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1
Pfister, Hélène. "Synthèse d'oligosaccharides représentatifs de l'antigène O de Shigella sonnei." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05P619.
Full textAbstract:
Avec 800 000 morts par année, les maladies diarrhéiques sont la seconde cause de mortalité chez les enfants de moins de cinq ans. La shigellose, causée par des bactéries Gram négatif appelées Shigella, est l’une des quatre grandes maladies entériques touchant cette population. L’infection naturelle protège contre la réinfection et la composante polysaccharidique du lipopolysaccharide bactérien est la principale cible de l’immunité humorale. Chez S. sonnei, espèce prévalente dans les pays en développement et développés, ce polysaccharide spécifique, à caractère zwitterionique, a pour unité répétitive un disaccharide composé de deux hexosamines rares : l’acide 2-acétamido-2-désoxy-L-altruronique (A) et le 2-acétamido-4-amino-2,4,6-tridésoxy-D-galactose (B, aussi appelé AAT) associés par des liens glycosidiques 1,2-trans (I). ->4-a-L-AltpNAcA-(1->3)-b-D-FucpNAc4N-(1-> (I). Ces travaux s’intègrent dans un programme visant le développement d’un vaccin issu de sucres de synthèse à couverture large contre les infections par Shigella. Le premier objectif de la stratégie développée contre les infections par S. sonnei est l’identification des épitopes saccharidiques, cibles des anticorps protecteurs. Dans ce but, nous avons entrepris la synthèse d’une diversité de fragments du polysaccharide d’intérêt. Des synthèses multi-grammes de précurseurs orthogonalement protégés des monosaccharides A et B ont été mises au point afin d’accéder aux intermédiaires donneurs et accepteurs impliqués dans les étapes de glycosylation. En particulier, deux voies originales d’accès au précurseur B ont été développées. D’autre part, l’optimisation des conditions de glycosylation et d’oxydation a conduit à un bloc disaccharidique AB compatible avec la synthèse d’oligosaccharides d’ordres supérieurs. Les synthons mono- et disaccharidiques identifiés ont été validés à travers l’obtention de quatre disaccharides portant ou non des modifications de la répartition des charges, de deux trisaccharides ainsi que d’un tétrasaccharide<br>800,000 children die each year of diarrhoeal diseases, making it the second cause of death among children under five. Shigellosis, caused by a Gram negative bacterium, Shigella, is one of the four major forms of diarrhoeal diseases in this population. Natural infection protects against reinfection and the humoral response is primarily directed against the specific polysaccharide moiety of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide. S. sonnei, the prevalent species in developed and transitional countries, displays a zwitterionic polysaccharide, whose disaccharide repeating unit is made of two rare aminosugars: a 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-altruronic acid (A) and a 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-galactose (B, AAT) 1,2-trans linked to one another (I). ->4-a-L-AltpNAcA-(1->3)-b-D-FucpNAc4N-(1-> (I). This work is part of the program aimed at the development of a synthetic carbohydrate-based broad coverage vaccine against Shigella infections. In order to define the protective epitopes located on the O-specific polysaccharide of S. sonnei, we tackled the synthesis of fragments thereof. First, multigram-scale syntheses of orthogonally protected precursors to residues A and B were undertaken to access donor and acceptor intermediates in the glycosylation reactions. In particular, two original routes to precursors of residue B were developed. Careful optimisation of the glycosylation and oxidation reaction conditions gave the disaccharide building block AB equipped for the synthesis of chain extension at both ends. Selected mono- and disaccharide building blocks were validated by the synthesis of four disaccharides, bearing modification of the charge pattern or not, two trisaccharides and a tetrasaccharide
2
Warren, Benjamin Ray. "Improved sample preparation for the molecular detection of Shigella sonnei in foods." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015665.
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Sobkowiak, Benjamin Robert. "The genetics and epidemiology of Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri in Vietnam." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2017. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10038994/.
Full textAbstract:
Shigella sonnei is rapidly emerging as the primary agent of bacillary dysentery, or shigellosis, in many developing countries, replacing the historically more prevalent species, S. flexneri, in these regions. There have been various theories proposed to explain this phenomenon, including environmental changes and increased antimicrobial use, though the precise reasons for this shift are still uncertain. Here I present four studies investigating key ecological and genetic differences between S. sonnei and S. flexneri from a region that has undergone this pattern of species replacement, Vietnam. This work combines experimental and bioinformatics techniques with the aim of identifying the extent that differences in disinfectant sensitivity, chromosomal antimicrobial resistance profiles and gene content will contribute to the successful spread of S. sonnei over S. flexneri. Firstly, I conducted in vitro experimental work to characterise differences between species with respect to resistance to chlorine disinfection and tolerance to the detergent SDS. The mechanisms by which the bacteria respond to this treatment, in particular the role of efflux pumps, were then explored to determine whether any informative variation in these systems will explain any differences in disinfectant sensitivity. The availability of high quality whole genome sequences for ~150 of each Shigella species allowed for robust bioinformatics work to describe genomic variation between species. These sequences are used to detect key resistance mutations in each species and look for associated fitness compensating mutations. Finally, the complete genome sequence of all coding regions in each strain was de novo assembled to look for species-level gene content variation that might contribute to functional differences between S. sonnei and S. flexneri. The results of these studies show that there are clear biological differences between S. sonnei and S. flexneri, though more work is necessary to fully elucidate the reasons for the species replacement in developing countries.
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Moreira, Jaqueline Silvana. "Caracterização da primeira microcina e de outras bacteriocinas sintetizadas por Shigella sonnei." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUOS-9PXGER.
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Shigella is the etiologic agent of shigellosis a severe type of inflammatory diarrhea. The disease is prevalent mainly among children aged up to five years that live in underdeveloped countries as a result from poor hygiene and sanitation. Bacteriocins are antibacterial proteinaceous substances synthesized by a wide range of bacteria including Shigella. A Shigella sonnei isolate (SS9) obtained from fecal specimen of a child with acute diarrhea previously tested for bacteriocin expression was selected for this study. Proteic intracellular fractions precipitated at 30 % (C-30) and 75 % (C-75) of ammonium sulfate were obtained. C-75 was submitted to sequential steps of chromatography that resulted in one purified fraction and some partially purified fractions. The molecular mass of the active fraction as determined by mass spectrometry was 7.2 kDa. The partial amino acid sequence of the substance was analyzed by using BLAST and BACTIBASE databases. The results showed that it corresponds to a new bacteriocin. The antagonistic substance corresponds to a microcin a class of bacteriocins not described for Shigella yet. SS9 expressed antagonistic activity mainly against taxonomically related strains. SDS-PAGE and in situ antagonistic activity test demonstrated that SS9 is able to synthesize more than one antagonistic substance. The evaluation of CIM and CBM as well as of the mode of action of the antagonistic substance(s) showed that SS9 exhibited bactericidal activity. Taken together our data suggest the expression of more than one colicin and microcin. It is reasonable to hypothesize that this ability may contribute to the virulence of S. sonnei helping in the competition against other enteropathogens or members of the intestinal microbiota.<br>Shigella, gênero incluído na família Enterobacteriaceae, é responsável pela disenteria bacilar ou shigelose, forma grave de doença diarreica de natureza inflamatória. O quadro acomete, principalmente, crianças com idade inferior a cinco anos que vivem em países menos desenvolvidos, em decorrência de condições de higiene e saneamento básico inadequadas. Bacteriocinas são substâncias com atividade antibacteriana, produzidas por uma gama ampla de microrganismos, inclusive Shigella. Uma amostra de Shigella sonnei (SS9) isolada de espécime fecal de criança com diarreia aguda, sabidamente produtora de substância antagonista, foi selecionada para o estudo. Frações proteicas intracelulares foram precipitadas a concentrações de 30 % (C-30) e 75 % (C-75) de sulfato de amônio. C-75 foi submetido a etapas sequenciais de cromatografia, que permitiram a obtenção de uma fração ativa purificada e outras frações parcialmente purificadas. A massa molecular da fração ativa purificada, determinada por espectrometria de massas, foi de 7,2 kDa e a comparação da sequência parcial de aminoácidos com proteínas depositadas nos bancos de dados BLAST e BACTIBASE revelou a detecção uma nova bacteriocina. A substância enquadra-se na definição de microcina, classe de bacteriocina ainda não descrita para Shigella. SS9 expressou atividade especialmente contra amostras filogeneticamente relacionadas. As análises por SDS-PAGE e teste de atividade in situ evidenciaram a produção de mais de uma substância antagonista. Os ensaios para determinação da CIM e CBM confirmaram os resultados dos testes para avaliação do modo de ação da(s) substância(s) antagonista(s), demonstrando ação bactericida de SS9. Em conjuntos, os dados sugerem a síntese de mais de uma colicina e microcina, habilidade que pode conferir à amostra de S. sonnei vantagem seletiva tanto contra outras bactérias diarreiogênicas como contra membros da microbiota intestinal indígena, representando, assim, um fator de virulência para o organismo.
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Angelini, Michelle. "Estudo molecular e comparado de linhagens de Shigella sonnei e Shigella flexneri, isoladas de casos de shiguelose das regiões metropolitanas de Campinas e Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317370.
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Previous issue date: 2009<br>Resumo: As bactérias do gênero Shigella spp. são responsáveis por infecções intestinais endêmicas e epidêmicas denominadas shigueloses. As shigueloses, transmitidas por via fecal-oral, principalmente através das mãos e água contaminadas, são responsáveis por 10% dos casos de diarréia entre crianças até cinco anos de idade em países em desenvolvimento. Estima-se que, anualmente, 1,1 milhões de pessoas morram de infecções causadas por Shigella. No Brasil, estudos revelam que as shigueloses estão entre as principais causas de diarréia. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo analisar a análise clonal comparativa de 119 linhagens de Shigella spp., entre elas 57 S. flexneri e 62 S. sonnei, isoladas de diferentes casos de shiguelose ocorridos nas regiões metropolitanas de Campinas e Ribeirão Preto, Estado de São Paulo, pelos métodos de PCR da seqüência consenso intergênica repetitiva enterobacteriana (ERIC-PCR), de PCR de elementos extragênicos palindrômicos repetitivos (REP-PCR), análise do padrão de macro-restrição em gel de eltroforese com campo pulsado e análise da presença de integrons. A maior parte dos casos de shiguelose estudados aconteceram no verão, estação de maior precipitação de chuvas. Do total de casos, 57,9% das infecções causadas por S. sonnei e 64,4% das causadas por S. flexneri afetaram crianças com menos de 5 anos de idade. Pela análise de ERIC e REP-PCR foram caracterizados grupos de identidade entre as linhagens isoladas em ambas regiões. Pela análise de PFGE caracterizaram-se os genótipos circulantes nas regiões. Não foi possível determinar uma correlação entre a presença dos integrons, o perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos e os resultados obtidos pelos métodos utilizados neste trabalho nas linhagens de S. sonnei pesquisadas.<br>Abstract: The bacteria of the genus Shigella spp. are responsible for endemic and epidemic intestinal infections called shigellosis. The shigellosis, transmitted by fecal-oral route, mainly through the hands and contaminated water, are responsible for 10% of cases of diarrhea among children under five years of age in developing countries. It is estimated that annually 1.1 million people die from infections caused by Shigella. In Brazil, studies show that shigellosis are among the main causes of diarrhea. The present study was carried out to examine the clonal variation of 119 strains of Shigella spp., including 57 S. flexneri and 62 S. sonnei, isolated from different cases of shigellosis occurred in the metropolitan regions of Campinas and Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo state, by ERIC-PCR, REP-PCR, and PFGE methods and by integrons profile analysis. Most of shigellosis cases happened in summer, season of highest precipitation of rain. Of the total cases, 57.9% of infections caused by S. sonnei and 64.4% of infections caused by S. flexneri affected children under 5 years of age. By analysis of ERIC and REP-PCR groups were characterized for identity between the strains isolated in both regions. By the analysis of PFGE circulating genotypes were characterized in the regions. It was not possible to determine a correlation among the presence of integrons, the profile of resistance to antibiotics and the results obtained by the methods used in this work in strains of S. sonnei investigated.<br>Doutorado<br>Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular
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Oliveira, Patrícia Luciana de. "Caracterização de bacteriocina sintetizada por amostra de Shigella sonnei isolada de criança com diarreia aguda." Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1843/BUBD-9BQFEM.
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Shigella is one of the most important bacterial agents of acute diarrhea.
Bacteriocins are antimicrobial proteinaceous substances synthesized by a huge variety of bacteria including Shigella that seem to contribute to the virulence of the organism. We addressed the characterization of a bacteriocin produced by a Shigella sonnei isolate (SsP). The activity spectrum of SsP and the distribution of the characteristic ability to synthesize bacteriocins among SsP were evaluated. MIC and MBC of the intracellular fraction precipitated with 75% (NH4)2SO4) were also determined. Molecular mass of bacteriocin(s) found in C75 was estimated by SDS-PAGE. C75 was submitted to sequential steps of chromatography and partially purified fractions were evaluated by mass spectrometry (MS). A narrow activity spectrum against taxonomically related organisms both enteropathogens and members of the intestinal microbiota was observed. The ability to express antagonism was homogeneously distributed among SsP population. CIM and CBM values as well as the short period required to eliminate the indicator strain indicated that C75 is bactericidal. Two protein bands of 57 and 66 kDa showed activity. Taken together this result, the diversity of inhibition halos sizes, and the detection of several active fractions in every purification step suggest that SsP synthesizes more than one bacteriocin. The partial purification of the bacteriocin(s) found in C75 was achieved as demonstrated by MS. Sequences obtained did not match any bacteriocin stored in the searched databases.<br>Shigella é um dos agentes bacterianos mais relevantes de diarréia aguda. Bacteriocinas são proteínas ou peptídeos antimicrobianos sintetizados por diversas bactérias, inclusive Shigella, que, aparentemente, contribuem para a virulência do organismo. Desenvolvemos este estudo com o objetivo de caracterizar uma bacteriocina produzida por uma amostra de Shigella sonnei (SsP) isolada de fezes diarreicas. O espectro de atividade de SsP e a distribuição da característica expressão de antagonismo na população foram avaliados. Foram determinadas CIM, CBM e cinética de ação de C75 (extrato intracelular precipitado com 75% de (NH4)2SO4). A massa molecular da(s) bacteriocina(s) presentes em C75 foi estimada por SDS-PAGE/revelação in situ. C75 foi submetido a cromatografia e frações parcialmente purificadas foram submetidas a espectrometria de massa (MS). Observou-se espectro restrito de atividade, contra amostras diarreiogênicas e da microbiota intestinal. A habilidade antagonista estava distribuída homogeneamente na população. A equivalência entre CIM e CBM e o curto período necessário para eliminação da bactéria reveladora demonstraram a atividade bactericida de C75. Duas bandas ativas com massas moleculares de 57 e 66 kDa foram detectadas. Este dado, bem como a diversidade de tamanhos de halos de inibição e a presença de várias frações ativas em cada etapa de purificação, sugerem a síntese de mais de uma bacteriocina. O protocolo possibilitou a purificação parcial da(s) bacteriocina(s) presentes em C75, como demonstrado por MS. A sequência dos fragmentos proteicos gerados por tripsinólise das frações parcialmente purificadas não foi similar à de nenhuma substância antagonista depositada nos bancos de dados avaliados.
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Miranda, Athens Alfonso Nicolás. "Dinámica de la resistencia a Trimetoprim en cepas de Shigella sonnei aisladas en Chile entre los años 1995-2013." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2015. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/137819.
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Memoria para optar el título de Bioquímico<br>La shigelosis es una infección intestinal aguda causada por bacterias del género
Shigella, cuyos síntomas varían desde diarrea acuosa hasta disentería bacilar
inflamatoria grave. Shigella es un patógeno cuyo único hospedero es el humano,
presenta una muy baja dosis infectiva (solo 10 organismos viables pueden producir
enfermedad) y se contagia principalmente por vía fecal-oral. Esta bacteria permanece
dentro de las cuatro principales causas de diarrea moderada-grave en niños menores
de 5 años en países en vías de desarrollo, predominando el serogrupo S. flexneri, a
diferencia de nuestro país donde predomina el serogrupo S. sonnei. Con el transcurso
del tiempo, Shigella ha sido capaz de adquirir rápidamente diversos mecanismos de
resistencia a los antibióticos utilizados en su tratamiento, lo que genera la necesidad de
conocer el patrón de susceptibilidad que presenta este patógeno antes de comenzar la
terapia. Uno de los antibióticos utilizados en su tratamiento es el trimetoprim (Tmp), el
cual inhibe la actividad de la enzima dihidrofolato reductasa (DHFR). La resistencia a
este antibiótico se genera principalmente por la adquisición de genes dfr que codifican
para una enzima DHFR resistente a Tmp. En nuestro país, la resistencia a Tmp en
cepas de S. sonnei aisladas entre los años 1995 y 1997 se atribuye principalmente a la
presencia de los genes dfrA1 y dfrA8, pero en un brote de S. sonnei surgido en los
años 2008 y 2009, esta resistencia se debe a otro mecanismo no identificado. Además,
la mayoría de las cepas de S. sonnei aisladas después del brote, presentan resistencia
a Tmp pero su mecanismo de resistencia no ha sido estudiado.
Debido a esto, en el presente trabajo se propuso determinar el mecanismo de
resistencia a trimetoprim y evaluar su distribución en cepas de S. sonnei aisladas en nuestro país entre los años 1995 y 2013. Este mecanismo de resistencia se identificó
mediante el uso de una genoteca construida con el ADN de una cepa de S. sonnei
resistente a Tmp, revelando mediante secuenciación, un cassette genético que incluye
al gen dfrA14 como responsable de la resistencia a este antibiótico. Posteriormente, se
determinó la distribución del gen dfrA14 y de los genes previamente descritos dfrA1 y
dfrA8 mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) en las cepas aisladas entre
los años 1995 y 2013. De esta forma, se obtuvo que entre los años 1995-1997 y 2004-
2006 predominó dfrA8, en tanto que el 100% de las cepas aisladas durante el brote
2008-2009 presentaron dfrA14. Posteriormente, en los años 2010-2011 se detectó la
presencia de dfrA1 y dfrA14 en proporciones similares y luego en el 2012-2013
reapareció además dfrA8. Adicionalmente, se determinó que la totalidad de las cepas
que presentan dfrA14, lo hacen en el contexto genético de un plásmido de 6779 pb,
capaz de otorgar resistencia a cotrimoxazol (mezcla de Tmp y sulfonamidas),
denominado pABC-3. Este plásmido es prácticamente idéntico a un plásmido de E. coli
denominado pCERC1, salvo por la ausencia de una repetición de 11 pb en su
secuencia. También es similar a otros plásmidos presentes en Shigella, cuya principal
diferencia es la ausencia de dfrA14. Esto sugiere dos posibles orígenes del pABC-3:
uno es la adquisición del plásmido desde una E. coli y el otro es la inserción del
cassette que contiene dfrA14 en los plásmidos presentes en Shigella.
En conclusión, en el presente trabajo se describe que la resistencia a Tmp en
cepas de S. sonnei aisladas en nuestro país se debe mayoritariamente a la presencia
de los genes dfrA1, dfrA8 y dfrA14 y que este último se encuentra en el contexto
genético del plásmido pABC-3, confiriendo resistencia a Tmp a la mayoría de las cepas
de S. sonnei aisladas en nuestro país desde el año 2004 hasta 2013<br>Shigellosis is an acute intestinal infection caused by bacterial genus Shigella. Its
symptoms vary from watery diarrhea to severe inflammatory bacillary dysentery.
Shigella, a strictly human-pathogen, has a very low infectious dose (10 bacterial cells
can produce illness) and is transmitted via faecal-oral. This pathogen affects mainly
children under 5 years in developing countries, where S. flexneri is the most important
serogroup, while in Chile S. sonnei is the prevalent serogroup. The use of antibiotics
against Shigella is the first line therapy, however lately the acquisition of resistance
mechanisms has increased. Therefore, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles are required
before starting any treatment. Trimethoprim (Tmp), one of selected antibiotics against
this pathogen, inhibits the activity of the dihydrofolate reductase enzyme (DHFR). Tmpresistant
(TmpR) bacteria are mainly due to acquisition of dfr genes, coding for DHFR
enzymes. S. sonnei strains isolated in Chile between 1995 and 1997 showed the
presence of dfrA1 and dfrA8 genes, but the mechanism of Tmp-resistance in a later
outbreak (2008-2009) is unknown. The majority of S. sonnei strains isolated after the
outbreak are TmpR, but their resistance mechanism has not been studied yet.
The general aim of this study was to identify the genetic marker responsible of the
Tmp resistance mechanism in S. sonnei strains isolated between 1995 and 2013. A
DNA library was obtained from a representative TmpR S. sonnei strain from the
outbreak and a recombinant E. coli TmpR was isolated. Further, the sequenced clone
was identified as harbouring the dfrA14 gene. We evaluated the distribution of the dfrA14 gene and the previously described genes, dfrA1 and dfrA8 in a laboratory
collection of S. sonnei from 1995 – 2013. The results show that within periods 1995-
1997 and 2004-2006 the dfrA8 gene was the most prevalent, while 100% of the isolated
strains during the 2008-2009 outbreak present the dfrA14 gene. Later, between 2010
and 2011 dfrA1 and dfrA14 were detected in similar proportions, and then, between
2012 and 2013 dfrA8 reappeared. In addition, it was determined that the dfrA14 gene is
harboured in a 6779 bp plasmid, named pABC-3, which confers cotrimoxazole
resistance. This plasmid is nearly identical to the pCERC1 plasmid isolated from E. coli,
except for an 11 bp sequence missing in pABC-3, and similar to other Shigella
plasmids, without the insertion of the dfrA14 gene cassette. This suggests two possible
origins for the pABC-3 plasmid. One of them is the acquisition of the whole plasmid
from E. coli and the other is the insertion of the dfrA14 gene cassette into a Shigella
dfrA14 -less plasmid.
In conclusion, the present study showed that Tmp resistance in S. sonnei strains
isolated in Chile is mainly due to the presence of the dfrA1, dfrA8 and dfrA14 genes.
This last gene is found inside the pABC-3 plasmid conferring Tmp resistance to the
majority of S. sonnei strains isolated between years 2004 and 2013 in our country<br>Fondecyt
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Silva, Gracie Luiza da. "Estudo da ação inibitória da quitosana sobre os enteropatógenos: Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei e Escherichia coli EPEC." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/82/82131/tde-10052006-095954/.
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Este estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a ação inibitória de duas soluções de quitosana através da determinação da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e concentração bactericida mínima (CBM) de duas soluções de quitosana de diferentes procedências. A primeira solução de quitosana derivada de camarão, do tipo comercial Fluka, de PM 600.000 g/mol, G.A. 76% e a segunda solução de quitosana derivada de lula, de PM: '10 POT.7' g/mol e G.A.: 83%. As duas soluções foram ajustadas ao pH 5,0 e na concentração de 0,5% em solução acética a 1%. A melhor atividade antimicrobiana da quitosana ocorre em pH igual ou menor que cinco e ela sofre precipitação em pH superiores a 6,5. Estas duas características foram determinantes na escolha do pH utilizado no teste da CIM. Para confirmar que a inibição do crescimento dos enteropatógenos ocorreu pela ação da quitosana e não pelo pH ácido dos meios, vários testes foram realizados. A avaliação do crescimento dos enteropatógenos em ágar MacConkey, pH 5,0 (ótimo para quitosana) e 7,4(ótimo para o cultivo das bactérias utilizadas), o inóculo de cada bactéria foi preparado segundo o tubo 0,5 de Mc Farland (controle positivo), e a avaliação foi repetida utilizando o inóculo diluído 1:1000 para contagem do número de colônias, e não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Para confirmar estes dados foram realizados os controles negativos das duas soluções de quitosana e do meio de cultura MacConkey em pH 5,0 e 7,4, incubados a 37°C e lidos por 72 horas, sem qualquer alteração. A avaliação da reação de precipitação foi feita em caldo Müeller Hinton em pH 4,0; 5,0; 6,0; 7,0 e 8,0 para as duas soluções de quitosana (v/v), incubados a 37°C e lidos por 72 horas. A avaliação da CIM das duas soluções de quitosana para os enteropatógenos foi realizada por diluição seriada e os inóculos comparados ao tubo 0,5 de Mc Farland, sendo 10 'mü'L da suspensão bacteriana acrescida a cada tubo, incubados a 37°C por 24 horas. A leitura da ausência de turvação visível caracterizou a CIM. Todos os tubos que não apresentaram turvação visível foram plaqueados em ágar MacConkey, em pH 7,4 e incubados a 37°C por 24 horas para determinação da CBM, a qual foi determinada pela menor concentração capaz de causar morte total da população dos enteropatógenos. Todas as técnicas foram realizadas em triplicata para confirmação dos resultados<br>The aim of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory action of chitosan solutions derived from shrimp (Fluka commercial type, MW 600.000 g/mol, acetylation degree of 76%) and squid (MW '10 POT.7' g/mol, acetylation degree of 83%) through determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against enteropathogens: Salmonella enterica, Shigella sonnei and Escherichia coli EPEC. Those solutions were set to pH 5,0 and a 0,5% concentration in a 1% acetic acid solution. The best antimicrobial activity of chitosan occurs in pH less than or equal to 5,0 and it shows precipitation in pH greater than 6,5. Those features were decisive to choose the pH used in the MIC test. In order to confirm that the growth inhibition of enteropathogens occurred by the action of chitosan and not for the acid pH of the environments, growth evaluation tests of enteropathogens were accomplished in MacConkey agar, pH 5,0 (excellent for chitosan) and pH 7,4 (excellent for culture of used bacteria). The inoculum of each bacterium was prepared comparing with the 0,5 tube of McFarland (positive control) and the evaluation was repeated using the inoculum diluted in a salt solution 1:1000 to count the number of colonies, which did not show significant differences. The reaction evaluation of precipitation of chitosan was done in Müeller Hinton broth with pH ranging 4,0 - 8,0 for both solutions of chitosan (v/v), which were incubated at 37°C and read for 72 hours. The MIC evaluation for both solutions of chitosan for the enteropathogens was done by serial dilution and the inocula were compared to the 0,5 tube of McFarland, adding 10 'mü'L of bacterial suspension to each tube, which were incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. The MIC was distinguished by the absence of visible turbidity. Each tube that did not show visible turbidity was spread on MacConkey agar plates in pH 7,4, and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours to find the MBC, which was determined by the smallest concentration able to cause total death to the enteropathogen population. In both cases, the solutions of chitosan presented a high antimicrobial activity against the enteropathogens Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli EPEC. However, the higher antimicrobial activity was observed in the enteropathogen Shigella sonnei
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Penatti, Mario Paulo Amante. "Caracterização biologica e molecular de amostras de shigella flexneri e shigella sonnei isoladas da regiao de Campinas-SP." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/317372.
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Orientador: Wanderley Dias da Silveira<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T03:48:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2007<br>Resumo: Bactérias do ¿gênero¿ Shigella spp. apresentam-se como bacilos gram-negativos, anaeróbios facultativos, imóveis, não formam esporos e pertencem à família Enterobacteriaceae. De acordo com testes de aglutinação com anti-soros específicos, estas bactérias são classificadas em quatro sorogrupos: Sorogrupo A (Shigella dysenteriae), Sorogrupo B (Shigella flexneri), Sorogrupo C (Shigella boydii) e Sorogrupo D (Shigella sonnei). Estas bactérias são responsáveis pela Shiguelose ou Disenteria Bacilar enfermidade endêmica que anualmente acomete milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo, sendo que mais de 70% de todos os casos ocorrem em crianças de 1 até 5 anos de idade, possuindo grande importância epidemiológica devido à alta morbi-mortalidade. Os principais determinantes de patogenicidade neste grupo bacteriano são: o plasmídio de alto peso molecular, que determina o fenótipo invasivo desta espécie; genes cromossômicos, que regulam a expressão dos genes de virulência no plasmídio e a produção de uma exotoxina que atua destruindo a barreira de células epiteliais. No Brasil, até então, não foram encontrados trabalhos publicados que comparem as diferentes amostras bacterianas de Shigella spp. isoladas de casos de Shiguelose, relacionando suas características biológicas e estrutura clonal. Sendo assim, neste trabalho, estudamos as características biológicas (sorotipagem, perfil de resistência a antimicrobianos, adesão e invasão, análise do perfil de DNA plasmidial) de diferentes amostras de Shigella spp. relacionando-as através de técnicas de Biologia Molecular (ERIC-PCR, REPPCR e DRE-PCR) permitindo, assim, determinar a clonalidade epidemiológica destas. As amostras de Shigella spp. foram isoladas de diferentes surtos, de diversas cidades das regiões de Campinas e de São João da Boa Vista, e pertencem à coleção do Instituto Adolfo Lutz de Campinas<br>Abstract: Shigella spp are gram-negative, anaerobic facultative, non-motile, and non-sporulated bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family, responsible for ¿Shigellosis¿ or the Bacillary Dysentery (BD) disease, an important cause of worldwide morbidity and mortality. The pathogenic determinants of Shigella spp include high molecular weight plasmids responsible for the bacterial invasive capacity, as well as chromosomal genes encoding for different pathogenic, factors such as exotoxins that destroy epithelial host cells. Little is known about the antibiotic resistance profiles and the population structure of Shigella species isolated from humans in Brazil. In this work, we have studied the antibiotic resistance profiles and the clonal structure of Shigella strains isolated from humans in different cities located in the region of Campinas, a city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. We have also related the antibiotic resistance of these strains with the bacterial clonal groups determined by the molecular techniques ERIC, REP, and DRE-PCR. Our data indicate that many strains of S. flexneri and S. sonnei are multiresistant, and our results also support the circulation of specific clones among the cities. These data indicate that the human sanitary conditions in the cities analyzed herein should be improved.<br>Doutorado<br>Microbiologia<br>Doutor em Genetica e Biologia Molecular
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Mirza, Zainulabedeen Reda. "Control of Shigella sonnei and adhesive invasive Escherichia coli infections with a natural product which inhibits the bacterial oxidoreductase DsbA." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28637.
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Many Gram-negative bacterial pathogens such as Shigella and adhesive invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) cause infections characteristic of hyperinflammation. These infections require antimicrobial therapy. However, due to the widespread emergence of multiple drug-resistant strains, alternative strategies must be sought to combating infectious diseases. It has been shown that natural compounds such as propolin D are able to control Shigella growth inside host cells. Geraniol is another natural product which has a chemical structure similar to the side chain of propolin D, which possesses properties potentially useful for antimicrobial therapy. qPCR analysis revealed that propolin D caused extensive bacterial envelopE stress, as indicated by a changed expression of key bacterial genes involved in stress responses. Propolin D also enhanced the autophagy activity of the host cells; the intracellular growth of S. sonnei was significantly reduced in wild type HEK293 cells but not changed in ATG5 knockout cells. Propolin D was unable to enhance septin cage as intracellular S. sonnei formed actin tails in the presence of propolin D; septin cage would restrict formation of actin tails. Geraniol has been shown to target the major virulence regulator, DsbA, which is vital for Shigella’s survival in the reducing host cell cytosol. Geraniol and geranylxvacetate inhibited DsbA function in vitro; wild type DsbA efficiently reduced fluorescently labelled Di-E-GSSG whereas a mutant protein, DsbA33G, was less potent in this in vitro assay. By supplementing acidic and nutrient-poor medium with geraniol the growth of S. sonnei and AIEC strains was severely inhibited. Geraniol was effective in protecting of Galleria. mellonella larva from S. sonnei and AIEC infection. The Galleria mellonella larvae were highly tolerant to geraniol – indicating the great potential of geraniol for future in vivo and clinical studies. In light of previous reports that geraniol synergistically works with antibiotics and induces IL-10 from macrophages, it was concluded that geraniol holds great potential in treating Shigella and AIEC infections.
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Lorca, González Maribel. "Distribución de enterotoxinas ShET1 y ShET2 en cepas de Shigella flexneri y Shigella sonnei aisladas de niños chilenos con cuadro diarreico." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2004. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/134199.
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Memoria para optar al Titulo Profesional de Médico Veterinario<br>Shigella spp. es una bacteria Gram negativa que pertenece a la familia Enterobacteriaceae, intracelular facultativa, responsable de la disentería bacilar en el ser humano.
Al año ocurren más de un millón de muertes producto de infecciones por Shigella spp., donde la mayoría de los afectados son niños de países subdesarrollados ( Philpott et al, 2000). La patogénesis de Shigella radica en su capacidad de invadir el epitelio intestinal, gatillando una inflamación aguda con ulceración de la mucosa intestinal y la producción de abscesos ( Goldberg et al, 1993). La fase inicial del cuadro, en muchos pacientes, puede presentarse con una diarrea acuosa que puede o no continuar con disentería. Se han descrito dos factores de virulencia que serían responsables de esta diarrea acuosa: enterotoxinas de Shigella 1 y 2 ( ShET1 y ShET2) ( Vargas et al, 1999). El objetivo del presente trabajo es determinar la distribución de ShET1 y ShET2 en dos especies de Shigella: S. flexneri y S. sonnei aisladas de niños con cuadro diarreico ( en un período estival entre 1999-2002). Durante este período se recolectaron 170 muestras, de las cuales se analizaron 104 cepas (51 cepas de S. flexneri y 53 cepas de S. sonnei). Se determinó la presencia de los genes de las enterotoxinas mediante la técnica molecular de Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR) con partidores específicos. De las cepas estudiadas, 52 (50 %) presentaron 1 o ambos genes que codifican para dichas enterotoxinas, de las cuales 7 cepas (6,7 %) de S. flexneri poseían el gen de ShET1, 25 (23,9 %) el gen de ShET2, y 20 (19,2 %) presentaron ambos genes de las enterotoxinas. De las cepas de S. sonnei 16 (15,3 %) presentaron el gen de ShET2<br>Proyecto DID ENL 02/21
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Anderson, Taigh Byrne. "Towards the Synthesis of the Unusual Monosaccharides Found in the Shigella sonnei O-Antigen and Analysis of Shigella flexneri 2a Glycoconjugate Vaccine Samples." Thesis, Faculty of Science, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33192.
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Shigellosis (bacillary dysentery) is a severe inflammatory diarrhoeal disease in humans caused by the Gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Shigella species. Despite over 60 years of vaccine research, no licensed vaccine to prevent shigellosis is commercially available. Bioconjugate vaccines based on the O-antigen against various Shigella serotypes are under development. Shigella sonnei and Shigella flexneri 2a are the most prevalent serotypes in industrialised and developed countries respectively and is the subject of this study. This project involves the design and evaluation of alternative synthetic routes to derivatives of 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4,6-trideoxy-β-D-galactopyranose (FucNAc4N/AAT) and 2-acetamido2-deoxy-α-L-altruronic acid (AltNAcA), the two unusual monosaccharides found in the repeating unit of the Shigella sonnei O-antigen. Since these sugars are not commercially available, synthetic derivatives are required as authentic standards for the analysis of the bioconjugate. Various routes to the FucNAc4N derivative were investigated and evaluated. Routes proceeding either through 1,6-anhydro-D-glucose or cyclohexyl-2-acetamido-1-thioglucoside were shown to have potential, but ultimately both were rejected on the basis of inefficient conversions in the early stages of the synthetic sequence. However, important insights were gained into the crucial challenge of differentiating O-3 and O-4, common to any approach involving starting materials with the D-gluco configuration. This led to preparation in good yield of phenyl 2-amino-2-N,3-Ocarbonyl-2-deoxy-1-thio-β-D-glucopyranoside as a key oxazolidinone-protected intermediate, which allowed for successful preparation of a FucNAc4N derivative in the form of a 4-azido-βthioglycoside. This was achieved in 10 steps from the commercially available 2-acetamido1,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranose in an overall yield of 17%. Synthesis of an AltNAcA derivative was initially investigated via a sequence starting from a glucofuranurono-3,6-lactone. This involved initial inversion at C-5 followed by opening of the lactone and migration of the substituent at O-5 to O-3, to form an idofuranuronate which, however, could not be readily converted to the required pyranose form. A more successful route utilized a 6-iodo-2,3-oxazolidinone derivative of D-glucose, prepared as a key intermediate in the synthesis of FucNAc4N. The crucial epimerization at C-5 was attempted through initial formation of the 5-ene, followed by a hydroboration/oxidation, but this led exclusively to the Drather than the L-sugar. Computer modelling and literature precedent suggested that the anomeric configuration strongly influenced the face selectivity of the hydroboration step. An αanalogue of the 6-iodo-2,3-oxazolidinone derivative was therefore prepared via an efficient Lewis acid catalysed anomerization of a β-thioglucoside. However attempts to carry out a base- iii mediated elimination to the corresponding 5-enopyranoside were not successful, giving rise instead to a product in which the oxazolidinone had been cleaved followed by intramolecular substitution of the 6-iodide to form a 3,6-anhydro derivative. On the basis of these results and observations, an alternative synthetic route to AltNAcA has been proposed, which incorporates early formation of an α-glycoside and removal of the useful 2,3-oxazolidinone protecting group, thus setting the substrate up for effective elimination followed by selective hydroboration from the less hindered β-face to give the L-sugar. This study also incorporates a spectroscopic analysis of Shigella flexneri 2a glycoconjugate and glycopeptide samples. A full set of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra were recorded and analysed, resulting in the unambiguous determination of the structure and integrity of the O-antigen saccharide component.
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Anderson, Kirstin P. C. "Development of an alternative synthesis of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-altruronic acid: an unusual sugar found in the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella sonnei." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/24464.
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A new synthetic route has been explored for the preparation of derivatives of 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-altruronic acid (L-AltNAcA). This is a rare sugar found together with 2-acetamido-4-amino-2,4-dideoxy-D-fucose(D-FucNAc4N) in the repeating unit of Shigella sonnei. Derivatives are needed inter alia for chemical and spectroscopic calibration standards, and as building blocks for preparing oligomeric subunits of the O-polysaccharide antigen for possible incorporation into a synthetic glycoconjugate vaccine. Two synthetic routes were investigated. The first route successfully repeated a published four step sequence converting diacetone-D-glucose to 1,6-anhydro--L-idopyranose in a 38% yield overall, and a further selective benzylation at O-3. Attempts to discriminate between O-2, O-3 and O-4 using low temperature acylation or alkylation conditions were unsuccessful, but modest selectivity for the 4-benzoate was observed in a Bu₂SnO-mediated benzoylation, although this product could not be easily separated from other mono-benzoates. The second route started from N-acetyl-D-glucosamine which was successfully converted in the first step to 2-methyl-(1,2-dideoxyl-5,6-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofurano)-[2,1-d]-2-oxazoline. The oxazoline and dioxolane units could be selectively manipulated in a series of steps to afford 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-benzyl-6-O-t-butyldimethylsilyl-α-D-glucofuranosyl acetate in a 41% yield over four steps. This is a key synthetic intermediate in which the 5-OH is available for the required inversion step. During this study, an unusual minor side-product, 1,6-anhydro-2-acetamido-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-3-O-benzyl-α-D-glucofuranose, was isolated. While this was also a potentially useful intermediate, having only the 5-OH unprotected, it proved not possible to find conditions for optimizing this product. Inversion of configuration at C-5 in the 6-O-silylated glucofuranose was attempted via the 5-O-triflate and 5-O-mesylate: the triflate formed but was displaced in situ by the solvent pyridine to give an unusual 5-pyridinium derivative, while the mesylate was stable but unreactive towards subsequent SN2 inversion. These outcomes were attributed to the steric congestion imposed by the combination of the 3,4-cis-disubstitution of the furanose ring and the very bulky silyl substituent at O-6. While the goal of preparing L-AltNAcA was not achieved via these approaches, useful insights have been contributed towards the ongoing study.
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Roberson, Triche. ""The conceit of this inconstant stay": Shakespeare's Philosophical Conquest of Time Through Personification." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2010. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/1203.
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Throughout the procreation sonnets and those numerous sonnets that promise immortality through verse for Shakespeare's beloved young man, the poet personifies time as an agent of relentlessly destructive change. Yet Shakespeare's approach to the personification of time, as well as his reactions to time, changes over the course of the sequence. He transforms his fear of and obsession with time as a destroyer typical of most sonnets to an attitude of mastery over the once ominous force. The act of contemplating time's power by personification provides the speaker with a deeper awareness of time, love, and mutability that allows him to form several new philosophies which resolve his fear. By the end of the sequence, the poet no longer fortifies himself and the beloved against time's devastation because his new outlook fosters an acceptance of time that opposes and thus negates his previous contention with this force.
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Ballantyne, Aileen Helen Georgina. "Voiceprints of an astronaut : a poetry collection, and, Politics and the personal in the sonnet and sonnet sequence : Edwin Morgan's 'Glasgow Sonnets' Tony Harrison's 'from The School of Eloquence' and selected sonnets by Paul Muldoon." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10583.
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“Voiceprints of an Astronaut” is a multi-faceted collection of poems that explores the fluid borders between memory and the imagined, the personal and the sociohistorical. The “voiceprints” of the title poem are the words, both imagined and real, of the only twelve men who ever walked on the moon. My own device, of an imagined ‘interview’ with figures from history, is deployed in the title poem. It is also used, for example, in the form of voiceprints from R.L. Stevenson, (“Tusitala”), Mary Queen of Scots’ maidservant, (“Beheaded”,“A Prayer fir James VI”), an acrobat-magician from the Qin Dynasty, (Bi xi Terracotta) and a time-travelling 14th century monk transposed to the Scottish Poetry Library (“In the Library”). In poems such as “Earthrise”, “Starlight from Saturn”, “In the Library”, and “Lines for Edwin Morgan” the tone is lyrical, taking the form of the sonnet, or sometimes simply reflecting the ghost of a sonnet framework. Recent events such as the Haiti earthquake are reflected, at times, by a purely personal response, such as in “Beads”, while poems about the Aids epidemic in the 80’s, (“Lunch-times with Rick”, “The Quilts”) spring from a period as Medical Correspondent for the Guardian, covering Aids conferences in London, Stockholm, Montreal and San Francisco. Others, such as “Roosevelt’s Bats”, “Fire-and-Forget” and “At Sea” are responses to modern war and conflict. In all of these, my aim has been to explore the political through the personal. The poems in this collection reflect an adult life split, almost equally, between two cities: Edinburgh and London. Regular visits too, to North America are another influence. An important part of the journey involved in writing these poems was a discovery of a Scots voice I thought I’d misplaced, only to find again, in poems such as “Beheaded” or “Haud tae me”. Some of these poems are autobiographical, dealing with parenthood, childhood, and growing up. Others, such as “Dana Point” or “Boy with Frog” celebrate a moment, a time and a place. In the case of the series of poems beginning with “Jim” and ending with “Black and White” the places and times take the form of memories, both in Scotland and Canada, of a much older sister. The critical essay that forms the second part of this thesis is entitled “Politics and the Personal in the Sonnet and Sonnet Sequence: Edwin Morgan's “Glasgow Sonnets”, Tony Harrison's “from The School of Eloquence” and selected sonnets by Paul Muldoon”. The first chapter examines the use of the sonnet form in Edwin Morgan’s “Glasgow Sonnets”; the second chapter concerns the sonnets written by Tony Harrison in from The School of Eloquence and Other Poems, published in 1978, while the third chapter looks at selected sonnets by Paul Muldoon.
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Burman, Lars. "Den svenska stormaktstidens sonett." Stockholm : Almqvist och Wiksell, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35519731h.
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Krenz, Michael. "The sonnet is alive and well- a study of the sonnets of Richard Wilbur, John Berryman, and Gwendolyn Brooks /." View online, 1990. http://repository.eiu.edu/theses/docs/32211998880828.pdf.
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Spratley, Peter Frederick. "Wordsworth's sonnet corpus." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2008. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/90289/.
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The thesis is a study of Wordsworth and the sonnet. It is structured around detailed assessments of each 'type' of sonnet that Wordsworth wrote, but my overarching goal is to demarcate a sonnet corpus and place it in a position of eminence, and in so doing, gesture towards a re-evaluation of the poet's career, by positing an alternative to the traditional Prelude-centric view of his oeuvre. It has been customary, from influential critics such as Geoffrey Hartman onwards, to locate the familiar Wordsworthian ethos in the long poems and canonical Romantic lyrics, such as 'Tintern Abbey'. I argue that the large body of sonnets represents an alternate corpus, to be read both alongside, and counter to, the traditional interpretation of the career. The attempt is to encourage scholarship to rethink the poet's own metaphorical view of a 'gothic church' for his career, which has The Recluse as its primary body, and to reposition the sonnet form in that view, so that it may occupy a more prominent place. Wordsworth's sonnet groups are often overlooked by scholarship, or instead read out of context through unrepresentative anthologising. My thesis argues that the sonnets should not be read as subordinate to, or parasitic on, the longer work. I contend that the sonnets constitute a vital body of work in their own right. By reading the poet's career through his sonnets, a sense of continuity between the early and late Wordsworth is established, while at the same time, the familiar Wordsworthian ethos is present throughout. I also develop the standard interpretation of Miltonic inheritance, by suggesting that while Wordsworth was certainly influenced by Milton, he was also profoundly influenced in his sonnet writing by his contemporaries, including Charlotte Smith, William Lisle Bowles and Thomas Warton. I build on recent scholarship in this area, and offer a more extensive view, that sees Wordsworth appropriating and subverting the conventional sonnets of the late eighteenth century for his 'Miscellaneous Sonnets' and The River Duddon. My aim is to posit Wordsworth's sonnets as a corpus, and I argue that they occupy a prominent position in critical interpretations of the poet's career.
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Jalocha, Alain. "Etude d'un microscope optique a sonde locale en reflexion. Realisation et caracterisation des sondes utilisees." Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA2025.
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Le but de notre etude est la realisation d'un systeme en reflexion appele scaning near-field optical microscope, ou la sonde utilisee joue simultanement le role de source et de detecteur. Les ondes evanescentes issues de la diffraction de l'onde incidente par les details de dimension inferieure a la demi-longueur d'onde interagissent avec un stylet dielectrique place aux abords de la surface et sont converties en ondes propagatives. Nous presentons une methode de fabrication de ce type de detecteurs dont la forme et les dimensions influent considerablement sur la resolution. Une methode de simulation basee sur la theorie du couplage de mode, nous permet de faire une premiere estimation de l'intensite guidee a l'interieur de diedres. Les resultats experimentaux attestent de deux modes de fonctionnement de notre systeme, qui sont fonction de la distance separant l'objet de la sonde. Si cette quantite est inferieure typiquement a /4, le snom s'apparente a un microscope superresolvant, sinon il peut etre considere comme une alternative aux profilometres conventionnels
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Zuk, Edward. "The modernist American sonnet." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ61215.pdf.
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Chung, Chulmin. "Keats and the sonnet." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526770.
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Cho, Soon Y. "The Interaction Between Poetic and Musical Caesurae in Six Settings of Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Sonnet XLIII." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1299168299.
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Gressman, Melissa R. "Performing Sincerity in Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s Sonnets from the Portuguese." University of Toledo Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=uthonors1450401175.
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Budnik, Frank Mathias. "Spikulae auf der Sonne." [S.l. : s.n.], 1999. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=955840007.
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Wilson, Scott. "Elizabethan subjectivity and sonnet sequences." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293055.
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Roberts, Bethan. "Charlotte Smith and the sonnet." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2014. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/2003520/.
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This thesis considers the place of Charlotte Smith’s Elegiac Sonnets in the eighteenth-century sonnet revival. Smith is often credited with reviving the sonnet form, and has attracted attention as a ‘Romantic’ poet. This thesis seeks to rebalance the existing critical focus by locating Smith’s sonnets in their eighteenth-century context and by considering her engagement with tradition alongside her innovation and influence. It offers a new history and evaluation of the eighteenth-century sonnet, and locates Smith’s sonnets within it. It traces the expansion of Elegiac Sonnets through its multiple editions from 1784 to 1800, charting Smith’s changing approach to – and the interactions between – form, literary tradition and place. Thus, the thesis clarifies Smith’s real significance as a writer and her place in literary history.
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Martín, Adrienne Laskier. "Cervantes and the burlesque sonnet." Berkeley [etc.] : University of California press, 1991. http://ark.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft4870069m.
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Th. : Harvard University.<br>Contient aussi un choix de poèmes en italien et en espagnol avec la trad. en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Ouvrage mis en ligne par eScholarship. Bibliogr.. Index.
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Vashkevich, Nadezda. "Le sonnet contemporain en Russie et en France." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030080.
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La présente recherche est consacrée au sonnet contemporain en Russie et en France. Elle évoque l’évolution du sonnet dans les deux pays et analyse en détail les œuvres de cinq poètes français et cinq poètes russes. Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Yves Bonnefoy, Jacques Roubaud, Laurent Fourcaut sont présentés à côtés de Yuri Veynert et Yakov Kharon, Iossif Brodsky, Victor Sosnora, Alexeï Tsvetkov, Timour Kibirov. La période étudiée s’étend des années 40 du XXe jusqu’à la première décennie du XXIe siècle. Les composants structurels du sonnet en tant que forme fixe et ses aspects génériques sont mis en examen afin de révéler les niveaux possibles de lecture et les liens des sonnets contemporains avec la tradition sonnettiste. L’étude met en relief quatre grands thèmes du sonnet : l’amour, la politique, la mort et le jeu<br>The present research is dedicated to the contemporary sonnet in Russia and in France. It traces the evolution of the sonnet in both countries and focuses on works of five French and five Russian poets. Louis Aragon, Robert Desnos, Yves Bonnefoy, Jacques Roubaud, Laurent Fourcaut are juxtaposed to Yuri Veynert and Yakov Kharon, Joseph Brodsky, Victor Sosnora, Alexei Tsvetkov, Timur Kibirov. The period under study goes from 1940s to now. The thesis deals with structural components of the sonnet as a poetic form and a genre in order to reveal the possible levels of reading and to establish relationship between the contemporary works and the sonnet tradition. The study highlights four major themes that are love, politics, death and game
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Robbins, Jeremy M. W. "A study of the Spanish Baroque sonnet." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317754.
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Cherry, Thomas Hamilton. "Variation Within Uniformity: The English Romantic Sonnet." TopSCHOLAR®, 2014. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1396.
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The English Romantic poets of the early nineteenth century wrote numerous poems from genres and styles all across the poetic spectrum. From the epics of ancient origin concerning kings and fanciful settings to the political odes on fallen leaders and even the anthropological histories of what it meant to live in their time, these poets stretched their stylistic legs in many ways. One of the most interesting is their use of the short and rule-bound sonnet form that enjoyed a reemergence during their time. Though stylized throughout its existence, the sonnet most often falls into a specific form with guidelines and rule. What makes the Romantic interest in this form noteworthy is that like the other forms, they found new ways to use the sonnet as a means of poetic experimentation and creative expression. Exploring the various internal and external variations, those changes that took place within the lines and phrases of the sonnet and those that form the organizing and rhyming portions of the poem, this study seeks to establish the ways the Romantics took the uniform techniques of the sonnet and stretched its bounds to find new means of creativity. Close reading of the poems of William Wordsworth, John Keats, and Percy Bysshe Shelley reveals the variant use of caesura, creative dissonance, as well as original organization and rhyme scheme to accomplish purely Romantic goals within the uniformity of the sonnet form.
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Allen, Michael Jude. "The Victorian sonnet : antecedents, form and function." Thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.433961.
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Incastori, Thomas <1985>. "Le Sonnet à l'épreuve de la modernité." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/11532.
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« Le sonnet à l’épreuve de la modernité » se propose de discerner les principales caractéristiques de cette forme fixe d’origine italienne qui a eu tant de succès en France depuis son apparition au cours du seizième siècle et d’enquêter sur son rapport avec la modernité. Après avoir dressé un portrait général du sonnet, le travail se consacre à l’analyse de l’apport du second dix-neuvième - moment clé pour la définition de l’esthétique moderne - sur son évolution.
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Wimmer, Willy. "Deutschland einen Platz an der Sonne?" Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4730/.
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Remy, Charlotte. "Synthèse et étude de récepteurs moléculaires fluorescents pour la détection de molécules neutres." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN070/document.
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La détection de molécules toxiques pour l’Homme et son environnement est d’une importance cruciale et fait partie des préoccupations majeures de la société actuelle. Les résidus de pesticides tels que l’atrazine ainsi que la mélamine font notamment partie de ces molécules dangereuses pour la santé humaine. Ces deux molécules sont principalement dosées par des techniques lourdes et coûteuses comme la spectrométrie de masse, la chromatographie ou l’électrochimie. De même, la détection des amines biogéniques représente un intérêt sociétal. Elles sont produites par des bactéries durant la décarboxylation des acides aminés dans les cellules. Leur détection permet ainsi d’évaluer la contamination microbiologique et la dégradation potentielle d’un aliment. Elles sont aujourd’hui dosées par chromatographie en phase liquide ou en en phase gaz, par électrochromatographie capillaire et par spectroscopie UV-visible. Quelques exemples de détection par fluorescence ont déjà été décrits dans la littérature mais la nécessité de développer de nouveaux récepteurs fluorescents efficaces est bien réelle.La fluorescence est une technique qui offre de multiples avantages tels que la sensibilité, la sélectivité et un faible coût. De nombreuses sondes fluorescentes capables de détecter des métaux lourds ont été développées au laboratoire PPSM. Cependant, la détection de molécules neutres par fluorescence représente un défi supplémentaire en raison de la nature plus faible de l’interaction, comparée à celle entre espèces chargées.La première étape de cette thèse a été de concevoir et de synthétiser un ensemble de sondes moléculaires fluorescentes, aussi bien pour la détection de l’atrazine, de ses produits de dégradation et des dérivés de la mélamine que pour la détection des amines biogéniques. Des fluorophores dérivés de la molécule de maléimide, de naphthalimide et de l’acide barbiturique ont ainsi été développés pour sonder les dérivés de triazine en exploitant leur système de trois liaisons hydrogène pour la reconnaissance moléculaire. De même, un calix[6]arène fluorescent a été conçu pour déceler la présence des amines biogéniques qui provoqueront une réponse fluorescente par encapsulation dans le calixarène.La deuxième étape a consisté à étudier les propriétés photophysiques de ces sondes. La sonde Naphth-AlcyneOMe possède un rendement quantique élevé, s’est révélée fortement solvatochrome. Elle est de plus sensible à la déprotonation de sa fonction imide. Des études RMN et de modélisation moléculaire ont également été menées afin de caractériser les sondes de manière plus approfondie et de comprendre plus précisément leur réactivité. La spectroscopie RMN a confirmé l’interaction par liaison hydrogène entre les sondes maléimide et naphthalimides et la molécule d’atrazine. Elle a aussi mis en évidence l’encapsulation de l’heptylamine dans le calix[6]arène. Pour sa part, la modélisation moléculaire nous a permis de mieux comprendre la photophysique de la sonde Naphth-TriazoleOMe.Enfin, la capacité des sondes à détecter les divers analytes cibles par fluorescence a été évaluée lors de la dernière étape de ce projet. La sonde TPA-BARB a présenté une forte exaltation de fluorescence en présence des dérivés de mélamine alors que le calix[6]arène-quinoléine Calix-Quino est capable de détecter les amines aliphatiques par fluorescence<br>The detection of molecules toxic for man and his environment is one of the major concerns of our society. Melamine and the pesticide residues such as atrazine are some of these dangerous molecules. These two molecules are usually measured with time-consuming and costly techniques like mass-spectrometry, chromatography or electrochemistry. In the same way, the detection of biogenic amines is of the greatest importance. They are produced by some bacteria during the decarboxylation of amino acids in the cells. So their detection allows to assess the microbiologic contamination and the potential degradation of a food. Today they are measured by chromatography in the liquid or gas phase, capillary electrochromatography and UV-visible spectroscopy. Some examples of detection by fluorescence have been described in scientific literature, but it is really necessary to develop some new efficient fluorescent receptors.Fluorescence is a technique which offers many advantages such as sensitivity, selectivity and a low cost. A lot of fluorescent probes able to detect heavy metals have been developed in PPSM laboratory. However the detection of neutral molecules by fluorescence represents an additional challenge as the interaction is weaker than with charged species.The first step of this thesis was to design and synthesize a set of fluorescent molecular probes designed to detect atrazine, the products of its degradation and melamine derivatives as well as biogenic amines. Some fluorophores based on maleimide, naphtalimide and barbituric acid moieties have been developed for the detection of the triazines derivatives by exploiting their three hydrogen bonds for molecular recognition. In order to detect the presence of biogenic amines, a fluorescent calix[6]arene which lead to a fluorescent change upon encapsulation in the calixarene cavity has been designed.The second step consisted in studying the photophysical properties of these probes. Naphth-AlcyneOMe probe which has a high quantum yield turned out to be highly solvatochromic. Moreover it is sensitive to the deprotonation of its imide function. NMR studies and molecular modeling were conducted in order to deepen the characteristics of the probes and better understand their reactivity. NMR spectroscopy confirmed the interaction through hydrogen bonding between maleimide and naphtalimide probes and the atrazine molecule.It highlighted the encapsulation of heptylamine in the calix[6]arene. Molecular modeling enabled us to better understand the photophysics of Naphth-TriazoleOMe probe.Finally the capacity of probes to detect the various analytes by fluorescence was assessed in our last part. TPA-BARB probe presented a high exaltation of fluorescence in presence of melamine derivatives whereas the calix[6]arène-quinoleine Calix-Quino is able to detect aliphatic amines by fluorescence
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Strachan, Peter. "The linguistic contexts of the Elizabethan love sonnet." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328971.
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Stroeher, Vicki Pierce. "Form and Meaning in Benjamin Britten's Sonnet Cycles." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1994. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc935804/.
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This study examines the relationship between sonnet form and musical form in Benjamin Britten's sonnet cycles with a view toward identifying the musico-poetic form how the musical form interprets the poetry. Several issues come to the fore: 1) articulation of the large-scale divisions of the poetic form in the music; 2) potential of the musical setting to make connections between lines of the text ; 3) potential of the musical setting to follow or imitate the thought processes of the poem; and 4) placement of the departure and return.
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Chung, Jae-hee. "Kulturelle Identität zwischen aufgehender und untergehender Sonne." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976507854.
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Roth, Markus. "Kopplung globaler Eigenschwingungen der Sonne durch Konvektion." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://www.freidok.uni-freiburg.de/volltexte/512.
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Rippey, John. "Woodblock Sonnets and Floating World : reflections on writing 'Woodblock Sonnets'." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.656335.
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This essay explores the writing of "Woodblock Sonnets," a poem composed of fifty-six sonnet stanzas. The essay represents a sustained enquiry into this poem's development, from its first inchoate sources and urges, to realization through shape, structure, and artifice. The development of the poem is tracked in five central writing concerns: content, language, form, time, and universality. In each concern, "Woodblock Sonnets" is observed to evolve, over the course of the writing, from more latent and intuitive versions into more manifest and deliberated ones. The poem emerges as creation of inspiration and labor, as both a spontaneously occurring phenomenon and a crafted object. In order to explore the reason of poetry, the accounts of this evolving search for significances are extended into consideration of the advantages which specific poetic practices - image, ekphrasis, rhyme, the sonnet form, and so on - provide a poem. "Woodblock Sonnets" possesses a cross-cultural nature, and the essay explores the poem's unusual fusing of Eastern and Western idioms and sensibilities, as well. "Woodblock Sonnets," the conclusion suggests, takes up the intrinsic interconnectedness of lives - natural and human, past and present, and especially our own lives and those of others, in dimensions that range from the personal to the cultural. The poem demonstrates a primary interest in revealing and interpreting relationships. Poetry, in general, is conceived as an opportunity for fusing the figurative and literal.
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Mobley, Aaron. "Sonnets and psalm." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3605915.
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<p> Sonnets and Psalm investigates the relationships between the sacred nature of Psalm 91 and the secular nature of two sonnets, William Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey's Sonnet 8. <i> Sonnets and Psalm</i> exploits a dynamic that arises from the juxtaposition of disparate musical universes, choral and instrumental, and the unique and, at times, ineffable aesthetic qualities that emerge as a result of the intentional ordering of musical language and block structures. In a five movement form the listener is guided from vocal events painted on orchestral palettes, to solely instrumental movements, and back again. While the movements can stand independently of each other, there are ponderous transformations of material within and throughout the piece that create a thread that functions as a consistent generative unifying element. A recurrent utilization of motive, color, register, pitch-specific sonorities and gesture, enhances the unity of the work while exploiting the contradistinctive nature of each movement. Relational aspects of hidden and transformed materials from the Psalm and the sonnets (including the Mosaic movements) that are present throughout create a forward and back-relating dynamic. There is a programmatic element at work as well that in itself is a statement: after the sonnets and the mosaics, the listener is finally presented with the Psalm, a conclusion.</p>
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Mobley, Aaron Darnell. "Sonnets and Psalm." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/311586.
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Sonnets and Psalm investigates the relationships between the sacred nature of Psalm 91 and the secular nature of two sonnets, William Shakespeare's Sonnet 73 and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey's Sonnet 8. Sonnets and Psalm exploits a dynamic that arises from the juxtaposition of disparate musical universes, choral and instrumental, and the unique and, at times, ineffable aesthetic qualities that emerge as a result of the intentional ordering of musical language and block structures. In a five movement form the listener is guided from vocal events painted on orchestral palettes, to solely instrumental movements, and back again. While the movements can stand independently of each other, there are ponderous transformations of material within and throughout the piece that create a thread that functions as a consistent generative unifying element. A recurrent utilization of motive, color, register, pitch-specific sonorities and gesture, enhances the unity of the work while exploiting the contradistinctive nature of each movement. Relational aspects of hidden and transformed materials from the Psalm and the sonnets (including the Mosaic movements) that are present throughout create a forward and back-relating dynamic. There is a programmatic element at work as well that in itself is a statement: after the sonnets and the mosaics, the listener is finally presented with the Psalm, a conclusion.
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Gilet, Nicolas. "Modélisation et calibration des sondes à impédance mutuelle : Application à la sonde MIP à bord de Rosetta et préparation de BepiColombo et JUICE." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3020.
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Les sondes à impédance mutuelle sont des instruments permettant de déterminer la densité et la température des électrons dans les plasmas spatiaux. Basées sur des mesures actives in-situ, elles ont été embarquées sur des satellites dès le début des années 1960 pour analyser les plasmas terrestres. Elles sont depuis quelques années confrontées à de nouveaux types de plasmas tels que le plasma cométaire de 67P/Churuymov-Gerasimenko (mission Rosetta, 2004-2016) et le seront de nouveaux dans quelques années dans l’environnement plasma de Mercure (mission BepiColombo, lancée en 2018) et de Jupiter et ses lunes (mission JUICE, lancement prévu en 2022).Le but de cette thèse est de développer de nouvelles méthodes de modélisation de la réponse instrumentale de ces sondes afin de tenir compte des nouvelles conditions plasmas rencontrées par ces sondes à impédance mutuelle pour les missions spatiales d’exploration planétaire. Grâce à ces nouvelles modélisations, il a été possible d’accéder à de nouvelles observables telles qu’un mélange de différentes populations électroniques dans l’environnement de la comète 67P sur les données de la sonde RPC-MIP. Cette modélisation a également permis de comprendre et d’identifier les effets du satellite Rosetta sur les mesures in-situ. Enfin, nous avons modélisé les réponses instrumentales dans les conditions plasmas attendues par la sonde PWI/AM2P (resp. RPWI/MIME) dans l’environnement de Mercure (resp. dans l’environnement jovien). Ces travaux permettent d’apporter une aide aux choix des modes d’opération des sondes ainsi qu’au futur traitement des données permettant de déterminer les paramètres plasmas à partir des mesures d’impédance mutuelle<br>Mutual impedance probes operates in space plasma to caracterize the electron density and temperature. Based on active in-situ measurements, they were on-boarded spacecraft in the early 1960s to analyze the terrestrial plasmas. In recent years, they have been used in new plasmas such as the cometary plasma of 67P/Churuymov-Gerasimenko (Rosetta mission, 2004-2016) and will operate in the plasma environment of Mercury (BepiColombo mission, launched in 2018) and Jupiter and its moons (JUICE mission, launch planned for 2022).The main goal of this thesis is to develop new methods to model the instrumental response of these probes in order to take into account the plasma conditions encountered by the exploratory space missions. Thanks to this modeling, it was possible to characterize a mix of several electron populations in the cometary environment of 67P from the RPC-MIP dataset. This modeling also enables to understand and identify the effects of the Rosetta spacecraft on the in-situ measurements. Finally, we modelled the instrumental response in the plasma conditions expected for the PWI/AM2P (resp. RPWI/MIME) probe in the Hermean environment (resp. in the Jovian system). The modeling enables to caracterize the plasma parameters on mutual impedance measurements by choosing the most efficient operational mode and helping the future data processing
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Janssen, Katja. "Struktur und Dynamik kleinskaliger Magnetfelder der Sonnenatmosphäre Ergebnisse hochaufgelöster Polarimetrie und Bildrekonstruktion /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=969560966.
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Koschinsky, Markus. "Spektroskopie und Polarimetrie kleinskaliger magnetischer Strukturen der Sonnenoberfläche mit Methoden der Bildrekonstruktion." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=962816248.
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Vollmöller, Peter. "Untersuchung der Wechselwirkung von Magnetfeldkonzentrationen und konvektiven Strömungen mit dem Strahlungsfeld in der Photosphäre der Sonne." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=965267148.
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Wilken, Volker. "Kleinskalige Magnetfelder der Sonne und ihr Einfluss auf Chromosphäre, Übergangszone und Korona." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=963991310.
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Motta, Dario Giuseppe. "Feasibility analysis and prototype measurements of a novel approach for the real-time spectroscopy of low energy solar neutrinos." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=971175403.
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Brković, Alen. "Structure and variability of the upper solar atmosphere observed with SOHO /." Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/332842118.pdf.
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Messmer, Peter. "Observations and simulations of particle acceleration in solar flares /." Aachen : Shaker, 2001. http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/338805397.pdf.
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Brown, Douglas. "Baudelaire and the sonnet on the threshold of modernity." Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59254.
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This thesis is concerned with a problem of literary history. It shows how the inscription of Baudelaire's sonnets in the field of literary discourse is inseparable from their inscription in the general context of mid-nineteenth century social discourse. Baudelaire's sonnets are first examined in terms of the French sonnet tradition, and seen to constitute a formal departure from the Classically defined sonnet. His sonnets are then considered against the background of the opposition of Classicism and Romanticism in order to show that they represented a synthesis of opposed poetic values. In Chapter 3, a close examination of the sonnets reveals a balance of formal, rhetorical, and thematic elements consistent with the synthetic tendencies identified earlier. The study of the poetics of Baudelaire's sonnets is followed by a review of his general aesthetic orientation. This review leads to the problem of the sonnets' relation to contemporary social discourse. By reading Baudelaire's sonnets in terms of the nineteenth-century discourse of progress, and in terms of Benjamin's theory of historical consciousness, I show that their aesthetics and Petrarchism, as well as their rhetorical and thematic features, had a definite counter-discursive significance.