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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Soil leachate'
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1
Abdel, Warith Mostafa. "Migration of leachate solutin through clay soil." Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=75428.
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The problem of domestic solid wastes buried in landfill sites is viewed from the aspect of leachate contamination and migration in the substrate. Generally, this occurs through the penetration of the contaminant into the liner material. This study assesses the efficiency of natural clay barriers as an expedient economic lining material.<br>Various chemical constituents of the landfill leachate of an actual waste containment site at Lachenaie (35 km east of Montreal) were determined from samples collected from specially designed basins.<br>In companion laboratory tests, these leachate samples were permeated through laboratory columns that contained the natural clay compacted at the optimum water content. The columns were constructed so as to permit simulation of slow, saturated, anaerobic flow of leachate through the clay lining surrounding the landfill and leachate basins. Leachates were permeated through the soil columns for periods of four to five months, during which effluents were collected periodically and analyzed for different chemical species and physical parameters. These chemical analyses measured changes in the concentration of: (a) cations (Na, K, Ca, and Mg), (b) anions (Cl, HCO$ sb3$, and CO$ sb3$), (c) total organic carbon (TOC), and (d) heavy metals (Fe, Zn, Pb, and Cu). The physical parameters measured included: (a) pH, and (b) specific conductivity.<br>Subsequent to the leaching tests, the column contents were cut into six sections and analyzed to determine the distribution profiles of the adsorbed and retained contaminants at various time durations.<br>Predictions, using a dispersion-convection model for concentration profile development for either adsorbed or retained contaminants, were compared with the experimentally determined profiles (both in leaching columns and landfill laboratory model).<br>Another set of experiments was also conducted to evaluate the effect of some organic fluids on the geotechnical properties of different clay soils (natural clay and two reference clay soils: illite and kaolinite).<br>The results from this study have demonstrated that the natural clay soil can be used to adequately contain the different contaminant species usually present in the leachate solutions. Furthermore, the data suggested that under favourable soil conditions, landfill leachates containing low levels of trace metals will not pose a substantial contamination threat to the subsurface environment, provided that a proper thickness of barrier is used. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
2
Williamson, Kimberley. "Soil - vegetation based remediation studies of landfill leachate." Thesis, Bangor University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393608.
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Soga, Benedictus Hope. "Regeneration of heavy metal contaminated soil leachate with chitosan flakes." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33844.
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Chemical treatment of contaminated soils (in-situ or ex-situ) is the current most practical option for remediation. The degree of metal complexation by organic acids depends on the type, concentration, metal type, pH and temperature. The influence of pH, temperature on the extraction efficiency of lead, zinc and copper was evaluated using Sodium citrate and sodium acetate buffers. Sodium citrate buffer was selected for the soil treatment. The soil was characterized for its pH, total metal content and the distribution of target heavy metals in soil fractions. Optimal conditions for Pb extraction with 0.5M citrate buffer was used to treat soil in batches and in columns, to evaluate their extraction efficiency and possible use for in-situ remediation.<br>Chitosan, a derivative of chitin is a versatile biopolymer with metal uptake capabilities. Due to the large amounts of chitosan required to treat heavily contaminated leachates, magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) metals granules were evaluated for stripping the heavy metals from solution before the use of chitosan at optimized conditions to effectively polish the soil washing. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
4
Freewood, Robert John. "Landfill leachate attenuation characteristics of colliery spoil." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390711.
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Milad, Ziad Abdelsalam. "An experimental investigation of landfill leachate impact on surrounding soil." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/68312/.
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Landfill leachate is generated as a consequence of water percolation through the solid wastes, oxidation of the wastes, and corrosion of the wastes. Underdesigned landfill sites allow the leachate to easily pass through the soil strata. This may have an impact on the engineering properties of soils, such as the shear strength and the volume change (compressibility and swelling), and the chemical properties (adsorption and retention of heavy metals). In this thesis, a detailed experimental investigation was undertaken to investigate the effects of landfill leachate contamination on the geotechnical and geo-environmental properties of natural soils of Kuwait. Two soils (a silty sand and a clayey sand) were used in the study. The soils were obtained from the Al-Jahra landfill site based in Kuwait. The leachate was collected from the Al-Qurain landfill site in Kuwait. The results from the direct shear and consolidation tests on compacted soil specimens that interacted with leachate and water indicated that, the influence of contamination was severe on the engineering properties of the clayey sand than that of the silty sand. The geoenvironmental properties of the soils were studied to assess the transport and fate of heavy metals in the soils. Leaching column tests were carried out to establish the breakthrough curves which showed retention of heavy metals (As, Cr, Cu and Ni) by both soils. The results from batch isotherm adsorption tests were used to study the ability of the soils to adsorb heavy metals. The test results showed that, heavy metal adsorption was superior in the clayey sand than that occurred in the silty sand. The leaching column test results was used to validate the HYDRUS 1D software package. The results from the model and the laboratory tests results were found to be in good agreements. The bearing capacity and settlement behavior of the soils were modelled. The settlement behavior of the soils was found to be more pronounced due to the presence of landfill leachate. The conclusions drawn from the experimental and numerical investigations favour a further understanding of some of the key issues associated with the transport and fate of leachate in the surrounding environment of a landfill site.
6
Gimbert, Laura Jane. "Phosphorus speciation in soil leachate using field-flow fractionation and flow injection analysis." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1916.
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Colloidal material (0.001 - 1 um) in soil leachate and agricultural drainage waters is an important route for the transport of contaminants such as phosphorus from land to catchments. Excessive phosphorus concentrations can result in eutrophication of natural waters. To be able to characterise the colloidal material, in terms of size distribution, a mild and relatively new separation technique field-flow fractionation (FFF) can be used to fractionate complex colloidal samples. By combining FFF and flow injection analysis (FIA) more detailed physico-chemical information on phosphorus species in soil leachates and agricultural runoff waters can be obtained. Chapter 1 describes the methods used to determine phosphorus and also to characterise colloidal material, especially using FFF, and particularly focusing on the Flow FFF (FIFFF) sub-technique. Chapter 2 concentrates on the experimental considerations for FIFFF with recommended procedures for the setup and calibration of the system. In Chapter 3, SdFFF is used to compare the use of centrifugation and filtration for the fractionation of an Australian soil suspension, and demonstrates the uncertainties surrounding the use of conventional membrane filtration. FIFFF is used in Chapter 4 to optimise a sampling, treatment and preparation protocol for two contrasting soil types sampled in the UK. Centrifugation and filtration methods are also compared in a similar approach used in Chapter 3. In Chapter 5 a portable Fl monitor is optimised for the detection of reactive phosphorus. The linear range for the Fl monitor is determined as 0.8 - 8.0 uM PO4-P with a limit of detection o f 0.6 uM PO4-P. A digestion method is also optimised for the determination of total phosphorus using an acidic peroxydisulphate autoclaving method. In Chapter 6, FIFFF and FIA are combined in an experiment describing the fractionation of a soil suspension and the subsequent determination of phosphorus associated with different size fractions. The results from this combination show great potential and will help improve our understanding of the role of colloids in phosphorus transport from agricultural land to catchments.
7
Cox, Stephen Easton. "The use of horizontal wells for leachate and gas control in landfills." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2002. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/393610/.
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Abdulmalek, Mohamed Milad. "Influence of landfill leachate on growth response and mineral content of Swiss chard." Thesis, Cape Peninisula University of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2001.
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Thesis (MTech (Agriculture))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2014.<br>In this study, laboratory and greenhouse experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of utilization of land fill leachate for irrigation purposes on potted soil and Swiss chard, to provide more insight into effects of landfill leachates on the environment. Swiss chard was grown and irrigated with different concentrations of leachates in pot experiments. For several weeks, the experimental soil and Swiss chard leaves was analyzed to assess extent of change in different chemical compositions, post-irrigation. The leachate samples had a high electrical conductivity (mean = 383 mS cm-1) and high soluble salts content (mean values, Na = 714.5 mg/L, K= 56.8 mg/L, Ca = 133.7 mg/L, Mg = 68.8 mg/L, Cl = 983 mg/L); while the composition of heavy metals in these wastewater leachates were of low concentrations. The application of leachates in irrigation resulted in increased soil cation concentrations, particularly those of Na ions (increased sodicity). Similarly, an increase in electrical conductivity and pH were recorded in the soils after irrigation with leachates. The soil metal concentrations were low and there was no significant difference in soil heavy metal concentrations between the soils irrigated with leachate and those of the controls. The results also show significant (p <0.05) reduction (up to 50%) in Swiss chard growth with application of (100%, 50% and 25%) of leachate as source of irrigation water
compared to the growth observed in leachate-free (control) irrigation systems. This
reduction in growth was best attributed to the high cation content in plant tissue picked up from the soil which was high in cations as a result of leachate irrigation.
9
Reid, Mary Elizabeth. "Nitrate potential from sludge and inorganic fertilizer in soil leachate beneath an irrigated agricultural field." FIND on the Web, 1990.
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Reid, Mary Elizabeth 1943. "Nitrate potential from sludge and inorganic fertilizer in soil leachate beneath an irrigated agricultural field." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192052.
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Two sets of continuous deep soil cores were removed from a 4 hectare field during the third year of crop treatment. Samples were removed once following sludge addition and once 6 weeks later following inorganic fertilizer application and a 30 cm pre-planting irrigation. A total of 504 soil samples were analyzed for soil texture, gravimetric moisture content, electrolytical conductivity, and pH, as well as concentrations of NO₃ , Cl⁻ , NO₂, and organic C. After three annual sludge applications, soil beneath plots amended with sludge, had higher average water-extractable NO3 concentration than plots amended with inorganic fertilizer. From one sampling date to the next, the field-averaged concentration of NO₃ increased from 282 mg 1⁻¹ to 335 mg 1⁻¹ . Results suggest a trend of increasing NO₃ in the vadose zone.
11
Kumpiene, Jurate. "Role of soil organic matter for immobilisation of metals : treatment of leachate from MSWI bottom ashes." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Geovetenskap och miljöteknik, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-16842.
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In this thesis, the focus is laid on the ability of natural organic matter (OM) to serve as a metal stabilising agent. The metal contaminants investigated arise from the MSWI bottom ash leachate. Besides the high content of metals, elevated pH and salinity are characteristic for ash leachate that, in turn, can alter the functionality of OM. Batch and column leaching tests were used to study the retention capacity of substrates with different amount of OM. Also, field observations were made of the influence of ash leachate on soil and plants. In this case, ash leachate was generated under field conditions from an experimental road built on municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ashes. It has been shown that copper, chromium, and lead retention is proportional to OM content of the substrates. Zinc retention showed to have the least dependence on OM. The metals were not leached in proportion to dissolved OM. Most probably several mechanisms were responsible for the retention of metals: (i) high concentration of Ca in ash leachate could lead to the formation of Ca-dissolved organic carbon (DOC) complexes that have the ability to precipitate some metals (ionic strength effect) and prevent metal transport; (ii) high solution pH could favour hydroxide formation and counteract the metal complexation with dissolved OM, as well as (iii) surface adsorption could contribute to metal retention. Despite the good metal retention capacity of OM, a continuous metal load will occupy binding sites of OM and therefore reduce its retention capacity. Metal retention capacity of rich in OM substrate could be improved by additional soil amendments and vegetation. Tolerant plant species that are capable to grow at high soil metal concentrations and immobilize pollutants within the root zone have a potential to be used for phytostabilisation of metal contaminated soil. Such plants are also associated with a low risk of the translocation of contaminants from soil through plant roots to shoots, i.e. from one media to another. Immobilization is not a technology for the removal of contaminants from soil but for the stabilization (inactivation) of potentially toxic metals. The aim of soil remediation is to reduce the contaminant exposure and spread. Then the reduced leaching, bioavailability, as well as ecotoxicity of metals as a result of phytostabilisation might be a proper solution. Development of suitable soil and amendment mixtures capable to retain broad range of metals and interaction of plants with stabilised matrix are the questions to be answered in the future research.<br>Godkänd; 2003; 20070109 (mlk)
12
Kiongo, Simon Chege. "Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) response to nitrogen forms and phosphorus sources in different soil types." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77834.
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Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important tuber crops globally and is classified amongst the most crucial food crops in Africa. South Africa has a very vibrant potato industry, producing about 2.5 million tonnes every year, with quantities bettered only by Algeria and Egypt.
Potato production is very expensive (R150 000 ha-1), with fertilizers contributing 20%. Potato is highly reliant on steady nutrient supply and any deficiencies result in poor yield. Potato fertilizer demand is higher than that of other crops such as cereals and it has a very unique demand for phosphorus (P), which is vital from its early development to maturity. In addition, potato has a very shallow root system, which compromises P uptake, making most potato cultivars ineffective in nutrient uptake. Therefore, high P fertilizer rates are applied of which <20% is utilized by plants within a few days after application and about a further 4% within the next 10 days, mostly due to fixation.
The production of P fertilizer, such as super phosphate (SP) is energy-consuming, costly and emits fluorine. There is also a risk of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in soils and plants due to the heavy fertilisation, posing a risk to human health, animals and aquatic life. Runoff phosphorus leads to eutrophication of water bodies. In addition, P fertilizer production is severely threatened by declining rock phosphate (RP) reserves, expected to hit a low by 2200. This will result in a hike in P fertiliser prices as miners move to low concentration ores. The high demand of P in potato, the environmental and human health risks, the high costs and declining reserves, all call for prudent and sustainable management of P in potato production.
Nitrate and ammonium results in contrasting plant metabolism and growth. Most importantly through rhizosphere modification where ammonium supply results in reduced soil pH while nitrate results in increased soil pH. The pH reduction in ammonium supplied soils increases P dissolution and availability while the opposite is noted in nitrate. Most of the studies in this phosphorus-nitrogen interaction have been conducted on tree species, grasses and cereal crops with little done on tuber crops. In addition, the application of RP directly to plants could help cut the emissions, processing costs and environmental contamination associated with chemical P fertiliser production. There is, therefore, an urgent need to develop P fertilizer management systems to effectively manage this finite resource by improving its use efficiency for maximum yield at optimum application rates.
To attain this objective, two experiments were conducted, namely a laboratory study to investigate the interaction between nitrogen forms and phosphorus sources in soil columns without a test crop, and a glasshouse pot trial to investigate the same interaction with potato as test crop.
The column study treatments comprised of two soil types, N supplied as ammonium or nitrate and three P sources (SP, RP and a P0) to give 12 treatments that were replicated four times to give 48 columns. Mechanical dry packing method was used. The columns were leached with one pore volume over four watering events (1, 21, 42 and 63 days) and terminated on day 90. The leachate was collected in glass bottles at the column bases and analysed for pH, phosphorus, calcium, potassium and magnesium contents.
A glasshouse pot trial was set up at the University of Pretoria Experimental Farm with potato cultivar Mondial as the test crop over two seasons, with a high and low initial soil P in season one and two, respectively. One minituber was planted per 10 litre pot. Watering was done using a pressure compensated drip irrigation system. Data was collected at tuber initiation (TI) and at the end of the season (ES). Parameters assessed included plant height, dry masses, number of tubers initiated, yield, leaf tissue and soil P status.
Significant phosphorus-nitrogen interactions occurred on most assessed parameters in both trials. The exceptions were pH, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and magnesium levels, at some stages of the column study. Significant phosphorus-nitrogen interactions were noted at all watering events for both soil and leachate pH, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentration. In the pot trial, significant phosphorus-nitrogen interactions were noted for most of the plant measurements at both the TI and ES assessment periods with a few exceptions. Ammonium + SP produced the highest tuber initiation rate and final yield, as well as highest tissue and plant available P levels in both seasons.
In the leachate and soils at the end of the column study, as well as at both stages assessed in the pot trial, ammonium treatments tended to have higher P contents. In the pot trial, ammonium treatments gave taller plants, but with lower dry mass compared to nitrate. Nitrate treatments had higher soil and leachate pH compared to ammonium treatments in both trials. Plants supplied with SP tended to have longer haulms and roots, higher haulm and root biomass and higher yield compared to treatments with RP and P0.
The findings of these trials indicated that ammonium results in higher phosphorus dissolution (with or without a crop) and uptake by plants due to increased soil acidity. The resulting effect on potato crop is an increase in the number of tubers initiated and higher yields.
However, the positive effect of ammonium was mostly achieved in combination with superphosphate. Rock phosphate, despite the increased yields, compared to treatments without P, gave inferior plant performance and is therefore not a worthy substitute for superphosphate.<br>Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2020.<br>Plant Production and Soil Science<br>MSc (Agric)<br>Unrestricted
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Burgers, C. L. (Colleen Lucie). "Synthesis and characterisation of sesquioxidic precipitates formed by the reaction of acid mine drainage with fly ash leachate." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16266.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Coal mining in South Africa is estimated to produce 200 Ml of acid mine drainage
(AMD) per day in the Pretoria-Witwatersrand-Vereeniging (PWV) area alone, while
electricity production resulted in approximately 27 Mt of ash in 2001. A large number
of collieries in South Africa are tied to power stations where these two waste streams,
acid mine drainage and fly ash, have the capacity to neutralize each other and provide
an opportunity for co-disposal.
The aim of this study was to investigate the reactions that occur during the co-disposal
of fly ash leachate (FAL) and AMD and to examine the precipitates that result from
the neutralisation reactions. Potentiometric titration was employed to investigate the
neutralisation of Al-Fe salt solutions, simulating acid mine drainage (AMD), with
alkaline solutions of Ca or Na hydroxide as well as fresh alkaline leachate from fly
ash (FAL). The effectiveness of fly ash in removing metals and other salts from acid
mine water was examined by analysing the neutralised water and modelling the
results thermodynamically. Precipitates, prepared from large scale synthetic AMD
and FAL co-disposal at various pH levels and Fe:Al ratios, were characterised
according to composition, mineralogy and surface properties.
The experimental neutralisation of synthetic acid mine drainage was achieved through
titrating the components of SAMD (Fe and Al salt solutions) and solutions of various
Fe:Al mole ratios with different bases in air and N2, and comparing the SAMD-FAL
system with these simple acids and bases. The FAL used in all experiments was
produced from fresh fly ash collected at Arnot power station. The SAMD was
prepared as a solution with a pH of 2.5 and containing 12.7 mmol/L Al, 10.9 mmol/L
Fe and 40.8 mmol/L SO4. The characterisation of reaction solids was achieved by
collecting the precipitates formed from the co-disposal of FAL and SAMD with Fe:Al
ratios of 7.3, 0.8 and 2.5.
From the titration experiments it was found that upscale potentiometric titrations of
SAMD show buffer zones at pH values of 3.5, 4, 6 and 10 corresponding to Fe(III)precipitation, Al precipitation, Fe(II) hydrolysis and oxidation, and Al redissolution,
respectively, while downscale potentiometric titrations with SAMD show buffer
zones at pH values 12 – 11, 9 and 4.5, which correspond to Fe oxidation and
precipitation, Al precipitation and Al re-dissolution, respectively. A high
concentration of Al in the simulated AMD inhibited the crystallinity of the
precipitates and resulted in a large quantity of SO4 being removed from solution,
which suggests that an aluminium sulphate phase is precipitating, but it is not
crystalline and cannot be identified by XRD. Titrations performed up-scale by adding
FAL to AMD showed near-complete metal and substantial SO4 removal from
solution.
The characterisation of reaction solids by x-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy,
thermal gravimetric and differential thermal analysis revealed that the precipitates
consist of poorly crystalline, highly Al-substituted goethite and ferrihydrite with large
amounts of SO4 included in the structure. Poorly crystalline bayerite appears at a high
pH and high Al concentration, and calcite is present in precipitates made by adding
SAMD to FAL. High surface charges of between 330 cmolc/kg positive and 550
cmolc/kg negative charge and potentially large specific surface areas between 7 and
236 m2/g suggest a strong potential for the precipitates to function as low-grade
adsorbents in wastewater treatment. The similarity of these ochre precipitates to soil
minerals implies that land disposal of the neutralised solids is also viable.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Steenkool mynbou in SA produseer na benaming 200 ML suur mynwater per dag in
die PWV area alleenlik, terwyl opwekking van elektrisiteit naastenby 27 Mt vliegas
geproduseer het in 2001. ’n Groot aantal steenkoolmyne in SA word verbind met
kragsentrales, waar hierdie twee strome afval, suur mynwater en vliegas, die
kapasiteit het om mekaar te neutraliseer en die weg te baan vir gesamentlike
wegdoening.
Die doel van hierdie studie was om die reaksies wat plaasvind gedurende
gesamentlike wegdoening van vliegas loog (VAL) en suur mynwater (SMW) te
ondersoek, asook die neerslae wat mag vorm as gevolg van neutralisasie reaksies.
Potensiometriese titrasies was gebruik om die neutralisering tussen Al:Fe-sout
oplossings te ondersoek as nabootsing van SMW met gebruikmaking van alkaliese
oplossings van Ca of Na hidroksied asook vars loog van VA. Die effektiwiteit van
VA om metale en soute uit SMW te verwyder was getoets deur outleding van die
geneutraliseerde water en modellering van die termodinamika. Neerslae berei uit
groot-skaal sintetiese SMW en VAL en met gelyktydige storting by verskeie pH
vlakke en Fe:Al verhoudings, was gekarakteriseer volgens samestelling, mineralogie
en oppervlak eienskappe.
Die eksperimentele neutralisering van sintetiese suur mynwater (SSMW) was gedoen
deur titrering van die SSMW komponente en oplossings van verskeie Fe:Al molêre
verhoudings met verskillende basisse in lug en N2, en vergelyking van SSMW-VAL
sisteem met hierdie eenvoudige sure en basisse. Die VAL gebruik in alle
eksperimente was geproduseer van vliegas verkry van die Arnot kragsentrale. Die
SSMW was berei as ’n oplossing met ’n pH van 2.5 en bevat 12.7 mmol/L Al, 10.9
mmol/L Fe en 40.8 mmol/L SO4. Die karakterisering van vastestowwe uit die reaksie
was gedoen deur die bemonstering van neerslae gevorm as gevolg van die gelyktydige
wegdoening van VAL en SSMW met Al:Fe verhoudings van 7.3, 0.8 en 2.5.Die was waargeneem in die titrasie eksperimente dat hoër-skaal potensiometriese
titrasie van SSMW buffersones, by pH waardes 3.5, 4, 6 en 10, ooreenstem met
Fe(III) presipitasie, Al presipitasie, Fe(II) hidrolise en oksidasie, en Al her oplossing,
terwyl laer skaal potensiometriese titrasie met SSMW buffer sones by pH waardes 12
- 11, 9 en 4.5 ooreenstem met Fe(III) presipitasie en oksidasie, Al presipitasie en
heroplossing respektiewelik. ’n Hoë konsentrasie Al in die sintetiese SMW het
kristalliniteit van die neerslae geïnhibeer en veroorsaak dat ’n hoeveelheid SO4 uit
oplossing verwyder is, wat suggereer dat die AlSO4 fase neerslaan maar nie kristallyn
is en gevolglik nie opgetel word met x-straal diffraksie nie. Titrasies gedoen by hoërskaal
deur byvoeging van VAL tot SSMW, het feitlik volledige metaal en SO4
verwydering uit oplossing getoon.
Die karakterisering deur x-straal diffraksie, infrarooispektroskopie, termies
gravimetries en differentiële termiese analise, het getoon dat die presipitate bestaan uit
swak kristallyne, hoë Al-gesubstitueerde goethiet en ferrihidriet met groot
hoeveelhede SO4 vasgevang in die struktuur. Swak kristallyne bayeriet verskyn by
hoë pH en hoë Al-konsentrasies en kalsiet is teenwoordig in neerslae gevorm deur
byvoeging van SSMW tot VAL. Hoë oppervlakladings van tussen 330 cmolc/kg
positief en 550 cmolc/kg negatiewe lading en ook potensieel groot spesifieke
oppervlak van tussen 7 en 236 m2/g, dui op ’n sterk potensiaal vir neerslae om as
laegraadse adsorbeermiddels in afvalwaterbehandeling gebruik te word. Die
ooreenstemming in hierdie geelbruin neerslae met grond minerale, impliseer dat die
land storting van geneutraliseerde vastestowwe ook lewensvatbaar is.
14
Shuster, William D. "Influences of Earthworm community dynamics on soil structure, carbon distribution, solute transport, and leachate production in Ohio Agroecosystems /." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1488194825667784.
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Lindsey-Robbins, Josephine C. "Effects of Detritivores on Nutrient Dynamics and Corn Biomass in Agroecosystems." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1561588059374285.
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Ahmad, Faheem. "Numerical modelling of transport of pollutant through soils." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08182009-040239/.
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Wadgaonkar, Shrutika. "Nouveaux procédés de bioremédiation pour le traitement des sols et des sédiments sélénifères." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1105.
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L'objectif de cette thèse a été de développer une technologie pour l'assainissement des sols / sédiments sélénifères et d’étudier la réduction microbienne des oxy-anions de sélénium dans différentes conditions de respiration et de configurations du bioréacteur.Le sol sélénifère prélevé, dans les terres agricoles cultivées de blé au Pendjab (Inde), a été caractérisé et son lavage a été optimisé en faisant varier les paramètres tels que le temps de réaction, la température, le pH et le rapport liquide / solide. Afin de maximiser l'élimination et la récupération du sélénium à partir de ce sol, l'effet des ions compétiteurs et les composés oxydants comme les agents d'extraction pour le lavage du sol, ont également été étudiés. Bien que les agents oxydants aient montré une efficacité maximale d'élimination du sélénium (39%), la présence d'agents oxydants dans le lixiviat et le sol agricole peut augmenter le coût de leur post-traitement. Les plantes aquatiques, Lemma minor et Egeria densa ont été utilisées pour étudier la phyto-remédiation du lixiviat du sol contenant des agents oxydants. Cependant, l'efficacité d'élimination du sélénium par les plantes aquatiques a été significativement affectée par les fortes concentrations de ces agents oxydants dans le lixiviat du sol.Le rinçage du sol sélénifère a révélé un motif de migration du sélénium à travers la colonne du sol. La migration de la fraction de sélénium soluble de la couche supérieure vers la couche inférieure et sa réduction et son accumulation subséquentes dans les couches inférieures de la colonne de sol, ont été observées pendant le rinçage du sol. L'efficacité d'élimination du sélénium par la méthode de rinçage du sol a diminué avec une augmentation de la hauteur de la colonne. De plus, le lixiviat contenant des oxy-anions de sélénium obtenus à partir du lavage du sol, a été traité dans un réacteur UASB en faisant varier l'alimentation organique. Des effluents contenant moins de 5 μg de sélénium L-1 ont été obtenus, ce qui est conforme aux normes de l'USEPA pour la limite de rejet de sélénium dans les eaux usées.De plus, la bio-remédiation ex situ des oxy-anions de sélénium a été étudiée dans des conditions variables. Une bactérie aérobie (Delftia lacustris) capable de transformer le sélénate et le sélénite en sélénium élémentaire, mais aussi en composés d'ester de sélénium solubles jusque-là inconnus, a été isolée et caractérisée de manière fortuite. Alternativement, la bio-réduction anaérobie du sélénate couplé au méthane en tant que donneur d'électrons, a été étudiée dans des bouteilles de sérum et un filtre percolateur en utilisant des sédiments marins comme inoculum. Enfin, l'effet de la contamination d'autres oxy-anions chalcogènes, en plus du sélénium, a été étudié. La réduction simultanée de la sélénite et de la tellurite par un consortium microbien mixte ainsi que la rétention des nanostructures de Se et de Te biogènes dans l'EPS, ont été réalisées durant une opération de 120 jours dans un bioréacteur UASB<br>The aim of this Ph.D. was to develop a technology for the remediation of seleniferous soils/sediments and to explore microbial reduction of selenium oxyanions under different respiration conditions and bioreactor configurations.Seleniferous soil collected from the wheat-grown agricultural land in Punjab (India) was characterized and its soil washing was optimized by varying parameters such as reaction time, temperature, pH and liquid to solid ratio. In order to maximize selenium removal and recovery from this soil, effect of competing ions and oxidizing agents as chemical extractants for soil washing were also studied. Although oxidizing agents showed a maximum selenium removal efficiency (39%), the presence of oxidizing agents in the leachate and the agricultural soil may increase the cost of their post-treatment. Aquatic plants, Lemma minor and Egeria densa were used to study phytoremediation of the soil leachate containing oxidizing agents. However, the selenium removal efficiency by aquatic weeds was significantly affected by the high concentrations of these oxidizing agents in the soil leachate.Seleniferous soil flushing revealed the selenium migration pattern across the soil column. Migration of soluble selenium fraction from the upper to the lower layers and its subsequent reduction and accumulation in the lower layers of the soil column was observed during soil flushing. The selenium removal efficiency by the soil flushing method decreased with an increase in the column height. Furthermore, the soil leachate containing selenium oxyanions obtained from soil washing was treated in a UASB reactor by varying the organic feed. Effluent containing less than 5 μg L-1 selenium was achieved, which is in accordance with the USEPA guidelines for selenium wastewater discharge limit.Moreover, ex situ bioremediation of selenium oxyanions was studied under variable conditions. An aerobic bacterium (Delftia lacustris) capable of transforming selenate and selenite to elemental selenium, but also to hitherto unknown soluble selenium ester compounds was serendipitously isolated and characterized. Alternatively, anaerobic bioreduction of selenate coupled to methane as electron donor was investigated in serum bottles and a biotrickling filter using marine sediment as inoculum. Finally, the effect of contamination of other chalcogen oxyanions in addition to selenium was studied. Simultaneous reduction of selenite and tellurite by a mixed microbial consortium along with the retention of biogenic Se and Te nanostructures in the EPS was achieved during a 120-day UASB bioreactor operation
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Almeida, Tania Leme de. "Implicações ambientais dos processos de atenuação de lixiviado em locais de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-25062009-123008/.
Full textAbstract:
Estudos recentes constataram a existência de processos que permitem a atenuação natural dos contaminantes presentes nos lixiviados. O adequado entendimento destes processos pode originar benefícios possíveis de serem aplicados em aterros antigos, novos ou naqueles que ainda serão concebidos. O presente estudo avaliou o comportamento e a atenuação de contaminantes dos líxiviados no solo, por meio de experimento desenvolvido em colunas de percolação e, para a avaliação da atenuação este teste é indicado por refletir as condições naturais e as características adsortivas do solo, propiciando uma melhor simulação da atenuação. O lixiviado e o solo utilizados neste experimento são provenientes do aterro sanitário de São Carlos - SP. O solo utilizado foi caracterizado quanto à composição física, química, biológica e mineralógica para verificar o transporte do percolado nas colunas e a interação solo-contaminante. Na área do aterro foram feitas perfurações, ensaios de condutividade hidráulica e avaliação da geologia local, para conhecimento das características físicas, químicas, biológicas, mineralógicas e geológicas do solo in situ. Este foi classificado como arenoso, apresentando características físicas e químicas que não se enquadram nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos, pois, a capacidade de troca de cátions, superfície específica, potencial hidrogeniônico e classe textural arenosa, evidenciam que este solo possui deficiente capacidade de retenção e imobilização de contaminantes. Além disso, pela observação in situ, constata-se que a área de disposição de resíduos sólidos de São Carlos esta situado sobre rochas da Formação Botucatu, sendo que a mineralogia do solo presente no local é composta de quartzo, caulinita, goethita, hematita, gibsita e ilita. O ensaio de condutividade hidráulica indicou que o solo presente na base do Aterro sanitário não atende a valor de permeabilidade exigida por norma, o que poderá permitir a infiltração de água da chuva, aumentando a produção do lixiviado e sua movimentação no perfil, podendo atingir as águas subterrâneas. Assim, foram traçadas curvas características do transporte de contaminantes nas amostras efluentes monitoradas durante o processo de percolação, coletadas a cada 0,25 volume de poros até atingir 10,0 volume de poros percolados. As curvas características do transporte de contaminantes traçadas apresentaram baixas concentrações de Chumbo, Cádmio, Ferro, Zinco, Manganês, Cálcio, Magnésio, Cobre, Cromo nas amostras fluentes. Já o Sódio, Potássio, Cloro, Níquel e Alumínio foram preferencialmente percolados com o lixiviado, evidenciando a variação da faixa de concentração de cada elemento no percolado. Os perfis de concentração dos metais pesados mostraram que existe uma frente de contaminação. As curvas de retenção de metais no solo mostraram que a preferência de sorção apresentada pelos solos nas colunas foi : Cobre > Cádmio > Cálcio > Zinco > Magnésio > Potássio > Manganês > Fósforo > Ferro > Níquel > Alumínio. Cujos valores retidos no solo das colunas podem estar evidenciando a capacidade deste solo em reter contaminantes.O solo em questão apresentou baixo potencial para retenção dos contaminantes presentes no lixiviado, classificado como arenoso e, com características químicas que não se enquadram nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos.<br>Recent studies had found the existence of processes that allow a natural attenuation of the leachates\'s cotaminants. An adequate understanding of these processes may originate benefits, that may be applied in ancient, new or to be created landfills. This work evaluated the contaminant\'s behavior and attenuation, contaminants existing in soil\'s leaching, throughout an experiment developed in percolation columns. This is the indicated examination for evaluate the attenuation, because it reflects soil\'s natural conditions and adsorptive characteristics, providing a better simulation of it\'s attenuation. The leachate and the soil used in this experiment came from Sao Carlos-SP landfill. The used soil has been characterized as its mineralogical\'s and physical chemical-biological\'s composition, looking for the percolated\'s transportation inside the columns, and for the interaction soil-contaminant. The landfill\'s area has been several times drilled, tested as it\'s hydraulic conductivity and assessment of local geology, in order to know the physical, chemical, biological, mineralogical and geological in situ soil\'s characteristics. This, has been classified as sandy, and, by presenting chemical characteristics that does not reach the adequated value for utilization on solid urban wastes, due to the values of CTC, SE, pH, and the textural sandy class, what shows a deficient buffering capacity in retaining and immobilisating contaminants. By observation in situ, has been found that Sao Carlos\'s solids disposal waste is located over rocks from the Botucatu formation, and the mineralogy of it is composed of quartz, caulinith, goethith, hematith, gibsith an ilith. The hydraulic conductivity test has indicated that the soil in the base of the sanitary landfill does not reaches the permeability values required by the standards, what may allow rain water\'s infiltration, and raises the amount of leachate and it\'s movement onto the ground, and even the leachete to reach the underground waters. So, has been drawn the characteristics curves of the contaminant\'s transportation in the effluents samples found during the percolation process, collected by every 0,25 VP until it reaches 10,0 VP percolated. The characteristical curves of the contaminant\'s transportation drawn showed low concentrations in the effluent samples of Lead, Cadmium, Iron, Zinc, Manganese, Calcium, Magnesium, Cooper, Chromium. Also, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorine, Nickel and Aluminium had been preferencially percolated within the leachate, what evidentiates the variation in the range of concentrations of every percolated element. The concentration profiles from heavy metal\'s had shown that there is a front of contamination. The retention curves from the soil\'s retaining metal showed that the preferency for the sorption was: Cooper > Cadmium > Calcium > Zinc > Magnesium > Potassium > Manganese > Phosphorus > Iron > Nickel > Aluminium, whose values may point the soil\'s ability in retaining contaminants. The studied soil has presented low potential in retain contaminants from the leachete, and is characterized as sandy, and it\'s chemical features shall not be framed according the standards parameters to be utilized in solid urban waste\'s disposal.
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Yazici, Veysel. "Stabilization Of Expansive Clays Using Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (gbfs), Gbfs-lime Combinations And Gbfs Cement." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12604946/index.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Expansive clays undergo a large swell when they are subjected
to water. Thus, expansive clay is one of the most abundant problems faced in geotechnical engineering applications. It causes heavy damages in structures, especially in water conveyance canals, lined reservoirs, highways, airport runways etc., unless appropriate measures are taken. In this thesis, Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GBFS), GBFS - Lime combinations and GBFS Cement (GBFSC) were utilized to overcome or to limit the expansion of an artificially prepared
expansive soil sample (Sample A). GBFS and GBFSC were added to Sample A in proportions of 5 to 25 percent. Different GBFS-Lime combinations were added to Sample A by keeping the total addition at 15 percent. Effect of stabilizers on grain size distribution, Atterberg limits, swelling percentage and rate of swell of soil samples were determined. Effect of curing on swelling percentage and rate of swell of soil samples were also determined. Leachate analysis of GBFS, GBFSC and samples stabilized by 25 percent GBFS and GBFSC was
performed. Use of stabilizers successfully decreased the amount of swell while increasing the rate of swell. Curing samples for 7 and 28 days resulted in less swell percentages and higher rate of swell.
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MARQUES, Marise Conceição. "Atributos do solo, qualidade do lixiviado e crescimento de plantas de milho sob aplicação de água residuária da mandioca." Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2009. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5263.
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Previous issue date: 2009-02-26<br>Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq<br>Cassava wastewater, wastewater from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) processing industrial, is produced in volume large. When low-cost solutions are not viable, usually dumped in rivers or in the soil, provide environmental impact. The cassava wastewater fertilizer has potential because great its nutrients composition of especially potassium, but when used indiscriminately provokes of basic cations imbalance in soil. To evaluate the potential of cassava wastewater, two study were developed. The study first aimed to evaluate soil characteristics and leachate quality as function of cassava wastewater rates applied to columns containig soils of different textures. PVC columns (15 x 80 cm) were used to simulate a 60 cm soil profile. The soils studied were: Cohesive Yellow latosol, Carbonatic Haplic Vertisol and Orthic Quartzarenic Neosol. Aiming to supply the K requirement to maize, 4.7 m³ ha-1 of cassava wastewater was applied to the Vertisol and Latosol white the Neosolreceived 9.6 m3 -1ha. The Wastewater promoted increase on the K contents for the 0-20 cm layer of soil. The results showed that the cassava wastewater dose applied is safe regarding salinization and changes in floculation. In the second aimed to evaluate the potential of cassava wastewater as a potassium fertilizer to maize and the alteraions it provokes in soil chemical characteristic. Two soils (Carbonatic Haplic Vertisol and Orthic Quartzarenic Neosol) were put in 3 kg pots. These soils received wastewater doses equivalent to 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 times the amount of K recommended to maize. This was equivalent to 0, 4.7, 9.4, 14.1, 18.8, 23.6 m3-1 ha for the Vertisol and 0, 9.6, 19.2, 28.8, 38.5, 48.1 m3-1 ha the Neosol. The results showed that the application of cassava wastewater improved soil chemical characteristics, but it did not change soil pH. Cassava wastewater along with mineral mineral fertilizers poses potencial. On the other hand, wastewater alone was not able to provide the K requeriment to plant.<br>A água residuária da mandioca (manipueira), efluente oriundo da industrialização do processamento da mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), é produzida em grande volume. Quando soluções de baixo custo não são viáveis, os efluentes são usualmente despejados em rios ou no solo, causando impacto ambiental. A manipueira apresenta grande potencial fertilizante devido à sua composição em nutrientes principalmente o potássio, mas quando utilizado de forma indiscriminada constitui implicação no desequilíbrio dos cátions básicos no solo. Com objetivo de avaliar o potencial do reaproveitamento da manipueira, foram desenvolvidos dois ensaios. No primeiro foram acondicionados, em colunas de PVC com 15 x 80 cm (diâmetro x altura), amostras de solos com diferentes texturas (Vertissolo Háplico Carbonático (VXk), Latossolo Amarelo Distrocoeso (LAdx) e Neossolo Quartizarênico Órtico (RQo)) coletadas até 60 cm. E com base no teor de potássio da manipueira, foram estabelecidas lâminas baseadas na recomendação potássica para milho, no VXk e LAdx foram aplicadas 4,7 m³ ha-1 e o RQo 9,6 m³ ha-1 ,este estudo objetivo-se avaliar os atributos do solo e da qualidade do lixiviado em resposta a aplicação da manipueira. A manipueira promoveu elevação nos teores de potássio trocável na camada de 0-20 cm. A dose aplicada não apresentou risco a salinização e alteração no grau de floculação. No segundo ensaio, objetivou-se avaliar o potencial da manipueira na adubação potássica na cultura do milho e alterações nos atributos químicos do solo. Foram acondicionados, em vasos com capacidade para 3 kg de solo, amostras de solos com diferentes texturas (Vertissolo Háplico Carbonático (VXk) e Neossolo Quartizarênico (RQo)) coletadas na profundidade de 0-20 cm, aplicou-se doses de manipueira correspondente a 0, 1, 2,3, 4 e 5 vezes a dose de adubação potássica recomendada para cultura do milho, que corresponderam a e 0, 9,6, 19,2, 28,8, 38,4, 48,1 m3-1 ha para o RQo e 0, 4,7, 9,4, 14,1, 18,8, 23,6 m3 ha -1 para o VXk, que foram complementadas com N, P e micronutrientes. Para cada solo foram acrescentados dois tratamentos adicionais: apenas adubação com manipueira na dose recomendada para K e adubação mineral (NPK). A manipueira aplicada após correção da acidez não promoveu efeito no pH do solo. O reaproveitamento da manipueira como fonte potássica apresentou potencial fertilizante quando complementada com adubação mineral.
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Almeida, Tania Leme de. "Estudo da atenuação dos contaminantes de líquidos percolados no solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-09032016-100703/.
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A maioria dos municípios brasileiros dispõe os resíduos sólidos domiciliares em locais a céu aberto, sem controle e critério, contribuindo para a poluição das águas superficiais e do lençol freático. Estudos da contaminação de solos e seus mecanismos são cada vez mais explorados devido à necessidade de segurança, a longo prazo, exigida para sistemas de contenção de resíduos. A movimentação de chorume dos aterros para os solos, águas superficiais e subterrâneas coloca em risco a saúde pública pela contaminação. Estudos recentes constataram a existência de processos que permitem a atenuação natural dos contaminantes presentes nestes percolados. O adequado entendimento destes processos pode dar origem a uma série de benefícios possíveis de serem aplicados em aterros antigos, novos ou naqueles que ainda serão concebidos. O presente trabalho avaliou a atenuação de contaminantes, presentes no chorume, pelo solo por meio de experimento desenvolvido em colunas de percolação. O chorume e o solo utilizados neste experimento são provenientes do aterro sanitário de São Carlos - SP. O solo utilizado foi caracterizado quanto à composição físico-química para verificar o transporte do percolado nas colunas e a interação solo-contaminante. As curvas características do transporte de contaminantes traçadas apresentaram baixas concentrações de Pb (Chumbo), Cd (Cádmio), Fe (Ferro), Zn (Zinco) e Mn (Manganês) nas amostras efluentes. Já o Na (Sódio), K (Potássio), Cl (Cloro), Ni (Níquel) e Cu (Cobre) foram preferencialmente lixiviados com o chorume percolante, evidenciando a variação da faixa de concentração de cada elemento no percolado. Os perfis de concentração dos metais pesados mostraram que existe uma frente de contaminação, apresentando uma relação entre a concentração do metal sorvido no solo e sua concentração no percolado. As curvas de retenção de metais no solo mostraram que o Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu e Mn foram preferencialmente sorvidos no solo em relação ao Fe, Zn e Ni. O solo em questão apresentou bom potencial para retenção dos contaminantes presentes no chorume, apesar de ser classificado como arenoso e de suas características químicas não se enquadrarem nos parâmetros adequados para sua utilização em áreas de disposição de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Seu uso em base de aterros sanitários de pequeno porte pode ser considerado, desde que suas características sejam melhoradas por meio da mistura com geossintéticos. Este procedimento acarreta certa economia na construção de camadas impermeabilizantes, pois dispensa o uso de argilas e evita seu transporte de locais distantes do aterro.<br>The most of brazilian municipal cities disposes solid waste in places at opened sky, without control and criterion, contributing to the pollution of the surface and groundwater. Studies concerning soil contamination and their mechanisms have been explored more and more due to the long term security requirements demanded for residue containment systems. The movement of leachate from the landfill to the soils, surface and groundwaters put on risk the public health because of the contamination. Recent studies verify the existence of processes that allow the attenuation in natural way of the present pollutants in these leachates. The appropriate understanding of these processes propitiates a series of possible benefits of they be applied in old landfill, new or in those that will be implanted. The present work evaluated the attenuation of pollutants, presents in the leachate by the soil through experiment developed in percolation columns. The leachate and soil used in this experiment have came from the sanitary landfill of São Carlos - SP. The collected soil was characterized as to composition physical-chemical to verify the transport of the leachate in the columns and the interaction soil-pollutant. The breakthrough curves traced have been observed that Pb (Lead), Cd (Cadmium), Fe (Iron), Zn (Zinc) and Mn (Manganese) came in low concentration in the effluents leachate. Already the Na (Sodium), K (Potassium), Cl (Chlorine), Ni (Nickel) and Cu (Copper) have been preferably leached with the leachate, showing occurrence of a wide range of concentrations of each species at leachate. Concentration profiles of the heavy metals indicated the existence of a contamination plume, showing relationship between concentration of the metal absorved in the soil and in the leachate. The curves of material´s retention for the soil showed that the Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu and Mn were preferably absorved by the soil in relation to the Fe, Zn and Ni. The soil in subject has presented good potential of retention for the present pollutants in the leachate in spite of being classified as sandy and they chemical characteristics don\'t frame in the appropriate parameters for use in areas of solid waste disposal. Your use in base of sanitary landfill of small load can be considered, since your characteristics have been improved through the mixture of this soil with geo synthetics, involving certain economy at construction of waterproof layers, exempting the clay use and avoid the transport of this material for distant places of the landfill.
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Albano, Monica Bomilcar. "Uso do Solo do Município de Rio das Ostras como uso em processos de sorção como etapa de tratamento de lixiviados de aterros sanitários." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2008. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7518.
Full textAbstract:
Este trabalho investiga a utilização do solo do Aterro Sanitário de Rio das Ostras como forma
de tratamento de lixiviado, de modo a quantificar a redução de contaminastes, cor e valores de
DQO. A utilização do solo argiloso para redução de contaminantes, cor e valores de valores
de DQO foi estudada usando três lixiviados diferentes: Rio das Ostras, Morro do Céu e aterro
grande porte em ensaios para medida de sorção. As análises de redução de cor e valores de
DQO foram realizadas, tendo o resultado mostrado uma redução de cor que variou de 45 a
73% e valores de DQO entre 7 e 66%, usando ensaios do tipo Batch Tests pelo Método CSI.
Outros ensaios foram realizados pelo Método ECI de Batch Tests que mostraram resultados
melhores de redução de cor, entre 60 e 80% apresentando uma capacidade de sorção do solo
argiloso de 22 mg/g. Os ensaios de sorção, com os três lixiviados, foram também utilizados,
para estudo do comportamento de certos contaminantes amônio, potássio, sódio e cálcio com
relação ao solo argiloso de Rio das Ostras. Foi observada uma dessorção para os íons sódio e
cálcio e também uma alta sorção para os íons amônio e potássio. O solo e o lixiviado do
Aterro Sanitário de Rio das Ostras foram utilizados para pesquisa de determinação dos
coeficientes de difusão molecular para os íons amônio, potássio, sódio, cloreto e cálcio,
simulados nos programas computacionais POLLUTE e MPHMTP. Os resultados do
coeficiente de difusão para o POLLUTE variaram entre 0,03 m2/ano e 0,1 m2/ano sendo no
MPHMTP de 0,06 m2/ano a 0,1 m2/ano. Os dados experimentais mostraram melhor
comportamento nas simulações realizadas no MPHMTP.<br>This work is an investigation study of the use of Rio das Ostras MSW clay soil as a
leachate treatment. The activity of the clay soil for color and COD reduction was studied
using three different leachates: Rio das Ostras, Morro do Céu and another one without
identification. Analysis of the color and COD reduction were performed and the results for
color reduction vary from 45 to 73% and the COD reduction from 7 to 66 %, using CSI Batch
Tests. Other tests using one of the leachates with ECI Batch Tests presented better results for
color reduction, the results of ECI tests showed an sorption capacity for the clay soil of 22
mg/g. The sorption tests, with the three leachates, were also performed to study the behavior
of certain contaminants; Sodium, Ammonium, Potassium and Calcium in the presence of a
clay soil from Rio das Ostras MSW. A Sodium and Calcium desorption was observed as well
as a higher sorption for ammonium and potassium. The molecular diffusion coefficients
determination using the soil and the leachate of Rio das Ostras MSW for the Chloride,
Sodium, Ammonium, Potassium and Calcium ions were researched and the software
POLLUTE and MPHMPT (Multi Phase Heat and Mass transfer program) were used. The
results vary between 0,03 m2/year to 0,1 m2/year for POLLUTE software and 0,06 m2/year to
0,1 m2/ year for MPHMPT model. The experimental data showed better agreement for
MPHMPT.
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Zanon, Thiago Villas Bôas. "Avaliação da contaminação de um solo laterítico por lixiviado de aterro sanitário através de ensaios de laboratório e de retroanálise de campo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-21102014-113317/.
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Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo principal avaliar o transporte de poluentes de um lixiviado real de aterro sanitário em um solo laterítico do estado de São Paulo. A pesquisa objetiva também comparar dois métodos de avaliação de transporte de poluentes: ensaios laboratoriais e análise de dados de contaminação de campo. No aterro sanitário de Botucatu houve, comprovadamente, percolação do lixiviado pelo subsolo durante aproximadamente 15 anos, sob uma lagoa de acumulação de lixiviado sem revestimento de fundo. Foram coletadas amostras de solo subjacente à lagoa, uma areia argilosa, em três perfis verticais na superfície e nas profundidades de 0,25 m, 0,50 m, 1,00 m, 2,00 m e 4,00 m. Os poluentes investigados foram: arsênio, cádmio, carbono orgânico total (COT), chumbo, cloreto, cobre, cromo, ferro, manganês, níquel, nitrogênio Kjeldahl total (NKT) e zinco. Amostras indeformadas do solo local não contaminado foram também coletadas para ensaios de permeabilidade à água e ao lixiviado, assim como para ensaios de coluna. A condutividade hidráulica do solo é da ordem de 10-6 m/s, porém significativamente influenciada pelo gradiente hidráulico aplicado e pela duração da percolação. A condutividade hidráulica diminuiu com a percolação de lixiviado para ordens de grandeza entre 10-8 e 10-6 m/s, dependendo do gradiente hidráulico. Os ensaios de coluna mostraram concentrações efluentes dos elementos pesquisados superiores às afluentes, impossibilitando a obtenção de parâmetros de transporte de poluentes. A análise das amostras contaminadas coletadas in situ mostrou que, embora o solo local seja poroso e apresente alta permeabilidade, as concentrações dos elementos estudados eram inferiores aos limites legais de contaminação do órgão de controle ambiental estadual. O cloreto e o nitrogênio, para os quais não há limites legais, apresentaram-se no subsolo em concentrações elevadas, superiores às concentrações no solo natural e, em algumas amostras, às do lodo depositado no fundo da lagoa.<br>The aim of this research is to evaluate transport of pollutants from a sanitary landfill leachate through a Brazilian lateritic soil by two methods: laboratory tests and analysis of field contamination. In Botucatu Sanitary Landfill, leachate stored in an unlined pond infiltrated into the subsoil for 15 years. Samples of the subjacent soil, a porous clayey sand, were collected in three profiles located inside the area of the leachate pond at the following depths: surface, 0.25 m, 0.50 m, 1.00 m, 2.00 m and 4.00 m. The investigated pollutants were arsenic, cadmium, chloride, cooper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total organic carbon (TOC) and zinc. The hydraulic conductivity measured in undisturbed and uncontaminated samples of the local soil, around 10-6 m/s, is significantly influenced by the applied hydraulic gradient and the percolation duration. When leachate substituted water as percolation fluid, the hydraulic conductivity decreased to values between 10-8 and 10-6 m/s depending on the hydraulic gradient. Chemical analysis of contaminated samples showed that concentrations of the researched elements in the subsoil were lower than legal maximum contamination limits established by the environmental agency of São Paulo state, in spite of the fact that the local soil is porous and has high hydraulic conductivity. On the other hand, chloride and Kjeldahl nitrogen, pollutants for which there are no legal limits, were found in concentrations much higher than background values, and in some samples even higher than those measured in the leachate sludge deposited in the bottom of the storage pond.
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Betim, Luiza Silva. "Caracterização da condutividade hidráulica dos solos e estudo da vulnerabilidade à contaminação dos aquíferos da sub-bacia do Córrego Palmital Viçosa/MG." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2013. http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3792.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-26<br>Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico<br>The growing importance and use of groundwater turns out to be necessary to evaluate the vulnerability of groundwater to contamination, which can be an important tool for environmental planning. Such evaluation requires a characterization of the physical environment, especially related to its soil and aquifers physical properties, among which the hydraulic conductivity stands out. In this context, this research aims to study the hydraulic conductivity of soils and the assessment of natural vulnerability to groundwater contamination of the Palmital stream watershed, based on a detailed characterization of the study area, located in the rural part of Viçosa city. Furthermore, the research seeks knowledge on the hydraulic conductivity of the soil classes present on the watershed, which are representative of Zona da Mata region, to landfill leachate, in order to verify the possibility of solid waste disposal in natural soil in landfills located in the region hilltops. The characterization of soils hydraulic conductivity at depth was done by the completion of permeability tests in boreholes, in six points on the watershed. The study of hydraulic conductivity of soils also involved the collection of undisturbed soil samples to about 1,0 m deep, at five points on the watershed, with subsequent determination of physical characteristics and performance of variable head permeability tests at laboratory, using water and landfill leachate as fluids. The assessment of the aquifers pollution vulnerability was performed by applying the DRASTIC and GOD methods. The characterization of the study area revealed that the watershed is covered by gneiss residual soils and an unconfined aquifer. Regarding pedology, soils are classified as Red-Yellow Latosols, Red-Yellow Acrisols and Haplic Cambisols. The results obtained in field varied from 10-4 to 10-7 cm.s-1, demonstrating the heterogeneity in soil in relation to the hydraulic conductivity. The results of water permeability laboratory tests have shown that Acrisols have hydraulic conductivity of the order of 10-4 and 10-5 cm.s-1, lower than Latosols and Cambisols, which presented similar values, of the order of 10-3 and 10-4 cm.s-1. The results confirm the effect of the Latosols fabric in its hydraulic behavior compared with other soils with high clay content. The results of leachate permeability laboratory tests have shown that Cambisols have hydraulic conductivity of the order of 10-6 and 10-7 cm.s-1, lower than Latosols and Acrisols. The results of laboratory permeability tests have also demonstrate the hydraulic conductivity of studied residual soils to landfill leachate is lower than to water, mainly due to clogged pores, considering a leachate containing significant amounts of suspended solids. Regarding aquifers vulnerability assessment to contamination, the application of DRASTIC and GOD methods resulted in similar maps and showed the great influence of the depth to water table in the evaluation. The watershed is divided into areas of low and medium vulnerability, the latter being predominant in areas of lower altitude and less wavy relief, where the water table is shallow. In the medium vulnerability areas, there is a risk of groundwater contamination due to the improper disposal of domestic sewage and the presence of animal waste from pig sty, corrals and pastures show that, demonstrating the need for improvement in sanitary structure in the watershed.<br>A crescente importância e utilização das águas subterrâneas torna fundamental a avaliação da vulnerabilidade à contaminação de aquíferos, a qual pode constituir uma ótima ferramenta de planejamento ambiental. Tal avaliação exige uma caracterização do meio físico, especialmente relacionada às propriedades físicas dos solos e aquíferos, dentre as quais destaca-se a condutividade hidráulica. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa tem como objetivos o estudo da condutividade hidráulica dos solos e a avaliação da vulnerabilidade natural à contaminação dos aquíferos da sub-bacia do córrego Palmital, baseada em uma detalhada caracterização da área de estudo, localizada na Zona Rural do município de Viçosa. Além disso, a pesquisa visa o conhecimento sobre a condutividade hidráulica das classes de solo da sub-bacia, representativas da Zona da Mata, ao percolado de aterro sanitário, a fim de avaliar a possibilidade de disposição dos resíduos sólidos sem a adoção de impermeabilização de base em aterros sanitários localizados em topos de morro na região. A caracterização da condutividade hidráulica dos solos em profundidade foi feita através da realização de ensaios de permeabilidade (infiltração) em furos de sondagem, acima do nível d água, em seis pontos da sub-bacia. O estudo da condutividade hidráulica dos solos envolveu também a coleta de amostras indeformadas de solo a cerca de 1,0m de profundidade, em cinco pontos da bacia, com posterior determinação dos índices físicos e realização de ensaios de permeabilidade à carga variável em laboratório, usando água e percolado de aterro sanitário como fluidos. A avaliação da vulnerabilidade à contaminação dos aquíferos foi realizada utilizando os métodos GOD e DRASTIC. A caracterização da área de estudos mostrou que a sub-bacia é coberta por solos residuais de gnaisse e por um aquífero livre. Com relação à pedologia, os solos que cobrem a bacia são classificados em Latossolos Vermelho-Amarelos, Argissolos Vermelho-Amarelos e Cambissolos Háplicos. Os resultados obtidos em campo variaram de 10-4 a 10-7 cm.s-1, evidenciando a heterogeneidade da permeabilidade dos solos em profundidade. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade em laboratório utilizando água mostraram que os Argissolos possuem condutividade hidráulica da ordem de 10-4 e 10-5 cm.s-1, menores que os Latossolos e Cambissolos, os quais apresentaram valores próximos, da ordem de 10-3 e 10-4 cm.s-1. Os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de permeabilidade em laboratório utilizando percolado mostraram que os Cambissolos possuem condutividade hidráulica da ordem de 10-6 e 10-7 cm.s-1, menores que os Latossolos e Argissolos. Os resultados confirmam o efeito da estrutura dos Latossolos em seu comportamento hidráulico, se comparado com outros solos com elevada fração de argila. Os resultados dos ensaios de permeabilidade em laboratório mostraram ainda que a condutividade hidráulica dos solos residuais estudados ao percolado de aterro sanitário é menor do que à água, devido principalmente à obstrução dos poros, considerando percolados com quantidades significativas de sólidos em suspensão. Com relação à avaliação da vulnerabilidade de contaminação dos aquíferos da área, a aplicação dos métodos GOD e DRASTIC resultou em mapas parecidos e evidenciaram a grande influência da profundidade do lençol freático na avaliação. A sub-bacia é dividida em áreas de baixa e média vulnerabilidade, sendo as últimas predominantes nas áreas de menor altitude e relevo menos ondulado, onde o lençol freático é mais raso. Nas áreas de média vulnerabilidade, existe risco de contaminação das águas subterrâneas devido à disposição inadequada de efluentes domésticos e à presença de dejetos animais provenientes de pocilgas, currais e pastagens, demonstrando a necessidade de uma melhoria da estrutura sanitária na sub-bacia.
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Chu, Kuang-Chi Kevin Yelias. "Landfill Leachate Sorption Potential of Kate Valley Soils." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Civil Engineering, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10041.
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Kate Valley is a municipal waste landfill situated in Waipara, Northern Canterbury. It is a joint venture between the 6 local regional councils and Transwaste Canterbury Ltd to help dispose of waste quantities generated in the wider Canterbury region. Landfill waste disposal also generates waste streams. Major waste streams can include methane gas production and liquid leachate. One practice which can turn liquid leachate waste streams into a nutrient source for plants is land irrigation. It is important to have a thorough understanding of the interactions involved with leachate, soil structure, soil microbiology, flora. This thesis investigates the sorption mechanisms between Kate Valley soil and leachates, through batch and column experiments.
Sorption mechanisms between leachate and soil were investigated through batch and column tests. Ex-situ soil samples were extracted from Kate Valley, along with raw leachate samples for batch tests at a soil to liquid ratio of 30 g vs. 70 ml respectively. Tested dilution leachate strengths ranged from raw to 50x raw leachate dilution; meanwhile soil samples were categorized into 3 groups based on soil depth: 0-20 cm, 20-40 cm, and 40-60 cm.
Column tests were conducted on 3 extracted in-situ soil column monoliths. Column test irrigation conditions included: control case, 2x and 10x raw leachate dilution, and 200 mg/L KBr (bromide column), where the same soil column was used for bromine testing after control testing had ceased.
Batch results suggest deeper soils are less effective at sorption of ammonia, where partitioning coefficient ranged from 9.5x*10-7 to 6.4*10-7 L/mg for 0-20 cm soil to 40-60 cm soil respectively. Column results generally showed lower partitioning capacity than batch results, at 4*10-8 and 5*10-8 L/mg for 10x and 2x dilution leachate irrigation respectively.
Discrepancies in experimental data have been attributed to: different dilution leachates tested between batch and column tests, making it difficult for direct comparison; extreme soil to liquid ratios employed in experiments; direct data comparison between the “full-contact” experimental data (between leachate and soil), obtained from batch tests with column results, where not all soil may have been fully exposed for shrinkage of boundary layers of soil particles; and oxygen exposure of samples during testing and sampling, possibly encouraging nitrification.
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Silva, Quézia SantAna da. "Estudo da contaminação e da toxicidade do solo do Aterro Metropolitano de Gramacho, Duque de Caxias RJ." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7991.
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O Aterro Metropolitano de Gramacho, considerado o maior da América Latina,
teve encerradas as suas atividades de disposição de resíduos em meados de 2012.
A disposição de resíduos no local foi realizada diretamente sobre o solo de fundação
desde o início de sua operação (1978). Considerando-se que os contaminantes presentes
no lixiviado podem migrar por difusão através da argila organo-salina do aterro
e atingir o entorno, foi feita uma investigação da contaminação do solo no perímetro
do aterro. Essa investigação foi realizada no líquido intersticial do solo e foi pautada
em dois tipos de contaminantes: nitrogênio amoniacal e compostos orgânicos,
medidos pelo parâmetro carbono orgânico total (COT). Além disso, foram também
realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda com a espécie Vibrio fischeri para avaliar a
toxicidade no solo. Ensaios de sorção e difusão foram executados a fim de melhor
compreender o comportamento dos contaminantes investigados. Os resultados apontaram
baixos valores de nitrogênio amoniacal e de COT no solo. Os valores de
nitrogênio amoniacal são considerados baixos, pois mesmo em amostras de solo da
barreira lateral, que é situada próxima à antiga vala de drenagem de lixiviado, estes
são menores que 1% do encontrado no lixiviado, indicando a adsorção do solo. Os
ensaios de toxicidade aguda apontaram o efeito Hormesis nas amostras de líquido
intersticial, indicando a possibilidade de presença de toxicidade crônica.<br>The Gramacho Metropolitan Landfill, considered the largest in Latin America,
had closed their waste disposal activities in mid 2012. The waste disposal was performed
directly on the foundation soil since the beginning of its operation (1978).
Considering that the contaminants present in the leachate can migrate by diffusion
through the organo-saline clay of the landfill and reaches surroundings, an soil contamination
investigation was made at the perimeter of the landfill. This research was
conducted in the interstitial liquid of the soil and was based on two types of contaminants:
ammoniacal nitrogen and organic recalcitrant compounds, parameter measured
by total organic carbon (TOC). Moreover, acute toxicity assays was also performed
with the species Vibrio fischeri to assess toxicity in the soil. Sorption and diffusion
assays were performed to better understand the behavior of contaminants investigated.
The results showed low levels of ammoniacal nitrogen and TOC in the
soil. Ammoniacal nitrogen values are surprisingly low, because even in soil samples
from the side barrier, which is situated adjacent to the drainage ditch leachate, these
are less than 1% that found in leachate, indicating the soil adsorption. The acute toxicity
assays showed the effect Hormesis in interstitial liquid samples, indicating the
possibility of the presence of chronic toxicity.
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Friberg, Rebecca. "Rödfyr - En utredning avanvändningsområden och hantering med fokus på ekonomi och miljö." Thesis, Tekniska Högskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, JTH, Byggnadsteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-27760.
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Syfte: Rödfyr är gruvavfall från förbränning av alunskiffer. Materialet finns i naturen på många platser i Västra Götaland. Fram till 80-talet användes rödfyren som utfyllnadsmaterial men numera är användningen begränsad då materialet lakar tungmetaller. Mängden avfall som går till deponi skall minskas. Möjligheten att deponera rödfyrsmassor är därmed begränsad då områden med rödfyrshögar skall bebyggas. Syftet med denna studie är därför att öka kunskapen om hur rödfyrsmassor kan hanteras på ett miljömässigt och ekonomiskt sätt. Målet är att ge förslag på användningsområden och hanteringsmetoder för rödfyrsmassor för att bidra till bättre miljö och ekonomiska och förutsättningar. Genom att utreda vilka krav som ställs på användning av rödfyr, söktes svar på möjliga användningsområden och konstruktionslösningar för att minska lakningen. Denna studie är ett examensarbete som genomförts i samarbete med Skövde kommun. Metod: Valda metoder för datainsamling är litteraturstudie, dokumentanalys samt semi-strukturerade intervjuer. I litteraturstudien studerades litteratur om avfall, rödfyr, och efterbehandlingsmetoder. I dokumentanalysen studerades miljöutredningar för rödfyr för att erhålla kunskap om lakningen. Intervjuerna gav information om tillståndsmyndigheternas arbete med rödfyr, och sakkunnigas förslag på hur rödfyr bör användas och hanteras. Resultat: Studien visade att det finns andra användningsområden än deponi, samt att det finns metoder för att begränsa rödfyrens lakning. Det måste finnas kunskaper om hur rödfyrens spridning sker vid omröring och flytt. Att förhindra lakning kan uppnås genom att kapsla in rödfyren med hjälp av olika tätskikt. Detta innebär att rödfyren kan nyttjas som en resurs, ytor blir tillgängliga för exploatering, samt att rödfyren inte är tillgänglig för människor, och att lakningen till grundvattnet minskas. Konsekvenser: Rödfyr kan användas som utfyllnadsmaterial vid mindre känslig markanvändning, såsom industriområden och vägar. Detta är under förutsättning att övertäckning av massorna sker för att undvika lakning. Asfaltsytor, i kombination med ett tätskikt på ovansida, samt vertikala sidor, begränsar lakningen avsevärt. Överytan kan då utnyttjas för exploatering. Transportsträckan är ofta ekonomiskt avgörande för om rödfyren kan flyttas eller inte. Om rödfyren kan nyttjas för utfyllnadsändamål minskar kostnaden för inköp av material, och nya uttag av massor belastar inte miljön. Begränsningar: Den rödfyr som studerats är den som finns i Skövde Kommun. Studien bör dock kunna tillämpas på övriga länet. En begränsning är att intervjustudien inte genomfördes så omfattande. Ytterligare hade genomförande av skaktester i studien kunnat bidra med kunskap. På grund av den tid som krävs för detta var det ej möjligt. Dock erhölls bekräftande svar från de olika metoderna, och slutsatser kunde därmed trianguleras.<br>Purpose: Burnt alum shale is mining waste derived from combustion of the same rock. It exists in several places in Västra Götaland. Alum shale was previously used as filling but nowadays the use is limited thus the material is leaching heavy metals. The amount of waste normally put in landfills shall now be diminishing. Therefore the possibility to landfilling alum shale is limited. The purpose of this study is to increase the knowledge of how alum shale can be dealt with in an environmentally safe and economically beneficial way. The goal is to bring out suggestions for applications of use and ways of handling the excavations to contribute to a better environment and to achieve better financial conditions. By investigate what claims need to be achieved for the possibility of using Alum shale, useful areas of use and suitable management where brought forward. This study has been composed as a mean to get a bachelor degree in engineering, with the benefitial partner Skövde kommun. Method: Literature study, document analysis and interviews where used as research methods. Research on waste, alum shale and remediation techniques where studied in the literature study. In the document analysis, environmental study were analysed to retain knowledge of leachate. The interviews presented information of the authorities work with alum shale and experts’ suggestions of how alum shale can be used and handled. Findings: This study showed that there is other applications than landfills, and that there is methods to limit the leachate. If to be used, knowledge of the alum shale’s propensity of spreading due to stirring and relocation must be known. To inhibit leachate van be achieved by encapsulate the alum shale by waterproofing. This means that the alum shale can be used as a resource. Areas will be available for exploitation, it will not affect people in the surroundings, and the leachate to the groundwater will diminish. Implications: At minor sensitive land use, alum shale can be used as filling material, such as industrial areas and roads. This implicates waterproofing of the material. Asphalted surface, in combination of waterproofing the top surface and the vertical sides limits the leachate of metals considerably. The haul is often ruling the possibility to relocate the shale. If the alum shale, at disposal, could be used for filling purposes, the cost of purchasing new material, and outlet of new raw material does not need to burden the environment. Limitations: The alum shale studied is the one of Skövde County. The study should though be applicable to the whole of Västra Götaland. Not having the time to expand the interviews and include more people with research experience and expertise, is one of the limitations of this study. Also, carry out leachate tests could have contributed with more knowledge.
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Chafer, Morag A. "An investigation of the interaction between landfill leachate and soils." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1990. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=21265.
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A detailed review of literature reveals that although soil scientists have reported that soil is an excellent stabiliser of land applied waste, there is little evidence to assess the extremely complex reactions that occur when landfill leachate interacts with soil. In order to examine this, studies of mineralogical content, exchangeable cation status and chemical composition of soils were undertaken. Soil-leachate interactions were studied by column and batch techniques. When dealing with materials as variable and complex as soils, it is difficult to accurately identify the solid phase prior to contact. Owing to the large number and variety of concentrations of leachate constituents, it is considerably more difficult to quantitatively establish the results of interaction and assign alteration values to responsible mechanisms. However, this investigation did reveal the following: - 1. interaction does occur, but this interaction is not unlimited; 2. the degree of interaction is different for different soil types; 3. the relative influence of the mechanisms of interaction; 4. the influence of soil types, soil to leachate ratios and contact -times; and 5. soils previously thought to attenuate leachate have been found not to do so.
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Baccot, Camille. "Etude du potentiel de valorisation énergétique ou matière de composés organiques extraits de lixiviats de déchets ménagers." Thesis, Limoges, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIMO0107/document.
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Les contraintes techniques et économiques induites par la gestion des lixiviats de déchets ménagers et assimilés (LDMA) pourraient être minimisées en considérant le LDMA non plus comme un déchet mais comme un « co-produit » partiellement valorisable. Parmi la diversité des constituants des LDMA, la matière organique dissoute (MOD) présente 2 intérêts majeurs : une forte charge et des processus de transformations comparables à ceux de la matière organique naturelle (MON). Ce travail de thèse s’attache donc à extraire cette MOD des LDMA selon son caractère hydrophobe et à identifier des axes de valorisation. Seules les fractions de type hydrophobe (HPO*) et transphilique (TPH*), de par leurs caractéristiques et leur réactivité, ont été considérées dans cette étude et 2 voies de valorisation ont été testées : une valorisation énergétique et une valorisation matière par amendement sur un sol en déficit de carbone organique (Corg).La caractérisation des fractions de MOD anthropiques et leur comparaison à des fractions de MON a confirmé l’intérêt majeur de leur valorisation. En effet, elles sont (i) physiquement et chimiquement comparables à la MON, (ii) quantifiables à des concentrations jusqu’à plus de 1000 fois supérieures à la MON permettant ainsi un potentiel d’extraction conséquent en comparaison aux matrices environnementales telles que les eaux de surface, et (iii) plus facilement biodégradables que la MON, tout en ne présentant aucun caractère phytotoxique avéré.Un test BMP optimisé et adapté au LDMA a été développé via un plan d’expérience, puis utilisé pour mettre en évidence l’impact du caractère hydrophobe de la MOD du LDMA sur la digestion anaérobie, et notamment la production de méthane. Selon les résultats obtenus, les molécules organiques de type transphilique favorisent la production de biogaz. De plus, la fraction hydrophile, faiblement aromatique, diminue la teneur en méthane du biogaz, contrairement à la fraction hydrophobe.Enfin, l’amendement de fractions organiques extraites de LDMA présente un réel intérêt dans le cas d’un sol initialement pauvre en Corg. La fraction HPO* permet un apport de Corg plus important comparé à la fraction TPH*, tandis que les composés transphiliques favorisent l’activité biologique du sol.Ce travail de thèse a ainsi mis en évidence l’intérêt d’extraire les fractions hydrophobe (HPO*) et transphilique (TPH*) de la MOD de LDMA afin de les engager dans des processus de valorisation énergétique et agronomique<br>The management of municipal solid waste leachates (MSWL) is technically and economically restrictive. It thus should be interesting to consider this effluent no more as a waste but rather as a partially valorizable “co-product”. The dissolved organic matter (DOM) is one of the major components of MSWL and presents a twofold interest: a high load and comparable processes of transformation to those of natural organic matter (NOM).This study thus aimed at extracting the DOM from MWSL according to its hydrophobic character and identifying ways of valorization. Only hydrophobic (HPO*) and transphilic (TPH*) fractions were considered because of their characteristics and reactivity. Two different ways of valorization were investigated: energetic valorization and enrichment of a soil with low content in organic carbon (Corg).The characterization of HPO* and TPH* fractions and their comparison with fractions of NOM confirmed their high valorizable potential. Indeed, they are physically and chemically comparable to NOM, they can be quantified at concentrations up to 1000 times higher than NOM (high extraction potential when compared to environmental matrices such as surface water), and they are more easily biodegradable than NOM without any phytotoxic character.An optimized BMP test was first developed by using an experimental design to adapt the experimental conditions to the digestion of MSWL. It was then applied in different conditions to highlight the impact of the hydrophobic character of the DOM of MSWL on the anaerobic digestion, and mainly on methane production. According to the results, the transphilic-like organic molecules improve the biogas production. Besides, the hydrophilic-like compounds with low aromatic character decrease the methane content of the produced biogas contrary to the hydrophobic fraction.Finally, organic fractions extracted from MSWL were relevant to enrich soil with low content in organic carbon. The HPO* fraction better improves the Corg content when compared to the TPH* fraction whereas transphilic-like molecules enhances the soil biological activity.With the results of this research study, the HPO* and TPH* fractions extracted from a MSWL can thus be considered both to produce biogas and particularly methane and to be amended on soils. Their extraction can thus be economically viable and their treatment no more highly costly
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Benbow, Timothy J., and n/a. "Developing compound-specific stable isotope tools for monitoring landfill leachate." University of Otago. Department of Chemistry, 2008. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20080314.111826.
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This thesis has developed a suite of compound specific stable isotope tools to monitor landfill leachate and identify the infiltration of leachate to ground water and surface water. These tools have the power to indicate the fractional contribution multiple discrete sources of pollution are making to a single location. This journey began by developing two solid phase extraction (SPE) methods to extract non-polar and polar organic compounds from leachate with minimal fractionation of hydrogen or carbon isotopes. Non-polar compounds were successfully extracted using ENV+ SPE cartridges and polar compounds were successfully extracted using Strata-X SPE cartridges. The isotopic fractionation of non-polar compounds during ENV+ extraction varied significantly (up to 245⁰/₀₀ and 1.8⁰/₀₀ for D and ��C respectively, when eluted with acetonitrile and ethyl acetate, as recommended by manufacturers) but the fractionation of compounds eluted with dichloromethane was negligible (less than instrumental precision). Polar compounds were eluted from Strata-X cartridges with negligible isotopic fractionation using methanol. The direct comparison of SPE and liquid-liquid extraction found SPE to extract slightly more compound from leachate then liquid-liquid extraction (especially for polar compounds) and the isotopic compositions of compounds did not change with extraction methods.
These new analytical methods subsequently were used to determine the isotopic compositions of organic compounds dissolved in leachates from three New Zealand landfills. The molecular and isotopic signature of leachate varied significantly between landfills, indicating the isotopic fingerprint of organic compounds in leachate is unsuitable as a universal tracer of leachate. However, compounds such as terpien-4-ol, methylethylbenzene and juvabione maintained their isotopic composition over short geographical distance-indicating their potential as site-specific tracers of leachate. Organic compounds analysed on a transect across the landfill boundary indicated polar compounds were more mobile than semi-volatile compounds and possessed a more conservative isotopic composition. However, hexadecanoic acid extracted from leachate and ground water was highly depleted in ��C (-72 ⁰/₀₀ to -40⁰/₀₀), indicative of methanogenic and sulfate reducing bacteria. These bacteria only live in highly reducing environments such as leachate; therefore their presence in the pristine environment can potentially indicate the release of leachate from the landfill.
The final experiments traced the uptake and utilisation of leachate by periphyton. The isotopic composition of bulk periphyton, fatty acids and phytol indicated that microbial assimilation and utilisation of nutrients is a complex process. Fatty acid biomarkers for green algae and diatoms showed signs of leachate derived nutrients, however the availability of nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, water and light) caused significant changes in metabolic processes and isotopic compositions. Under slow growing conditions, the [delta]��C composition of periphyton became enriched in ��C as solar irradiation levels decreased (including shading by detritus and periphyton), while the [delta]D composition of fatty acid was controlled by the internal recycling of hydrogen. This study indicated the power of compound specific isotope analysis as a tool to detect the release of landfill leachate from a landfill, especially at locations with multiple potential sources of contaminants, and provides a sound platform for future research.
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Paul, Craig M. "Microbial and Chemical Affects on Leachate from Calcareous Soils Treated with Wastewater Effluent." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/462.
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Increasing human populations are placing greater strain on water resources, prompting the use of treated wastewater effluent for irrigation in some areas, including the desert regions of the Western United States. To determine the potential effects of using secondary effluent for irrigation, we applied wastewater effluent and irrigation waters to natural and artificially constructed calcareous soils in greenhouse and field lysimeters, and in soil columns. The leachate from one field lysimeter contained increased fecal coliform counts than the effluent. Leachate coliform counts were decreased or not significantly changed in two field lysimeters. Electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), chloride and nitrate concentrations also increased significantly in the leachate of the three field lysimeters however. Samples collected from the greenhouse lysimeters showed a significant decrease in all categories except EC, was not significantly changed. Soil column drainage samples showed a decrease in coliform counts, and increase in EC and chloride levels while SAR and nitrate levels varied with clay content. Preferential flow of coliform bacteria and high EC and SAR values could indicate long term effects that may affect the sustainability of the practice.
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Ould, Ali Ouiza. "Impact des décharges à ciel ouvert sur la qualité environnementale de l'Oued Cheliff (Algérie)." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0025/document.
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Dans la région traversée par le plus important cours d’eau permanent d’Algérie l’Oued Cheliff, les déchets ménagers sont fréquemment mis en décharges à ciel ouvert, constituant une véritable menace environnementale à cause de la contamination causée par les lixiviats. Deux décharges ont été prises pour étude de cas : la première située sur l’Oued Hillil, affluent secondaire de l’Oued Chéliff et la deuxième localisée sur l’Oued Cheliff.Des prélèvements saisonniers d’eau et de sédiments ont été effectués dans les cours d’eau. Au sein de la décharge les lixiviats et les sols ont aussi été prélevés. L’impact des décharges a été évalué par l’analyse des paramètres physico-chimiques dans les liquides et des métaux dans tous les compartiments (eaux, lixiviats, sols et sédiments). L’analyse des traceurs fluorescents dans tous les compartiments est utilisée pour le suivi de la pollution urbaine.Cette étude a mis en évidence l’effet saisonnier important de l’impact des décharges sur les cours d’eau. Au printemps, les lixiviats présentes de fortes teneurs en traceurs fluorescents, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni issus de dépôt importants de déchets verts. En automne, ils reflétaient plutôt une contamination par NO2-, SO42-, PO43-, Fe, Cu, Cr provenant de résidus de produits agricoles (engrais, traitements phytosanitaires). Les eaux des deux cours d’eau sont très chargées en Cl- et Sr en toute saison dû à la nature saline des sols de la région.Les concentrations des métaux dans les sols des décharges sont largement supérieures à celles des sédiments fluviaux et révèlent une contamination métallique élevée (Cd, As, Zn, Cr, Pb), reflétant l’impact de déchets urbains (piles, batteries, plastiques…)<br>In the region crossed by the largest permanent watercourse of Algeria Oued Cheliff, household waste is frequently put in open dumps, constituting a real environmental threat because of the contamination caused by the leachates. Two landfills were taken for the case study: the first located on Oued Hillil, a secondary tributary of Oued Chéliff and the second located on Oued Cheliff.Seasonal sampling of water and sediment has been conducted in streams. In the landfill, leachates and soils were also collected. The impact of landfills was assessed by analyzing physico-chemical parameters in liquids and metals in all compartments (water, leachate, soils and sediments). The analysis of fluorescent tracers in all compartments is used for monitoring urban pollution.This study has highlighted the important seasonal effect of the impact of landfills on rivers. In the spring, leachates present high levels of fluorescent tracers, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni from large deposits of green waste. In autumn, they reflected rather NO2-, SO42-, PO43-, Fe, Cu, Cr contamination from residues of agricultural products (fertilizer, phytosanitary treatments). The waters of both rivers are heavily loaded with Cl- and Sr in any season due to the saline nature of the soils of the region.The concentrations of metals in landfill soil are much higher than those of river sediments and reveal a high metallic contamination (Cd, As, Zn, Cr, Pb), reflecting the impact of urban waste (batteries, batteries, plastics ...)
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Dagan, Roi. "Metal attenuation and toxicity reduction of chromated copper arsenate pressure treated wood leachate by three Florida soils." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0001205.
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Brücher, Jörg. "The influence of sorption on transport of organic compounds in soil /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5481-6.pdf.
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Soares, Valéria. "Utilização de mistura de solo saprolítico com bentonita na construção de revestimento de fundo de aterros sanitários." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3145/tde-19112012-113651/.
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No Estado de São Paulo, a CETESB (1993), a exemplo da maioria das legislações e regulamentações ambientais em todo o mundo, recomenda que o coeficiente de permeabilidade da camada de impermeabilização de fundo de solo compactado (CCL ou compacted clay liner) em aterros sanitários seja menor ou igual a 10\'POT.-9\' m/s. O material mais utilizado para este fim é a argila; porém, esse material já está escasso na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), na qual são abundantes solos saprolíticos derivados de rochas ácidas. Estudos anteriores mostraram que a permeabilidade de um solo saprolítico siltoso de filito da RMSP, da ordem de 5x10\'POT.-8\' m/s no ponto ótimo de compactação na energia normal, diminui para 6x10\'POT.-10\' m/s com adição de 5% de bentonita em peso seco e compactação na energia modificada. Este estudo visou a conhecer os efeitos da adição da bentonita no comportamento à resistência e compressibilidade desse material na presença de água e na presença de lixiviado, pois mudanças das propriedades mecânicas e hidráulicas do solo de revestimento podem comprometer sua integridade, levando à contaminação do solo e da água subterrânea. Foram realizados ensaios de cisalhamento direto, adensamento edométrico e expansão com o solo natural e com uma mistura de solo com 5% de bentonita, compactados na energia modificada. A adição de 5% de bentonita ao solo saprolítico de filito causou pequena alteração na resistência (aumento da coesão e redução do ângulo de atrito, mas gerando envoltórias de resistência praticamente coincidentes na faixa de tensões estudadas) e ligeiro aumento da compressibilidade e da expansão. Portanto, o material torna-se adequado em termos de permeabilidade sem que sejam alteradas significativamente suas demais propriedades geotécnicas. A percolação de lixiviado pelo solo natural e pela mistura do solo com 5% de bentonita causou uma redução do coeficiente de permeabilidade para 3x10\'POT.-10\' m/s, um aumento pouco significativo na compressibilidade, uma redução na expansão e uma pequena alteração nos parâmetros de resistência, a qual praticamente não modifica as envoltórias de resistência na faixa de tensões estudadas. Pode-se concluir que os dois materiais são compatíveis com o lixiviado. Tendo em vista os resultados obtidos, a mistura de solo saprolítico de filito com 5% de bentonita compactada na energia modificada é um material adequado para a construção de revestimentos de fundo de aterros sanitários.<br>The Environmental Protection Agency from São Paulo State (Brazil), as most environmental regulations in the world, recommends a permeability coefficient equal or lower than 10\'POT.-9\' m/s for the bottom mineral liner in sanitary landfills. Clays are nowadays scarce in the Metropolitan Region of São Paulo (MRSP), whereas saprolitic sandy silts derived from acidic rocks are abundant in the area. Previous studies showed that the permeability of a saprolitic silt derived from phyllite from MRSP, which is 5x10\'POT.-8\' m/s at the optimum water content under normal Proctor effort, decreases to 6x10\'POT.-10\' m/s with the addition of 5% bentonite (dry weight) and compaction under modified Proctor effort. This research aimed at verifying the effects of bentonite addition on the shear strength and compressibility of this material in the presence of water and leachate, since alterations in the mechanical an hydraulic properties may damage the bottom liner and cause the pollution of the subsoil and subterranean waters. Direct shear, edometric compression and expansion tests were carried out with the natural soil and a mixture of soil and 5% bentonite, compacted under modified Proctor effort. The addition of 5% bentonite to the soil caused a slight alteration in the shear strength (increase of cohesion and decrease of friction angle, however resulting in practically coincident strength envelopes for the range of applied stresses), and slight increase of compressibility and expansion. Therefore, the material is adequate in terms of permeability without significant alteration of other geo-mechanical properties. Leachate seepage through the natural soil and through the mixture resulted in a reduction of permeability to 3x10\'POT.-10\' m/s, and a slight increase of compressibility, a reduction of expansion and a slight alteration in shear strength parameters, which however practically did not modify the strength envelopes for the range of applied stresses. It can be concluded the both materials are compatible to the leachate. Based on the results of this research, a mixture of the saprolitic soil of phyllite with 5% bentonite compacted under modified Proctor energy is an adequate material for the construction of bottom liners in sanitary landfills.
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Joly, François-Xavier. "Tree diversity and litter decomposition in European forests." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS215.
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Les écosystèmes forestiers jouent un rôle clé en régulant des cycles du carbone (C) et des nutriments et l’érosion en cours de la biodiversité peut affecter ces fonctions écosystémiques. Ces deux dernières décennies, un effort de recherche important a cherché à comprendre comment la biodiversité affecte la productivité primaire. Le processus inverse de minéralisation du C pendant la décomposition de la matière organique est en revanche beaucoup moins étudié. Dans cette thèse, j’ai cherché à démêler les différents mécanismes par lesquels la diversité des arbres et de leurs litières foliaires affecte la décomposition des litières dans les écosystèmes forestiers d’Europe, à travers trois approches.En utilisant un réseau de placettes forestières contenant des gradients de diversité dans six types de forêts à travers l’Europe, j’ai étudié les effets de la diversité des arbres sur la décomposition de la litière via (i) des modifications de l’environnement de décomposition et (ii) les conséquences directes de la diversité des litières foliaires, avec deux expériences en sachets de litière. A travers tous les sites, alors que la richesse spécifique des arbres a eu un effet limité, la fermeture de la canopée a positivement affecté la décomposition par une modification potentielle des conditions microclimatiques. De plus, les traits moyens de qualité physique et chimique de la chute de litière et la dissimilarité de traits entre les litières d’espèces différentes ont influencé les communautés de décomposeurs permettant dans une certaine mesure de prédire la décomposition de substrats standards. Une fois ces effets pris en compte, la qualité des litières en décomposition a eu un impact supplémentaire mais relativement plus faible sur la décomposition. Ces résultats suggèrent que les effets indirects de la diversité des arbres sur la modification des conditions microenvironnementales sont plus importants pour la décomposition que les effets directs de la qualité intrinsèque des litières en décomposition.J’ai ensuite exploré le rôle des composés solubles lessivés à partir de litière d’espèces différentes sur les processus microbiens du sol par une expérience en microcosmes. Les lessivats de litière d’arbres décidus étaient qualitativement et quantitativement différents de ceux des litières de conifères et ont induit une respiration microbienne du sol plus importante. Le mélange de lessivats des différentes espèces a donné lieu à des effets non-additifs sur les processus microbiens du sol, associés à la dissimilarité de stochiométrie des lessivats. Le lessivage étant un processus dominant pendant la phase initiale de décomposition, l’identité et la diversité des lessivats peut contribuer au contrôle du recyclage du C et des nutriments.Par une troisième approche, mon but a été de mieux comprendre les mécanismes qui sous-tendent les forts effets observées des détritivores du sol sur la décomposition des litières et les effets de diversité. J’ai cherché à comprendre si la transformation de litière en fèces par le détritivores Glomeris marginata stimulait les décomposeurs microbiens, et si cette stimulation dépendait de la qualité de la litière ingérée. L’activité microbienne était stimulée pour les fèces issues de litières récalcitrantes, mais pas pour les fèces issus de litières de meilleure qualité initiale. Ainsi, les conséquences de la transformation de litière en fèces de macroarthropodes pour les décomposeurs microbiens dépend de l’espèce de litières et peut contribuer aux effets de diversité des litières.Les données collectées durant cette thèse montre que la diversité fonctionnelle des arbres peut affecter la décomposition des litières à travers plusieurs mécanismes à différentes étapes de la décomposition. Du fait de cette complexité, les conséquences des changements de diversité pour le cycle du C et des nutriments dans les forêts d’Europe peuvent être importantes, mais sont actuellement difficiles à prédire et à généraliser<br>Forest ecosystems play a key role in regulating the global carbon (C) and nutrient cycles, and the ongoing erosion of biodiversity is susceptible to modify these ecosystem functions. Over the past two decades, a strong research effort was put into the understanding of how changing biodiversity impacts primary productivity. The reverse process of respiratory C loss during organic matter breakdown however, remained much less studied. In this PhD thesis, I aimed at teasing apart the different mechanisms of how tree and associated leaf litter diversity may affect litter decomposition in European forest ecosystems using three distinct approaches.First, using a network of forest plots with tree diversity gradients in six major forest types across Europe, I studied the effects of tree diversity on litter decomposition through (i) modifications of the decomposition environment and (ii) the direct consequences of leaf litter diversity, with two litterbag experiments. Across all sites, while tree species richness had only a limited effect, forest canopy closure affected decomposition positively by potentially improving microclimatic conditions. In addition, mean chemical and physical quality traits of the litterfall, and trait dissimilarity in leaf litter from different species influenced decomposer communities in a way that decomposition of the common substrates was predictable to a reasonable degree. Once these effects were accounted for, the quality of decomposing litter showed an additional, but comparatively small impact. Collectively, these results suggest that the indirect effects of tree diversity on decomposition through microenvironmental controls are more important than the direct effects of the inherent quality of decomposing litter.With a second approach using microcosms under controlled-conditions, I aimed at assessing the role of soluble compounds leached from decomposing litter of different species for microbial-driven soil processes. Leachates from litter of broadleaved deciduous species differed in composition and quantity and induced stronger soil microbial respiration than those from litter of coniferous species. When the species-specific leachates were mixed, I observed non-additive mixing effects on soil microbial processes associated to the dissimilarity in leachate stoichiometry. Since leaching is the dominant process during the initial stage of decomposition, litter leachate identity and diversity may significantly contribute to the control of carbon and nutrient cycling.Finally, in a third approach my goal was to better understand the underlying mechanisms of the observed strong effects of soil detritivores on litter decomposition and diversity effects. I investigated whether the transformation of litter into feces by the detritivore Glomeris marginata stimulated microbial decomposers, and whether this stimulation depended on the quality of the ingested litter. Microbial activity was stimulated in feces derived from recalcitrant litter, but not in feces derived from litter of higher initial quality. In conclusion, the consequences of litter transformation into macroarthropod feces for microbial decomposers is litter species-specific which may further contribute to litter diversity effects.The data collected during my PhD thesis shows that the functional diversity of trees can affect litter decomposition through various mechanisms during different stages of decomposition. As a result of this complexity, the consequences of changes in biodiversity for the carbon and nutrient cycles in European forests can be substantial, but are presently difficult to predict and to generalize
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Öman, Cecilia. "Emissions of organic compounds from landfills /." Stockholm : Tekniska högsk, 1998. http://www.lib.kth.se/abs98/oman0604.pdf.
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Faria, Gabriel Messias Moura de. "Interação de contaminantes com o subsolo de um aterro de resíduos sólidos urbanos em Bauru-SP." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFABC, 2017.
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Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Giulliana Mondelli<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia Ambiental, 2017.<br>O lixiviado é um problema recorrente nos aterros sanitários, afetando o subsolo e expondo o ambiente a riscos, assim como a população. As regiões tropicais se singularizam por suas
características, e predomínio de certos processos físico-químicos que acentuam a lixiviação. Dessa forma, este estudo visou a compreensão da interação entre contaminantes e subsolo em
um ambiente tropical, com auxílio da modelagem geoquímica. A área de estudo foi o Aterro de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos de Bauru, sendo analisados dados físico-químicos e químicos
das águas subterrâneas, coletadas entre 2003 a 2015. O estudo foi dividido em duas etapas: a primeira focada na análise exploratória dos dados e na classificação dos compostos químicos
de interesse, e a segunda focada na modelagem geoquímica. Os parâmetros físico-químicos manifestaram uma evolução voltada a basicidade e um decréscimo da matéria orgânica. Os
compostos químicos de interesse foram Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Nitrogênio Amoniacal, NO3-, NO2-, Pb, PO4 3- Total, SO4 2-, S2- e Zn. Tais compostos têm sua origem ligada ao ambiente circundante, à litologia local e aos resíduos, assim como são influenciados principalmente pela hidrólise, além da absorção, adsorção, complexação,
diluição, dissolução, oxirredução, precipitação e trocas catiônicas. Por fim, a abordagem estatística com a modelagem permitiu identificar os processos envolvidos na interação contaminantes-subsolo, assim como a atual fase do aterro, Metanogênese.<br>The leachate is a frequent problem in landfills, affecting the subsoil and exposing the environment to risks, as well as the population. Tropical regions are distinguished by their
characteristics, and by the predominance of certain physical-chemical processes that accentuate leaching. So, this study proposed the comprehension of the interaction between contaminants and subsoil in a tropical environment, using geochemical modeling support. The study site was Bauru's Municipal Solid Waste Landfill and was analyzed physical-chemical
and chemical data of groundwater, collected between 2003 and 2015. This study had two parts: the first one focus on an exploratory data analysis and on the classification of chemical
compounds of interest; and the second focused on geochemical modeling. The physicalchemical parameters showed a progression to basicity as a decreasing of organic matter. The chemical compounds of interest were Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mn, Ni, Ammonia Nitrogen, NO3-, NO2-, Pb, PO43- Total, SO4 2-, S2- and Zn. These elements were originated from the surrounding environment, local lithology and solid waste. Hydrolysis is the main process in the dynamics of these chemical compound, beyond the absorption,
adsorption, cationic exchanges, complexation, dilution, dissolution, oxidation and precipitation. Finally, the statistical approach with modeling allowed to identify the processes
involved contaminant-subsoil interaction, as well the current phase of the landfill, Methanogenesis.
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CASTRO, FLAVIA J. de. "Avaliação ecotoxicológica dos percolados das colunas de cinza de carvão e de solos com cinza de carvão utilizando Lactuca sativa e Daphnia similis como organismos teste." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10517.
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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:41:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:03:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0<br>Dissertação (Mestrado)<br>IPEN/D<br>Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Kara, Redha. "Mesures in situ des tres faibles perméabilités : contribution à l'amélioration des méthodes de mesure par expérimentation en vraie grandeur et modélisation numérique." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998INPL092N.
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Le stockage des déchets ménagers ou industriels fait l'objet d'inquiétudes vis à vis du devenir du sous-sol. En effet les déchets stockés génèrent des lixiviats pouvant s'infiltrer dans le sol et contaminer la nappe phréatique. Les sols fins compactés et de très faible perméabilité constituent des matériaux de choix pour réaliser des structures de rétention étanches interdisant la migration des liquides pollués vers des nappes phréatiques. Cependant les valeurs de perméabilité de ces sols mesurées in situ se sont souvent révélées différentes de celles mesurées au laboratoire. De nombreuses études ont été effectuées pour comprendre ces écarts mais la grande variété des procédures d'essais et des appareils utilisés s'est ajoutée à la complexité du problème. En plus ces différents sols sont le plus souvent non saturés. Comme la conductivité hydraulique est reliée au degré de saturation il est indispensable de connaitre la relation qui les relie. Cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence les problèmes lies à l'utilisation des appareils de mesure de perméabilité et à l'interprétation des essais. Les modifications apportées aux appareils ont permis de remédier à ces problèmes et d'améliorer les procédures d'essais. Des méthodes d'interprétation tenant compte de l'effet de succion ont été proposées et appliquées aux différents essais. Les résultats ont montré l'importance de ce paramètre pendant l'écoulement de l'eau.
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Lai, Ranee Wan Man. "Leachate and soil quality under turfgrass cultivation." Thesis, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7934.
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The use of irrigation and fertilizer are the two key inputs to achieve and
maintain healthy turfgrass growth. However, the over-watering and over-fertilizing
that are commonly seen in the management of turfgrass have the
potential to leach nitrogen and phosphorus into groundwater. To help address
the magnitude of these potential problems, an experiment was conducted in the
greenhouse to examine the effects of different watering practices (both quantity
and irrigation frequency) and the fertilizer on leachate quality. The purpose of
the study was to investigate water use and the leaching of nutrients, especially
available nitrogen and phosphorus, and to relate the findings to the present
situation in the Greater Vancouver Regional District. Results showed that the
amount of nitrate, ammonia and phosphorus leached are directly proportional to
the amount of irrigation water being applied to the turfgrass system. Significant
leaching of nitrate was found from turfgrass systems under all treatments
studied. The frequency of irrigation has a direct effect on leaching of nutrients.
Nitrogen content in the grass clippings was found to show an immediate
response to fertilizer applications. Nitrogen content in the soil under turfgrass
cultivation was found to be independent on the amount of irrigation water
applied. Excessive irrigation resulted ,in poor growth of turfgrass and high
nutrient (both nitrogen and phosphorus) leaching. Current irrigation frequency (twice per week) as regulated by GVRD water restrictions appear to be
appropriate but the amount of irrigation water applied is considered excessive.
The Jensen-Haise method was found to be an appropriate approach to determine
turfgrass evapotranspiration rate (water requirement) on a weekly basis. This
study concluded that application of an appropriate amount of water twice
weekly in equal amounts can achieve and maintain good growth of turf and
reduce nutrient leaching significantly.
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Govender, Kamenthren. "An assessment of synthetic landfill leachate attenuation in soil and the spatial and temporal implications of the leachate on bacterial community diversity." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/443.
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"Landfill leachate irrigation: evaluation of plant productivity and soil toxicity." 2006. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892915.
Full textAbstract:
Tsang Chin-kan.<br>Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 165-176).<br>Abstracts in English and Chinese.<br>Abstract --- p.i<br>Acknowledgements --- p.v<br>Table of contents --- p.vi<br>List of tables --- p.ix<br>List of figures --- p.x<br>List of plates --- p.xii<br>Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction<br>Chapter 1.1 --- Municipal solid waste generation and disposal --- p.1<br>Chapter 1.2 --- Land filling --- p.3<br>Chapter 1.3 --- Landfill sturcture --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.3.1 --- Landfill envelope --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.3.2 --- Landfill lining --- p.6<br>Chapter 1.3.3 --- Leach ate collection and removal system --- p.9<br>Chapter 1.3.4 --- Gas collection and control system --- p.9<br>Chapter 1.3.5 --- Final cover system --- p.9<br>Chapter 1.4 --- Landfill leach ate generation and characterization --- p.11<br>Chapter 1.4.1 --- Landfill stabilization and leachate characteristics --- p.13<br>Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Aerobic phase<br>Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Acetogenic phase<br>Chapter 1.4.1.3 --- Methanogenic phase<br>Chapter 1.4.2 --- Leachtate characteristic and landfill age --- p.15<br>Chapter 1.5 --- Toxicity of landfill leachate --- p.17<br>Chapter 1.6 --- Leachate treatment --- p.18<br>Chapter 1.6.1 --- Land disposal --- p.19<br>Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Leachate recirculation<br>Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- Leachate irrigation<br>Chapter 1.7 --- Landfills in Hong Kong --- p.25<br>Chapter 1.7.1 --- Landfill leachate generation in Hong Kong --- p.27<br>Chapter 1.8 --- Selection of sampling sites --- p.29<br>Chapter 1.9 --- Knowledge gaps --- p.33<br>Chapter 1.10 --- Aims of thesis --- p.34<br>Chapter 1.11 --- Project outlines --- p.34<br>Chapter Chapter 2 --- Species selection for leachate irrigation<br>Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.35<br>Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.36<br>Chapter 2.2.1 --- Leachate collection --- p.38<br>Chapter 2.2.2 --- Chemical analysis of leachate --- p.38<br>Chapter 2.2.3 --- Greenhouse pot experiment --- p.40<br>Chapter 2.2.4 --- Plant harvesting and post harvest analysis --- p.43<br>Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Foliar N and P<br>Chapter 2.2.5 --- Statistical analysis and test endpoints --- p.43<br>Chapter 2.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.43<br>Chapter 2.3.1 --- Leachate composition --- p.43<br>Chapter 2.3.2 --- Plant growth performance --- p.45<br>Chapter 2.3.3 --- Biomass production --- p.54<br>Chapter 2.3.4 --- Chlorophyll fluorescence --- p.54<br>Chapter 2.3.5 --- Tissue nutrient contents --- p.58<br>Chapter 2.3.5.1 --- Foliar N<br>Chapter 2.3.5.2 --- Foliar P<br>Chapter 2.3.6 --- Effects on N-fixation --- p.60<br>Chapter 2.3.7 --- Factors affecting N-fixation regarding leachate irrigation --- p.63<br>Chapter 2.3.7.1 --- Soil mineral N content<br>Chapter 2.3.7.2 --- Soil acidity<br>Chapter 2.3.7.3 --- Salinity<br>Chapter 2.3.7.4 --- Soil aeration<br>Chapter 2.3.8 --- Species selection --- p.67<br>Chapter 2.4 --- Conclusions --- p.68<br>Chapter Chapter 3 --- Plant growth response of leachate irrigation on phosphorus-amended soil<br>Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.71<br>Chapter 3.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.73<br>Chapter 3.2.1 --- Leachate sampling and analysis --- p.73<br>Chapter 3.2.2 --- Experimental setup --- p.73<br>Chapter 3.2.3 --- Plant and soil sampling --- p.74<br>Chapter 3.2.3.1 --- Soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC)<br>Chapter 3.2.3.2 --- Soil N<br>Chapter 3.2.3.3 --- Soil P<br>Chapter 3.2.4 --- Statistical analysis --- p.76<br>Chapter 3.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.76<br>Chapter 3.3.1 --- Leachate composition --- p.76<br>Chapter 3.3.2 --- Plant growth performance --- p.78<br>Chapter 3.3.3 --- Biomass --- p.83<br>Chapter 3.3.4 --- Tissue contents --- p.87<br>Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Foliar N<br>Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Foliar P<br>Chapter 3.3.5 --- Soil --- p.91<br>Chapter 3.3.5.1 --- pH and electrical conductivity<br>Chapter 3.3.5.2 --- Soil N<br>Chapter 3.3.5.3 --- Soil P<br>Chapter 3.3.5.4 --- Addition of lime and gypsum<br>Chapter 3.4 --- Conclusions --- p.102<br>Chapter Chapter 4 --- Responses in plant growth and soil biology to prolonged landfill leachate irrigation<br>Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.105<br>Chapter 4.2 --- Materials and Methods --- p.107<br>Chapter 4.2.1 --- Leachate sample and collection --- p.107<br>Chapter 4.2.2 --- Soil column design --- p.107<br>Chapter 4.2.3 --- Plant establishment --- p.107<br>Chapter 4.2.4 --- Leachate application --- p.108<br>Chapter 4.2.5 --- Soil and plant analysis --- p.108<br>Chapter 4.2.5.1 --- Soil texture<br>Chapter 4.2.5.2 --- SOM<br>Chapter 4.2.5.3 --- Soil chloride content<br>Chapter 4.2.6 --- Soil and plant analysis --- p.110<br>Chapter 4.2.6.1 --- Dehydrogenase<br>Chapter 4.2.6.2 --- Phosphatase<br>Chapter 4.2.6.3 --- Urease<br>Chapter 4.2.6.4 --- Nitrification<br>Chapter 4.2.7 --- Percolate --- p.112<br>Chapter 4.2.8 --- Statistical analysis --- p.112<br>Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Discussion --- p.113<br>Chapter 4.3.1 --- Leachate --- p.113<br>Chapter 4.3.2 --- Plants --- p.113<br>Chapter 4.3.2.1 --- Plant growth<br>Chapter 4.3.2.2 --- Tissue contents<br>Chapter 4.3.3 --- Soil --- p.121<br>Chapter 4.3.3.1 --- Soil texture<br>Chapter 4.3.3.2 --- pH and EC<br>Chapter 4.3.3.3 --- Soil N<br>Chapter 4.3.3.4 --- Soil P<br>Chapter 4.3.3.5 --- Soil C1'<br>Chapter 4.3.3.6 --- SOM<br>Chapter 4.3.4 --- Soil enzyme and nitrification --- p.132<br>Chapter 4.3.4.1 --- Dehydrogenase<br>Chapter 4.3.4.2 --- Phosphatase<br>Chapter 4.3.4.3 --- Urease<br>Chapter 4.3.4.4 --- Nitrification<br>Chapter 4.3.4.5 --- Correlation analysis<br>Chapter 4.3.5 --- Percolate --- p.144<br>Chapter 4.3.6 --- N balance --- p.150<br>Chapter 4.3.7 --- N saturation --- p.153<br>Chapter 4.4 --- Conclusions --- p.156<br>Chapter Chapter 5 --- General conclusions<br>Chapter 5.1 --- Summary of findings --- p.158<br>Chapter 5.2 --- General considerations regarding leachate irrigation --- p.161<br>Chapter 5.3 --- Research prospects --- p.162<br>References --- p.165
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Du, Plessis Chris Andre. "The influence of soil particle surfaces and soil porosity on the biodegradation of key refuse leachate organic molecules." Thesis, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9248.
Full textAbstract:
Many studies have been undertaken to determine the effects of soil and soil properties on
migrating metal pollutants. Organic pollutants, however, in addition to their interactions with
soil components , are also susceptible to degradation (catabolism) by microorganisms.
Soil-microorganism-pollutant interactions have, traditionally, been studied in soil columns
(microcosms). One of the shortcomings of column and in situ studies is that the identity and
specific effect(s) of the soil component(s) affecting or influencing attenuation are not known
and cannot readily be determined. Attenuation effects of the soil components are, therefore,
difficult to interpret. ("Attenuation" in this context is the combined effects of both soil
adsorption and microbial catabolism). Attenuation studies often only consider the physical
conditions such as aeration, permeability, flow rate, temperature, etc. This approach assumes
the soil to be a homogeneous matrix with no specific physico-chemical properties attributable
to different components within the matrix. Soil physical factors suspected of influencing
pollutant attenuation could be misleading without consideration of the physico-chemical
interactions between soil components, microorganisms and pollutants. Adhesion of pollutants
and microorganisms seems to be most important in this regard.
The initial phase of this study was undertaken to examine the effects of three different soil
materials on attenuation of key landfill leachate molecules. Examination of the effects of soil
surface type on attenuation focused on adsorption / desorption of the pollutant molecules and
microorganisms. These experiments sought to investigate the physico-chemical effects of soil,
microorganism, pollutant interactions and were done as batch slurry experiments as well as in
soil columns. Two soil horizons from the Inanda soil form (humic A and red apedal B) and
the topsoil (vertic A) from a Rensburg soil form were used. The Inanda topsoil had a high
organic matter content and both the topsoil and subsoil had a kaolinitic clay mineralogy; the
Rensburg topsoil clay mineralogy was predominantly smectitic with a relatively low organic
matter content.
From the batch experiments, the adsorption of a hydrophobic molecule (naphthalene) and a heavy metal (cadmium) were found to be influenced to a significant extent by soil characteristics.
Adsorption of naphthalene was due to the soil organic matter (SOM) content whereas cadmium
adsorption was due to the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the soil. Soil characteristics did
not seem to have a significant influence on the adsorption of a water soluble compound such
as phenol at the concentrations used. Attenuation of naphthalene was found to be affected by
adsorption of the pollutant molecule (related to SOM) as well as the CEC of the soil. The
attenuation of hydrophobic molecules can possibly be ascribed to the influence of CEC on the
microbial population responsible for attenuation. This would seem to indicate interaction
between the soil surfaces and the catabolizing microbial population. Desorption of the
pollutant (and possibly also of the microbial population) was achieved by the addition of
acetonitrile and methanol both of which reduced the polarity of the water. These solvents were
also found to be toxic to the catabolizing microbial population at high concentrations. The
toxicity thresholds of both solvents for catabolizing microorganisms differed significantly
between soil- (> 15 %, v/v) and soil free (< 5 %, v/v) treatments. This discrepancy cannot
be accounted for by adsorption and is ascribed to physico-chemical interaction between
microorganisms and the soil surfaces. This interaction probably affords protection from,
otherwise, toxic concentrations of solvents or metals. The important effects of soil surfaces
on attenuation processes were thought to be due to the strong adsorption of naphthalene.
Surface attachment of microorganisms was, however, also inferred from results obtained with
phenol. This seemed to indicate that microbial attachment to soil surfaces was an important
aspect in attenuation and did not occur only because of pollutant adsorption.
Soil column experiments were made with both naphthalene and phenol. The naphthalene,
which was adsorbed to the soil, did not leach from the columns to any appreciable extent.
This was despite the addition of acetonitrile to some columns. This was probably due to
greater microbial catabolism caused by desorption and, subsequent, increased soluble
concentrations of the molecule. After extraction from the soil at the end of the experiment it
was clear that the sterile controls held much higher concentrations of naphthalene than the
experimental columns. The soil type and treatments showed little difference in the naphthalen concentration extracted from the soil columns. This did not reflect the differences found
between soil materials in the batch experiments and was probably due to the masking effect
of the soil physical factors on attenuation processes. Unlike naphthalene, phenol, because of
its high solubility, was detected in the column leachates at relatively high concentrations. The
phenol concentrations were much higher for the Inanda subsoil (approximately 4 mM) than the
Inanda topsoil (approximately 2 mM) and Rensburg topsoil (< 1 mM). The Rensburg topsoil
produced the lowest phenol concentrations in the leachate and this can probably be ascribed
to the larger quantity of micropores in this soil. Thus, it seems that the soil physical features
had a pronounced influence on attenuation. Whether this effect was directly on the studied
molecule or indirectly, because of the effects on the microbial population, is not known.
Inoculation of the columns with a phenol catabolizing population had only a slight increased
effect on leachate phenol concentrations from all columns. This increased effect was,
however, only prolonged in the case of the Inanda subsoil. The flow rate through the columns
affected leachate phenol concentration which was lower with a slower flow rate and, thus,
longer retention time.
From the column experiments soil physical parameters were suspected of influencing, and
possibly overriding, the soil surface effects on microbial activity (capacity to catabolize a
organic molecule of interest). Soil porosity, as caused by different soil materials, was
suspected of being the most important soil physical parameter influencing microbial activity.
To investigate the potential effect of soil porosity, relatively homogeneous porous media i.e.
chromatography packing material and acid washed sand were used. These materials had more
defined and distinct porosities and were considered to be suitable for investigating the
fundamental influence of porosity on microbial activity. Saturated continuous flow columns
were used and three types of packing configurations were tested: chromatography packing
(CHROM) material (porous particles); acid washed sand (non-porous) (AWS); and a 1: 1 (w/w)
mixture of chromatography packing and acid washed sand (MIX). Only a single water soluble
molecule, phenol, was used in this phase of the investigation.
Bacterial filtration ("filtration" as a component of "attenuation'') was found to be highest for
the CHROM and lowest for the AWS materials. This difference in microbial retention affected the phenol catabolism in response to increased column dilution rates. The CHROM
and MIX materials had distinctly different porosities than that of the AWS, due to the internal
porosity of the chromatography packing. This greater pore size distribution in the MIX and
CHROM packing materials created pores with different effective pore dilution rates within the
microcosms at similar overall flow rates. The greater pore size distribution in the MIX and
CHROM packing materials facilitated pore colonization since some pores did not participate,
or conduct, mass flow as occurred in macropores. This led to different microcolonization
effects in the macro- vs micropores. Since the MIX and CHROM packing materials had more
micropore colonization sites these packing materials showed a greater range of substrate
affinities (i.e. Ks values) for the phenol substrate.
The extent to which micropore colonization occurred could be detected by the effect it had on
phenol breakthrough curves. In the MIX and CHROM materials, microbial colonization
caused blocking of micropores with a subsequent effect on the phenol breakthrough curves.
The AWS material, however, which had a low inherent microporosity, showed microbially
induced microporosity probably due to biofilm development. The fact that the MIX and
CHROM packing materials facilitated micropore colonization was also responsible for the
greater resistance to, and the recovery from , potentially inhibitory cadmium concentrations.
This effect was also apparent in the presence of acetonitrile, although this effect was not
identical to that observed with cadmium. Finally, column pressure build up as a function of
pore clogging was determined and was found to occur in the order AWS > MIX > CHROM.
This was most likely due to fewer potential liquid flow paths with a higher blocking potential
in the AWS.
Extrapolation of the fundamentals of the above findings led to the conclusion that soil surface- and
soil porosity effects are extremely important factors in determining the behavior of soils
as bioreactors.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 1995.
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Lin, Chung-Hao, and 林鍾豪. "Enhancement by leachate with biological additive on methane oxidation in landfill cover soil." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83024566569402678837.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>環境工程學系所<br>94<br>The aim of this research was to investigate the potential use of the landfill leachate with biological additive to control the water content of landfill cover soil, and to stimulate the methanotrophic activity at the same time. This approach will enhance the methane oxidation in landfill cover soil. Therefore, the methane emission to atmosphere at landfills will decrease for the mitigation of the greenhouse effects.
The experiments conducted in this study included both batch and column tests. The results of the batch experiment show that the methane oxidation was not obvious in the dry soil at a water content of 10%, that methane oxidation was on the low side when the soil was close to the saturation level at 35%, and that the water content most suitable for the methane oxidation should lie in the range of 15%-25%. Besides, the methane oxidation rates under the suitable water content was leachate with bio-additive > leachate> deionized water. At the best water contents of 25%, the maximum methane oxidation rates was 879, 605, and 321 nmole(g of dry soil)-1hr-1, respectively. The continuation of the methane oxidation was leachate with bio-additive > leachate> deionized water. At the best water contents of 25%, the average methane oxidation rates was 629, 375 and156 nmole (g of dry soil) -1 hr-1, respectively.
The trends in the change of methane oxidation rates suggest that the role of the bio-agent could have enhanced the mineralization of organic matter in the leachate. That resulted in a shorter period of the time that the organic matter had suppressed the methane oxidation. In this experiment, the ammonium nitrogen in the leachate stimulated the activity of methanotrophs, and improved the rates of methane oxidation. Although the most probable number of methanotrophs increased via incubation, but had not absolute correlation with the oxidative rate of methane.
The results of the column experiment shows that after suitable moisture irrigation (water content close to 15%) the methane oxidation rate was higher than before irrigation. Like the results of batch experiment, both the bio-agent and the leachate had the function to enhance methane oxidation. But after excessive moisture irrigation (water content higher than 25%), the methane-oxidation ability of the column decreased; and the bio-agent and leachate had no longer the function to enhance the methane oxidation.
Gas concentration profiles indicated that after a period of moisture irrigation, the methane oxidation took place in about 10cm depth, compared with 10-40cm before irrigation. The data of biological parameters indicated that the bio-additive and leachate had the function to enhance methane oxidation which is the same as in the batch experiment. It can be assumed that oxygen is one of the most important limiting factors for the methane oxidation in landfill cover soil. An excessive irrigation caused the blocking of soil pores which limited the influx of oxygen. The shortage of oxygen in soil caused the decline of methane oxidation. It is concluded that both the bio-additive and leachate had the function to enhance methane oxidation when oxygen was not a limiting factor in landfill cover soil.
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"EFFECT OF SOLID CATTLE MANURE AND LIQUID HOG MANURE APPLICATION ON PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN IN SOIL, RUN-OFF AND LEACHATE IN SASKATCHEWAN SOIL." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2015-09-2279.
Full textAbstract:
Traditional application methods in which manure is simply broadcast on the soil surface are being replaced by innovative methods that place the manure in the soil in bands, potentially increasing efficiency of manure nutrient utilization by crops and reducing losses to the environment. Limited information exists on the pools and mobility of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) in soils receiving repeated applications of animal manure using different application methods. The overall objective of the thesis research is to determine the fate of manure nutrients applied using new subsurface banding technology, as it affects crop response and uptake, residual nutrients in the soil, and transport (lateral and vertical) by water off-site. Specific objectives were: 1) to determine yield response to solid cattle manure (SCM) and the recovery of SCM and liquid hog manure (LHM) P and N using broadcast manure placement and new subsurface banding technology, 2) to determine the amount of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and N that is transported in snowmelt water moving across soils receiving different rates and methods of application of manure, and 3) to determine the amount and proportion of SRP and N that are transported downward in a SCM amended soil profile with leaching water as influenced by manure rate and placement. In-soil placement of SCM in bands had a small impact on improving crop yield and nutrient uptake in a 3 year crop rotation in east-central Saskatchewan compared to broadcast, and broadcast and incorporate application strategies. In-soil placement of manure was also not effective in reducing P and N export in snowmelt water. Export of P and N downward in leachate water in intact cores was increased by in-soil manure placement, especially when placed in bands. This is attributed to reduced fixation of manure N and P and enhanced solubilization when manure is placed in soil in bands versus a broadcast application. Overall, nutrient export was significantly lower in frozen versus thawing soils, and export of P in soils receiving liquid hog manure was much less than in soils receiving solid cattle manure which is attributed to the higher P content in cattle manure.
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Tshibalo, Rudzani. "Assessment of municipal solid waste leachate pollution on soil and groundwater system at Onderstepoort landfill site in Pretoria." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/22639.
Full textAbstract:
This study focuses on determining the quality of soil and groundwater at the Onderstepoort Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill site. The study area is situated in Pretoria North, a jurisdiction of City of Tshwane Metropolitan Municipality (CTMM). Samples were collected from three different spheres (i.e. leachate, soil and water) in the study area, to determine the concentration of metals accumulated in each sphere. The three spheres provided an overview of the contaminants found in leachate, soil and water.
The laboratory analyses using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) indicated that soils in the site have been severely contaminated with heavy metals. Higher concentrations of heavy metals occurred in the soils compared to the groundwater surrounding the landfill site and this may be due to the ability of the soil strata to absorb the contaminants caused by the landfill leachate. In essence, the measurements indicated that leachate soil has very high pollutant levels (0.21 to 2505.61 mg/kg); soil was characterised by fairly-high pollutant levels (0.03 to 638.27 mg/kg); leachate solution has given rise to moderate pollutant levels (0.01 to 2.296 mg/L) and water resources have low-moderate pollutant levels (<0.0001 to 0.456 mg/L) depending on the location.
Furthermore, the findings indicated that the soil was contaminated with lead, cadmium, copper, zinc and nickel, and the concentration increases particularly where the generation of leachate is taking place. Groundwater, particularly in Borehole 2 has been moderately contaminated with nitrite, calcium and manganese. The findings also indicated that the concentrations of contaminants become high in borehole located close to the waste dump and decrease further away from the waste dump. The chemical analysis of this groundwater indicated that the concentrations of chemical properties have increased since the year 2009. This was determined through the comparison of groundwater study undertaken in 2009 to the current study results obtained. The site geological formation, Rustenburg Layered Suite is known to contain the anomalies of nickel, chromium, vanadium, copper, arsenic, lead and zinc but these are less toxic and less distributed. Therefore, the primary source of pollution at the study area could be the landfill operation through the generation of leachate affecting both soil and water<br>College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences<br>M. Sc. (Environmental Sciences)
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Hu, Lun-Hao, and 胡倫豪. "Study on the Leachate Quality by Using Byproduct Lime for Replacement of Landfill Cover Soil in Waste Dumping Sites." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/geu55a.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>朝陽科技大學<br>環境工程與管理系碩士班<br>94<br>Waste dumping site is a main way for final disposal of garbage; up to 2005, there are 174 waste dumping sites still operating in Taiwan. Although the amounts of dumping sites are decreasing year by year, they will pollute our environment if not treated or disposed of properly. At present some problems that are exist in the design and management of waste dumping sites in Taiwan, includes: (1) To get suitable and enough cover soil is not easy that result in depth of cover layer is not enough, and it will bring mosquitoes, bugs and stinks. (2) It costs large sums of money by management of leachate. (3) Some geomembrane might be destroyed in landfill, and the leachate filtered through the groundwater layer.
In the study we assessed the leachate quality by using byproduct lime for replacement of landfill cover soil in waste dumping sites. According to the result of the experiment, the leachate pH value is low with organic acid in the initial stage. After we added byproduct lime, the leachate pH value was up with time. At the same time that was advantage of the decomposition reaction for microorganism, and BOD, COD and TOC decrease quickly. In addition, we restrained heavy metal from mobility, and it precipitated by carbonate, sulfate and hydrate. With the result that EC value decreased by removing ions from the leachate. Therefore, using CFB byproduct lime for replacement of landfill cover soil, it will good for improvement of the leachate quality.
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Lai, Yun-Jie, and 賴允傑. "Effects of Short-Term Biosolid Application on the Yields and Nutrient Uptake of Pak-Choi (Brassica rapa), Soil Characteristics and Leachate Solution Properties." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52855720422523814836.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>農業化學研究所<br>93<br>Biosolid is the primarily organic solid product produced by municipal wastewater treatment processes which can be beneficially recycled. Applying municipal biosolid to agricultural area is an effective way to recycle the nutrients and organic matter from biosolid. In the past, biosolid application rates were usually applied to the soil based on nitrogen (N) requirements of vegetarian growth. In most cases of the world, applying biosolid based on the crop N needs usually supplies excess phosphorus (P) to the soil, which can cause the surface water or ground water pollution by eutrophication and other undesirable environment effect. Accurate predictions of biosolid application rates are one of the key factors for benefit crops without risk of excess N and P leaching from soil system.
The studied sewage sludge (biosolid) was collected from Nei-Hu sewage treatment in Taipei, Taiwan. The sludge was dewatered and dried for about one month and grounded by the machine. Biosolid was thoroughly mixed with 3.6 kg of Sankengtzu loam soil for plot experiment. Two greenhouse plot studies were conducted based on pak-choi N and P fertilizer recommendation application rate (200 kg N ha-1 and 25 kg P ha-1) were added into the soil on August and September, 2004. In each experiment, four treatments was conducted, including control treatment, biosolid was applied by normal N (or P) fertilizer rate, biosolid was applied by two times of N (or P) fertilizer rate, and a chemical fertilizer application rate treatment. Pak-choi (Brassica rapa L. Chinensis Group cv. Fengshan pak-choi) was seeded and left 6 plants for each plot. The leaching experiment was started after 10 days based on annual and two-times of average precipitation (2500 mm yr-1).
Pak-choi was harvested on 33rd day after it was seeding. Plant yield of all the treatments are not significantly different. Under leaching experiment, some biosolid treatments were flooded and make some influences on plant growth. The concentration of total nitrogen in the vegetable of the chemical fertilizer treatment is significantly higher than other treatments (p < 0.05). Nitrogen uptake was not significantly different to the different biosolid application rates (p < 0.05). The total phosphorus concentration and total uptake of vegetable are increasing by the application of biosolid.
After application of biosolid into the soil, surface 10 cm soil pH will be significantly higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment (p < 0.05). The increasing of pH is about 0.3 to 0.5 pH unit and the pH value of leachate solution is ranged from 6 to 7, which also higher than that of chemical treatment (soil pH ranged from 4 to 6). The electrical conductivity (EC) value of leachate solution increase to the highest value at the initial period, then the EC value decrease with the time.
Biosolid application can accumulate the Bray-1 phosphorus on the surface 10 cm soil. The increasing of soil Bray-1 phosphorus was significantly correlated to the dissolved labile phosphorus (p < 0.001), and the phosphorus leaching loss under the precipitation of two-times of normal precipitation is more than 3.6 times than that of normal precipitation. We concluded that biosolid application rate should consider the risk of leaching phosphorus loss from the soil system.
After biosolid was applied the soil, the soil exchangeable nitrogen is higher than that of chemical fertilizer treatment and the nitrogen loss in the leachate solution is significantly lower than that of chemical fertilizer treatment (p < 0.05). Biosolid application can decrease the loss of exchangeable nitrogen. Too much of precipitation will increase the nitrogen loss. Appropriate irrigation and good drainage can decrease the excess nitrogen and phosphorus leaching loss.
Application biosolid into the soil can provide better soil environment condition and decrease the nitrogen loss from leaching, however, available phosphorus will accumulate on the surface soils and increasing the risk of phosphorus loss to the groundwater. From the result of this study, different biosolid application methods do not affect the vegetable yield. In the future, composting of sewage sludge is required to get a better way to recycle the biosolid for land use.
50
Makuleke, Peace. "An assessment of impacts of landfill composition on soil quality, heavy metal and plant health : a case of Lumberstewart landfill in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/27575.
Full textAbstract:
Landfills have served as the major sites for waste disposal in both developed and developing countries. Upon closure of a landfill site, the surface could be converted to a golf course, recreation park, playground, animal refuge, tennis court and industrial site. Even when closed, landfills still have the potential to contaminate the surrounding environment as a result of the migration of leachate from decomposing waste contained in the site. This study focused on assessing the
impacts of a closed landfill on soils and plants at Lumberstewart closed landfill site in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Soil samples were collected at three different depths (0-30 cm, 30 - 60 cm and 60-90 cm) at the landfill and a control site. The soil samples were analysed for their texture, pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter content, cation exchange capacity and concentrations of Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn. Samples of jimson weed and pigweed growing at the closed landfill and the control
site were collected from the same sites where soil samples were collected, and the concentrations of the same set of heavy metals in these weeds determined. Soil samples were digested using EPA
method 3050B: Acid Digestion of Sediments, Sludge and soils whereas nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide was used for digestion of plant samples. Both plant and soil digests were analyzed for heavy metals concentrations using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Soils from the landfill as well as the control site had a high content of sand with soil pH values which were alkaline. The electrical conductivity values of the soil samples were relatively low ranging from 0.39 to 1.67 dS/m, indicating low levels of salts in soils at the landfill. The concentrations of heavy metals at the closed landfill site were higher than the control site. Heavy metals concentrations in soils at the closed landfill followed the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. Results indicated that Fe was exceptionally higher than the other metals with concentration values averaging 45690±17255 mg/kg. Cadmium on the other hand had the least concentration with values of 0.01±0.00 mg/kg.
Values of Enrichment Factors of heavy metals around the soil at different depths indicated that the enrichment of heavy metals increased with depth at the landfill up to 30-60 cm after which a
decrease was observed. Values for heavy metal Contamination Factor of soils around the landfill ranged from low concentration (CF<1) to very high concentration (CF>6). The Pollution Load Index (PLI) values for the soil at the Lumberstewart landfill indicated that all sites were polluted (PLI>1). Site 6 had significantly higher mean concentration of heavy metals in soils at the landfill whereas site 11 had the least. The concentrations of Cd and Ni in soils at the landfill were below
permissible limits of South African National Norms and Standards (NNS) as prescribed by NEMA (2008) in South Africa whereas Cr, Cu and Zn in soils were above the NNS permissible limits.
Heavy metal concentrations in soils at the landfill were above World Health (WHO) permissible limits except for Cd which was equal (0.01 mg/kg) to the permissible values of Cd in the soils at sites 5, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12. Mean concentrations of heavy metals in jimson weed and pigweed were in the order Fe>Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Cd. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe and Zn in both plants from all sites at the landfill were significantly higher than the control site. Heavy metal transfer coefficient for both plants indicated that heavy metal uptake was more species dependent than soil heavy metal concentration dependent. The results from this research indicate that though the Lumberstewart Landfill has been closed, it is still affecting the soils in the vicinity of the
landfill. Plants and water around the Lumberstewart closed landfill could be at risk from heavy metal contamination. High concentrations of heavy metals observed in the soil could present a health risk to communities should they decide to use the landfill site for arable purposes.<br>Environmental Sciences<br>M. Sc. (Environmental Science)