the context of sulphate corrosion.

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PAUL, RIMA, P. KUMBHAKAR, and A. K. MITRA. "CHARACTERISTIC PHOTOLUMINESCENCE OF SWCNT/CdS NANOHYBRID SYNTHESIZED BY A SIMPLE CHEMICAL ROUTE." International Journal of Nanoscience 09, no. 03 (2010): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x10006673.

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The authors report a simple chemical technique to prepare a hybrid nanostructure of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) with CdS nanocrystals. By chemical reaction of cadmium acetate and sodium sulphide in the sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) solution containing SWCNT, cadmium sulphide quantum dots (QDs) of average size 5.5 nm are decorated onto the walls of SWCNT bundles. The hybrid material has been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. Characteristic optical properties of the hybrid structure have been identified through UV-Vis and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy.

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Dabbs, Emma B., Scott J. Dos Santos, Laurensius E. Mainsiouw, et al. "Implication of foam sclerosant inactivation by human whole blood in a laboratory setting." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 33, no. 5 (2017): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0268355517708468.

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Background During sclerotherapy, it has been recommended to confirm intravenous placement of the needle by aspirating blood into the sclerosant syringe. This may inactivate some, or all of the sclerosant. Aims To quantify the volume of human blood needed to completely inactivate 1 ml of sodium tetradecyl sulphate, and comparing fresh blood and blood that has been stored in an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tube. Methods A series of manual titrations were carried out following a procedure developed at STD Pharmaceutical Products Ltd (Hereford, UK) and listed in the British Pharmacopeia. Three percent of sodium tetradecyl sulphate stock solutions were made with increasing volumes of blood and titrated against benzethonium chloride to determine the active concentration (% w/v) of sodium tetradecyl sulphate remaining in the solution. Results A calculated approximation showed 0.3 ml of blood is required to fully inactivate 1 ml of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate when made into a foam. A comparison was made between the use of fresh blood and blood stored in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes. Blood stored in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tubes showed more inactivation of sodium tetradecyl sulphate, but this was not significant at the P ≤ 0.05 level. Conclusion The data from our study have shown that a minimum of 0.3 ml of fresh blood is required to inactivate 1 ml of 3% sodium tetradecyl sulphate as a foam and it is not significantly affected by storing blood in an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid tube. Our methodology suggests that during foam sclerotherapy treatment, blood should not be aspirated into the syringe to confirm position, and that ultrasound guidance is more appropriate for needle placement.

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Bhattarai, Ajaya, and Man Singh. "The interfacial tension at the liquid junction of petrol and Sodium dodecyl sulphate solution." Journal of Nepal Chemical Society 44, no. 1 (2024): 135–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v44i1.62687.

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The precise measurements of petrol interfacial tension (IFT) in the presence of Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) at room temperature by Mansingh Survismeter are reported. The concentration of sodium dodecyl sulphate was varied from above and below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) to cover the minimum and maximum concentrations of the investigated surfactant. Petrol was taken from the dealer in Nepal and used without purification. Therefore, when surfactant is added to the system, the surfactant decreases its free energy, thus decreasing its surface tension

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Corrosion inhidition of inconel(600) in sodium chloride solution by sodium sulphate." Baghdad Science Journal 2, no. 3 (2021): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2005.2.3.452-459.

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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Corrosion inhidition of inconel(600) in sodium chloride solution by sodium sulphate." Baghdad Science Journal 2, no. 3 (2005): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2.3.452-459.

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El-Khordagui, L. K. "Effect of sodium salicylate on the solution properties of sodium dodecyl sulphate." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 83, no. 1-3 (1992): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(82)90007-2.

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Kazi Tani, Nabil, A. S. Benosman, Y. Senhadji, H. Taïbi, M. Mouli, and M. Belbachir. "Prediction models of mechanical properties for pet-mortar composite in sodium sulphateaggressive mediums." MATEC Web of Conferences 149 (2018): 01051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901051.

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In this research, an investigation was carried out on the effect of sodium sulphate attack on the durability of composites produced with waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Experiments were accomplished on limestone sand and cement mortars where the blended Portland cement was partially replaced by various volume fractions of waste PET particles (6%, 12% and 17%). The test solutions used to supply the sulphate ions and cations were 5%sodium sulphate solution. Compressive strengths measured on specimens were used to assess the changes in the mechanical properties of PET-mortars exposed to sulphate attack at different ages, mainly the Young modulus of elasticity. Based on experimental compressive tests on PETMortar composite specimens and there densities, the evolution of Young modulus of elasticity has been analyzed in accordance with normative models given by (ACI-318) and (BS-8110) codes of practice. In addition, a comparative study has been carried out for corrosion resistance coefficients K of unmodified mortar to those modified with waste PET particles. It can be noticed that, for the composite immersed in a corrosive Na2SO4 solution, the corrosion resistance coefficients decrease with the increase of the immersion period. The corrosion sulphate resistance K based on Young modulus before and after immersion of PET-mortar composites is better than that of the control mortar. Therefore, for safety considerations of PET-mortar composites use, ACI 318 is recommended code for design and investigation works. Also, it can be concluded that adding waste PET by volume fractions (6%, 12% and 17%) to blend Portland cement renders this cement more resistant to the sodium sulphate aggressive medium. Therefore, composites materials based waste PET aare often presented as the materials of the future because of their potential for innovation and the advantages they offer. In fact, using waste PET as cement substitutes reduces the energy consumption. These modified mortars address problems related to environmental pollution by CO2 emissions, and are used to repair various reinforced concrete structures in sodium sulphate aggressive mediums.

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McMullan, Patrick M. "Effect of sodium and ammonium salts on tralkoxydim absorption in oat." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, no. 1 (1996): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-018.

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Research was conducted to determine the effect of various sodium and ammonium salts on 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. Sodium bicarbonate (12.5 and 25 mM) in the spray solution reduced 14C-tralkoxydim uptake in oat 1 h after herbicide application. However, ammonium sulphate overcame sodium bicarbonate inhibition of 14C-tralkoxydim uptake. Only sodium salts that increased spray-solution pH (bicarbonate or hydroxide) reduced 14C-tralkoxydim absorption in oat. These data indicate that spray solution pH plus the cation present in the spray solution influences tralkoxydim absorption. Key words: Tralkoxydim, absorption, antagonism, sodium, ammonium

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Turan, A., D. Memis, B. Karamanlioglu, N. Sut, and Z. Pamukcu. "The Prevention of Pain from Injection of Rocuronium by Magnesium Sulphate, Lignocaine, Sodium Bicarbonate and Alfentanil." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 31, no. 3 (2003): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x0303100306.

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We compared the efficacy of magnesium sulphate, lignocaine, sodium bicarbonate or alfentanil in minimizing pain due to injection of rocuronium in 250 patients. After tourniquet application on the forearm, the patients were given saline, magnesium sulphate, lignocaine, sodium bicarbonate 8.4% or alfentanil, diluted into a 3 ml solution. The occlusion was released after 20 seconds, and rocuronium was injected over 10 to 15 seconds. The patients were observed and asked immediately if they had pain in the arm and the response was assessed. Reactions such as discomfort and pain, withdrawal of the hand and screaming after the administering of the rocuronium were recorded as side-effects and patients were reassessed at 24 hours postoperatively. We concluded that magnesium sulphate, lignocaine, sodium bicarbonate or alfentanil decreased the level of rocuronium injection pain. Of these drugs, magnesium sulphate, lignocaine and sodium bicarbonate were the most effective while alfentanil was the least effective.

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Wan, Ibrahim Mohamad H., B. H. Abu Bakar, M. A. Megat Johari, and P. J. Ramadhansyah. "Elasticity of Calcium Silicate Brick Masonry Wall Due to Sulphate Attack." Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (October 2010): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.195.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the behaviour of the calcium silicate brick masonry wall exposed to sulphate condition. This paper presents some result about the effect of sodium sulphate attack on the elasticity of the calcium silicate brick masonry structures. All specimens were cured under polythene sheet for 14 days in environmental controlled room with temperature of 25± 2°C and 80 ± 5% relative humidity. After curing, the specimens were exposed to sodium sulphate solution before tested at 14, 28, 56 and 180 days respectively. As a result, the modulus of elasticity of the calcium silicate brick masonry wall reduces with the increase of sulphate concentration.

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Pokorný, Jaroslav, Milena Pavlíková, and Zbyšek Pavlík. "Durability of Two Types of HPC at Sulphate Solution Environment." Key Engineering Materials 722 (December 2016): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.722.66.

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Sulphate attack of concrete and cement composites comprises sulphate ions migration into the material porous space and their following reaction with hydration products in the presence of water. Newly formed compounds initiate filling of porous space and volume expansion. Sulphate corrosion phenomenon still belongs to the main mechanism affecting the durability and service life of concrete structures. This paper deals with the investigation of sulphate resistance of two types of High Performance Concrete (HPC) exposed for 168 days to sodium sulphate water solution and reference environment of distilled water. Corrosive action is monitored at chosen time periods non-destructively, i.e. using measurement of length and mass changes, basic physical characteristics and dynamic moduli. Additionally, destructive tests of mechanical parameters are realised. For samples immersed in distilled water, improvement in mechanical strength is observed for the both studied HPCs. In case of HPC C I containing crushed aggregate, the improvement of mechanical resistivity is observed for samples exposed to sulphate solution for 140 days only. For other researched period of sulphate exposure, mechanical strength decreased in comparison with the reference values. On the other hand, HPC C II exhibited mechanical resistivity to sulphate action in all examined time periods of sulphate solution exposure.

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Khorokhorina, I. V., S. I. Lazarev, O. S. Filimonova, A. A. Orlov, and M. I. Mikhailin. "Features of Ultrafiltration Purification of Waste Water from Sodium Lauryl Sulphate." Voprosy sovremennoj nauki i praktiki. Universitet imeni V.I. Vernadskogo, no. 4(82) (2021): 048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17277/voprosy.2021.04.pp.048-055.

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A study of the process of ultrafiltration separation of a solution containing an anionic surfactant on membranes of different types: cellulose acetate and polysulfonamide was carried out. It was found that the material of the active layer of the composite membrane has a significant effect on the ultrafiltration separation of such solutions. High values of the retention coefficient during ultrafiltration separation of solutions containing anionic surfactants were obtained in dilute solutions.

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Kozaderova, Olga A., Ksenia B. Kim, Petr E. Belousov, Anna V. Timkova, and Sabukhi I. Niftaliev. "Electrodialysis of a sodium sulphate solution with experimental bentonite-modified bipolar membranes." Kondensirovannye sredy i mezhfaznye granitsy = Condensed Matter and Interphases 23, no. 4 (2021): 518–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2021.23/3670.

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The aim of this work is to study the characteristics of the electrodialysis of a sodium sulphate solution with experimental bipolar membranes based on the MA-41 anion exchange membrane and a liquid sulphonated cation-exchanger modified with bentonite clays. The conversion of sodium sulphate was conducted by electrodialysis with bipolar membranes obtained by applying a liquid sulphonated cation-exchanger containing particles of bentonite clay to the MA-41 anion-exchange membrane.To increase the performance of membranes in terms of hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, we carried out organomodifications of bentonite with alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and stearic acid at various concentrations. The bipolar membrane with the addition of bentonite modified with alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (2 wt%) showed a higher performance in terms of H+-ions. The bipolar membrane with bentonite modified with stearic acid (3 wt%) added to its cation-exchangelayer is the most effective in terms of obtaining a flux of OH--ions. It was shown that a combination ofalkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (2 wt%) and stearic acid (3 wt%) used to modify bentonite can increase the performance of the bipolar membrane during the conversion of sodium sulphate, both in terms of the acid and alkali.

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Pernicová, Radka, and Daniel Dobiáš. "Effect of Pozzolanic Additive on Pore Structure of Cement Mortar." Advanced Materials Research 923 (April 2014): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.923.89.

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In this paper are explored the changes of pore structures of mortar with pozzolanic admixture exposed to aggressive environments, namely 5% wt. sodium sulphate solution. Influence of non-flowing sulphate solution on the test specimens were determined in dependence on the different type of cement and used minced clay brick as pozzolanic admixture. Attention is also paid to the properties of the individual components of the mortar. From the results obtained follows that the additive of minced clay bricks has positive impact on the sulphate resistance.

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Bednarska, Dalia, and Marcin Koniorczyk. "Crystallization from Sodium Sulphate Solution Confined in Red Clay Brick during Temperature Decrease." Key Engineering Materials 916 (April 7, 2022): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-14k7oj.

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Water with dissolved contaminations is a frequent problem faced in porous building materials such as masonry, or cement-based composites. It regards both contemporary constructions, and those belonging to the cultural heritage. Among soluble salts, sodium sulfate is recognized as one of the most dangerous one. Since crystals of Na2SO4 can occur in the variety of forms, its crystallization in pores of a building material is a challenging and not fully recognized issue. The main object of the presented research is to identify the consecutive phase transitions occurring within red clay brick containing sodium sulphate solution during cooling. The first stage of an experimental investigation was performed by means of mercury intrusion porosimetry to verify whether cyclic crystallization has a damaging effect on material microstructure. In the second step of experimental analysis differential scanning calorimetry was applied. The technique was used to monitor the crystallization of sodium sulphate confined in samples during repeating cooling-heating cycles covering temperature range from -20°C to 40°C. It was observed that during primary crystallization, sodium sulfate heptahydrate is the first precipitating phase and the transition begins far below its equilibrium temperature. Subsequently, the heptahydrate transforms into mirabilite, which probably induced rapid ice crystallization. Nevertheless, if decahydrate nuclei are provided in pore solution, sodium sulphate precipitates directly as mirabilite with no heptahydrate formation. Such a pattern is observed for both analysed solution concentration, i.e. 25% and 30%.

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Barbosa, Sérgio Valmor, Cristiane Maria Sodré Barroso, and Patrícia Alvarez Ruiz. "Cytotoxicity of endodontic irrigants containing calcium hydroxide and sodium lauryl sulphate on fibroblasts derived from mouse L929 cell line." Brazilian Dental Journal 20, no. 2 (2009): 118–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402009000200005.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of root canal irrigating solutions containing calcium hydroxide and sodium lauryl sulphate on fibroblasts derived from L929 cell line. Saturated calcium hydroxide aqueous solution (CH), sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) and SLS associated with calcium hydroxide (HCT20) were diluted with sterile distilled water at 50%, 20%, 10% and 5% concentrations. Minimum essential medium (MEM) served as the control group. The cytotoxicity of the solutions was evaluated on L929 mouse fibroblast cell line, at 4 and 24 h of contact time by the 51Cr radiotracer method. Data were compared and statistical inferences were made with the chi-square test. In all analysis, significance level was set at 5%. CH and HCT20 showed toxicity at 50% concentration, while at concentrations lower than 50% these solutions showed cell tolerance. SLS was cytotoxic at all concentrations. In conclusion, the association of calcium hydroxide and SLS (HCT20) combines the beneficial properties of these solutions and was not harmful to the fibroblast cell line, seeming to be a suitable endodontic irrigating solution.

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Ajala, M. O., and S. O. Asaolu. "Efficiency of the salt flotation technique in the recovery of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from the soil." Journal of Helminthology 69, no. 1 (1995): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00013754.

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AbstractThe efficacy of the salt flotation technique using saturated solutions of sodium nitrate (specific gravity 1.30) and zinc sulphate (specific gravity 1.16) for separating Ascaris lumbricoides eggs from clay, loamy and sandy soils has been investigated. Ten samples of each of the egg concentrations of 100, 500, 2500, 5000 and 10,000 eggs/25 g of soil were used for each soil type. Using T-test and ANOVA, the number of eggs recovered from sand was significantly higher than from loam and the number from loam significantly higher than from clay. With sodium nitrate, the maximum egg recovery rate was 25.04% from sandy soil at a concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil while with zinc sulphate it was 13.88% also from sandy soil and concentration of 500 eggs/25 g soil. While the number of eggs recovered increased with soil egg concentration, the percentage of eggs recovered is inversely proportional to egg concentration. The number of eggs recovered with sodium nitrate was significantly higher than with zinc sulphate solution in the three soil types.

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V., R. K. S. SUSARLA, and SHERWOOD D. "Solubility of Calcium Sulphate in the Binary NaCl-H2O and Ternary NaCl-MgSO4-H2O Systems." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 75, Jan 1998 (1998): 24–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5913053.

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Central Salt & Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar-364 002 Manuscript received 16 November 1995, revised 19 August 1996, accept.ed 3 January 1997 The solubility of calcium sulphate in different concentrations of sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate have been determined at 25, 35 and 100º. The calcium sulphate occurs as its dehydrate at lower temperatures bot at higher temperatures as its anhydrate in the solid phase. The study has been extended to the solubility of calcium sulphate in the system NaCI-H2O and NaCI-MgSO4-H2O. Further, it has been applied to interpret the solubility of calcium sulphate with increasing density of sea water brine and underground brines in view of the multi-ions occurring in them.

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Falaciński, Paweł, Agnieszka Machowska, and Łukasz Szarek. "The Impact of Chloride and Sulphate Aggressiveness on the Microstructure and Phase Composition of Fly Ash-Slag Mortar." Materials 14, no. 16 (2021): 4430. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164430.

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The article discusses the results of examining the impact of aggressive solutions on specimens of mortars with a slag-ash binder. Bar specimens were exposed to unidirectional diffusion of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate for 90 days. Next, the specimens were subjected to flexural and compressive strength tests, ion content tests, XRD phase composition tests, and microstructural SEM-EDS tests. The test results indicated that aggressive solution action resulted in decreased flexural strength, however, it did not impact the compressive strength of mortars. A minor impact of chloride ions on the pH of the pore liquid was recorded, while the tests did not show any influence of sulphate ions. Furthermore, aggressive ion concentration decreased in deeper specimen slices. Specimen phase composition testing after chloride ion action indicated the presence of a small amount of Friedel’s salt, while regular sodium chloride crystals were identified in the microscopic image. The performance properties of mortars exposed to the action of aggressive solutions were maintained.

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Ohlenschlaeger, J., J. Friberg, D. Ramsing, and T. Agner. "Temperature dependency of skin susceptibility to water and detergents." Acta Dermato-Venereologica 76, no. 4 (1996): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/0001555576274276.

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Exposure to water and detergents is an important factor for development of irritant contact dermatitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of temperature on the damaging effects of water and detergents on the skin. Twenty healthy volunteers participated in the study. Ten participants had right and left forearms immersed into a detergent (soap) solution for 2 days twice daily for 10 min. Another 10 participants had both forearms immersed into sterile water. Right and left forearms were randomized to immersion into 20 degrees C and 40 degrees C solutions, respectively. Reactions were evaluated clinically, and by measurement of transepidermal water loss, electrical capacitance and erythema. Immersions into 40 degrees C sodium lauryl sulphate solution caused significantly increased transepidermal water loss as compared to immersion into 20 degrees C sodium lauryl sulphate solution. Electrical capacitance and erythema were not significantly influenced by temperature. Immersion into water caused no significant changes in any observed parameter. Water temperature influences the irritant capacity of a detergent. Change of temperature may be a simple but important means for prevention of irritant contact dermatitis.

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Marczewska, Julia, and Wojciech Piasta. "The impact of air content on the durability of concrete under combined sulphate and freezethaw attack." MATEC Web of Conferences 163 (2018): 05002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201816305002.

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The aim of the study was to determine the optimal air content in concretes subjected a combination of exposure conditions. Five series of concretes with different air contents were tested. The article reports the experimental results of the combined sulphate expansion and freeze-thaw attack in ordinary Portland cement concrete. Some of the concrete samples were immersed in a 5% sodium sulphate solution for nine months, and then frozen in air and thawed in water. The resistance of concrete to plain freezing and thawing was also tested. In order to compare the degree of concrete damage in both environments, long-term linear deformations (expansion) and compressive strength of concretes were investigated. To explain the complex damaging process the air-void structure in concretes was investigated. The changes in concrete microstructure after storing in sodium sulphate solution were observed under the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The prior sulphate attack significantly accelerated the deterioration of non-air-entrained concrete and air-entrained concrete with low content of air voids. Optimal air entrainment will protect concrete from the harmful effects of the interaction of sulphate attack and freezethaw damage.

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Pisarska, Bożenna, Wojciech Mikołajczak, Hanna Jaroszek, Mariusz Nowak, Rafał Dylewski, and Barbara Cichy. "Processing of sodium sulphate solutions using the EED method: from a batch toward a continuous process." Polish Journal of Chemical Technology 19, no. 1 (2017): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pjct-2017-0008.

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Abstract In a batch electro-electrodialysis (EED), sodium sulphate solution with an initial concentration of 80.90 g/dm3 was converted to obtain solutions of sodium hydroxide (13.96%) and sulphuric acid (10.15%) and a dialysate (3.23 g/dm3 of sulphate ions). Changes in the EED process′ performance (temperature, cell voltage, concentrations, energy consumption) with an increasing conversion degree of salt are presented. Based on the presented results of the batch experiment, conditions necessary to run the process continuously are discussed. A single pass method is inapplicable due to excessive heating of the electro-electrodialyser. A cascade method enables interstage cooling of the solutions, providing temperatures suitable for ion-exchange membranes to work. Increasing the number of stages in the cascade reduces both the number of electro-electrodialysers and specific electric energy consumption, providing the same production capacity. However, this increases the investment cost.

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Qasim, Heba saad, and Shukry H. Aghdeab. "Effects of Sodium Chloride and Sodium Sulphate Solutions on the Output of the Electrochemical Machining." Al-Khwarizmi Engineering Journal 15, no. 4 (2019): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.22153/kej.2019.10.004.

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Electrochemical Machining is a term given to one of nontraditional machining that uses a chemical reaction associated with electric current to remove the material. The process is depending on the principle of anodic dissolution theory for evaluating material removal during electrochemical process. In this study, the electrochemical machining was used to remove 1 mm from the length of the a workpiece (stainless steel 316 H) by immersing it in to electrolyte (10, 20 and 30 g) of NaCl and Na2SO4 to every (1 litter of filtered water). The tool used was made from copper. Gap size between the workpiece and electrode is (0.5) mm. This study focuses on the effect of the changing the type and concentration of electrolyte solution, the effect of the value of current (2, 5 and 10) A and the effect of the value of the voltage (6, 12 and 20)V on the Surface Roughness (Ra) and Material Removal Rate (MRR) of the workpiece. The results of comparison of experimental showed that (Na2SO4) solution give surface roughness less than (NaCl) solution in all levels, maximum (Ra) is (0.658) and minimum (0.420), while (NaCl) solution give maximum (Ra) is (2.913) and minimum is (0.508), also give (MRR) higher from (NaCl) solution in level (30 g/l ) at (5 A) , (10 and 20 g/l) at (10 A) ,and (30)g/l at (6 &12 V). This study aims to compare the effect of using different electrolyte solution including sodium chloride (NaCl) and sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) on the surface roughness (Ra) and material removal rate (MRR). Generally increasing in machining parameter (concentration of solution, current and voltage) lead to increase in (MRR) and (Ra).

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Ravichandran, S., and C. Rathika Thaya Kumari. "Effect of Anionic Surfactant on the Thermo Acoustical Properties of Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate in Polyvinyl Alcohol Solution by Ultrasonic Method." E-Journal of Chemistry 8, no. 1 (2011): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/741971.

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The interaction of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) / poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) solution was studied by ultrasonic velocity measurements. Ultrasonic velocity, density, viscosity in mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulphate in polyvinyl alcohol was measured over the entire range of composition. From the experimental data, other related thermodynamic parameters,viz., adiabatic compressibility, intermolecular free length, surface tension, relative association, relaxation time, absorption coefficient and internal pressure were calculated. Formations of rods interfere with velocity of ultrasonic waves. Hence the ultrasonic velocity decreases with concentration. These results were interpreted in terms of polymer-surfactant complex reactions.

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Meng, Xia, and Yong Bao Chu. "Enhancement of Chloramphenicol Sonochemical Degradation by Sodium Peroxydisulfate." Advanced Materials Research 763 (September 2013): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.763.33.

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Sonochemical degradation of the antibiotics chloramphenicol in aqueous solution with sodium peroxydisulfate sulphate (SPDS) enhancement was investigated. The preliminary studies of optimal degradation methodology were conducted with sole SPDS, cobalt activated SPDS (SPDS/Co2+), ultrasonication with SPDS (SPDS/US) and ultrasonication with cobalt activated SPDS (SPDS/Co2+/US). The effect of the initial pH values of the aqueous solution on the sonochemical degradation rate of chloramphenicol was also investigated. The results showed that the sonolysis of chloramphenicol can be accelerated remarkably by adding SPDS and the efficient treatment method for treating the chloramphenicol wastewater was ultrasound coupled cobalt activated SPDS. The ultrasonic degradation rate constants in acidic water are higher than those obtained in neutral or basic aqueous solutions.

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Usman Ghani, Usman Ghani, Shah Hussain Shah Hussain, Noor ul Amin Noor ul Amin, Maria Imtiaz Maria Imtiaz, Shahid Ali Khan Shahid Ali Khan, and Muhammad Naeem Muhammad Naeem. "Chloride and Sulfate Resistance of Calcined Lateritic Clay-Based Geopolymer." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 44, no. 2 (2022): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000995/jcsp/44.02.2022.

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The dissemination of chloride and sulfate ions greatly affects the quality and strength of concrete obtained from cementitious materials. The current research is focused on the development of good quality geopolymer from calcined lateritic clay, sodium metasilicate, and aluminum hydroxide with optimum Si to Al ratio (by mass) and study of its resistance in aggressive environments of chloride and sulfate. Different geopolymer samples with Si to Al ratio of 3 to 1 were prepared and exposed in 8 wt.% sodium chloride and sodium sulfate solutions for 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days. The geopolymer sample with Si to Al ratio = 1.5 offers greater resistance in aggressive environments. The resistance of geopolymer remained better in sodium chloride solution than in sodium sulfate solution. The reduction of compressive strength of the geopolymer is 7% less in sodium chloride solution than in sodium sulphate solution. FTIR and XRD investigation proved that both chloride and sulfate do not affect the bonding and structural features of geopolymer however slight erosion of the surface morphology confirmed by SEM analysis. It can be concluded that an impure clay can be utilized to obtain a valuable product.

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Albuquerque, A. P. R., and J. M. P. Q. Delgado. "Soluble Salts Transport in Building Materials." Diffusion Foundations and Materials Applications 30 (August 19, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-v8s6zp.

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The most widely used materials in building construction are porous materials and the combined effect of rising dampness with soluble salts is one major problem. This phenomenon is caused by the migration of the salt ions dissolved in water into the porous network of the construction materials in the building walls, which causes fractures in the materials after several cycles of crystallization/dissolution. This work presents an extensive experimental campaign with different cycles of water absorption (capillarity absorption tests) and drying (drying tests). The samples of building material used are red brick, and the samples were, previously, submitted to capillarity absorption tests with two different saturated solutions (sodium sulphate and potassium chloride). The results showed that the two salts studied influence the porous materials and their capillary coefficient in clearly different ways and the samples immersed in sodium chloride present higher drying rates than those immersed in a saturated sodium sulphate solution.

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Xie, Xian, Kai Hou, Bo Yang, and Xiong Tong. "Activation of Sphalerite by Ammoniacal Copper Solution in Froth Flotation." Journal of Chemistry 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7614890.

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Abstract:

The activation of sphalerite particles by ammoniacal copper solution (ACS) was investigated in this study. This microflotation study was conducted on a single sphalerite mineral with the particles size of 38 μm to 75 μm. Results showed that ACS has somewhat better activation effect than copper sulphate (a traditional activator) with sodium isobutyl xanthate as the collector. Agglomeration observation, contact angle measurement, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement results of sphalerite particles verified the superiority of this new activator. Therefore, the substitution of copper sulphate with ACS would increase the separation efficiency not only in marmatite flotation but also in sphalerite flotation.

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