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1

Shepherd, Peter. "FLOW : interactive sonic art : the creation and use of responsive strategies to re-imagine the performer/spectator relationship and create visitor inclusive sonic environments." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/8092.

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FLOW operates on two levels, firstly as an engaging live performance environment and secondly as a vehicle to discuss a number of philosophical ideas relating to sound as art. As a performance piece FLOW exists to provide an inclusive interactive environment for musicians and casual visitors alike. A series of sensors allow those who enter the arena to make interventions in an immersive soundscape through their movements, opening up possibilities for the exploration of sound and gestural action within the space. The piece challenges the conventional roles of performer and spectator and offers interactive technology as a means of uniting the two. The artist creates a re-imagination of the performance paradigm based on active engagement rather than passive observance through the establishment of a circular discourse between human and computer. The following paper will also examine the nature of sound as art, suggesting that the poststructural ideas of Derrida and Deleuze and Guattari can be used as a conduit to define sonic emergences and morphologies within a Human/computer discourse, both in terms of timbral nature and spatial diffusion. Central to this is the concept that suggests the relationship between man and machine in interactive sonic art is one of energy transfer from organic fluidity to digital regulation and back to energy in the form of processed sound, according to the processes put in place. This leads into a final discussion of the nature of experimental compositional process, the choice between the determinate and the stochastic and the compromises between these that may need to be made to retain artistic coherence.
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Geronazzo, Michele. "Mixed Structural Models for 3D Audio in Virtual Environments." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3424593.

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In the world of ICT, strategies for innovation and development are increasingly focusing on applications that require spatial representation and real-time interaction with and within 3D media environments. One of the major challenges that such applications have to address is user-centricity, reflecting e.g. on developing complexity-hiding services so that people can personalize their own delivery of services. In these terms, multimodal interfaces represent a key factor for enabling an inclusive use of the new technology by everyone. In order to achieve this, multimodal realistic models that describe our environment are needed, and in particular models that accurately describe the acoustics of the environment and communication through the auditory modality. Examples of currently active research directions and application areas include 3DTV and future internet, 3D visual-sound scene coding, transmission and reconstruction and teleconferencing systems, to name but a few. The concurrent presence of multimodal senses and activities make multimodal virtual environments potentially flexible and adaptive, allowing users to switch between modalities as needed during the continuously changing conditions of use situation. Augmentation through additional modalities and sensory substitution techniques are compelling ingredients for presenting information non-visually, when the visual bandwidth is overloaded, when data are visually occluded, or when the visual channel is not available to the user (e.g., for visually impaired people). Multimodal systems for the representation of spatial information will largely benefit from the implementation of audio engines that have extensive knowledge of spatial hearing and virtual acoustics. Models for spatial audio can provide accurate dynamic information about the relation between the sound source and the surrounding environment, including the listener and his/her body which acts as an additional filter. Indeed, this information cannot be substituted by any other modality (i.e., visual or tactile). Nevertheless, today's spatial representation of audio within sonification tends to be simplistic and with poor interaction capabilities, being multimedia systems currently focused on graphics processing mostly, and integrated with simple stereo or multi-channel surround-sound. On a much different level lie binaural rendering approaches based on headphone reproduction, taking into account that possible disadvantages (e.g. invasiveness, non-flat frequency responses) are counterbalanced by a number of desirable features. Indeed, these systems might control and/or eliminate reverberation and other acoustic effects of the real listening space, reduce background noise, and provide adaptable and portable audio displays, which are all relevant aspects especially in enhanced contexts. Most of the binaural sound rendering techniques currently exploited in research rely on the use of Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs), i.e. peculiar filters that capture the acoustic effects of the human head and ears. HRTFs allow loyal simulation of the audio signal that arrives at the entrance of the ear canal as a function of the sound source's spatial position. HRTF filters are usually presented under the form of acoustic signals acquired on dummy heads built according to mean anthropometric measurements. Nevertheless, anthropometric features of the human body have a key role in HRTF shaping: several studies have attested how listening to non-individual binaural sounds results in evident localization errors. On the other hand, individual HRTF measurements on a significant number of subjects result both time- and resource-expensive. Several techniques for synthetic HRTF design have been proposed during the last two decades and the most promising one relies on structural HRTF models. In this revolutionary approach, the most important effects involved in spatial sound perception (acoustic delays and shadowing due to head diffraction, reflections on pinna contours and shoulders, resonances inside the ear cavities) are isolated and modeled separately with a corresponding filtering element. HRTF selection and modeling procedures can be determined by physical interpretation: parameters of each rendering blocks or selection criteria can be estimated from real and simulated data and related to anthropometric geometries. Effective personal auditory displays represent an innovative breakthrough for a plethora of applications and structural approach can also allow for effective scalability depending on the available computational resources or bandwidth. Scenes with multiple highly realistic audiovisual objects are easily managed exploiting parallelism of increasingly ubiquitous GPUs (Graphics Processing Units). Building individual headphone equalization with perceptually robust inverse filtering techniques represents a fundamental step towards the creation of personal virtual auditory displays (VADs). To this regard, several examples might benefit from these considerations: multi-channel downmix over headphones, personal cinema, spatial audio rendering in mobile devices, computer-game engines and individual binaural audio standards for movie and music production. This thesis presents a family of approaches that overcome the current limitations of headphone-based 3D audio systems, aiming at building personal auditory displays through structural binaural audio models for an immersive sound reproduction. The resulting models allow for an interesting form of content adaptation and personalization, since they include parameters related to the user's anthropometry in addition to those related to the sound sources and the environment. The covered research directions converge to a novel framework for synthetic HRTF design and customization that combines the structural modeling paradigm with other HRTF selection techniques (inspired by non-individualized HRTF selection procedures) and represents the main novel contribution of this thesis: the Mixed Structural Modeling (MSM) approach considers the global HRTF as a combination of structural components, which can be chosen to be either synthetic or recorded components. In both cases, customization is based on individual anthropometric data, which are used to either fit the model parameters or to select a measured/simulated component within a set of available responses. The definition and experimental validation of the MSM approach addresses several pivotal issues towards the acquisition and delivery of binaural sound scenes and designing guidelines for personalized 3D audio virtual environments holding the potential of novel forms of customized communication and interaction with sound and music content. The thesis also presents a multimodal interactive system which is used to conduct subjective test on multi-sensory integration in virtual environments. Four experimental scenarios are proposed in order to test the capabilities of auditory feedback jointly to tactile or visual modalities. 3D audio feedback related to user’s movements during simple target following tasks is tested as an applicative example of audio-visual rehabilitation system. Perception of direction of footstep sounds interactively generated during walking and provided through headphones highlights how spatial information can clarify the semantic congruence between movement and multimodal feedback. A real time, physically informed audio-tactile interactive system encodes spatial information in the context of virtual map presentation with particular attention to orientation and mobility (O&M) learning processes addressed to visually impaired people. Finally, an experiment analyzes the haptic estimation of size of a virtual 3D object (a stair-step) whereas the exploration is accompanied by a real-time generated auditory feedback whose parameters vary as a function of the height of the interaction point. The collected data from these experiments suggest that well-designed multimodal feedback, exploiting 3D audio models, can definitely be used to improve performance in virtual reality and learning processes in orientation and complex motor tasks, thanks to the high level of attention, engagement, and presence provided to the user. The research framework, based on the MSM approach, serves as an important evaluation tool with the aim of progressively determining the relevant spatial attributes of sound for each application domain. In this perspective, such studies represent a novelty in the current literature on virtual and augmented reality, especially concerning the use of sonification techniques in several aspects of spatial cognition and internal multisensory representation of the body. This thesis is organized as follows. An overview of spatial hearing and binaural technology through headphones is given in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 is devoted to the Mixed Structural Modeling formalism and philosophy. In Chapter 3, topics in structural modeling for each body component are studied, previous research and two new models, i.e. near-field distance dependency and external-ear spectral cue, are presented. Chapter 4 deals with a complete case study of the mixed structural modeling approach and provides insights about the main innovative aspects of such modus operandi. Chapter 5 gives an overview of number of a number of proposed tools for the analysis and synthesis of HRTFs. System architectural guidelines and constraints are discussed in terms of real-time issues, mobility requirements and customized audio delivery. In Chapter 6, two case studies investigate the behavioral importance of spatial attribute of sound and how continuous interaction with virtual environments can benefit from using spatial audio algorithms. Chapter 7 describes a set of experiments aimed at assessing the contribution of binaural audio through headphones in learning processes of spatial cognitive maps and exploration of virtual objects. Finally, conclusions are drawn and new research horizons for further work are exposed in Chapter 8.<br>Il settore dell'Information and Communications Technology (ICT) sta investendo in strategie di innovazione e sviluppo sempre più rivolte ad applicazioni capaci di interazione complesse grazie alla rappresentazione spaziale in ambienti virtuali multimodali capaci di rispettare i vincoli di tempo reale. Una delle principali sfide da affrontare riguarda la centralità dell'utente, che si riflette, ad esempio, sullo sviluppo di servizi la cui complessità tecnologica viene nascosta al destinatario, e la cui offerta di servizi sia personalizzabile dall’utente e per l’utente. Per queste ragioni , le interfacce multimodali rappresentano un elemento chiave per consentire un uso diffuso di queste nuove tecnologie. Per raggiungere questo obiettivo è necessario ottenere dei modelli multimodali realistici che siano capaci di descrivere l’ambiente circostante, e in particolare modelli che sappiano rappresentare accuratamente l'acustica dell'ambiente e la trasmissione di informazione attraverso la modalità uditiva. Alcuni esempi di aree applicative e direzioni di ricerca attive nella comunità scientifica internazionale includono 3DTV e internet del futuro , codifica, trasmissione e ricostruzione della scena 3D video e audio e sistemi di teleconferenza , per citarne solo alcuni. La presenza concomitante di più modalità sensoriali e la loro integrazione rendono gli ambienti virtuali multimodali potenzialmente flessibili e adattabili, permettendo agli utenti di passare dall’una all’altra modalità in base alle necessità dettata dalle mutevoli condizioni di utilizzo di tali sistemi. Modalità sensoriali aumentata attraverso altri sensi e tecniche di sostituzione sensoriale sono elementi essenziali per la veicolazione dell’informazioni non visivamente, quando, ad esempio, il canale visivo è sovraccaricato, quando i dati sono visivamente ostruiti, o quando il canale visivo non è disponibile per l'utente (ad esempio, per le persone non vedenti). I sistemi multimodali per la rappresentazione delle informazioni spaziali beneficano sicuramente della realizzazione di motori audio che possiedano una conoscenza approfondita degli aspetti legati alla percezione spaziale e all’acustica virtuale. I modelli per il rendering di audio spazializzato sono in grado di fornire accurate informazioni dinamiche sulla relazione tra la sorgente sonora e l'ambiente circostante , compresa l'interazione del corpo dell’ascoltatore che agisce da ulteriore filtraggio acustico. Queste informazioni non possono essere sostituite da altre modalità (ad esempio quella visiva o tattile). Tuttavia , la rappresentazione spaziale del suono nei feedback acustici tende ad essere, al giorno d’oggi, semplicistica e con scarse capacità di interazione, questo perchè i sistemi multimediali attualmente si focalizzano per lo più sull’elaborazione grafica, e si accontentano di semplici tecnologie stereofoniche o surround multicanale per il rendering del suono. Il rendering binaurale riprodotto in cuffia rappresenta un approccio avveniristico, tenendo conto che i possibili svantaggi (es. invasività , risposte in frequenza non piane) possono essere man mano gestiti e controbilanciati da una serie di desiderabili caratteristiche. Questi sistemi sono caratterizzati dalla possibilità di controllare e/o eliminare il riverbero e altri effetti acustici dello spazio di ascolto circostante, di ridurre il rumore di fondo e fornire dei display audio adattabili e portatili, tutti aspetti rilevanti soprattutto in contesti di innovazione. La maggior parte delle tecniche di rendering binaurale impiegate oggigiorno in ricerca si basano sull'uso di Head Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs), vale a dire di filtri particolari che catturano gli effetti acustici di testa, busto e orecchie dell’ascoltatore. Le HRTF permettono una simulazione fedele del segnale audio che si presenta all'ingresso del canale uditivo in funzione della posizione spaziale della sorgente sonora. I filtri basati su HRTF sono generalmente presentati sotto forma di segnali acustici misurati a partire da una testa di manichino costruito secondo misurazioni antropometriche medie. Tuttavia, le caratteristiche antropometriche individuali hanno un ruolo fondamentale nel determinare le HRTF: diversi studi hanno riscontrato come l’ascolto di audio binaurale non individuale produce errori di localizzazione evidenti . D'altra parte , le misurazioni individuali di HRTF su un numero significativo di soggetti richiedono un impiego di risorse e tempo non trascurabili. Sono state proposte negli ultimi due decenni diverse tecniche per il design di HRTF sintetiche e tra le più promettente vi è quella che utilizza i modelli strutturali di HRTF. In questo approccio rivoluzionario, gli effetti più importanti coinvolti nella percezione spaziale del suono (i ritardi acustici e le ombre acustiche ad opera della diffrazione attorno alla testa, le riflessioni sui contorni dell’orecchio esterno e sulle spalle, le risonanze all'interno delle cavità dell’orecchio) sono isolati e modellati separatamente nell’elemento filtrante corrispondente. La selezione di HRTF non individuali e queste procedure di modellazione possono essere entrambe analizzate con una interpretazione fisica: i parametri di ogni blocco di rendering o i criteri di selezione possono venir stimati dalla relazione tra dati reali e simulati e antropometria dell’ascoltatore. La realizzazione di efficaci display uditivi personali rappresenta un notevole passo in avanti per numerose applicazioni; l’approccio strutturale consente una intrinseca scalabilità a seconda delle risorse computazionali o della larghezza di banda disponibili. Scene altamente realistiche con più oggetti audiovisivi riescono ad essere gestite sfruttando il parallelismo della Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) sempre più onnipresenti. Ottenere un equalizzazione individuale delle cuffie con tecniche di filtraggio inverso che siano percettivamente robuste costituisce un passo fondamentale verso la creazione di display uditivi virtuali personali. A titolo d’esempio, vengono di seguito riportate alcune aree applicative che possono trarre beneficio da queste considerazioni: riproduzione multi canale in cuffia, rendering spaziale del suono in dispositivi mobile, motori di rendering per computer-game e standard audio binaurali individuali per film e produzione musicale. Questa tesi presenta una famiglia di approcci in grado di superare gli attuali limiti dei sistemi di audio 3D in cuffia, con l’obiettivo di realizzare display uditivi personali attraverso modelli strutturali per l’audio binaurale volti ad una riproduzione immersiva del suono. I modelli che ne derivano permettono adattamento e personalizzazione di contenuti, grazie alla gestione dei parametri relativi all’antropometria dell'utente oltre a quelli relativi alle sorgenti sonore nell'ambiente . Le direzioni di ricerca intraprese convergono verso una metodologia per la progettazione e personalizzazione di HRTF sintetiche che unisce il paradigma di modellazione strutturale con altre tecniche di selezione per HRTF (ispirate a procedure di selezione non-individuali di HRTF) e rappresenta il principale contributo di questa tesi: l’ approccio a modellazione strutturale mista( MSM ) che considera la HRTF globale come una combinazione di elementi strutturali, che possono essere scelti tra componenti sia sintetiche che registrate. In entrambi i casi, la personalizzazione si basa su dati antropometrici individuali, utilizzati per adattare sia i parametri del modello sia per selezionare un componente simulato o misurato, tra un insieme di risposte all’impulso disponibili. La definizione e la validazione sperimentale dell'approccio a MSM affronta alcune questioni cruciali riguarda l'acquisizione e il rendering di scene acustiche binaurali, definendo alcune linee guida di progettazione per ambienti virtuali personali che utilizzano l’audio 3D e che possiedono nuove forme di comunicazione su misura e di interazione con contenuti sonori e musicali. In questa tesi viene anche presentato un sistema interattivo multimodale utilizzato per condurre test soggettivi sull’integrazione multisensoriale in ambienti virtuali. Vengono proposti quattro scenari sperimentali al fine di testare le funzionalità di un feedback sonoro integrato a modalità tattili o visive. (i) Un feedback con audio 3D legato ai movimenti dell'utente durante una semplice attività di inseguimento di un bersaglio viene presentato come un esempio applicativo di sistema riabilitativo audiovisivo. (ii) La percezione della direzione sonora dei passi interattivamente generati in cuffia durante la camminata evidenzia come l'informazione spaziale sia in grado di mettere in luce la congruenza semantica tra movimento e feedback multimodale. (iii) Un sistema audio tattile interattivo e real-time sintetizza l'informazione spaziale di mappe virtuali per l’educazione all’orientamento e alla mobilità (O&M) rivolta a persone non vedenti. (iv) Un ultimo esperimento analizza la stima tattile delle dimensioni di un oggetto virtuale 3D (un gradino), mentre l'esplorazione è accompagnata da un feedback sonoro generato in tempo reale i cui parametri variano in funzione dell’altezza del punto di interazione aptico. I dati raccolti da questi esperimenti suggeriscono che feedback multimodali che sfruttano correttamente modelli di audio 3D, possono essere utilizzati per migliorare la navigazione nella realtà virtuale, l’orientamento e l’apprendimento di azioni motorie complesse, grazie all'alto livello di attenzione, impegno e immersività fornito all'utente. La metodologia di ricerca, basata sull'approccio a MSM, rappresenta un importante strumento di valutazione per determinare progressivamente i principali attributi spaziali del suono in relazione a ciascun dominio applicativo. In questa prospettiva, tali studi rappresentano una novità nella letteratura scientifica corrente che ha come principale argomento di indagine la realtà virtuale e aumentata, soprattutto per quanto riguarda l'uso di tecniche di sonicazione legate alla cognizione spaziale e alla rappresentazione multisensoriale interna del corpo . Questa tesi è organizzata come segue. Un’introduzione e una panoramica sulla percezione spaziale del suono e sulle tecnologie binaurali in cuffia sono fornite nel Capitolo 1. Il Capitolo 2 è dedicato al formalismo sulla modellazione strutturale mista e sua corrispondente filosofia di ricerca. Nel Capitolo 3 vengono presentati i modelli strutturali relativi ad ogni parte del corpo, risultanti da precedenti ricerche. Due nuove proposte di modello di testa e orecchio approfondiscono rispettivamente la dipendenza dalla distanza nel near-field e le informazioni spettrali fornite dall’orecchio esterno per la localizzazione verticale del suono. Il Capitolo 4 si occupa di un caso di studio completo riguardante l'approccio a modellazione strutturale mista, fornendo degli approfondimenti riguardanti i principali aspetti innovativi di tale modus operandi. Il Capitolo 5 fornisce una panoramica di strumenti sviluppati per l'analisi e la sintesi di HRTF. Inoltre linee guida per il design di ambienti di realtà virtuale vengono discussi in termini di problematiche riguardanti vincoli di tempo reali, requisiti per la mobilità e personalizzazione del segnale audio. Nel Capitolo 6, attraverso due casi di studio viene approfondita l'importanza dell'attributo spaziale del suono nel comportamento dell’ascoltatore e come la continua interazione in ambienti virtuali possa utilizzare con successo algoritmi per l’audio spaziale. Il Capitolo 7 descrive una serie di esperimenti volti a valutare il contributo dell’audio binaurale in cuffia in processi di apprendimento di mappe cognitive spaziali e nell'esplorazione di oggetti virtuali. Infine, il Capitolo 8 apre a nuovi orizzonti per futuri lavori di ricerca.
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Greated, Marianne. "Painting in a sonic environment." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9480.

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The thesis explores how painting is affected by its sonic environment. The research stems from an artistic response to noise in the environment and how this can be explored through artistic practice. The boundaries of art have and continue to be challenged as visual art has embraced an increasing range of approaches. This research explores the visual experience of viewing a painting alongside the all-encompassing time based nature of a sonic experience and readdresses the way painting operates within its own sound environment. It asks how these different elements can affect the reading of one another and in particular focuses on installations in extreme acoustic spaces, such as anechoic and reverberation chambers. It investigates how introducing sound to the painting arena can affect the reading and also transform the parameters of the painting. The research is practice-based and takes the form of a series of exhibitions, latterly in the form of site-specific installations, which have been evaluated, interpreted and responded to. This has led to a fundamental investigation, both practical and theoretical, into the way that sound and vision work together and how they relate within the context of art. Through the research the format of the painting developed in tandem with the temporal and audio considerations, resulting in all-encompassing installations bringing together panoramic paintings and 3D soundscapes.
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Anderson, Tim M. "E-SCAPE : an extendible sonic composition and performance environment." Thesis, University of York, 1993. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21040/.

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Patrício, Eduardo Luis Brito. "Spatial referentiality and openness : a portfolio of environmental sound compositions." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709694.

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Through a creative portfolio and an analytical and critical commentary, this research investigates the use of spatial references in the composition of semi-open environmental sound works. The portfolio explores a number of strategies to make use of spatial references as formal compositional components to enable more intuitive performance/reading experiences. The pieces present a number of electronically mediated scenarios in varied formats; concert, installation and mobile application. Counting on the intuitive way one tries to constantly identify surrounding spaces, each piece uses physical (performance/presentation spaces) and representational devices (illustrations, maps, video projections, spatialised sound etc.) to articulate and delimitate semi-open artistic experiences. Such ambiguous scenarios are enabled by both the unpredictability of elements of each work and the dependence on the subjective interpretations of the agents involved in the process. The creative processes presented here in a descriptive, analytical and critical manner attempt to make an artistic contribution and provide documental material for future reflection about related practices.
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Barclay, Leah. "Sonic Ecologies: Environmental Electroacoustic Music Composition in Cultural Immersion." Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366418.

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This thesis comprises of a body of creative work and an exegesis that articulates the intentions and findings from each project. The creative portfolio is specifically focused on the development and dissemination of original electroacoustic music compositions that draw on environmental field recordings from various parts of the world. The central research question of this thesis investigates the possibilities of electroacoustic music composition in contributing towards environmental awareness and engagement. This research adopts a practice-led methodology, resulting in 24 original creative works presented as the major component of this study. The research question was addressed from a personal perspective, through a detailed autoethnographic commentary on the development of each project. The research has been conducted in cultural immersion, ranging from the centre of the Amazon rainforest to exploring significant rivers in India, Korea, China, and Australia. The findings and observations from each project led to preliminary results that highlighted the value of creating electroacoustic music in community engagement and using multi-platform dissemination of the resulting experiences. These results gradually led to the development of the Sonic Ecologies framework, a production model that the author introduces in this dissertation that underpins the creative portfolio and articulates the practice-led outcomes<br>Thesis (PhD Doctorate)<br>Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)<br>Queensland Conservatorium of Music<br>Arts, Education and Law<br>Full Text
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Mendes, Barbosa Álvaro Manuel. "Computer-suported cooperative work for music applications." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7536.

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Aquesta tesi recull la recerca al voltant de les pràctiques musicals mitjançant xarxes d'ordinadors realitzada al Grup de Tecnologia Musical de la Universitat Pompeu Fabra a Barcelona entre l'any 2001 i el 2005. Parteix del treball dut a terme durant la última dècada dins del camp del Treball Cooperatiu amb Ordinadors (Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW) el qual aporta els mecanismes de col·laboració els quals, des de un punt de vista musical, poden ser estudiats en diversos escenaris: composició, interpretació, improvisació i educació.<br/>La primera contribució d'aquest treball és un anàlisi exhaustiu i una classificació sistemàtica del Treball Cooperatiu amb Ordinadors per Aplicacions Musicals. Aquest anàlisi es va centrar en la identificació de propostes innovadores, models i aplicacions, amb un especial èmfasi en la natura compartida de la comunicació mitjançant internet. El concepte d'Entorns Sonors Compartits va ser presentat i implementat en una aplicació prototip anomenada Public Sound Objects (PSOs).<br/>La segona gran contribució d'aquesta tesi consisteix en l'estudi del possibles mètodes per reduir les interrupcions degudes als retards inherents en la comunicació musical entre xarxes molt allunyades. A partir de l'experimentació i avaluació al laboratori les tècniques Network Latency Adaptive Tempo i Individual Delayed Feed-Back van ser definides i implementades dins del prototip PSOs.<br/>Al llarg del desenvolupament del PSOs es van haver de resoldre altres problemes, com per exemple, el disseny d'interfícies en funció del comportament per a aplicacions amb interfícies desacoblades, la superació dels diversos sistemes de seguretat de les xarxes informàtiques i les possibilitats d'escalabilitat de diverses aplicacions d'àudio per a web.<br/>Durant l'elaboració d'aquesta tesi es van discutir diferents perspectives per resoldre problemes relacionats amb la pràctica musical mitjançant ordinadors, aplicant diferents punts de vista provinents de l'estudi psicosocial dels processos de col·laboració musical al món de la informàtica i de la tecnologia musical.<br>This dissertation derives from research on musical practices mediated by computer networks conducted from 2001 to 2005 in the Music Technology Group of the Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona, Spain. It departs from work carried out over the last decades in the field of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), which provides us with collaborative communication mechanisms that can be regarded from a music perspective in diverse scenarios: Composition, Performance, Improvisation or Education.<br/>The first contribution originated from this research work is an extensive survey and systematic classification of Computer-Supported Cooperative Work for Music Applications. This survey led to the identification of innovative approaches, models and applications, with special emphasis on the shared nature of geographically displaced communication over the Internet. The notion of a Shared Sonic Environments was introduced and implemented in a proof-of-concept application entitled Public Sound Objects (PSOs).<br/>A second major contribution of this dissertation concerns methods that reduce the disrupting effect of network latency in musical communication over long distance networks. From laboratorial experimentation and evaluation, the techniques of Network Latency Adaptive Tempo and Individual Delayed Feed-Back were proposed and implemented in the PSOs prototype.<br/>Over the course of the PSOs development other relevant and inspirational issues were addressed, such as, behavioral-driven interface design applied to interface decoupled applications, the overcome of network technology security features and system scalability for various applications in audio web services.<br/>Throughout this dissertation conceptual perspectives of related issues to computer-mediated musical practices dissertation were widely discussed, conveying different standpoints ranging from a Psycho-Social study of collaborative music processes to the Computer Science and Music Technology point of view.
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Watkins, Alexandra. "Sonic Apartheid: ecoracism, apartheid geographics and noise pollution in Cape Town's Blikkiesdorp." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32488.

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In Sonic Apartheid: Ecoracism, Apartheid Geographies, and Noise Pollution in Cape Town's Blikkiesdorp, Alexandra Downing Watkins begins a project of mapping geographies of dispossession and abandonment in Blikkiesdorp (Afrikaans for "Tin Can Town"), a Temporary Relocation Area on the margins of Cape Town created in 2007 following a wake of mass evictions for the 2010 World Cup. After being created as a "temporary" solution, Blikkiesdorp remained a site of abandonment where evicted peoples, refugees, and other "undesirables" were sent to live. Seven years later, the City of Cape Town and the Airports Company of South Africa signed a Memorandum of Understanding agreeing to realign one of the airport's runways, which would serve to relocate the community. Following the story of strategic organising by the Blikkiesdorp community to be included in the Environmental Impact Assessment that was being instrumentalized to further displace them, this work examines the community's struggle against conditions of abandonment through complicating the division of humans and the environment. This project engages with the mechanics of bio-, necro-, and geontopower, in contemporary South African environmental governance as an afterlife of apartheid spatial planning. The project features environmental research that was completed in cooperation with community members who shared their experiential environmental knowledge through interviews and diary entries as well as compiling decibel readings of excessive noise pollution. This data along with noise pollution diaries, photographs, and interviews has been compiled and placed in a digital archive in the form of an open-source ArchGIS Story Map. Combining theory and research contributed by the Blikkiesdorp community with the contemporary theoretical language of new materialism and critical race theory, this work engages with the porosity of bodies, the co-imbrication of bodies and landscape, how the creation of an "alternative social project" can serve to disturb and resist evidence-based technoscience and processes of ecoracist governance.
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Udy, Sandra. "Assessing Amendment Treatments for Sodic Soil Reclamation in Arid Land Environments." DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7670.

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Plugged and abandoned well pads throughout the Uintah Basin face reclamation challenges due to factors including a harsh climate, invasive species, and high salt loads. Finding ways to alleviate soil sodicity could improve soil reclamation success. Gypsum, sulfur, activated carbon, and Biochar are being applied to improve soil parameters negatively impacted by sodicity, but the direct impact of these amendments on Uintah Basin soils is still largely unknown. The aim of this study was two-fold. (1) Evaluate the effectiveness of gypsum, sulfuric acid, Biochar, activated carbon, and combinations of these amendments in reducing the impact of soil sodicity of the Desilt and Conglomerate soils by measuring amendment impact on percent dispersion, saturated hydraulic conductivity, crust bulk density, infiltration, and crust formation. (2) Compare a crust bulk density method using ImageJ to the clod wax density method and a modified linear extensibility percent equation to the linear extensibility percent equation to assess whether the novel methods can be used to accurately measure and calculate soil crust bulk density and shrink swell potential while reducing human error and analysis time.
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Sessoms, Holly Nicol. "Water use potential and salt tolerance of riparian species in saline-sodic environments." Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/sessoms/SessomsH0805.pdf.

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Kwok, Chiu Wai. "Effects of external environmental and internal genetic factors on Sonic Hedgehog pathway in zebrafish embryonic development /." access full-text access abstract and table of contents, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/thesis.pl?mphil-bch-b19887279a.pdf.

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Thesis (M. Phil.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005.<br>"Submitted to Department of Biology and Chemistry in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Philosophy." Includes bibliographical references.
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Alarcón, Díaz Ximena. "An interactive sonic environment derived from commuters' memories of the soundscape : a case study of the London Underground." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/3216.

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Through interrelating the Acoustic Communication concepts of soundscape with contemporary collective memory studies, this research project explores the relationship between commuters and the London Underground (LU) soundscape in order to create an interactive sonic environment on the Internet. The methodology combines fieldwork and artistic work, focusing on commuters’ perceptions of time and space, and on their sonic memories, as elements through which to interpret the space. The objective of the fieldwork is to investigate commuters’ aural memories of the LU soundscape, including the feelings and sensations that it stimulates. The artistic objective is to facilitate the interaction between the soundscape and its users through an interface that allows a creative combination of sounds to assemble aural memories into a sound-driven multimedia experience. Twenty-four commuters participated in the ethnographic study during the three phases of the research; they followed the researcher’s model, which combines the processes of listening and remembering. The researcher thus developed an interactive sonic environment where commuters can experience a non-linear virtual journey through the soundscape of LU, then apply this as a means of reflecting on the original commuting experience. The interactive nature of the process makes it possible for individual memories to be linked in a creative shared experience; it fosters the development of on-line sound-driven narratives.
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Young, John. "Source recognition of environmental sounds in the composition of sonic art with field-recordings: A New Zealand viewpoint." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Music, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4615.

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The use of recorded environmental sounds in electroacoustic music has led to the raising of fundamental questions concerning the aesthetic criteria with which such materials should be approached in composition. One of the most fundamental issues has been the compositional role of "source recognition", whereby the listener assigns environmental sounds to their physical source objects or situations. This study deals with the potentials of source recognition in sonic art arising from the creative use of field-recordings, especially the potential for tangible "real-world” reference to be used as a criterion by which works are structured. Since recognition of sources is such an elemental aspect of the normal perception of sounds in the environment, this is regarded as a highly relevant basis from which to use field-recordings in composition. Particular emphasis is also given to the placement of this in the context of New Zealand work involving electroacoustic media, in an attempt to evaluate the compositional importance of New Zealand composers' concern for the environment in their works. Chapter one provides a background to the increased concentration in music of the twentieth century on the sounds and stimulus of environmental phenomena, and especially the use of natural sounds in electroacoustic music as it became possible with sound recording. Chapter two examines four approaches to the classification of natural sounds, which are based on different ways in which environmental sound can be perceived - from details of source recognition to focus on morphological and spectral characteristics. Chapter three examines in more detail the use of source recognition of environmental sounds in electroacoustic music by way of critique of two established approaches - namely, Simon Emmerson's writings on "mimesis" and Trevor Wishart's concept of "sonic landscapes", Chapter four explores the role of source recognition when working with field-recordings, both as a means of documenting the sounds of real objects and events, and as a structural force; particular emphasis is given to examples drawn from works by New Zealand composers. These four chapters together form part one of the study. The second part comprises interviews with eight New Zealand-born composers of electroacoustic music, as well as commentaries on the use of field-recordings in the work of these composers. Part three consists of analyses of selected New Zealand works in which field recordings have been used.
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Alsharari, Musaed Amish. "Reclamation of fine-textured sodic soil using gypsum, langbeinite, and calcium chloride." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282872.

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The effects of various application rates of gypsum (Aqua-cal = finely ground gypsum), langbeinite (K₂SO₄.2MgSO₄), and CaCl₂ (anhydrous) on exchangeable Na removal and saturated hydraulic conductivity of a sodic soil were investigated under laboratory batch studies and laboratory column leaching studies. The research involved four phases of studies. Characterization of the soil and irrigation water indicated that the soil sample is sodic (ESP=35.3), ECₑ = 3.36 dS/m), and the irrigation water is moderately saline (EC = 2.2 dS/m). The laboratory batch studies showed that CaCl₂ and langbeinite treatments were more efficient in the displacement of Na than gypsum which increased with increasing application rate. In contrast, with gypsum, Na displacement increased to a maximum at an application rate of 7 tons/ha; then, no further increase in displacement was observed above that level. In the column leaching studies, applied amendments at equivalent rates of 7 tons/ha each and leaching with 5 pore volumes of irrigation water resulted in a total Na displacement of 60%, 80%, and 84% for gypsum, langbeinite, and CaCl₂, respectively. Moreover, the SAR of the soil was reduced significantly in the above treatments from 34.5 in the beginning of leaching to 6.80 for gypsum (G7), from 41.8 to 5.60 for langbeinite (L₇), and from 32.6 to 2.5 for CaCl₂(7). When amendments were applied at higher rates (G7 tons/ha gypsum and 13 tons/ha of each of CaCl₂ and langbeinite), the % total Na displaced was 60%, 100%, and 94% for gypsum, langbeinite, and CaCl₂, respectively. The corresponding SAR values at the end of reclamation were 6.80, 4.50, and 5.50 for gypsum, langbeinite, and CaCl₂, respectively. The combination treatments significantly improved the reclamation at 0.05 level as compared to the G7 treatment alone and saved more leaching water and displaced higher exchangeable Na as compared to the gypsum treatment (G7) alone. Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) studies indicated that Ks was increased significantly when the amendments were applied at equivalent weights (7 tons/ha) and at higher application rates as compared to the control. The Ks of the gypsum treated soil (G7) was significantly higher than Ks of langbeinite and CaCl₂ treated soil at both equivalent rates and when applied at higher rates L13 and CaCl₂(13).
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Mahjoub, Ghazi. "Using a Sonic Net to Deter Pest Bird Species: Excluding European Starlings from Food Sources by Disrupting their Acoustic Environment." W&M ScholarWorks, 2014. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626954.

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Prior, Jonathan David. "Roles of aesthetic value in ecological restoration : cases from the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7855.

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Ecological restoration has been identified as an increasingly important tool in environmental policy circles, from reversing species loss to mitigating climate change. While there has been a steady rise in the number of research projects that have investigated social and ecological values that underpin ecological restoration, scholarship has predominantly been carried out at the theoretical level, to the detriment of engaging with real-world ecological restoration projects. This has resulted in generalised and speculative accounts of ecological restoration values. This thesis seeks to address this research gap through a critical analysis of the roles of aesthetic values in the creation and implementation of restoration policy, using three different case studies of ecological restoration at the landscape level in the United Kingdom. I employ interdisciplinary research methods, including semi-structured interviews, interpretive policy analyses, still photography, and sound recording techniques, to better understand the multi-sensorial qualities of ecological restoration. I trace the role of aesthetic value from the initial development of restoration policy through to the management of the post-restoration landscape, considering along the way how aesthetic values are negotiated amongst other types of social and ecological values, how aesthetic values are measured, articulated, and projected onto the landscape by restoration policy makers, and the ways in which aesthetic values are applied through design and management strategies across each site. Throughout the thesis, I engage with a number of current research themes within the ecological restoration literature that intersect with aesthetic value, such as the use of ‘native’ and ‘non-native’ species in landscape restoration, and the procedure through which landscape reference models are selected. I also address hitherto unasked spatial questions of ecological restoration, including an examination of the aesthetic relationships between a restoration site and adjacent landscapes, and the application of spatial practices to regulate certain forms of post-restoration landscape utility. I demonstrate that aesthetic values play a multitude of different roles throughout the restoration process, and ultimately show that as aesthetic values are captured and put to use to different ends through policy, they are inherently bound up with competing ethical visions of society-nature relationships.
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Brandão, Guilherme Valle Loures. "Linhas ferroviárias e cidade: avaliação acústica para redução de ruídos em áreas urbanas." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/7235.

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Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-09-04T12:58:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermevallelouresbrandao.pdf: 12401220 bytes, checksum: 9bc0af060b36cbc30fae487ed61aa6cd (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-09-04T13:24:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermevallelouresbrandao.pdf: 12401220 bytes, checksum: 9bc0af060b36cbc30fae487ed61aa6cd (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-04T13:24:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 guilhermevallelouresbrandao.pdf: 12401220 bytes, checksum: 9bc0af060b36cbc30fae487ed61aa6cd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-28<br>A ambiência acústica dos lugares é fator preponderante para o adequado desempenho laboral, intelectual ou simplesmente vivencial do ser humano. O local de vivência, se possuir fatores que potencializam a percepção da ambiência acústica, tais como ruído de tráfego, pode causar estresse fisiológico, contribuindo para uma avaliação qualitativa desfavorável do espaço urbano. O objeto de estudo desta pesquisa é o conjunto de características acústicas inerentes às linhas ferroviárias, que se materializam no espaço segundo esses preceitos e os irradiam ao entorno. A presença dessas linhas na malha urbana da cidade de Juiz de Fora – MG – influi diretamente na produção do espaço e direciona vetores de crescimento e valoração do solo, representando um importante aspecto a ser considerado nas políticas de produção da cidade. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar as características acústicas ao longo das linhas ferroviárias e suas especificidades, propondo alternativas para mitigação dos problemas verificados nas áreas adjacentes. O recorte desta pesquisa, que se insere no campo da acústica ambiental, se dá pela delimitação de estudo das características acústicas das linhas férreas, focando nas características sonoras das áreas habitadas lindeiras à faixa de domínio na malha urbana de Juiz de Fora. Com relação à metodologia de desenvolvimento, utiliza-se a Revisão Sistemática de Literatura – RSL – para definição do arcabouço teórico referencial e, para realização do estudo de caso, utiliza-se a metodologia proposta pelos referenciais normativos, através de medições in loco. O trabalho se desenvolve em seis capítulos que englobam os conhecimentos necessários à sua realização, focando na aplicação dos conceitos ao ambiente ferroviário. As análises realizadas demonstram que o ambiente acústico ao longo da linha ferroviária é drasticamente impactado pela passagem das composições, provocando o aumento do nível de ruído equivalente para além dos parâmetros normativos de conforto. A partir da situação existente, propõe-se a implantação de um misto de dispositivos convencionais e não convencionais para a redução do ruído, focando em soluções que mantenham permeabilidade visual e busquem reduzir a segregação espacial, gerando resultados que podem ser replicados em outras áreas urbanas, tanto na cidade de Juiz de Fora quanto em outras cidades. Conclui-se que a utilização dos dispositivos de proteção auxilia consideravelmente na redução do nível de pressão sonora equivalente nas áreas lindeiras, entretanto, percebe-se que é necessário o atendimento das edificações do entorno às normas construtivas para mitigação mais eficaz do problema.<br>Acoustic ambience is a predominant factor for adequate performance levels of work, intellect or simply experiential tasks for human beings. The vivency place itself, when possessing factors that enhance the acoustic ambience perception such as traffic noise can cause physiological stress, contributing to an unfavorable qualitative assessment of the urban space. This research’s object of study is the set of acoustic characteristics inherent to the railway lines, which materialize in space according to these precepts and radiate towards the surroundings. The presence of these railways in the Juiz de Fora city – MG – urban network directly influences the spatial production and directs land growth and valuation vectors, representing an important aspect to be considered in the city's production policies. This work aims to identify the acoustic characteristics along the railway lines and their specificities, proposing alternatives to mitigate problems observed its adjacent areas. The research clipping, which is inserted in the environmental acoustics’ field, is given by binding the study to the railway lines acoustic characteristics, focusing on the inhabited areas neighboring to the railway’s domain range sound characteristics in the Juiz de Fora city’s urban mesh. Regarding the development methodology, the systematic revision of literature method– RSL – is used to define the reference theoretical framework and, to carry out the case study, the methodology proposed by the current normative references is used, through on-the-spot measurements. The work develops in six chapters that encompass the knowledge necessary for its realization, focusing on the concept application to the railway environment. The analyses performed shows that the acoustic environment along the railway line is drastically impacted by the rail compositions passages, causing an increase in the equivalent noise level beyond the normative comfort parameters. From the existing situation, it is proposed to implement a mixture of conventional and non-conventional devices for noise reduction, focusing on solutions that maintain visual permeability and seek to reduce spatial segregation, generating results that can be replicated in other urban areas, both in Juiz de Fora and other cities. It is concluded that using protection devices greatly assists in reducing the equivalent sound pressure levels in the railway’s neighboring areas. However, it is understood that it is necessary for the surrounding buildings to meet the constructive norms for a more effective problem mitigation.
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Mills, Anthony. "Response of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) to irrigation with saline, sodic wastes and nitrogenous, manganiferous effluent." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/23082.

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The Manganese Metal Company (MMC) situated in Nelspruit, Eastern Transvaal, South Africa produces a manganiferous saline effluent from a manganese ore leaching process. The high NH₄ content of the waste has been identified as a possible nitrogen fertilizer source. Irrigation of the MMC waste over nearby kikuyu ( Pennisetum clandestinum) pastures could thus potentially solve a waste disposal problem as well as provide fertilization of the pastures, although the high manganese content of the waste poses a risk of manganese toxicity or pollution. The kikuyu pastures are presently used as a land disposal system for a saline waste from a pulp bleaching process. Due to process changes, the dominant salt type in the waste is anticipated to change from KaCl to Na₂SO₄. Pot experiments with kikuyu were undertaken to investigate NaCl versus Na₂SO₄ salinity effects, Mn toxicity threshold levels and MMC waste versus a standard nitrogen fertilizer (NH₄NO₃) yield response. The results demonstrated that kikuyu grass is both salinity and Mn tolerant. Kikuyu salinity tolerance, using electrical conductivity as a salinity index, was significantly greater in NaCl than Na₂SO₄ salinity. This difference was attributed to the formation of SO₄ neutral ion pairs in Na₂SO₄ treatments which decreased cation uptake, increased osmotic stress relative to electrical conductivity and led to a possible SO₄-induced Ca deficiency. Cl adsorption in manganous sulphate and Na₂SO₄ treated soils was speculatively attributed to the formation of an undocumented ettringite-like mineral. Kikuyu exhibited both a fertilization effect and a Mn toxicity effect with manganous sulphate applications. An increase in yield occurred between Mn applications of 800 and 1600 mg/kg soil. This effect was attributed to increased nutrient availability as a result of nitrogen mineralisation and soil desorption processes. Mn applications of 3200 and 8000 mg/kg resulted in severe Mn toxicity symptoms and reductions in yield. Fertilization of kikuyu with NH₄NO₃ and MMC waste produced similar yield responses. Manganese toxicity did not manifest itself in MMC waste treated kikuyu, even at nitrogen loadings of 800 kgN/ha. Manganese attenuation in the soil by MnCO₃ precipitation, oxidation of Mn²⁺ and Mn adsorption are expected to prevent excess Mn²⁺ accumulation which would pose a Mn toxicity and water pollution risk. The disposal of untreated MMC waste as a nitrogen fertilizer substitute for kikuyu pastures is thus in principle a feasible operation in terms of maintaining pasture sustainability and preventing pollution of water resources.
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Klavebäck, Kerstin. "A Rude Awakening to Sounds : A Study of the Soundscape in Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för humaniora (HUM), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-23633.

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This study examines the significance of sounds and silence in Joseph Conrad’s novella Heart of Darkness (1902). The importance of visual effects has repeatedly been analyzed and therefore, it is high time to explore the text from an auditory perspective. By comparing and contrasting Victorian city sounds to sounds in the wilderness, I show that the urban and rural worlds have a great deal in common. Furthermore, by deconstructing the seemingly stable binary opposition of sound and silence as well as that of civilization and wilderness, it becomes evident that they are related and depend on one another. This paper also examines noise and how it is used as a means of power. Moreover, it deals with Thomas Edison’s invention, the phonograph, as an implicit discursive device in the text. In conclusion, it is argued that the sonic environment is of high significance and should therefore not be ignored and readers must try to close their eyes in order to hear what is said.
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Gasparini, Reynaldo Tronco. "Desenvolvimento de um software em ambiente MATLAB para simulação de campo ultrassônico : Development of a MATLAB environment software for simulation of ultrasonic field." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/259925.

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Orientador: Vera Lúcia da Silveira Nantes Button<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Elétrica e de Computação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T00:54:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gasparini_ReynaldoTronco_M.pdf: 4522453 bytes, checksum: a5e3883976604a06aa2fd8dcffb6cd3b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012<br>Resumo: O estudo do campo acústico gerado por um transdutor ultrassônico é fundamental para sua construção e caracterização, pois permite prever qual será seu comportamento antes mesmo de ser construído e indica se ele realmente é viável para aplicação para a qual foi projetado, e se são necessárias modificações para que se comporte como o esperado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de um software, em ambiente MATLAB®, para a simulação computacional de campos acústicos gerados por transdutores ultrassônicos de diferentes configurações, utilizando dois modelos que descrevem o campo, o de Zemanek e o de Stepanishen. Os campos de transdutores com focalização, apodização e meios com atenuação também poderão ser simulados. Para a simulação do modelo de Zemanek é utilizado o método matemático de discretização e para o de Stepanishen é empregada uma solução analítica para a resposta impulsiva de cada geometria de transdutor. As simulações foram validadas com resultados obtidos anteriormente por alunos do DEB/FEEC/UNICAMP e os programas desenvolvidos foram agregados em um pacote computacional. Estes programas têm seus códigos abertos para que futuramente sejam implementadas outras funções e configurações de transdutor. O software pode auxiliar no projeto de transdutores e também no estudo da modelagem do campo acústico pelos diferentes modelos que o descrevem<br>Abstract: The study of the acoustic field generated by an ultrasonic transducer is fundamental to its construction and characterization, because it allows to predict how it will behave before being built and whether it is really feasible or not for the application to which it was designed, and to suggest modifications to behave as expected. The present study describes the development of a software implemented in MATLAB®, for computational simulation of acoustic fields generated by ultrasonic transducers, of different configurations, using two models that describe the field, Zemanek and Stepanishen. Transducers with focusing, apodization and attenuation environment may also be simulated. For Zemanek's model simulation is used the mathematical method of discretization and for Stepanishen's model, an analytical solution for the impulse response of each transducer geometry is employed. The simulations were validated with results obtained previously by students from DEB/FEEC/UNICAMP and the developed programs were aggregated into a computer package. These programs have their code available so that, in a near future, other functions and transducer configurations can be implemented. The software can support the transducer design and also the study of the acoustic field modeling by different models that describe it<br>Mestrado<br>Engenharia Biomedica<br>Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica
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CONTE, ANTONIETTA. "Advanced Concepts for Rocket Engine Applications." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2962963.

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Dréan, Hervé. "L’environnement sonore en Haute-Bretagne (1880-1950) : l’exemple de la région de La Roche-Bernard." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20054/document.

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L’environnement sonore de la région de La Roche-Bernard en Haute-Bretagne arrive, à la fin du 19e siècle, dans une période de changements importants qui accompagne le déclin d’une société rurale traditionnelle. Une reconstitution de cet environnement disparu s’avère compliquée, partielle et subjective, compte tenu de la disparité des sources d’information disponibles. Basée principalement sur des enquêtes orales complétées par des recherches en archives, cette étude permet, plutôt que d’établir les relations exactes des sons les uns avec les autres, de réfléchir à une catégorisation qui prenne davantage en compte leur perception et leur émission, ou plus exactement leurs fonctions, usages et interprétations. Le classement qui en découle tient de surcroît compte du caractère traditionnel ou folklorique des sons retenus. Cette manière d’inventaire, qui n’est pas exhaustif, repère cependant dans un second temps les moments de rupture où un type d’environnement sonore disparaît et cède la place à un autre. Une chronologie générale établit enfin, dans la société rurale traditionnelle étudiée, les éventuels rapports entre sa disparition et l’évolution de son environnement sonore<br>At the end of the 19th century, the sonic environment of the region of La Roche-Bernard in Upper Brittany was affected by a period of important modifications which accompanied the decline of traditional rural society. A reconstitution of this disappearing environment is necessarily complex, partial and subjective with regard to the disparity of the available resources. This study, principally based on oral interviews supplemented by archive research, rather than establishing the exact relationships between sounds, opens up reflection around a possible categorization which principally considers their perception and emission, or more precisely their functions, usage and interpretations. In addition, the resulting classification takes into account the folklore or traditional character of the sounds studied. This manner of inventory, which is non exhaustive, does however reveal, on closer inspection, the periods of change where one type of sonic environment gives place to another. Lastly, a general chronology establishes possible links between the disappearance and the evolution of the sonic environment in the traditional rural society studied
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Peiró, Torres María del Pilar. "Research of the acoustic phenomenon produced by isolated scatterers and its applicability as a noise reducing device in transport infrastructures. Search for an optimised and sustainable design." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/164903.

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[ES] El control de ruido ambiental es una preocupación de primera magnitud para las sociedades avanzadas, debido a los problemas derivados que ocasionan en la salud de los ciudadanos. Una de las soluciones más extendidas para el control del ruido en su fase de transmisión en la utilización de pantallas acústicas. La aparición de nuevos materiales formados por redes de dispersores acústicos aislados, denominados cristales de sonido, está revolucionando el campo del apantallamiento acústico, posibilitando el avance tecnológico de esta área. Así, en los últimos años, las pantallas acústicas basadas en cristales de sonido se han posicionado como una alternativa viable a las pantallas acústicas tradicionales, puesto que ofrecen múltiples ventajas frente a las soluciones actuales. En el presente trabajo se muestra primeramente una recopilación de los avances realizados en el campo del apantallamiento acústico mediante esta tipología de pantallas. No obstante, aún existen líneas de investigación abiertas en esta área, que es necesario abordar para conseguir el objetivo de aplicar esta tecnología como atenuadores de sonido en las infraestructuras de transporte. Durante el periodo de formación de la doctoranda, se ha trabajado en algunas de las líneas de investigación activas en este campo del apantallamiento acústico. Una de estas investigaciones condujo al descubrimiento de interferencias entre los efectos de la resonancia y la dispersión múltiple de los cristales de sonido cuando estos efectos se producen en rangos de frecuencia cercanos. También hemos diseñado un nuevo dispositivo de reducción de ruido basado en cristales de sonido, utilizando herramientas de optimización multiobjetivo, que permitan apantallar y reflejar de forma difusa el ruido. El empleo de esta nueva herramienta de diseño identificó la necesidad de realizar un estudio comparativo de los métodos de simulación más utilizados para estimar el rendimiento de los dispositivos basados en cristales de sonido. Por último, hemos realizado un estudio psicoacústico para determinar la percepción de la reducción de molestia que proporcionan las pantallas acústicas basadas en cristales sonido y las barreras tradicionales, determinando si los parámetros objetivos que evalúan su rendimiento coinciden con la respuesta subjetiva de los usuarios.<br>[CA] El control de soroll ambiental és una preocupació de primera magnitud per a les societats avançades, a causa dels problemes derivats que ocasionen en la salut dels ciutadans. Una de les solucions més esteses per al control del soroll en la seua fase de transmissió en la utilització de pantalles acústiques. L'aparició de nous materials formats per xarxes de dispersors acústics aïllats, denominats cristals de so, està revolucionant el camp de l'apantallament acústic, possibilitant l'avanç tecnològic d'esta àrea. Així, en els últims anys, les pantalles acústiques basades en cristals de so s'han posicionat com una alternativa viable a les pantalles acústiques tradicionals, ja que oferixen múltiples avantatges enfront de les solucions actuals. En el present treball es mostra primerament una recopilació dels avanços realitzats en el camp de l'apantallament acústic per mitjà d'esta tipologia de pantalles. No obstant això, encara hi ha línies d'investigació obertes en esta àrea, que és necessari abordar per a aconseguir l'objectiu d'aplicar esta tecnologia com a atenuadors de so en les infraestructures de transport. Durant el període de formació de la doctoranda, s'ha treballat en algunes de les línies d'investigació actives en este camp de l'apantallament acústic. Una d'estes investigacions va conduir al descobriment d'interferències entre els efectes de la ressonància i la dispersió múltiple dels cristals de so quan estos efectes es produïxen en rangs de freqüència pròxims. També hem dissenyat un nou dispositiu de reducció de soroll basat en cristals de so, utilitzant ferramentes d'optimització multiobjectiu, que permeten apantallar i reflectir de forma difusa el soroll. L'ús d'esta nova ferramenta de disseny va identificar la necessitat de realitzar un estudi comparatiu dels mètodes de simulació més utilitzats per a estimar el rendiment dels dispositius basats en cristals de so. Finalment, hem realitzat un estudi psicoacústic per a determinar la percepció de la reducció de molèstia que proporcionen les pantalles acústiques basades en cristals so i les barreres tradicionals, determinant si els paràmetres objectius que avaluen el seu rendiment coincidixen amb la resposta subjectiva dels usuaris.<br>[EN] Control of environmental noise is a major concern for advanced societies because of the resulting problems for citizens' health. One of the most widespread solutions for controlling noise in its transmission phase is the use of acoustic screens. The emergence of new materials made up of arrays of isolated acoustic scatterers, called sonic crystals, is revolutionizing the field of acoustic screening. In recent years, acoustic screens based on sonic crystals have positioned themselves as a viable alternative to traditional acoustic screens, as they offer multiple advantages over current traditional solutions. This Doctoral dissertation compiles the advances in the field of acoustic screening using this type of sonic crystals. However, there is still active research in this area which needs to be addressed and studied in order to apply this technology as noise reduction devices in transport infrastructures. Therefore, during the PhD student's training period, we have researched the acoustic phenomena produced by isolated scatterers in order to better understand the physical phenomena behind the lasts designs of this type of screen. One of these researches led to the discovery of interferences between the effects of resonance and multiple scattering of sonic crystals when occurring in nearby frequency ranges. Also we have designed a new noise reduction device based on sonic crystals, using multi-objective optimization tools, which would block and diffuse the noise. This new designing tool identified the need for a comparative study of the most commonly used simulation methods to estimate the performance of devices based on sonic crystals. Finally, we have carried out a psychoacoustic study that determined the perception of the annoyance reduction provided by acoustic screens based on sonic crystals and traditional barriers, determining whether the objective parameters that evaluate their performance match to the subjective response of the users.<br>Agradezco al Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación por la ayuda concedida dentro del programa Doctores Industriales. Asimismo, a mi tutor en empresa Dr. Juan José Martín Pino, por posibilitar la realización de esta investigación dentro de la empresa BECSA. Al Departamento de Física Aplicada de la Universitat Politècnica de València, a la Comisión Académica del Programa de Doctorado de Matemáticas y al Centro de Tecnologías Físicas: Acústica, Materiales y Astrofísica.<br>Peiró Torres, MDP. (2021). Research of the acoustic phenomenon produced by isolated scatterers and its applicability as a noise reducing device in transport infrastructures. Search for an optimised and sustainable design [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/164903<br>TESIS
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24

Siddiqui, Fahd Murtuza. "Park hunt : an optimized approach to implement and deploy parking monitoring systems in open environments." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-12-4731.

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The time consuming, tedious, and, sometimes, never ending search for a parking spot is a matter of common experience. We present an innovative approach to parking monitoring systems that only requires sensors at the entry and exit points of a street segment in an open environment such as a city downtown (as opposed to a closed environment such as a parking garage/lot). It can be trivially understood that using this set-up we can determine the number of vehicles present in a given street segment at any given time. However, the bigger issue is to closely estimate how many of those vehicles are parked or en route. We present an algorithm by which we can have a practical estimate of parked cars without introducing any more sensors. We further present a self-stabilizing system that can be implemented for fault tolerance and a few other methods to mitigate errors that may accrue over time. Our approach is based on the assumption that drivers do not care about the exact location of the parking spot, as long as they know the “street segment” where parking is available. For example, just letting the users know of available parking on 7th street between Red River and Brazos gives them enough information to easily find a parking spot. This type of information would most likely be shown on a map. Once the driver reaches the correct street area, it is easy to locate an empty parking spot. Finally, to test and evaluate our approach, we developed and deployed an embedded system using ultra-sonic sensors, and a Microsoft Bing Map application with the said user interface, along with an interoperable web service that can provide parking information to any third party application.<br>text
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25

"Modern Technology in the Service of Music Therapy." Master's thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.14409.

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abstract: In the last few decades, the rapid development of electronic music technologies has changed the way society interacts with music, which in turn impacts the profession of music therapy. Except for a few cases, music therapy has not extensively explored the integration of new technology. However, current research trends show a willingness and excitement to explore the possibilities (Nagler, 2011; Ramsey, 2011; Magee, et al., 2011; Magee & Burland, 2008; Magee 2006). The project described in this paper intends to demonstrate one of these possibilities by combining modern technologies to create an interactive musical system with practical applications in music therapy. In addition to designing a practical tool, the project aims to question the role of technology in music therapy and to initiate dialogue between technologists and music therapists. The project, entitled MIST: A Musical Interactive Space for Therapy, uses modern gestural technology (the Microsoft® Kinect®) to capture body movements and turn them into music. It is intended for use in a clinical setting with children with mild to moderate disabilities. The system is a software/hardware package that is inexpensive, user-friendly, and portable. There are two functional modes of the system: the first sonifies specific movement tasks of reaching and balancing; the second is an interactive musical play space in which an entire room becomes responsive to presence and movement, creating a sonic playground. The therapeutic goals of the system are to motivate and train physical movement, encourage exploration of space and the body, and allow for musical expression, play, auditory perception, and social interaction.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>The instruction manual for MIST software<br>M.M. Media Arts and Sciences 2011
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26

Li, Ying-Cheng, and 李盈徵. "SONIC REPRESENTATION OF INDIGENOUS IMAGERY IN THE ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENTARY “BEYOND BEAUTY: TAIWAN FROM ABOVE” (2013)." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/zavt5b.

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碩士<br>國立交通大學<br>音樂研究所<br>105<br>The documentary film with aerial video “Beyond Beauty: Taiwan From Above” (2013) is a postmodern criticism of Taiwan’s modern development and the resulting environmental pollution. As a metaphor for the original and unpolluted Taiwan, the film highlights indigenous music, which seems to be a recognition of the previously disadvantaged minorities at the same time. In the actual scoring, however, Taiwanese indigenous music is almost subsumed under the modern orchestration. For example, the song “Valley of Light” depicts the natural scenery of Taiwan by traditional Atayal singing, but it functions only as a prelude to the main theme in classical Hollywood style. Ironically, while the film condemns the environmental pollution caused by modernization, the modern scoring also leads to the “sonic pollution” of indigenous music. This kind of lifting out the music from its own time and space in the cultural life of the tribes is what Anthony Giddens (1990) terms “disembedment.” On the similar issue of representing indigenous music in films, Claudia Gorbman provides an analytical model in her article “Scoring the Indian: Music in the Liberal Western” (2000). She observes that Native Americans became more and more positively portrayed from the 1950s to the 90s. This reveals how the situation in Taiwan is lacking behind in this regard. The issue of over or under representation is most drastic in the final scene, when the films witches from a documentary to a sort of docudrama. On the one hand, only the children of Bunun, another Taiwanese tribe, are chosen to represent the vision of Taiwan’s future by singing and waving the national flags on the highest summit, Mountain Yushan. On the other hand, the song they are singing is not of their own tradition but a modern tune which partly resembles The Carpenter’s hit song “Top of the World.” Choosing only a certain ethnic group to represent the whole Taiwan reflects an essentialist imagination. Instead, music of different ethnic groups should be heard as the voices of Taiwan. While the ecological problems of Taiwan could be seen beyond its apparent beauty, a holistic, fair and balanced musical representation of the multicultural Taiwan is still to be heard.
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27

Read, Zoe Joan. "Two case studies exploring opportunities and constraints for soil organic carbon sequestration following land use change." Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110612.

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The flux of carbon (C) between the terrestrial biosphere and the atmosphere occurs naturally as part of the carbon cycle (CC). However, anthropogenic activity can disrupt the natural equilibrium of the CC. Although fossil fuel burning is the largest cause of human induced C emissions to the atmosphere, land use and land use change (LULUC) also results in emissions. Of particular concern is soil disturbance and erosion caused by LULUC activities including deforestation, tillage and overgrazing. These activities can lead to a net loss of C from the terrestrial biosphere leading to increased levels of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. This outcome is a major factor widely understood to adversely affect the rate of global warming, climate change and extreme weather events. There has been a great deal of research undertaken to show that LULUC activities can also lead to the sequestration and long term storage of C in soil. LULUC practices that result in increases in soil organic matter (SOM), humification and aggregation improve soil quality, water quality, enhance food security and increase biodiversity. The activities also result in the sequestration of atmospheric CO2 as soil organic carbon (SOC) and therefore may contribute to the reduction or stabilisation of atmospheric CO2 levels and mitigate the adverse effects of climate change. This thesis describes the effects of two different LULUC activities on the C sequestration potential of soil. In this research two case studies have been used to explore three principal aims. Firstly to identify the C sequestration potential of agricultural soil following LUC; then to determine whether there is a steady rate of SOC sequestration over time following LUC, and finally to identify biogeochemical factors that contribute to the C sequestration potential of soil after LUC. The first case study was undertaken on the Southern Tablelands of New South Wales (NSW), a temperate region with approximately 670 mm mean average rainfall (MAR). The study involved comparing the soil C stock (SCS) to 30 cm depth, in agricultural land (AL) principally used for grazing, with the SCS from 20 biodiverse environmental plantings (BEP) established between one and 19 years prior to sampling. BEPs, otherwise referred to as mixed species environmental plantings (MSEP), windbreaks or shelterbelts, can be established using either a direct seeding method or from tube-stock. The sites included in this study were all directly seeded in either linear or block configurations using a mix of native eucalypt and acacia trees and understory shrubs. At each site three paired 10 m transects were established on a tree line (TL), the inter-row (IR) and in the adjacent AL. The AGB was determined for each TL transect. Three soil cores to 30 cm depth were taken from each transect and separated into 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm increments. The soil samples were analysed for SOC, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and by using mid infrared spectroscopy (MIRS) analysis soil fraction changes were also determined. The measured AGB and SCS results were compared with FullCAM modelled data. The overall aim of this case study was to determine whether BEPs sown into AL led to SOC sequestration, and whether the rate of increase could be predicted based on tree age and biomass. The results of the BEP case study show that the average soil CS in the AL based on an equivalent soil mass (ESM) was 41.1 Mg C ha-1 (41.1 tonnes C ha-1). BEPs aged 11-15 years had the highest SCS of 49.3 Mg C ha-1. The oldest BEP sites aged between 16 and 19 years had a lower SCS of 45.7 Mg C ha-1. Overall, the average SCS rate of increase was 0.5 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. However, the results show significant variation between sites and no trend suggesting there is a temporal increase in SCS. The average AGB for all sites was found to be 31.4 Mg C ha-1 with the range between 0.2 Mg C ha-1 in a two year old site, and 97.0 Mg C ha-1 in a site aged 16 years. The average annual rate of AGB change was found to be 2.4 Mg C ha-1 yr-1. The results show there is no relationship between AGB and SCS. Therefore the prediction of changes to SCS based on AGB increase alone is not possible. The results also show that site factors and nutrient availability have an influence on the SOC sequestration potential of the BEPs and the sustainability of the SCS. The second case study was undertaken in the semi-arid rangelands of the Central West of NSW. The MAR of the region is approximately 440 mm. The study examined whether waterponding, an effective environmental restoration activity used to rehabilitate scalded soil, would result in increases in SCS. The research involved comparing the SCS of three scalded sites with 12 waterpond sites established between 1 and 27 years prior to sampling. Nine soil cores to 30 cm depth were taken at each scald site. Three waterponds were sampled at each of the 12 waterpond sites. Nine soil cores to 30 cm depth were taken from three positions (wall, mid and top) within in each waterpond. Each soil core was separated into 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-30 cm increments. Every sample was analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), SOC, TN, and total C. The results show that waterponds have a significantly lower EC than scalded soil. This change occurs because soluble salts are leached from the saline scald soil profile after waterponding. The results also show that the scalded soil has an average SCS to 30cm depth of 18.7 Mg C ha-1. Waterponds aged five years had a SCS of 26.1 Mg C ha-1. This represents a rate of increase of 1.5 Mg C ha-1yr-1. The 10 year old and 25-27 year old waterponds have a slightly lower SCS of 25.3 and 24.9 Mg C ha-1. The probable reason for the apparent decline in SCS in the older water ponds is associated with the lower bulk density found in these older waterponds and the increased presence of SOM. A number of edaphic factors were found to influence the potential of the scalds to sequester SOC. To make such assessments within research resource constraints three different subsets of the soil samples were compiled. Initially, a sub-set of 144 samples including one scald, and waterponds aged 1 year, 5 years and 25 years since establishment were analysed for aggregate stability, TP, total sulfur (TS), and available P (AP). The results from this subset were used to identify temporal changes to soil stability and to ascertain whether these soil nutrient concentrations were affected by waterponding or influenced the SOC sequestration potential of the soils. The aggregate stability results show there is a temporal change in the dispersability of the soils following waterponding. Scalded soils are stable because of the high concentration of soluble salts. After the salts are leached from the profile the soils become more susceptible to dispersion. The results also indicate that total N, P and S is not limiting, but AP is limiting ongoing sequestration of C in the waterponds. A smaller subset of samples made up of one scald core and a paired 27 year old waterpond core were analysed for cation exchange capacity, x-ray diffraction and x-ray fluorescence to identify any mineralogical differences that may be attributable to waterponding. Calcite was found to be leached from the scald profile, hematite increased due to iron oxide formation, gypsum, kaolinite, illite and vermiculite was higher in the waterponded soil than the scalded soil whereas smectite was lower in the waterponds. These differences are most likely due to weathering processes and aeolian deposition. Across the scalded soil surface there are occasional hummocks of vegetation. Cesium-137 analysis was undertaken to determine whether the hummocks were recent deposits or relics of the original soil profile. For this analysis composite samples were made up from the three scald sites, two hummock sites and waterponds aged between 25 and 27 years since establishment. The results from this small study indicate the hummocks are most likely to be recent deposits of aeolian material. The experimental results from this project show that LULUC can lead to an increase in SCS. The higher SCS found in the BEPs may not be sustainable because the oldest sites show a lower SCS than the younger sites. The results suggest reasons for the decline are most likely due to site factors and lower levels of nutrient availability. The SCS sequestered in the scalded soil rehabilitated by waterponding however, is likely to have been sequestered permanently so long as the rehabilitated landscape is managed sustainably.
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