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Lind, Rose-Marie, and Pär Lindblad. "Från prio ett larm enligt medicinskt index till bedömning av egenvård enligt RETTS : En kvantitativ granskning av ambulansjournaler." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap (HV), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-62508.
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Bakgrund: Enligt statistiken har ambulansutryckningarna ökat men ambulanstätheten minskat. Det behövs därför en väl fungerande prioritering av patienterna som söker akut vård från larmcentralen. De som inte är i akut behov av ambulanstransport till sjukhus ska kunna omdirigeras till att söka annan vård som vårdcentral eller stanna hemma med egenvård. Syfte: är att jämföra patienter med samma ESS kod i ambulansjournalerna som endera transporterades till sjukhus eller kvarstannande med egenvård vid prio ett larm. Metod: En retrospektiv fallkontroll studie med en kvantitativ ansats. En journalgranskning med 139 inkluderade ambulansjournaler från södra Sverige. Resultat: Andelen prio ett uppdrag där patienten lämnades hemma med egenvård i föreliggande studie var 193 stycken, 7,2 procent. Utifrån resultatet fanns det inga skillnader i åldern mellan patienter som stannade kvar respektive transporterades med ambulans till akuten på respektive sjukhus. Det fanns heller inga signifikanta skillnader mellan könen utifrån tid på dygnet. Dock fanns det en signifikant skillnad då det gällde avstånd till sjukhus. För patienterna som bodde ≤ 8 km radie från ett sjukhus stannade 83st (59,7%) kvar i hemmet med egenvård. För patienter med ≥ 8 km ifrån ett sjukhus stannade 106 (76,3 %) kvar i hemmet med egenvård. Totalt för patienter som transporterades överensstämde larmcentralens index med ambulanssjuksköterskans ESS-kod vid 52%. För patienter som kunde kvarstanna i hemmet var överensstämmelsen 42% mellan larmcentralens index och ambulanssjuksköterskans ESS. Slutsats: Studien kunde inte påvisa någon skillnad mellan kön och tidpunkt av de som transporterades mot de som kunde stanna hemma, dock fanns det en signifikant skillnad på antal patienter som transporterades och kunde stanna hemma beroende på avstånd mellan deras boende och sjukhus. Även fanns det en förbättringspotential mellan SOS index och ambulanssjuksköterskans ESS kod, att denna skulle stämma mer överens. För ambulanssjuksköterskan är det viktigt att behandla alla patienter lika oberoende på yttre faktorer, i denna studie framkom att avståndet hade en betydelse. Detta får vi som ambulanssjuksköterskor ta till oss och inte låta ha en avgörande betydelse för den vård vi beslutar oss för att ge patienten.Background: According to statistics, ambulance emergency were increased but the density decreases, which requires a well-functioning prioritization of patients seeking emergency care from the central station. Those who are not in need of urgent ambulance transport to the hospital to be redirected to seek other care medical center or stay at home with self-care. Purpose: is to compare patients with the same ESS Code of ambulance records that are either transported to a hospital or keeping people with self-care at priority alarm. Method: A retrospective case-control study with a quantitative approach. A medical record review of 139 included ambulance records from southern Sweden. Results: The proportion of priority a mission in which the patient was at home with self-care in this study were 193 pieces, 7.2 per cent. Based on the results, there were no differences in age between patients who remained and was transported by ambulance to the emergency room and hospital. There were also no significant differences between the sexes based on time of day. However, there was a significant difference as regards the distance to the hospital. For patients who lived ≤ 8 km radius of a hospital stayed 83st (59.7%) remain in the home with self-care. For patients with ≥ 8 km from the hospital stayed 106 (76.3%) remain in the home with self-care. Total of patients transported consistent monitoring center index with the ambulance nurse ESS Code at 52%. For patients who were able to remain in the home was the consistency 42% between the central station's index and the ambulance nurse ESS. Conclusion: The study did not demonstrate a difference between gender and time of the transported toward those who could stay at home, however, there was a significant difference in the number of patients who were transported and could stay home, depending on the distance between their accommodation and hospitals. Although there was an improvement in potential between SOS Index and the ambulance nurse ESS code. For ambulance nurse, it is important to treat all patients equally regardless of external factors, in this study revealed that the distance had a meaning. This we get that ambulance nurses bring to us and not let be crucial for the care we decide to give.
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Dimech, Angelo. "SKYVE : Online SMS and Contacts Operator-Independent Archiver." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-129473.
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The mobile phone is a relatively new means of communication. Nevertheless due to its usability it has evolved to become one of the most used ways of communication over the last ten years.
A mobile phone is a medium that has the main scope of allowing its user to call and send short text messages (SMS) to other people from practically anywhere. Due to the inconvenience of having to carry a separate medium to store contacts information, mobile phones have always had the functionality to store contacts details. Being a portable device it is very easily lost or stolen, and when this happens people are generally frustrated due to having lost their contacts and SMS messages more than about the mobile phone itself.
One of the easiest ways of overcoming this frustration is by archiving the information on the mobile onto another medium. Currently the only way to archive information from your mobile phone is by using proprietary software and connecting the mobile phone to your PC. This type of archiving is mostly useful when one loses his mobile phone but has the disadvantage that it can only be accessed through the same PC. This project will deal with a solution to overcame the mentioned problem. The solution is intended to became a platform for other solution that can be added in the future for archiving SMS and contact details.
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Engel, Filip. "Návrh mediální kampaně služby Student SMS Grátis." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-3337.
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Rossbach, Björn Peter. "Langzeitergebnisse und Einflussfaktoren operativ versorgter Tibiakopffrakturen /." Köln, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000278346.
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Nogueira, Moema Guiduce [UNESP]. "Pensando no depois: um estudo sob a perspectiva da gramaticalização." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100119.
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nogueira_mg_dr_sjrp.pdf: 746465 bytes, checksum: 7967c086da68d8eec094c9a3be6ee1eb (MD5)Sob perspectiva diacrônica, este trabalho tem como propósito resgatar a trajetória de mudança de usos de depois na história do português, com base em seus aspectos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos. Fundamentada em descrição sincrônica de usos de depois no português atual (MARTELOTTA, 1996), nossa hipótese é a de que o continuum espaço > (tempo) > texto, que permite organizar os usos sincrônicos, é resultante de um percurso histórico de mudança categorial, desde o latim, com a seguinte configuração: advérbio espacial > advérbio temporal > locução prepositiva/conjuntiva ou conjunção temporal > operador argumentativo de valor aditivo. Esse percurso instancia-se por meio de um processo de gramaticalização, que, na sua acepção mais clássica, envolve rebaixamento de estatuto categorial de um elemento linguístico (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993), possível de ser apreendido em contextos linguísticos específicos. Assim, a expectativa é a de que usos de depois apreendidos nas diferentes sincronias permitem recompor sua trajetória de gramaticalização. Constitui ainda objetivo deste trabalho, correlacionar os usos de depois às funções ideacional, interpessoal e textual da linguagem (HALLIDAY, 1976, 1978). Metodologicamente, a investigação empírica toma por base dados diacrônicos provenientes de textos que integram a “Amostra diacrônica do Português” (LONGHIN-THOMAZI, 2004), disponível em
Under a diachronic perspective, this paperwork aims at emphasizing the change path in the use of the word after in the history of the Portuguese language, based on its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects. Supported by a synchronous description of the uses of the word after in current Portuguese (MARTELOTTA, 1996), our hypothesis is that continnum space > (time) > text, which allows for the organization of the synchronous uses, and comes from a historical path of categorial change, beginning with Latin and represented by the following configuration: adverb of space > adverb of time > prepositional/conjunctive phrase or conjunction of time > additive value argumentative operator. This historical path happens by means of a grammaticalization process, which, in its most classic meaning, involves categorial status degradation of a linguistic element (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993), observable in specific linguistic contexts. Thus, there is an expectation that the uses of after apprehended from different synchronies allow for the recreation of its grammaticalization path. This paperwork also aims at correlating the uses of after to the ideational, interpersonal and textual language functions (HALLIDAY, 1976, 1978). Methodologically, the empirical investigation is supported by diachronic data originated from texts that comprise the “Diachronic Sample of the Portuguese Language” (LONGHIN-THOMAZI, 2004), available at
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Ferraro, Alberto. "Optimal design and operation of HMs removal from soil by EDDS enhanced washing." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1194/document.
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Ce travail de recherche porte sur l'optimisation des procédés de lavage de sol permettant le traitement des sites contaminés par des métaux lourds. Cette étude se concentre sur le cycle complet de ce type de traitement, incluant la possibilité de réutilisation et un traitement adapté de la solution de lavage de sol utilisée. La conception et l'exploitation d'un procédé de lavage de sol sont étudiées dans le but d'optimiser leur coût et leur efficacité. Dans ce but, les paramètres et la configuration du réacteur utilisé pour ce procédé sont étudiés en détail à travers des tests à l'échelle du laboratoire, et les cinétiques sont simulées par une modélisation mathématique. Les échantillons de sol utilisés au cours de cette étude proviennent de terres agricoles présentant une forte contamination en cuivre. Parmi plusieurs agents chélateurs de la famille des aminopolycarboxylates, il a été choisi d'utiliser l'acide éthylènediamine-N, N'-disuccinique (EDDS) pour sa biodégradabilité - largement rapportée dans la littérature – et son efficacité importante d'extraction des métaux lourds, y compris du cuivre. Le travail bibliographique a permis d'identifier les deux paramètres cruciaux pour l'optimisation du procédé de lavage de sol : le rapport molaire EDDS : Cu et le rapport liquide-solide (L/S). Des tests réalisés dans un réacteur à agitation continue (RAC) en fonctionnement discontinu ont permis d'étudier l'influence de ces deux paramètres sur le rendement et la cinétique d'extraction du cuivre. L’augmentation du rapport molaire EDDS : Cu a permis une meilleure amélioration de l'efficacité du procédé, comparée à l'augmentation du rapport L/S. Par ailleurs, les tests réalisés en discontinu ont clairement mis en évidence une première étape cinétique rapide au début du traitement, suivie d'une seconde étape d'extraction plus lente jusqu'à la fin du traitement. Il a donc été formulé un modèle empirique basé sur deux termes cinétiques. Les paramètres du modèle ont été calibrés puis validés grâce à deux séries de données expérimentales différentes. Ce modèle permet d'abord d'évaluer la validité de l'hypothèse d'un procédé reposant sur deux étapes cinétiques différentes. Cela représente aussi un nouvel outil pour prévoir l'efficacité du procédé en fonction de l'évolution du ratio molaire EDDS : Cu et du temps de traitement. Les coûts d'exploitation du procédé ont été minimisés en étudiant différentes configurations de traitement. En particulier, deux configurations en réacteur piston ont été analysées et comparées à celle en RAC. Les réacteurs pistons ont été simulés en utilisant plusieurs réacteurs en série et en variant les temps de rétention et le fractionnement de l'injection de la solution de lavage de sol. Comparés à la configuration en RAC, les résultats obtenus en réacteur piston ont montré une amélioration du rendement et de la cinétique d'extraction du cuivre, ainsi qu'une réduction de la quantité de solution de lavage utilisée. Pour finir, un procédé électrochimique a été mis en place pour le traitement et la récupération de la solution d'EDDS utilisée. Des tests en réacteur discontinu ont permis d'optimiser les paramètres de ce procédé (densité de courant, pH et conductivité de la solution de lavage de sol). La solution récupérée a ensuite été utilisée pour d'autres étapes de lavage de sol. Les résultats obtenus ont prouvé l'efficacité du traitement électrochimique pour la récupération de la solution d'EDDS, et permettent d'envisager l'application de cette technique pour réduire le coût des procédés de lavage de sol utilisant l'EDDSThe object of the present research work is the optimization of soil-washing processes applied to heavy metal contaminated soils. The work focuses on the whole cycle of these treatments, including the possible recovery and the proper disposal of the used washing solution. Both the design and the exploitation of a soil washing treatment are investigated, in order to maximize their efficacy, in terms of cost and process efficiency. At this aim process parameters and reactor configurations are studied in details through lab-scale tests, and the observed kinetics are simulated through mathematical modeling. Soil samples used for the experimental activity were collected from an agricultural field located in Southern Italy, mainly contaminated by copper. Among several Aminopolycarboxylate (APC) chelating agents, Ethylenediamine-N,N'-disuccinic acid (EDDS) was selected, for its recognized biodegradability, widely reported in literature works, and its efficiency as extracting agent towards several heavy metals, including Cu. Literature review allowed determining the two most important process parameters to be investigated for washing optimization. The two parameters were identified as EDDS : Cu molar ratio and liquid to soil ratio (L/S). In order to investigate the effect of these parameters on process kinetics and Cu extraction yield, batch washing tests in continuous-stirred tank reactor configuration (CSTR) were carried out. EDDS : Cu molar ratio increase was found to be able to enhance process efficiency more than L/S increase. Batch tests clearly displayed a first fast kinetic step at the beginning of the treatment, followed by a second slower kinetic extraction step, which lasted until the end of the treatment. According to this observation, an empirical mathematical model based on two-kinetic terms was formulated. Model parameters were firstly calibrated and then validated using two different sets of experimental data. The derived mathematical model was useful to assess the validity of the two-kinetic steps process hypothesis, and to provide a tool for process efficiency prediction depending on EDDS : Cu molar ratio and treatment time length. Exploitation costs of the process were minimized studying different treatment configurations. In details two Plug-Flow configurations were analyzed and compared to the CSTR one. The two Plug-Flow configurations were simulated using several reactors in series, varying the detention time of the reactors, and fractionating the injection of the washing solution. Achieved results displayed improvements in terms of Cu extraction yield and process kinetic for the tested Plug-Flow conditions compared to the CSTR one, and showed that the use of a Plug-Flow reactor allows to reduce the amount of required washing solution. Finally, an electrochemical process was tested for the treatment and the recovery of the spent EDDS solution. Batch tests were carried out to optimize electrochemical process parameters (e.g. current density, washing solution pH and conductivity). The recovered solution was also used for a multi-washing test. Results proved the effectiveness of the electrochemical treatment for EDDS solution recovery and its potential application as technique for EDDS-enhanced soil washing costs reduction
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Jaoul, Mathieu. "Study of HBT operation beyond breakdown voltage : Definition of a Safe Operating Area in this operation regime including the aging laws." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0029.
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Le développement de nouvelles filières BiCMOS permettra, grâce aux améliorations technologiques apportées aux TBH (Transistor Bipolaire à Hétérojonction) SiGe:C, d’atteindre des performance dynamiques au-delà de 0.5 THz. Un aspect important doit être investigué : il s’agit de l’aire de sécurité de fonctionnement (SOA : Safe operating area) au-delà du classique BVCEO. En effet, de par la complexité des futures architectures de TBH(comme la B55X de chez STMicroelectronics) et de par leur taille nanométrique, il est attendu une augmentation des effets physiques présents dans ces transistors. Par ailleurs,en raison de la dépendance croissante de la conception de circuits vis-à-vis des outils logiciels, on s’attend à devoir développer des efforts supplémentaires pour concevoir des modèles compacts davantage prédictifs. Ainsi, le sous-projet SOA est conçu pour décrire l’aire de sécurité de fonctionnement des TBH SiGe :C de taille nanométrique en vue de son intégration dans le modèle compact en tenant compte des aspects critiques.Dans le premier chapitre, une description précise des régimes de fonctionnement au delà de la tension de claquage BVCEO est développée. Le modèle compact HICUM est amélioré pour prendre en compte les mécanismes se produisant dans cette région afin de modéliser précisément le phénomène d’avalanche et l’effet de focalisation du courant au centre de l’émetteur. Une validation de ce nouveau modèle est réalisée au travers de simulations TCAD mais aussi par des caractérisations électriques de différents TBH de tailles variées et pour de multiples températures.Dans le second chapitre, le comportement des transistors bipolaires proche des limites de fonctionnement a été étudié. Une étude de l’effet de focalisation du courant et du phénomène de “snapback” est réalisée pour en définir précisement les limites de fonctionnementà forts courants et tensions et une zone de stabilité est définie.Dans de troisième chapitre, le vieillissement accéléré de TBH est réalisé pour des régimes de fonctionnement aux frontières de la zone de sécurité de fonctionnement. Un modèle de vieillissement est alors développé pour prendre en compte les mécanismes d’usure se produisant dans ces régimes de fonctionnement.En conclusion, ce travail a permis de modéliser de manière précise les TBH SiGe àforts courant et tensions tout en prenant en compte les mécanismes d’usure se produisant dans ces régimes de polarisationThe development of new BiCMOS technology will be possible, thanks to the SiGe:CHBTs technological improvements to reach dynamic performance beyond 0.5 THz. Animportant aspect to be investigated is the Safe Operating Area (SOA) beyond the traditionalBVCEO. In fact, due to the complexity of future architectures of HBTs (likethe B55X from STMicroelectronics) and their nanoscale size, an increase of the wear-outmechanisms occurring in these transistors is expected. In addition, because of the increasingdependence of circuit design on software tools, it is expected that additional effortswill be required to develop more predictive compact models. Thus, the SOA sub-projectis designed to describe the functional safety area of nanoscale SiGe:C HBTs allowing thecompact model to take into account critical aspects.After a short introduction, a precise description of the transistor operations beyondthe breakdown voltage is detailed in the second chapter. The compact model HICUM isimproved to account for the mechanisms occurring in this region to accurately model theavalanche regime and the pinch-in effect. This new model is validated on TCAD simulationsand through electrical measurements on different devices, architecture, geometriesand temperatures.In the third chapter, the investigation is deepen towards the device border’s operation.A study of the pinch-in effect and the snapback behavior is therefore realized to understandthe operation limitations at high currents and voltages and a stable operation regime isintroduced.In the fourth chapter, accelerated aging tests are carried out at the boundaries of thesafe operating area to submit the transistor to thermal and hot carriers stresses during itsoperation. An aging model is developed to account for the wear-out mechanism occurringin that regime.To conclude, this work allowed to increase the modeling of SiGe HBTs at high voltagesand currents accounting for the wear-out mechanisms occurring in that operation regime
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Dias, Fernanda de Oliveira. "Construção operatoria e quadros psicopatologicos : um estudo sob a otica piagetiana." [s.n.], 1996. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/252420.
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Orientador: Fermino Fernandes SistoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Resumo: Partindo-se dos pressupostos da teoria piagetiana de que a construção operatória segue um "créodo", levanta-se a hipótese de que no caso de crianças e adolescentes em que este "caminho necessário" foi severamente perturbado (por causas endógenas ou exógenas), os diferentes quadros patológicos resultantes ocasionariam construções operatórias também diferenciadas entre si, pois associadas aos quadros particulares. Participaram da pesquisa alunos de uma escola da rede particular de ensino da cidade de São Paulo, assim caracterizados: escolaridade da pré-escola ao 1º grau, idade de 6 a 17 anos e apresentando dificuldades severas para a aprendizagem em função de transtornos diversos. Estes transton10S foram agrupados em quatro grandes grupos: transtornos orgânicos, retardo mental, transtornos emocionais de comportamento e transtornos do desenvolvimento psicológico. Investigou-se através da análise estatística dos dados, as inter-relações entre o desempenho nas provas operatórias ( conservação, classificação e seriação) e os grupos psicopatológicos em que foram classificados os sujeitos. Os resultados mostraram não haver diferenças significativas nesta inter-relação, ou seja, os transtornos patológicos apontados não produzem diferentes ritmos de construção nos vários domínios pesquisados pelas provas operatórias. Entretanto, embora a construção cognitiva siga seu trajeto em direção à operatividade, os vários transtornos apontados afetaram o desenvolvimento como um todo, ocasionando as dificuldades acentuadas desse grupo de sujeitos para a apropriação do conhecimento e conseqüentemente para a aprendizagem
Abstrasct: On the basis of the presuppositions of Piagetian theory from wich operatory construction follows a "creodo", was formed a hypothesis that in case of childrell and adolescents ill wich "necessary way" was hardly disturbed ( by endogenous or exogenous reasons), different pathologic states could be caused, wich could make happen operatory constructions also different among themselves, as associated to private states. Students of a private school of São Paulo took part of this research. They are pupils from pre-school and first grade and aged between 6 and ] 7 years old. They presented severes difficulties on the leaming in function of several disturbances. These disturbs were categorized into four groups: organic disturbances, mental deficiency, emotional and behavior disturbances and psychological development disturbances. Statistical analysis was used to investigate the interrelation among the performance in the operatory tasks (conservation, classification and seriation) and the psychopathological groups. The results showed no significant differences in this interrelation; the pathological disturbances do not produce different rhythms of consumption into the several notions researched by the operatory tasks. However, although the cognitive construction follows its cours in the direction of an operatory conduct, the several refered disturbances affected the development, as a whole, causing the severed difficulties of that group 1I1 relation to the knowledge construction and conseqllcntly to leaming
Mestrado
Psicologia Educacional
Mestre em Educação
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Hultberg, Niklas. "Operation Rolling Thunder." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4096.
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This paper provides an explanation of the concepts John A. Warden III describes regarding the use of air power and if this theory can be found, within the confines of an unconventional war. The U.S. ability to air power is overwhelming, however the right kind of warfare can force this great power to abandon their military and political objectives by exhausting its resources over time as it becomes increasingly costly, both economically, politically and morally, to wage war. The research deals with operation Rolling Thunder and John A. Warden IIIs theory in relation to this massive bombing campaign. Firstly, you will find an analysis of John. A. Warden III's works. Five concepts can be found: Airspace Control, center of gravity, air interdiction, the enemy as a system and parallel attack. Secondly, a content analysis of relevant literature in the context of a case study on Operation Rolling Thunder. Thirdly a comparative analysis between the two results with a subsequent discussion relating the main problem and an effort is made to determine the outcome of the investigation and if the purpose of this paper has been met. Within the implementation phases of Operation Rolling Thunder, it is possible to distinguish som of Wardens key concepts regarding air power utilization. Even though the four phases illustrate a continuous change in strategy, Wardens theory The Enemy as a system was never implemented.Denna uppsats ger en förklaring av John A. Warden IIIs teori om nyttjande av luftmakt och de begrepp som utgör grunden för denna. Frågan om grundbegreppen går att återfinna inom ramarna för ett otraditionellt krig tas upp. USAs förmåga till luftmakt är stor, men med rätt sorts krigföring kan även denna makt tvingas överge sina militära och politiska mål genom utmattning över en längre tidsperiod eftersom det blir allt dyrare, både ekonomiskt, politiskt och moraliskt, att föra krig. Här avhandlas operationen Rolling Thunder och John A. Warden IIIs teoris anknytning till denna enorma bombkampanj. Inledningsvis återfinns en innehållsanalys av John. A. Warden IIIs litteratur, vilket utmynnar i fem begrepp: Luftrumskontroll, tyngdpunkter, flyganfall på djupet, fienden som ett system och parallell attack. Efter det följer en innehållsanalys av relevant litteratur inom ramen för en fallstudie om Rolling Thunder och slutligen påträffas en komparativ analys mellan de två resultaten och en efterföljande diskussion knyter an till problemformuleringen och försöker utröna resultatet av undersökningen och om syftet med uppsatsen uppfyllts. I genomförandefaserna av Operation Rolling Thunder är det möjligt att urskilja vissa av Wardens centrala begrepp och tankar om luftmaktens nyttjande, men hans teori som helhet går inte att återfinna i genomförandet av Rolling Thunder. Trots att de fyra faserna åskådliggör en upprepad förändring i strategi, användes aldrig Wardens teori om fienden som ett system.
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Nogueira, Moema Guiduce. "Pensando no depois : um estudo sob a perspectiva da gramaticalização /." São José do Rio Preto : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/100119.
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Orientador: Sebastião Carlos Leite GonçalvesBanca: Eduardo Penhavel de Souza
Banca: Vânia Cristina Casseb-Galvão
Banca: Erotilde Goreti Pezatti
Banca: Gisele de Cássia Sousa
Resumo: Sob perspectiva diacrônica, este trabalho tem como propósito resgatar a trajetória de mudança de usos de depois na história do português, com base em seus aspectos sintáticos, semânticos e pragmáticos. Fundamentada em descrição sincrônica de usos de depois no português atual (MARTELOTTA, 1996), nossa hipótese é a de que o continuum espaço > (tempo) > texto, que permite organizar os usos sincrônicos, é resultante de um percurso histórico de mudança categorial, desde o latim, com a seguinte configuração: advérbio espacial > advérbio temporal > locução prepositiva/conjuntiva ou conjunção temporal > operador argumentativo de valor aditivo. Esse percurso instancia-se por meio de um processo de gramaticalização, que, na sua acepção mais clássica, envolve rebaixamento de estatuto categorial de um elemento linguístico (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993), possível de ser apreendido em contextos linguísticos específicos. Assim, a expectativa é a de que usos de depois apreendidos nas diferentes sincronias permitem recompor sua trajetória de gramaticalização. Constitui ainda objetivo deste trabalho, correlacionar os usos de depois às funções ideacional, interpessoal e textual da linguagem (HALLIDAY, 1976, 1978). Metodologicamente, a investigação empírica toma por base dados diacrônicos provenientes de textos que integram a "Amostra diacrônica do Português" (LONGHIN-THOMAZI, 2004), disponível em
Abstract: Under a diachronic perspective, this paperwork aims at emphasizing the change path in the use of the word after in the history of the Portuguese language, based on its syntactic, semantic and pragmatic aspects. Supported by a synchronous description of the uses of the word after in current Portuguese (MARTELOTTA, 1996), our hypothesis is that continnum space > (time) > text, which allows for the organization of the synchronous uses, and comes from a historical path of categorial change, beginning with Latin and represented by the following configuration: adverb of space > adverb of time > prepositional/conjunctive phrase or conjunction of time > additive value argumentative operator. This historical path happens by means of a grammaticalization process, which, in its most classic meaning, involves categorial status degradation of a linguistic element (HOPPER & TRAUGOTT, 1993), observable in specific linguistic contexts. Thus, there is an expectation that the uses of after apprehended from different synchronies allow for the recreation of its grammaticalization path. This paperwork also aims at correlating the uses of after to the ideational, interpersonal and textual language functions (HALLIDAY, 1976, 1978). Methodologically, the empirical investigation is supported by diachronic data originated from texts that comprise the "Diachronic Sample of the Portuguese Language" (LONGHIN-THOMAZI, 2004), available at
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Nguyen, Thoi Dang. "Design and operation of nanovalves constructed from supramolecules and sol-gel materials." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1276397761&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=1564&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Samprogna, Rodrigo Antonio. "Continuidade de atratores para problemas parabólicos semilineares sob perturbações do domínio." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2013. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/5889.
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In this work we will obtain the continuity of attractors for semilinear parabolic problems with Neumann boundary conditions relatively to perturbations of the domain. We will show that, if the perturbations on the domain are such that the convergence of eingenvalues and eingenfunctions of the Neumann Laplacian is granted then we obtain the upper semicontinuity of the attractors. If, moreover, every equilibrium of the unperturbed problem is hyperbolic we also obtain the continuity of attractors
Neste trabalho obteremos a continuidade dos atratores para problemas parabólicos semilineares com condição de fronteira de Neumann relativamente a perturbações do domínio. Mostraremos que, se as perturbações do domínio são tais que a convergência dos autovalores e autofunções do Laplaciano de Neumann estão garantidas, então vale a semicontinuidade superior dos atratores. Se, além disso, todo ponto de equilíbrio do problema não perturbado é hiperbólico, vale também a continuidade dos atratores
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Bozkurt, Okan Cagri. "Operation Of The Water Control Structures." Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615419/index.pdf.
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Floods are one of the most important natural disasters regarding damages caused by them. Major reasons of huge damages of floods are unplanned urbanization, narrowing of river beds and incorrect operation of water control structures. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) can provide important tools to be used in flood modeling studies. In this study, Lake Mogan, Lake Eymir and Incesu Detention Pond subbasins are studied for flooding events within GIS framework. These subbasins are important catchment areas of city of Ankara with total drainage area of 1070 km2. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) method is used to obtain flood hydrographs for 12 hour duration and 50, 100 and 500 year return periods. Flood routing procedure is applied to obtain discharges at the outlet of the Mogan and Eymir Lakes and Incesu Detention Pond. Operation performance of water control structures are tried to be estimated by using hydrographs which are obtained for different scenarios. Results show that elements of Lake Mogan Water Control Structure do not have capability to discharge 500 year storm safely to the downstream of the lake. However, 100 year storm can be routed without creating problem if necessary small precautions are taken. On the other hand, water control elements of Lake Eymir and Incesu Detention Pond can transmit obtained flood volumes to the downstream parts by assuming that closed conduit at the exit of Incesu Detention Pond can safely convey resultant flood discharges.
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Shishmarev, Aleksei. "Problemas de campo forte na eletrodinâmica e teoria quântica de campos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43134/tde-22022017-133541/.
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Esta tese de doutorado é devotada a problemas de campos fortes em eletrodinâmica e teoria quântica de campos. Alguns sistemas físicos bem conhecidos são estudados sob o formalismo da eletrodinâmica quântica (QED) com campos externos e eletrodinâmica não-linear. Primeiramente estudamos propriedades estatísticas de estados quânticos de Dirac e Klein-Gordon massivos que interagem com campos elétricos dependentes do tempo que viola a estabilidade do vácuo, primeiro em termos gerais e em seguida para um campo de fundo específico. Como ponto de partida, derivamos uma expressão não-perturbativa de tais campos. Construímos operadores de densidade reduzidos para subsistemas de elétrons e pósitrons e discutimos o efeito de decoerência que pode ocorrer no curso de evolução devido à uma medição intermediária. Calculamos a perda de informação em estados em QED devido a reduções parciais e uma possível decoerência por meio da entropia de von Neumann. Em seguida consideramos um campo elétrico específico, denominado por campo T-constante, como campo de fundo forte. Este modelo exatamente solúvel nos permite calcular, explicitamente, todas propriedades estatísticas de vários estados quânticos de campos massivos e carregados em consideração. Utilizamos uma abordagem não-perturbativa para a QED com X-degraus elétricos críticos e consideramos dois exemplos de configuração de campo de tipo exponencial (campo simétrico que varia lentamente e campo do tipo pico). Os números médios de partículas criadas por essas configurações de campo são calculados. As condições quando espaços \"in\" e \"out\" de QED com campos em consideração são unitariamente equivalentes são obtidos. Então construímos um operador de densidade geral, cuja condição inicial é o vácuo. Tal operador descreve a deformação de um estado de vácuo inicial por X-degraus elétricos críticos. Encontramos as reduções do estado deformado para subsistemas de elétrons e pósitrons e calculamos a perda de informação destas reduções. A consideração geral é ilustrada por meio de um estudo de estados de vácuo quântico entre duas placas de capacitor. Calculamos as medidas de emaranhamento destes estados reduzidos como entropias de von Neumann. Por fim, determinamos o campo de uma partícula puntiforme em movimento em eletrodinâmica local não-linear. Utilizamos como um modelo a lagrangiana de Euler-Heisenberg truncada no seu termo de ordem principal em uma expansão, em série de potências, do primeiro invariante de campo eletromagnético. Calculamos a energia total do campo produzido por uma partícula pontual e mostramos que a mesma é finita; portanto tornando sua configuração de campo como um sóliton. Definimos o tensor de energia-momento finito para esta configuração e demonstramos que suas componentes satisfazem a relação mecânica padrão de uma partícula massiva livre que se move.This thesis is devoted to strong field problems in electrodynamics and quantum field theory. Some well known physical systems are studied in a framework of quantum electrodynamics with external field and nonlinear electrodynamics. First, the statistical properties of states of quantized charged massive Dirac and Klein-Gordon fields interacting with a time-dependent background that violates the vacuum stability, first in general terms and then for a special electromagnetic background. As a starting point, a nonperturbative expression for the density operators of such fields. The reduced density operators for electron and positron subsystems are constructed and a decoherence that may occur in course of the evolution due to an intermediate measurement is discussed. The loss of the information in QED states due to partial reductions and a possible decoherence is studied by calculating the von Neumann entropy. Next, the so-called T-constant external electric field as an external background is considered. This exactly solvable example allows the explicit calculation of all statistical properties for various quantum states of the massive charged fields under consideration. Next, a nonperturbative approach to QED with x-electric critical potential steps is used. The general consideration is illustrated by the example of so-called exponential in two different configurations (slowly varying field and sharp peak field); differential and full mean numbers of particles created by these field configurations are calculated. The conditions when in- and out- spaces of the QED under consideration are unitarily equivalent are found. Then, a general density operator with the vacuum initial condition is constructed. Such an operator describes a deformation of the initial vacuum state by x-electric critical potential steps. The reductions of the deformed state to electron and positron subsystems are found, and the loss of the information in these reductions is calculated. The general consideration is illustrated by studying the deformation of the quantum vacuum between two capacitor plates. The entanglement measures of these reduced states are calculated as von Neumann entropies. Third, the field of a moving pointlike charge is determined in nonlinear local electrodynamics. The Euler-Heisenberg Lagrangian of quantum electrodynamics truncated at the leading term of its expansion in powers of the first field invariant is used as a model Lagrangian. The total energy of the field produced by a point charge is calculated and shown to be finite; thereby making its field configuration a soliton. A finite energy-momentum vector of this field configuration is defined to demonstrate that its components satisfy the standard mechanical relation characteristic of a freely moving massive particle
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Cidrér, Pontus. "Operation barras : Kan principerna överraskning & Hastighet förklara det taktiska genomförandet?" Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-6270.
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On 10 September 2000, the British Special Forces conducted Operation Barras that aimed to free seven soldiers from the Royal Irish Regiment held hostage by a guerrilla group during the civil war in Sierra Leone. The problem that the study aims to explain is if the tactical execution was significant in the success of the operation and, if so, what was successful. The purpose of this study is to explain what made Operation Barras successful by studying its tactical execution. To do this, the principles of speed and surprise from McRavens theory of relative superiority have been used to conduct a qualitative case study. The results of the survey show that the principles are used and that they contributed to the success of the tactical execution. It was primarily the principle of surprise that could explain why the execution was successful. The principle of speed was used in the initial stage but this declined because of a strong-willed opponent. Those principles provide two perspectives on studying the operation and its complexity. The study can fill part of the gap found in research on what it was that made operation Barras successful and contribute to further understanding within the area of special operations.
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Grunewaldt, Christian Jürgen Uwe. "Myokardiale Ischämiemarker bei der Operation der koronaren Herzkrankheit in Abhängigkeit vom Operationsverfahren /." Bonn, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253853.
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Ruiying, Wu. "Do chinese SOEs operate on a level playing field in the global market?" Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/19041.
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Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos EuropeusHoje em dia, as empresas estatais, têm um importante papel no desenvolvimento da economia global. O crescimento exponencial das empresas estatais chinesas nos últimos anos surpreendeu o mundo. No entanto, existem algumas preocupações com estas empresas chinesas, nomeadamente na sua falta de transparência, devido sobretudo ao seu contexto obscuro. As suspeitas de que estas não operam justamente no mercado global são recorrentes, pois podem receber algum tipo de tratamento preferencial concedido pelo governo. Esta tese, tem como objetivo, tentar compreender melhor se as empresas estatais chinesas estão a operar em condições justas no mercado global. Com base em estudos anteriores, e a compreensão de disputas ocorridas desde 2002, na Organização Mundial do Comércio, concluímos que as mesmas não operaram justamente a tempo inteiro, mesmo sabendo que muitas investigações sobre estes casos não são conclusivas. Apenas quando houver mais clareza sobre a vida das empresas estatais chinesas, poderemos concluir verdadeiramente se existe alguma ameaça real ao equilíbrio neste setor comparativamente à concorrência justa do mercado global.
Nowadays, state-owned enterprises are playing a considerable role in the global economic development. The spectacular growth of Chinese SOEs in the last two decades has specially shocked the whole world. However, there are also concerns for the global market due to their murky background. It is always suspected that they are not operating on a level playing field because they might receive some preferential treatment from the government. The purpose of this paper is to study whether Chinese SOEs are operating on a level playing field in the global market. Based on previous studies about Chinese SOEs and the case study about dispute cases involving Chinese SOE at the World Trade Organization since 2002 until now, we conclude that Chinese SOEs may not be operating on a level playing field all the time, even if the dispute cases analyzed are not always conclusive. Only when there is more sunshine over Chinese SOEs could we see better if there is any real threats from Chinese SOE sector to the fair competition in the global market.
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Ciesla, Britta. "Überprüfung der Ergebnisse von operativ versorgten Orbitabodenfrakturen : eine retrospektive Untersuchung von 1998-2002 /." Berlin, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253522.
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Boin, Marita. "Morbidität und Mortalität der Komplettierungsoperation beim differenzierten Schilddrüsenkarzinom in Abhängigkeit vom Zeitpunkt der Operation /." Regensburg, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000254398.
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Morin, Yoann. "L’Université en ses territoires : l’Enseignement Supérieur et la Recherche comme opérateur territorial." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH008/document.
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Ce travail traite de la territorialisation de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche (ESR) hors des espaces métropolitains et urbains. La construction de cette thèse repose sur un dialogue théorique et empirique entre deux sphères problématiques : celle relative à la territorialisation de l’ESR et celle relative aux recompositions et crises qui affectent l’action publique locale. Il s’agit, ce faisant, de considérer la territorialisation de l’ESR non plus seulement comme un enjeu ou une variable d’aménagement, mais davantage dans sa participation au développement et à l’action collective sur les territoires. L’auteur suppose ainsi l’existence d’ « opérateurs territoriaux de l’ESR » qui vont chercher à mobiliser les ressources du supérieur dans le cadre des dynamiques collectives locales et de la construction et la valorisation de « ressources territoriales ». Ces « opérateurs » sont considérés comme des « organisations » composites entre « acteurs », « structures », « pratiques » et « démarches » qui vont contribuer à la « stabilisation des interactions » entre territoires et ESR. L’auteur suppose alors que cette stabilisation va contribuer à spécifier les activités d’ESR territorialisées et les rôles qui leur sont affectés. Ce premier niveau d’analyse invite l’auteur à questionner la structuration des relations entre territoires et universités dans une perspective organisationnelle, à la différence de nombreux travaux ayant traité de la synchronisation « cognitive » entre acteurs issus de différentes sphères sociales ou professionnelles. Enfin, ce travail pose la question du rôle des coopérations entre « développeurs territoriaux » et acteurs et activités universitaires. Il analyse alors ces coopérations comme des stratégies d’ « entrepreneuriat institutionnel » permettant à une partie des professionnels des territoires de (se) jouer du flou qui caractérise leur métier et d’en défendre une conception particulière clairement ancrée au sein de l’action collective. En conclusion, l’auteur invite à considérer la territorialisation de l’ESR dans la diversité de ses effets sur les territoires et en sortant d’une vision exclusivement liée à la notion d’excellenceThis work deals with the territorialisation of Higher Education & Research (HER) outside metropolitan and urban areas. The construction of this thesis is based on theoretical and empirical dialogue between two problematic areas: one relating to the territorialisation of HER and the other relating to reshuffles and crises affecting local public action. By doing so, this work proposes to consider territorialisation of HER not only as a planning issue or variable but more in its participation in the development and collective action in the territories. Then, the author assumes the existence of “HER territorial operators” that will seek to mobilize the resources of HER as a part of local collective dynamics and construction and upgrading of “local resources”. These “operators” are considered as « composite organizations » including “actors”, “structures”, “practicals” and “procedures” that will contribute to the “stabilization of interactions” between territories and HER. In turn, this stabilization will contribute to specify territorialized HER’s activities and roles assigned to them. This first level of analysis prompts the author to question relational structuring between territories and universities from an organizational perspective, unlike many studies which have focused on the question of “cognitive synchronization” between actors from different social and professional spheres. Finally, this work questions the role of cooperation between « territorial developers » and actors and academic activities. It reads these cooperations as « institutional entrepreneurship » strategies allowing a part of professionals of territories to play with the vagueness that characterizes their work and to defend a particular conception clearly rooted in the collective action. In conclusion, the author invites to consider the territorialisation of HER in the diversity of its effects on territories and out of a vision exclusively linked to the concept of excellence
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Darmastuti, Zhafira. "SiC-FET Gas Sensors Developed for Control of the Flue Gas Desulfurization System in Power Plants Experimental and Modeling : Experimental and Modeling." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tillämpad sensorvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-106224.
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Electricity and power generation is an essential part of our life. However, powergeneration activities also create by-products (such as sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides,carbon monoxide, etc), which can be dangerous when released to the atmosphere.Sensors, as part of the control system, play very vital role for the fluegas cleaning processes in power plants. This thesis concerns the development ofSilicon Carbide Field Effect Transistor (SiC-FET) gas sensors as sensors for sulfurcontaining gases (SO2 and H2S) used as part of the environmental control systemin power plants. The works includes sensor deposition and assembly, sensinglayer characterization, operation mode development, performance testing of thesensors in a gas mixing rig in the laboratory and field test in a desulfurization pilotunit, and both experimental and theoretical studies on the detection mechanismof the sensors. The sensor response to SO2 was very small and saturated quickly. SO2 is a verystable gas and therefore reaction with other species requires a large energy input.SO2 mostly reacts with the catalyst through physisorption, which results in lowresponse level. Another problem was that once it finally reacted with oxygen andadsorbed on the surface of the catalyst in form of a sulfate compound, it is desorbedwith difficulty. Therefore, the sensor signal saturated after a certain timeof exposure to SO2. Different gate materials were tested in static operation (Pt,Ir, Au), but the saturation phenomena occurred in all three cases. Dynamic sensoroperation using temperature cycling and multivariate data analysis could mitigatethis problem. Pt-gate sensors were operated at several different temperatures in acyclic fashion. One of the applied temperatures was chosen to be very high for ashort time to serve as cleaning step. This method was also termed the virtual multisensor method because the data generated could represent the data from multiplesensors in static operation at different temperatures. Then, several features of thesignal, such as mean value and slope, were extracted and processed with multivariatedata analysis. Linear Discrimination Analysis (LDA) was chosen since itiiiallows controlled data analysis. It was shown that it was possible to quantify SO2with a 2-step LDA. The background was identified in the first step and SO2 wasquantified in the second step. Pt sensors in dynamic operation and 2-step LDAevaluation has also demonstrated promising results for SO2 measurement in thelaboratory as well as in a desulfurization pilot unit. For a commercial sensor, algorithmhave to be developed to enable on-line measurement in real time. It was observed that Ir-gate sensors at 350oC were very sensitive to H2S. The responseobtained by Ir sensors to H2S was almost five times larger than that of Ptsensors, which might be due to the higher oxygen coverage of Ir. Moreover, Irsensors were also more stable with less drift during the operation as a result ofhigher thermal stability. However, the recovery time for Ir sensors was very long,due to the high desorption energy. Overall, the Ir sensors performed well whentested for a leak detection application (presence of oxygen and dry environment).The geothermal application, where heat is extracted from the earth, requires thesensor to be operated in humid condition in the absence (or very low concentration)of oxygen, and this poses a problem. Temperature cycle operation and smartdata evaluation might also be an option for future development. Along with the sensor performance testing, a study on the detection mechanismwas also performed for SO2 sensor, both experimentally and theoretically. The experimentincluded the study of the species formed on the surface of the catalystwith DRIFT (diffuse reflectance infrared frourier transform) spectroscopy and theanalysis of the residual gas with mass spectroscopy. Explanatory investigation ofthe surface reactions was performed using quantum-chemical calculations. Theoreticalcalculations of the infrared (IR) vibration spectra was employed to supportthe identification of peaks in the DRIFT measurement. Based on the study on theresidual gas analysis and quantum-chemical calculations, a reaction mechanismfor the SO2 molecule adsorption on the sensor surface was suggested.
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Strand, Joel, and Firat Akkus. "Från SMS och telefoni till mobil datauppkoppling : En kvalitativ intervjustudie om hur teleoperatörers verksamhet förändras då mobiltelefonens roll förändras." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för kommunikation, medier och it, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-17835.
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Det huvudsakliga syftet med denna C-uppsats är att undersöka hur teleoperatörer anpassar sin verksamhet för att bemöta den förändrade användningen av mobiltelefonen. Studien har undersökt hur operatörerna hanterar kunder som vill använda mobila tjänster istället för fasta. Mobiltelefonen används idag av teleoperatörens kunder för mer än bara samtal och textmeddelanden. För att besvara frågeformulering har intervjuer med fem teleoperatörer som tillsammans äger mer än 97 % av den svenska telemarknaden. Intervjuerna visar att teleoperatörer är mycket medvetna om de förändringar som har ägt rum och att de försöker vinna tid för att anpassa sin verksamhet, produkter och tjänster för den nya användningen av mobiltelefonen. Framtida abonnemang kommer att bli dyrare för att kompensera förlusten av intäkter från SMS och röstsamtal. Operatörernas kunder kommer ha möjlighet att ta med sig sina olika abonnemang som bl.a. tv-kanaler och bredband till sommarstugan och på så sätt undvika att betala för flera olika typer av abonnemang.The main purpose of this C-level essay is to examine how telephone operators adapt their activities to address the changing use of the mobile phone. Also to examine how the phone operators deal with customers who want to use mobile services instead of fixed line services. Today, the mobile phone is used by customers for more than just calls and text messages. In order to answer our questionnaires we have chosen to interview five telephone operators who share more than 97% of the Swedish telecommunications market. The interviews with the five operators show us that they are aware of the changes that are taking place and that they are trying to gain time in order to adapt their products and services for the new uses of the mobile phone. Future subscriptions will be more expensive to compensate for the loss of revenue from text messaging and voice calls. The customer will be able to bring their TV channels and broadband with them to such places as the summer cottage and thus avoid having several different types of subscriptions.
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Al, Khaled Mohamed. "Schlaganfall als neurologische Komplikation nach aortokoronarer Bypass-Operation, Inzidenz und Risikofaktoren : eine retrospektive Analyse an 200 Patienten /." Würzburg, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?sys=000253014.
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Nathanson, Sante. "Operation Eagle Claw : Hur faktorerna Enkelhet, Säkerhet och Förövning förklarar operationens misslyckande." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-6838.
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On the 24th of April 1980, the US military conducted Operation Eagle Claw that aimed to free 53 American citizens held hostage by an Iranian student terror organisation in the US embassy in Teheran, Iran. This study uses the factors of simplicity, security and rehearsal to investigate why this rescue mission resulted in failure. These three factors derives from the principles of Simplicity, Security and Repetition from McRaven´s theory of relative superiority, and the criteria of Feasible Objectives, Flexibility of Mind and Tactical Competence from Gray´s theory on when special operations succeed. Based on a qualitative single case study, the results suggest that the factors of simplicity and rehearsal were absent during the planning and preparation of the operation, but that the factor of security was, however, present in excess. In the end, this dynamic generated a complex plan that was not properly rehearsed, which resulted in mission failure. The study contributes to existing research on Operation Eagle Claw, and gives further understanding to the area of special operations and its relevance to the Swedish Armed Forces.
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Fabris, Eric Ericson. "A Modular and digitally programmable interface based on band-pass sigma-delta modulator for mixed-signal systems-on-chip." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/6226.
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O foco desta tese é a descrição e validação de uma arquitetura de interface para processamento de sinais analógicos para SOC de sinais mistos. A abordagem proposta apresenta a possibilidade de cobertura de uma larga faixa de freqüências com performance praticamente constante associada a uma estrutura digital de programação. A premissa é usar uma célula analógica fixa e promover a configuração da aplicação no domínio digital, levando a uma arquitetura de interface de sinais mistos. O emprego de um bloco analógico fixo busca eliminar a perda inerente de performance decorrente da própria estrutura de programação em circuitos reconfiguráveis analógicos. A emprego da programação no domínio digital abre espaço para usos da vasta gama de ferramentas disponíveis para o projeto em alto nível de abstração, simulação e síntese automática para implementar a aplicação alvo com excelente predição do desempenho final. A abordagem proposta baseia-se no conceito de translação em freqüência (mixagem) do sinal de entrada seguida pela sua conversão para o domínio ΣΔ. A estrutura de processamento possibilita o emprego de um bloco analógico constante, e também, um processamento uniforme de sinais de entrada indo de DC até altas freqüências. A aplicação é configurada no domínio ΣΔ onde a performance pode ser predita de acordo com as especificações alvo. Objetivando a exploração do espaço de projeto foi desenvolvido o modelo de performance teórico e de simulação. Os modelos desenvolvidos auxiliam no também no projeto físico da interface proposta. Objetivando, tanto a validação dos modelos propostos, bem como o desenvolvimento de aplicações, foram construídos dois protótipos. São apresentados os usos da interface como um ADC paramétrico multi-banda e como um multiplicador e um somador de sinais analógicos. É proposta também uma arquitetura para uma interface analógica multi-canal. Os resultados experimentais empregados para a caracterização da interface proposta suportam as vantagens da mesma.The focus of this thesis is to discuss the development and modeling of an interface architecture to be employed for interfacing analog signals in mixed-signal SOC. We claim that the approach that is going to be presented is able to achieve wide frequency range, and covers a large range of applications with constant performance, allied to digital configuration compatibility. Our primary assumptions are to use a fixed analog block and to promote application configurability in the digital domain, which leads to a mixed-signal interface. The use of a fixed analog block avoids the performance loss common to configurable analog blocks. The usage of configurability on the digital domain makes possible the use of all existing tools for high level design, simulation and synthesis to implement the target application, with very good performance prediction. The proposed approach utilizes the concept of frequency translation (mixing) of the input signal followed by its conversion to the ΣΔ domain, which makes possible the use of a fairly constant analog block, and also, a uniform treatment of input signal from DC to high frequencies. The programmability is performed in the ΣΔ digital domain where performance can be closely achieved according to application specification. The interface performance theoretical and simulation model are developed for design space exploration and for physical design support. Two prototypes are built and characterized to validate the proposed model and to implement some application examples. The usage of this interface as a multi-band parametric ADC and as a two channels analog multiplier and adder are shown. The multi-channel analog interface architecture is also presented. The characterization measurements support the main advantages of the approach proposed.
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Vanden, Abeele Fabien. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des canaux calciques de type SOC (Store Operated Channel) : implication dans la cancerogénese prostatique." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-221.pdf.
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Seconde cause de mortalité par cancer chez l'homme, le cancer de la prostate presente une incidence croissante liée à l'augmentation de l'espérance de vie dans les pays développés. Ce cancer est, à l'origine, dépendant des androgènes, puis évolue vers un stade androgéno-indépendant pour lequel aucun traitement curatif n'existe. Le cancer androgéno-indépendant de la prostate se caractérise par l'àpparition de cellules tumorales surexprimant l'oncoprotéine Bcl-2 et de cellules cancéreuses différenciées en cellules neuroendocrines. Ces deux types cellulaires présentent un défaut d'apoptose rendant inefficaces les chimiothérapies. Il est maintenant bien établi que le calcium est un des facteurs majeurs impliqués dans l'apoptose. Cependant, les mécanismes exacts par lesquels le calcium participe à ce processus sont encore mal connus. Les canaux calciques de type SOC (Store Operated Channel) de la membrane cellulaire, activés par la vidange des réserves calciques intra-réticulaires, seraient des éléments clés, intervenant dans le contrôle de l'apoptose des cellules cancéreuses. Or, ces canaux n'ont jamais été étudiés dans les cellules cancéreuses prostatiques. Malgré des efforts de recherche intenses durant ces dix dernières années, deux questions principales restent encore posées concernant les canaux de type SOC: qu'elle est la nature du signal permettant l'activation spécifique de ces canaux et en quoi consiste leur nature moléculaire ? L'identification et la caractérisation électrophysiologique du courant SOC dans les cellules cancéreuses prostatiques LNCaP nous ont ensuite permis de détenniner la nature moléculaire et le mécanisme de couplage de ces canaux. De nombreuses recherches ont été dévolues ces dernières années aux canaux de type TRP "Transient Receptor Potential" et à leur relation possible avec les SOCs. Nos résultats montrent l'implication de trois protéines TRP dans la constitution des canaux SOC des cellules LNCaP. TRPC1, TRPC4 et TRPV6 seraient les Sous unités principales à la base de complexes hétéromultimériques encore non caractérisés et formant les canaux SOC. TRPC1 serait préférentiellement couplée à la vidange des stocks par un couplage de type conformationnel tandis que TRPC4 serait préférentiellement couplée via un facteur diffusible encore inconnu à ce jour. La protéine TRPV6, quant à elle, présente à la fois un couplage par un facteur diffusible et de type conformationnel. Nous avons mis en évidence une perturbation importante des mécanismes d'homéostasie calcique dans les cellules LNCaP rendues androgéno-indépendantes par surexpression de l'oncoprotéine Bcl-2 ou par différenciation neuroendocrine. Dans les deux cas, il s'ensuit une diminution importante de la concentration en calcium réticulaire et une inhibition du fonctionnement des canaux SOC. De ce fait, la résistance à l'apoptose observée dans les cellules androgéno-indépendantes serait en partie due à des perturbations de l'homéostasie calcique impliquant notamment les canaux SOC. Au cours de ma thèse, nous avons donc obtenu de nouveaux résultats qui pennettent d'expliquer le rôle des canaux SOC et du calcium réticulaire dans la régulation de l'apoptose des cellules cancéreuses de la prostate humaine.
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Marcon, Roberta Maia. "O Comportamento Verbal do Esquizofrênico sob Múltiplas Condições de Controle." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2010. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2064.
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Previous issue date: 2010-03-15This study aimed at functionally analyzing the verbal behavior of a person diagnosed with schizophrenia undergoing treatment in a specialized service. The participant is a female, diagnosed with simple schizophrenia, 27 years old, from the state of Bahia, single, incomplete elementary school, low social-economic status, and presenting a history of treatment in several institutions. To control the procedures, we used the design of multiple conditions with three main conditions: condition attention (A), condition alone (S), and condition control (C). Condition (A) was manipulated in four sub-conditions: (A1) attention, eye contact (inappropriate speech was followed by 10 seconds of eye contact); (A2) attention, physical contact (inappropriate speech was followed by 10 seconds of physical contact); (A3) attention, comment (inappropriate speech was followed by the comment It is difficult to understand when you talk like this ); and (A4) attention, task execution (appropriate speech was followed by social attention in the form of signs of approval); condition (S) was manipulated in two sub-conditions: (S1) alone, without demand (participant remained in the room in the absence of the researcher) and (S2) alone, with demand (participant remained in the room in the absence of the researcher, with demand); and condition (C) (participant remained in the room composed by reinforcers, in the presence of the researcher, who was writing on a sheet of paper). Under the conditions studied, we also aimed at observing some emotional behaviors of the participant, such as annoyance, anger, pleasure, elation, anxiety, sadness, and relief inferred from the intonation of her voice and her behavioral topography. The results demonstrated that the social attention manipulated under the different conditions controlled the participant s inappropriate speech, which may have worked as a motivational operation for the occurrence of her verbalization. They also demonstrated that under condition (A) there were more manifestations of emotional phenomena, and rage (attention, eye contact, and alone, without demands) was the most frequent emotion, followed by elation (attention, comment), whereas the least frequent emotions were pleasure and relief (attention, comment, and eye contact, respectively). These findings are discussed in terms of the implications of the effects of a motivational operation as a component for the functional analysis of the verbal behavior of the participant in the present investigation.
O presente estudo objetivou analisar funcionalmente o comportamento verbal de uma pessoa esquizofrênica, que se encontrava em tratamento especializado em um Centro de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS), fazendo uso de uma metodologia de análise funcional. A participante era do sexo feminino, diagnosticada com esquizofrenia simples, 27 anos de idade à época, natural do estado da Bahia, solteira, primeiro grau incompleto, de nível socioeconômico baixo e com histórico de internação em várias instituições. Para essa finalidade foi empregado o delineamento de múltiplas condições com três condições principais: condição atenção (A), condição sozinha (S) e condição controle (C). A condição (A) incluiu quatro subcondições: (A1) atenção, contato olho a olho (a fala inapropriada foi seguida por 10 segundos de contato olho a olho); (A2) atenção, contato físico (a fala inapropriada foi seguida por 10 segundos de contato físico); (A3) atenção, comentário (a fala inapropriada foi seguida pelo comentário Fica difícil compreender quando você fala assim ); e (A4) atenção, executar tarefa (o comportamento apropriado foi seguido pela atenção social sob a forma de sinais de aprovação); a condição (S) incluiu duas subcondições: (S1) sozinha, sem demanda (a participante permaneceu na sala na ausência da pesquisadora) e (S2) sozinha, com demanda (a participante permaneceu na sala na ausência da pesquisadora, com demanda); e a condição (C) (a participante permaneceu na sala composta por reforçadores, na presença da pesquisadora, que escrevia em uma folha de papel). Dentro das condições estudadas foi também objeto deste estudo observar alguns comportamentos emocionais da participante, tais como aborrecimento, raiva, prazer, elação, ansiedade, tristeza e alívio inferidos das entonações de sua voz e de suas topografias comportamentais. Os resultados demonstraram que a atenção social manipulada nas diferentes condições exerceu controle sobre o comportamento verbal da participante, o que pode ter funcionado como uma operação motivadora para a ocorrência de suas verbalizações. Demonstraram, ainda, que na condição atenção (A) houve maiores manifestações dos comportamentos emocionais, sendo a raiva a emoção mais frequente, seguida pela elação, enquanto as de menores ocorrências foram prazer e alívio. Esses achados foram discutidos em termos das implicações dos efeitos de uma operação motivadora como componente para a análise funcional do comportamento verbal da participante da presente investigação.
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Bellini, Marco. "Operation of silicon-germanium heterojunction bipolar transistors on." Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28206.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009.Committee Chair: Cressler, John D.; Committee Member: Papapolymerou, John; Committee Member: Ralph, Stephen; Committee Member: Shen, Shyh-Chiang; Committee Member: Zhou, Hao Min.
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Carnielutti, Fernanda de Morais. "Estratégias de modulação para conversores multiníveis em cascata sob faltas." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/8497.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível SuperiorMultilevel converters are being increasingly employed nowadays, specially in mediumand high-voltage industrial applications. Even though these converters are able to synthesize output line-to-line voltages with a high number of levels, close to a sinusoidal waveform, their modulation is more complex than the one for two- and three-level converters. In this context, this dissertation proposes new modulation strategies for multilevel converters, specifically symmetrical and asymmetrical cascaded multilevel ones, composed of many full-bridges, or power cells, per phase. If the converter has one or more faulty cells, they can be bypassed and the converter can continue to feed the load, increasing the process reliability. However, the converter phase voltages must be modified so as to keep the output line-to-line voltages balanced. With the objective of proposing modulation strategies that allow the cascaded multilevel converters to satisfactorily operate under these conditions, an extensive bibliographical review of the existing modulation techniques has been carried out. The carrier-based modulation approaches were studied first. It could be noticed that all these strategies belong to a larger set of solutions for the obtention of the converter modulating phase voltages. This set is derived in this work, resulting in a generalized geometrical modulation strategy for symmetrical and asymmetrical cascaded multilevel converters with any number of levels and operating under normal or faulty conditions. As the faulty cells are restrictions for converter operation, for each fault condition the region that contains all the possible converter common-mode voltages, that compensate for the loss of cells, is derived. The choice of a common-mode pertaining to this set allows the entire converter synthesis capability to be explored. The modulating voltages are the sum of the reference and the common-mode voltages, maximizing the amplitudes of the output line-to-line voltages. For asymmetrical cascaded multilevel converters, the voltages synthesized by the highervoltage cells are restrictions for the operation of the lower-voltage ones. Concerning the Space Vector (SV) modulation, it was derived only for the asymmetrical cascaded multilevel converter. The higher-voltage and lower-voltage cells switch, respectively, with low frequency by the choice of the nearest vector to the reference, and with high frequency, by the choice of the three nearest vectors to the reference, in one switching period. The voltage synthesized by the higher-voltage cells is subtracted from the reference, resulting in the new reference for the lower-voltage cells, and so successively, until the cells with the lowest voltages. A specific switching sequence is defined off-line for each sector of the SV diagram. The algorithm is carried out in a modified αβo coordinate system, resulting in switching vector with only integer entries. The choice of the switching vectors considers all the possible redundancies in abc coordinates. At last, simulation and experimental results Abstract that prove the good performance of the proposed modulation strategies are presented.
Conversores multiníveis são cada vez mais empregados, especialmente em aplicações industriais de média e alta tens~ao. Apesar de serem capazes de sintetizar tensões de linha de saída com um grande número de níveis, se aproximando de uma forma de onda senoidal, sua modulação é mais complexa, quando comparada com conversores de dois ou três níveis. Neste contexto, esta dissertação propõe novas estratégias de modulação para conversores multiníveis, especificamente multiníveis em cascata simétricos e assimétricos, compostos por diversos full-bridges, ou células de potência, por fase. Caso uma ou mais células sofram faltas, estas podem ser retiradas de operação, e o conversor pode continuar a alimentar a carga, aumentando a confiabilidade do processo. Contudo, as tensõe de fase do conversor devem ser modificadas, a fim de manter as tensões de linha de saída equilibradas. Com o objetivo de propor estratégias de modulação que permitam aos conversores multiníveis em cascata operar satisfatoriamente nestas condições, foi realizada uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica a respeito dos métodos de modulação já existentes na literatura. Primeiramente, foram estudadas estratégias de modulação baseadas em portadora. Pode-se perceber que estas pertencem a um conjunto maior de possíveis soluções para a obtenção das tensões modulantes para as fases do conversor. Este conjunto é derivado neste trabalho, resultando em uma estratégia generalizada de modulação com abordagem geométrica para conversores multiníveis em cascata simétricos e assimétricos com qualquer número de níveis, em operação normal ou sob faltas. Como as células com falta são restrições para o funcionamento do conversor, para cada condição de falta é definida a região que contém todas as possíveis tensões de modo comum que podem ser sintetizadas pelo conversor a fim de compensar a perda de células. A escolha de uma tensão de modo comum pertencente a este conjunto permite explorar toda a capacidade de síntese de tensão do conversor. As tensões modulantes são obtidas como a soma das tensões de referência de fase e de modo comum, maximizando as amplitudes das componentes fundamentais das tensões de linha de saída. Para os conversores multiníveis em cascata assimétricos, as tensões sintetizadas pelas células de maior tensão são restrições para a operação das demais. Quanto à modulação Space Vector (SV), optou-se por desenvolvê-la apenas para conversores multiníveis em cascata assimétricos. As células de alta tensão comutam em baixa frequência pela escolha do vetor mais próximo da referência, e as células de baixa tensão comutam em alta frequência pela escolha dos três vetores mais próximos da referência, em um período de comutação. A tensão sintetizada pelas células de alta tensão é subtraída da referência, resultando na nova referência para as próximas células, e assim sucessivamente até as células de menor tensão. Para cada setor do Resumo diagrama SV é definida off-line uma sequência de comutação específica. O algoritmo implementado realiza todos os cálculos em um sistema de coordenadas αβo modificado, resultando em vetores de comutação apenas com elementos inteiros. A escolha dos vetores de comutação a serem implementados considera todas as suas possíveis redundâncias em coordenadas abc. Por fim, são apresentados resultados de simulação e experimentais que comprovam o ótimo desempenho das estratégias de modulação propostas neste trabalho.
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Ribas, Maria Magdalena Ferreira. "Tratamento de vinhaça em reator anaeróbio operado em batelada seqüencial contendo biomassa imobilizada sob condições termofílicas e mesofílicas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-19032007-171353/.
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Neste trabalho, avaliou-se o uso do tratamento anaeróbio termofílico (55 graus Celsius) e mesofílico (35 graus Celsius) de vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar em um reator contendo biomassa imobilizada operado em bateladas seqüenciais (ASBBR). O reator foi preenchido com matrizes de espuma de poliuretano inoculado com lodo granular de um reator UASB que era operado a 35 graus Celsius e tratava água residuária de um abatedouro de aves. A agitação era promovida por agitador mecânico a 300 rpm. O tempo de ciclo do reator termofílico foi alterado nas diferentes fases operacionais em função das diferentes concentrações de vinhaça aplicadas, enquanto que o tempo de ciclo do reator mesofílico foi mantido em 24 horas. O monitoramento do reator foi feito determinando-se os teores de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), acidez volátil total, alcalinidade a bicarbonato e valor do pH de amostras do afluente e efluente, bem como ao longo do ciclo. Foram efetuados também exames microscópicos para avaliar o desenvolvimento e alterações na composição da biomassa. Na fase de adaptação do lodo à temperatura termofílica, o reator foi alimentado com vinhaça com 0,3 a 1,0 gDQO/L, sendo que a biomassa do reator termofílico foi considerada adaptada 50 dias após a inoculação. O enriquecimento do reator mesofílico com biomassa metanogênica ocorreu em 21 dias. Nesse período, o reator foi alimentado com substrato à base de etanol (2,5 gDQO/L) e sais minerais. As cargas orgânicas aplicadas no reator termofílico foram 0,85, 2,54, 3,64, 4,49, 4,0, 5,7 e 5,24 gDQO/L.d e as eficiências médias de remoção de DQO foram de 43 \'+ OU -\' 7,9 %, 73 \'+ OU -\' 7,0 %, 68 \'+ OU -\' 19,2 %, 78 \'+ OU -\' 9,0 %, 55 \'+ OU -\' 10,0 %, 46 \'+ OU -\' 19,0 % e 75 \'+ OU -\' 7,5 %, respectivamente. O reator mesofílico foi submetido a cargas orgânicas de 2,85, 6,4, 7,9, 10,5, 22,2 e 36,0 gDQO/L.d com eficiências médias de remoção de 75 \'+ OU -\' 8,7 %, 76 \'+ OU -\' 9,6 %, 78 \'+ OU -\' 4,1 %, 78 \'+ OU -\' 7,7 %, 85 \'+ OU -\' 4,1 % e 79 \'+ OU -\' 2,1 %, respectivamente. Portanto, considerando-se a eficiência de remoção de DQO, o desempenho do ASBBR no tratamento de vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar foi superior quando operado sob temperatura mesofílica. Os exames microbiológicos permitiram constatar o predomínio de arquéias metanogênicas do gênero Methanosarcina e bacilos fluorescentes quando o reator foi operado a temperatura termofílica, enquanto que células semelhantes à arquéias do gênero Methanosaeta predominaram durante a operação a temperatura mesofílica.In this work, the viability of the thermophilic (55 Celsius degrees) and mesophilic (35 Celsius degrees) anaerobic treatment of sugar cane vinasse in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor containing immobilized biomass (ASBBR) was evaluated. The reactor was filled with polyurethane foam matrices inoculated with a granular sludge taken from an UASB reactor treating poultry slaughterhouse wastewater operating at 35 Celsius degrees. The mixing was provided by means of a mechanical mixer operated at 300 rpm. During the operation at thermophilic temperatures, the cycle time of the ASBBR was changed in the different operating phases according to the influent concentration. At the mesophilic temperatures, the reactor operated at a fixed cycle time of 24 hours. Monitoring analyses included the determinations of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total volatile acids, bicarbonate alkalinity and pH of influent and effluent samples, and along the cycles. The microbial community development inside the reactor was monitored during all the experimental phases by means of microscopic observations. During the adaptation period, the biomass of the thermophilic reactor was fed with low concentration vinasse with 0.3 to 1.0 gCOD/L. The biomass was considered adapted to the thermophilic temperature after 50 days. The enrichment of the mesophilic reactor with methanogenic biomass lasted 21 days. In this period the reactor was fed with ethanol based substrate (2.5 gDQO/L) and minerals. The applied organic loads in the thermophilic reactor were 0.85, 2.16, 4.59, 3.95, 4.07, 6.0 and 5.24 gDQO/L.d reaching average removal efficiencies of 43 \'+ OU -\' 7.9%, 73 \'+ OU -\' 7.0%, 68 \'+ OU -\' 19.2%, 78 \'+ OU -\' 9.0%, 55 \'+ OU -\' 10.0%, 46 \'+ OU -\' 19.0% and 75 \'+ OU -\' 7.5%, respectively. The mesophilic reactor was able to accommodate organic loads of 2.85, 6.4, 7.9, 10.5, 22.2 and 36.0 gCOD/L.d with average removal efficiencies of 75 \'+ OU -\' 8.7%, 76 \'+ OU -\' 9.6%, 78 \'+ OU -\' 4.1%, 78 \'+ OU -\' 7.7%, 85 \'+ OU -\' 4.1% and 79 \'+ OU -\' 2.1%, respectively. Therefore, the treatment of sugar cane vinasse in the ASBBR under mesophlic temperatures performed better than at thermophilic conditions. The microbiological observations of biomass samples indicated that methanogenic Methanosarcina-like archaea and fluorescent rods predominated at thermophilic temperatures, whereas the Methanosaeta-like archaea predominated in the reactor under mesophilic temperatures.
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Soares, Fillipe Henrique Neves. "Operação de usinas térmicas contratadas por disponibilidade: uma avaliação dos impactos setoriais sob as óticas técnica, econômica e financeira." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3143/tde-18122009-142852/.
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A expansão da oferta energética frente à crescente demanda se mostra como um grande desafio para o país nas últimas décadas, tanto que para estimular os investimentos privados na área de geração de energia elétrica, o poder executivo, em 2003, iniciou as discussões de forma a apresentar seus objetivos e os pré-requisitos para alcançá-los e que mais tarde viria a se transformar na reforma do modelo institucional, introduzida no ano de 2004. Um dos marcos da reforma promovida são os leilões de compra de energia elétrica, tanto de geração existente, quanto de empreendimentos novos, sendo que a modalidades de contratação da energia pode ser por quantidade e por disponibilidade. Na modalidade de contratação por quantidade, o gerador vender um determinado montante de energia a um preço e deverá entregá-la ao comprador independentemente do seu montante de geração verificada em cada período. Na modalidade de contratação de energia por disponibilidade, o empreendedor é remunerado pelo investimento incorrido para construção e manutenção da usina, sendo ressarcido pelos compradores do contrato no custo de operação da usina incorrido, em caso de despacho da geração pelo operador do sistema elétrico. A contratação por disponibilidade é aplicada aos empreendimentos termelétricos e eólicos, cujos combustíveis podem ser desde os ventos e resíduos agrícolas de baixo custo, até óleo combustível derivado de petróleo com um alto custo e suscetível às oscilações de preço no mercado internacional. Esse custo assumido pelo comprador é um dos principais pontos de discussão desse trabalho, uma vez que por ocasião do leilão esse custo é ainda uma mera estimativa intrinsecamente relacionada com a operação eletro-energética do sistema elétrico brasileiro. Além disso, será introduzida a discussão sobre o impacto do custo da energia contratada por disponibilidade na tarifa dos consumidores, como resultado do próprio leilão associado à estratégia de cada distribuidora para contratação de seu mercado.Electric energy supply of the fast growing demand in Brazil has been a challenge for the country in the last fifteen years. In order to stimulate power generation investments, a new institutional power sector model was introduced in 2004. This model introduced the obligation of the energy requirements acquisition by Distribution Utilities (DISCO) only through energy auctions from old and new power plants. New power plants energy auctions can be performed in two different ways: energy and capacity contracts. In the energy contracts, the energy amount is guaranteed by the seller, frequently in the case of hydro power plants. On the other hand, in the capacity arrangements the seller requires a fee, which results from the bidding process, as well as a charge defined to recover maintenance and fuel costs of thermal power plants, if the plant were requested to dispatch. Thermal power plants are dispatched by the Independent System Operator (ISO) using hydrothermal system optimization model. However, fuel costs are paid by DISCOs and will be passed-through to the end customers tariffs. The main focus of this work, is the economical and financial risks of capacity arrangement and the impact in the captive customers tariffs.
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Riga, Christopher N., and Philip L. Mahla. "An operational concept for the transformation of SOF into a fifth service." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/952.
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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimitedThis thesis defines the strategic utility of Special Operation Forces (SOF), identifies why SOF only provide limited strategic utility, and presents an operational concept for the reorganization, alignment, and employment of SOF to overcome these shortf alls. The thesis is presented in a deductive manner that argues that SOF were designed for strategic purposes, and leads the reader to conclude that reformation must occur for SOF to provide strategic utility and meet their intent. SOF would be in an optimal position to meet their organizational intent by becoming a fifth armed service within the Department of Defense (DoD). Through the creation of mission-based units and a holistic employment strategy, SOF would become a strategic instrument capability of assisting national decision -makers in blending the elements of national power. Finally, the thesis concludes with additional required areas for research to make this concept become a reality, but that are beyond the scope of this study.
Major, United States Army
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Tom, Jonathan D. (Jonathan David) 1966. "Evaluating foreign Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) projects using the adjusted net present value (ANPV) method : Thailand's Second Stage Expressway (SES)." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8960.
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Thesis (M.C.P. and S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, September 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 166-168).
Accurately incorporating country risks in project evaluation is a complicated process. This thesis presents an evaluation framework, based on a variation of the standard adjusted net present value (ANPV) method, that provides better information about the sources of a foreign project's value and integrates country risks into the evaluation process without distorting the project's intrinsic value. The first half of this thesis focuses on the development of an ANPV framework that is suitable for evaluating foreign projects. Specific guidelines are established to determine whether country risks should be reflected primarily in the project's cash flows or in its discount rate. The second half applies this framework to a privately financed toll road project in Thailand, the Second Stage Expressway (SES). The SES is found to be economically viable even under the most pessimistic scenario, attesting to the project's resilience to country risks. More importantly, the ANPV framework reveals the key sources of the project's value, particularly showing its heavy reliance on a government subsidy for site acquisition. This modified ANPV framework serves as a effective screening device for evaluating the economic worth of foreign projects, particularly Build- Operate- Transfer (BOT) projects. Compared to the NPV, the ANPV framework is a preferred method since it avoids the use of a single discount rate which may distort a foreign project's true economic value. The ANPV framework's use of multiple discount rates and consistent approach to accommodating country risks prevent apparently risky foreign projects from being inadvertently rejected.
by Jonathan D. Tom.
M.C.P.and S.M.
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Amorim, Eduardo Lucena Cavalcante de. "Desempenho de reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado operado sob condições de aumento progressivo da carga orgânica no tratamento de fenol." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-03052007-114731/.
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O fenol e seus derivados são poluentes comumente presentes nos efluentes industriais. Também são considerados poluentes orgânicos perigosos e difícieis de serem eliminados, quando presentes em altas concentrações. O processo de tratamento anaeróbio é uma alternativa para a degradação de despejos que possuem compostos persistentes, como fenóis. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade do uso de reator anaeróbio de leito fluidificado (RALF) operado sob condições de aumento progressivo da carga orgânica no tratamento de água residuária sintética contendo fenol como única fonte de carbono. O reator foi construído em acrílico com altura de 190 cm e diâmetro interno de 5 cm, e volume total de 4192 \'CM POT.3\'. O meio suporte foi constituído por partículas de poliestireno (2,2 mm). O inóculo utilizado foi lodo de abatedouro de suínos, o tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH) foi 24 h, o RALF foi operado a 30 ± 1 ºC durante 182 dias. A adaptação do inóculo ocorreu no próprio reator, onde permitiu uma partida rápida, 14 dias, além de manter as condições de anaerobiose no reator. As concentrações de fenol tratadas foram de 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 600 mg/L e 700 mg/L, com taxas de carregamento orgânico real aplicadas de 0,09 a 1,29 kg fenol/\'M POT.3\'dia. O pH variou entre 6,59 e 8,21 para todo o sistema. As concentrações de alcalinidade a bicarbonato (AB) afluente e efluente foram 180 mg/L e 294 mg/L, respectivamente. Foram constatadas eficiências de remoção de fenol e de DQO superiores a 90% e 88%, respectivamente. De um modo geral, os resultados mostraram a potencialidade do sistema proposto em degradar efluentes líquidos contendo fenol.The phenol and yours derived they are pollutant commonly presents in the industrial effluents. They are also considered pollutant organic dangerous and difficult of they be eliminated, when presents in high concentrations. The process of anaerobic treatment is an alternative for the degradation of spillings that possess composed persistent, as phenols. The objective of this work was to study the viability of the use of anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor (RALF) operated under conditions of progressive increase of the organic load in the treatment of synthetic wastewater containing phenol as only source of carbon. The reactor was built in acrylic with height of 190 cm and internal diameter of 5 cm, and total volume of 4192 \'CM POT.3\'. The half supports was constituted by particles of polystyrene (2,2 mm). The used sludge was the mud of slaughterhouse of swine, the time of hydraulic detention (TDH) it was 24 h, RALF was operated 30 ± 1 ºC for 182 days. The adaptation of the sludge happened in the own reactor, where it allowed a fast departure, 14 days, besides maintaining the anaerobic conditions in the reactor. The phenol concentrations treated were of 50 mg/L, 100 mg/L, 200 mg/L, 300 mg/L, 400 mg/L, 500 mg/L, 600 mg/L and 700 mg/L, where the taxes of real organic shipment applied varied from 0,09 to 1,29 kg fenol/\'M POT.3\'dia. The pH varied between 6,59 and 8,21 for the whole system. The alkalinity concentrations to bicarbonate (AB) influent and effluent were 180 mg/L and 294 mg/L, respectively. Efficiencies of phenol removal were verified and of superior DQO to 90% and 88%, respectively. In general, the results showed the potentiality of the system proposed in degrading liquid effluent containing phenol.
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Sellstedt, Magnus, and Andreas Sjöling. "Mobility-as-a-Service (MaaS) from a Transport Operator’s Perspective : Opportunities and challenges." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264074.
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Congestion and pollution are challenges that have started to build pressure on urban cities to introduce more environmental-friendly transportation alternatives. One transport solution that has gained attention in the light of digitalization is a concept called mobility as a service (MaaS) that has the potential to change how people travel today. However, the main issue related to MaaS is that there is no sustainable or long-term business model in place, and it is unclear how value can be created for actors that are considering to integrate themselves to this ecosystem. The purpose of this study is to investigate what the potential opportunities and challenges are from a transport operator’s perspective when considering to integrate their transportation service to MaaS. This study further addresses the key elements that are needed in this service and its system-level enablers, as well as, how transportation operators’ ability and desire differ to influence the development of MaaS. The study is moreover built on a qualitative research approach where actors from both private and public organizations were interviewed. The gathered data was in combination with a literature review and business model theory analyzed to provide an answer to the current opportunities and challenges with MaaS. The results indicate that both public transport and carpools are essential parts to even consider developing MaaS further and to be able to compete with privately owned vehicles. To be able to make MaaS an attractive transportation solution and to be able to develop this service further, thirdparty resellers have to be granted permission by PTA’s to sell their travel tickets, and that carpool cars have to be given a definition to receive parking subsidies. Next, it was concluded that a clearer added value is needed in order for private and public transportation operators to see the actual value that MaaS could potentially offer their businesses and customers. Moreover, both roles and responsibilities have to be determined to make transport operators aware of how an integration of their service into the MaaS ecosystem could affect them. Additionally, transportation operators that are operating within procured public traffic are limited in their ability to influence the development of MaaS, since they do not have the mandate to make that decision. On the contrary, private transport operators do have the ability to affect the development of MaaS and could have the potential to create their own MaaS solution.Till följd av ökad trafikträngsel och ökade utsläpp inom transportsektorn i storstadsregioner så efterfrågas nya hållbara resealternativ. Ett koncept som kallas mobilitet som tjänst (MaaS) har därför ökat i intresse de senaste åren och tros ha potentialen att förändra människors sätt att resa. En av de stora utmaningarna för MaaS är dock att det ännu inte har presenterats någon hållbar affärsmodell och det är oklart hur värde kan skapas för de aktörer som överväger att integrera sig till detta ekosystem. Därför är syftet med studien är att undersöka vilka möjligheter och hinder som transportoperatörer ser i samband med att integrera sig till ett MaaS koncept. Dessutom undersöks det vilka element som anses vara nödvändiga för att MaaS ska fungera samt hur transportoperatörernas möjlighet och förmåga till att påverka utvecklingen av MaaS skiljer sig. Studien är byggd på en kvalitativ ansats vilket innebär att både offentliga och privata aktörer från transportindustrin intervjuades. En litteraturgranskning och affärsmodellteori användes som utgångspunkt i analysen av det insamlade empiriska underlaget. Resultatet i studien indikerar att kollektivtrafik och bilpooler är nödvändiga element i en MaaS tjänst som måste finnas på plats för att MaaS ska kunna konkurrera med det privata bilägandet. För att fortsätta utveckla Maas måste tredjepartsleverantörer få tillåtelse att sälja kollektivtrafikbiljetter och bilpoolsbilar behöver definieras för att kunna kvalificeras för parkeringssubventioner. Dessutom krävs det att MaaS kan uppvisa ett tydligt värde för privata -och offentliga transportoperatörer och deras kunder. De ingående aktörernas roller och ansvar behöver bestämmas för att på längre sikt förstå hur en integration till MaaS påverkar deras tjänst. Det kunde även konstateras att transportoperatörer som jobbar som underleverantörer inom upphandlad kollektivtrafik är mer begränsade till att påverka utvecklingen av MaaS då de inte innehar mandat för beslutsfattande. De transportoperatörer som jobbar på kommersiell marknadsbasis har däremot inga begränsningar till att påverka utvecklingen av MaaS.
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Terrie, Élodie. "Rôle de la signalisation calcique dépendante des Store-Operated Channels (SOC) dans les cellules souches neurales adultes et les cellules souches cancéreuses de glioblastomes." Thesis, Poitiers, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019POIT2322.
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Des cellules souches neurales (CSN) persistent dans le cerveau adulte et produisent des neurones et des cellules gliales tout au long de la vie de l’individu. Les CSN suscitent un intérêt considérable pour la médecine régénératrice mais leur utilisation thérapeutique potentielle nécessite au préalable d’approfondir les connaissances sur leurs mécanismes de régulation. Les glioblastomes, quant à eux, sont les tumeurs cérébrales les plus fréquentes chez l’adulte et les plus mortelles. Au sein de ces tumeurs, les cellules souches de glioblastomes (CSG) seraient issues de la transformation maligne des CSN et seraient responsable de l’initiation, de la propagation et de la résistance aux traitements des tumeurs. Des analyses transcriptomiques ont suggéré un rôle majeur de la signalisation calcique au sein des CSN et des CSG. Représentant une des voies principales d’entrée du calcium dans la cellule, les canaux calciques SOC (Store-Operated Channels) régulent de nombreux processus cellulaires, y compris la progression tumorale. L’objectif des travaux de cette thèse est d’évaluer le rôle des SOC dans les CSN et les CSG.Nous avons établi par des approches in vitro et in vivo, que les CSN de souris adulte expriment des SOC fonctionnels et que leur inhibition pharmacologique diminue la prolifération et l’autorenouvellement des CSN, propriété indispensable au maintien de la population souche. La deuxième partie de nos travaux montre que les CSG issues de cultures primaires de patients expriment des SOC dont l’inhibition altère la prolifération et l’autorenouvellement de ces cellules.Ainsi, les résultats obtenus lors de cette thèse mettent en évidence un rôle essentiel des SOC dans la régulation de l’autorenouvellement des CSN et des CSG. Les CSG étant responsables de la résistance aux traitements dans le glioblastome, ces travaux ouvrent des perspectives thérapeutiques ciblant les canaux calciques pour contrer cette pathologie au pronostic sombreNeural stem cells (NSC) persist in the brain of adult mammals and fuel the brain with new neurons and glial cells all lifelong. Recruited by brain injuries, NSC are considered with great interest by regenerative medicine. However, the development of new therapeutic approaches based on the use of NSC requires an in-depth knowledge of the mechanism regulating these cells. Glioblastomas are the most frequent and deadliest form of adult brain tumors. Within the tumor, glioblastoma stem cells (GSC) form a subpopulation of cells that is considered as responsible of tumor initiation, propagation and relapse, as these cells are particularly resistant to anti-tumoral treatments. GSC and NSC share key characteristics and numerous studies suggest that GSC arise from transformed NSC. Transcriptomic analysis of NSC and of GSC revealed an enrichment of calcium signaling transcripts in these two cell populations. Representing a major way of calcium influx into cells, Store-Operated Channels (SOC) are mobilized in response to a wide range of extracellular factors. SOC regulate many cellular processes and are often hijacked in cancer to promote tumor progression.The aim of this thesis is to evaluate potential SOC involvement in NSC and GSC regulation.The first part of this work, relying on in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrates that NSC from adult mice express functional SOC whose inhibition by pharmacological agents reduces NSC proliferation and self-renewal. In the second part of this thesis, we demonstrate that GSC from primary cultures derived from patients express SOC, as do NSC, and that SOC inhibition reduces GSC ability to proliferate and self-renew.Accordingly, the results of this thesis demonstrate that SOC regulate NSC and GSC self-renewal, a property that is essential to maintain stem cells pool. As GSC are responsible for glioblastomas treatment resistance, our studies point to a potential new therapeutic way, via calcium channels, against this deadly pathology
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Hessinger, Felix. "Automation of Operation and Testing for European Space Agency's OPS-SAT Mission." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Rymdteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-76282.
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This thesis presents a solution for mission operation automation in European Space Agency’s (ESA) OPS-SAT mission. To achieve this, the ESA internal mission automation system (MATIS) in combination with the mission control software (SCOS) are used. They control the satellite and all ground peripherals and programmes to enable fully automated and unsupervised satellite passes. The goal of this work is the transition from the existing manual operation, with a human operator watching over and controlling all systems, to an automated system. This system supports the operation engineer and replaces the operator himself. A large section of this thesis consists of the setup, configuration, integration of all programmes and virtual machines and testing of the MATIS software, as well as the Service Management Framework (SMF) which connects MATIS to non-MATIS applications like SCOS. During testing, many problems could be identified, not only OPS-SAT specific ones, but also general problems applying to all missions that consider using MATIS for future operation automation. These findings and bugs discovered during testing are reported to the responsible authorities and presented in this work. Further features of this thesis are the elaborations of the mission operation automation concept and the satellite pass concept, providing an in-depth view of the automation and passes of OPS-SAT as well as the general concepts and thoughts, which can be used by other missions to accelerate integration. An additional key feature of this thesis is the newly developed standard for operation notation in Excel, which has been achieved in close cooperation with the operation engineer. Furthermore, to accelerate the process of switching from manual to automated procedures, several converters have been developed iteratively with the new standard. These converters allow fast transformation from Excel to the procedure programming language called PLUTO used by MATIS. Not only do the results and converters of this work accelerate the procedure integration by 80%, they also deliver a more stable mission automation system that can be used by other missions as well. Operation automation reduces the operational costs for satellites and space missions significantly, as well as reducing the human error to a minimum. Therefore, this thesis is the first step towards a future with complete automation in the area of satellite operations. Without this automation, future satellite cluster configurations, like Starlink from SpaceX, will not be possible to put into practice, due to their high complexity, exceeding the comprehensibility and reaction time of humans.
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Pizzo, Sandro Megale. "Operação periódica de um leito gotejante de carvão ativado para redução da emissão do poluente atmosférico SO2 com geração de ácido sulfúrico." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2003. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/3902.
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Previous issue date: 2003-06-23Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
A laboratory-scale investigation of SO2 scrubbing was carried out in a 77.92mm (diameter) × 80.00mm trickle bed with 2.00-2.36mm activated carbon particles using continuous and periodically interrupted liquid flows. The effects of cycle period (10 and 20 minutes), cycle split (0.1, 0.2 and 0.3), superficial gas velocity (20, 40 and 60mm/s), and superficial liquid velocity (2mm/s) on SO2 removal and sulfuric acid production were investigated using a simulated flue gas containing SO2 at 500, 1,000 and 1,500ppm. The average removal efficiency of the periodic operation varied from 40 to almost 100%. The major variables controlling periodic operation performance were found to be the superficial gas velocity and the SO2 concentration. The extent of SO2 removal increased with decreasing cycle period and increasing split. Continuous operation runs achieved practically 100% scrubbing efficiency in all tests performed. Sulfuric acid production rates ranged from 0.649×10-8 to 0.256×10-7mol/g catalyst.s. The concentration of sulfuric acid produced was proportional to both the initial SO2 concentration and the gas superficial velocity. Some sulfuric acid production rates data for periodic operation overlapped those obtained in continuous liquid flow experiments. The advantage for the periodic operation was the higher acid concentrations produced and the lower pressure drops across the trickle bed without carbon losses. However, sulfuric acid production should not be regarded as an end in itself for the periodic operation, as the main goal of this gas treatment route is the removal of sulfur dioxide.
O desempenho dos modos periódico e contínuo de operação para o tratamento de uma mistura gasosa de SO2 em ar foi analisado utilizando-se um reator de aço inox, em escala de bancada de 77,92mm de diâmetro interno, contendo leito fixo de carvão ativado de 80,00mm de altura, com partículas de 2,00 a 2,36mm. Foram obtidas as eficiências médias de remoção do gás e as concentrações de ácido sulfúrico produzido nas soluções líquidas de saída, em função da concentração inicial de SO2 (500, 1.000 e 1.500ppm), da velocidade superficial do gás (20, 40 e 60mm/s), da velocidade superficial do líquido (2mm/s) e, no caso da operação periódica, da duração dos ciclos (períodos de 10 e 20 minutos) e da fração de descarga (0,1, 0,2 e 0,3). A eficiência média de remoção da operação periódica variou de 40 a aproximadamente 100%. O desempenho do processo sofreu maior influência da variação da velocidade superficial do gás e de sua concentração inicial. A remoção do dióxido de enxofre foi mais efetiva ao se diminuir o período e se aumentar a fração de descarga. Com a operação contínua foram obtidas eficiências médias de remoção de aproximadamente 100% em todos os casos. As taxas de produção de ácido sulfúrico variaram entre 0,649×10-8 e 0,256×10-7mol/g catalisador.s. Em alguns casos, a operação periódica foi responsável por taxas de produção de ácido sulfúrico maiores que as da operação em estado estacionário. A concentração de ácido produzido foi proporcional à concentração inicial e à velocidade superficial do gás. Os resultados indicam que a vantagem da interrupção periódica do escoamento de líquido é o potencial para produção de ácido sulfúrico mais concentrado com menor perda de carga no leito sem perdas expressivas de carvão. Porém, a produção de ácido sulfúrico não deve ser encarada como um fim em si para a operação periódica, uma vez que o principal objetivo dessa via de tratamento do gás é o abatimento do dióxido de enxofre.
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Gabriel, Walter Luiz Constante. "Gerenciamento do tempo de espera: um estudo de caso de tomada de decisões em ambiente de manufatura sob encomenda." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/96/96132/tde-28072009-113932/.
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Este estudo de caso realizado em indústria de equipamentos industriais sob encomenda pretende abordar aspectos relacionados à tomada de decisões sobre seqüenciamento da produção no nível do chão-de-fábrica. Por meio de observações e entrevistas com os agentes das programações de entrada de ordens nos centros de trabalho procurar-se-á mostrar como a empresa estudada realiza o controle e programação da produção e mostrar o ambiente para a aplicação de uma proposta de gerenciamento de tempo de fila. Será também apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre as principais técnicas de gerenciamento de fluxo de materiais em processo nos diferentes sistemas de administração da produção.This case study conducted in a make-to-order industry aims to address issues related to making decisions on the sequencing of the production level of the shop-floor. Through observations and interviews with officials of programming input orders at the job search will show how the company study the control and scheduling and show the environment for the implementation of a proposal for management of time queue. It will also be presented with a literature review on the main techniques for managing the flow of materials in the process of administration in the different systems of production.
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Bozorgzadehsendi, Aida. "Språkinlärning och Språkutveckling : I en förberedelseklass i högstadiet." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Lärarutbildningen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-3273.
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Then the language learning process and the approach in a preparatory class differs itself from a general class. The methods conducted in a preparatory class are not just focused on teaching as in a more traditional method. Achieving the objectives in a preparatory class depends on the individual student and the cohesion in the group. Students have different backgrounds and knowledge level, therefore it is extremely important that the teachers use different work methods in order to achieve and to promote the students' language development. The aim with this survey is to get the knowledge about what education methods is being used by teachers in a preparatory class. The study will be based on three teachers work from different schools and the focus will be on the education methods, operation methods and the individualization degree of the education methods. As we will see the operation methods of all the teachers are based on the same plan and the difference between them are small. The education method on the other hand differs between teachers and depending on the class the teacher will reform the methods to more accommodate the needs of the students in the class. As for the individualization degree of the education methods the study will show that the goals of the methods do not get achieved due to lack of resources. The teachers do not have the time to individualize the education for each student to the degree that is written in the national school plan.
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Iamamoto, Cristina Yuriko. "Remoção de nitrogênio de águas residuárias com elevada concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal em reator contendo biomassa em suspensão operado em bateladas seqüenciais e sob aeração intermitente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-16102006-072507/.
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O reator em batelada seqüencial com biomassa em suspensão foi submetido a concentrações de N-amoniacal de 125, 250 e 500 mg N/L e em condições de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) no reator de 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L, em ciclos de 2h/2h de anóxico/aeróbio. Em todas as fases, o reator foi operado como batelada alimentada. Na condição de 125 mg N/L obteve-se eficiência de remoção de 87% de N, tendo o nitrato sido o principal produto da nitrificação. Na condição de 250 mg N/L, obteve-se eficiência de remoção de N de 84%, com predominância de nitrito como principal produto da nitrificação e com ocorrência de nitrificação e desnitrificação simultânea durante os dois primeiros ciclos aeróbios. Na condição de 500 mg N/L, as condições de concentração de OD de 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L e aeração intermitente a cada 2h não foram suficientes para promover a remoção total de nitrogênio amoniacal. Foram feitas alterações: ciclos de 2h anóxico e 9h aeróbios, com concentração média de 2,8 mg 'O IND.2'/L, que resultaram em eficiências de remoção de N de 94%, com predominância de nitrito. Foram isoladas cepas desnitrificantes com similaridade de 97% para Thauera mechernichensis e Thauera sp. 27 nas condições operacionais de 125 e 250 mg N/L e de 99% para Ochrobactrum anthropi e Ochrobactrum tritici, na condição operacional de 500 mg N/L. O longo tempo de operação resultou na diminuição da população de bactérias oxidantes de nitrito, podendo ter sido uma das causas que contribuiu para que se criassem condições que levariam à nitrificação via nitrito na concentração de 500 mg N/L. O sucesso na prevenção da inibição do processo por amônia livre foi atribuído à adoção das condições operacionais do reator, que foi operado sob aeração intermitente e batelada alimentada.The sequential batch reactor with suspended bioma was subjected to ammonium concentrations of 125, 250 and 500 mg N/L, oxygen dissolved (OD) concentrations of 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L, 2h/2h of anoxic/aerobic steps. The reactor was operated under fed-batch feeding. At the operational condition of 125 mg N/L, the mean nitrogen removal efficiency of 87% was obtained and nitrate was the main nitrification product. At operational condition of 250 mg N/L, was gotten nitrogen removal efficiencies of 84% and nitrite was the predominant form of nitrogen and simultaneous nitrification and denitrification occurred during the two first aerobic steps of the cycle. At 500 mg N/L, the operating conditions imposed to the reactor (OD concentrations of 2 mg 'O IND.2'/L and intermittent aeration of 2h) did not lead to complete nitrification during the aerated steps, thus affecting nitrogen removal. The conditions were altered increasing the aerated steps to 9 hours, with OD concentration of 2,8 mg 'O IND.2'/L, and keeping the duration of the anoxic steps in 2 hours. Under such conditions, the mean nitrogen removal efficiency attained 94% and nitrite was the predominant oxidized nitrogen specie. It was isolated denitrifiers with similarity of 97% for Thauera mechernichensis and Thauera sp. 27 at the operational conditions of 125 and 250 mg N/L and of 99% for Ochrobactrum anthropi and Ochrobactrum tritici, at operational condition of 500 mg N/L. The long term operation resulted in the decrease of nitrite oxidizers populations and this was probably the main factor contributing for the creation of conditions for the partial nitrification via nitrite to prevail during the operation at ammonium concentration of 500 mg N/L. The success in preventing free ammonia inhibition was attributed to the adoption of intermittent aeration and fed batch operation.
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Pocovnicu, Oana. "Etude d'une équation non linéaire, non dispersive et complètement integrable et de ses perturbations." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00834518.
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On étudie dans cette thèse l'équation de Szegö sur la droite réelle ainsi que ses perturbations. Cette équation a été introduite il y a quelques années par Gérard et Grellier comme modèle mathématique d'une équation non linéaire totalement non dispersive.L'équation de Szegöapparait naturellement dans l'étude de l'équation de Schrödinger non linéaire (NLS) danscertaines situations sur-critiques où l'on constate un manque de dispersion, par exemplelorsque l'on considère NLS sur le groupe de Heisenberg. Par conséquent, une des motivationsde cette thèse est d'établir des résultats concernant l'équation de Szegö qui pourrontéventuellement être utilisés dans le contexte de l'équation de Schrödinger non linéaire.Le premier résultat de cette thèse est la classification des solitons de l'équation de Szegö.On montre que ce sont tous des fonctions rationnelles ayant un unique pôle qui est simple.De plus, on prouve que les solitons sont orbitalement stables.La propriété la plus remarquable de l'équation de Szegö est le fait qu'elle est complètement intégrable, ce qui permet notamment d'établir une formule explicite de sa solution.Comme applications de cette formule, on obtient les trois résultats suivants. (A) On montreque les solutions fonctions rationnelles génériques se décomposent en une somme de solitonset d'un reste qui est petit lorsque le temps tend vers l'infini. (B) On met en évidence unexemple de solution non générique dont les grandes normes de Sobolev tendent vers l'infiniavec le temps. (C) On détermine des coordonnées action-angle généralisées lorsque l'on restreintl'équation de Szegö à une sous-variété de dimension finie. En particulier, on en déduitqu'une grande partie des trajectoires de cette équation sont des spirales autour de cylindrestoroïdaux.Comme l'équation de Szegö est complètement intégrable, il est ensuite naturel d'étudierses perturbations et d'établir de nouvelles propriétés pour celles-ci à partir des résultatsconnus pour l'équation de Szegö. Une des perturbations de l'équation de Szegö est une équation desondes non linéaire (NLW) de donnée bien préparée.On prouve que si la donnée initiale de NLW est petite et à support dans l'ensemble desfréquences positives, la solution de NLW est alors approximée pour un temps long par lasolution de l'équation de Szegö. Autrement dit, on démontre ainsi que l'équation de Szegöest la première approximation de NLW. On construit ensuite une solution de NLW dont lesgrandes normes de Sobolev augmentent (relativement à la norme de la donnée initiale).Sur le tore T, Gérard et Grellier ont démontré un résultat analogue d'approximation deNLW. On améliore ce résultat en trouvant une approximation plus fine, de deuxième ordre.Dans une dernière partie, on s'intéresse à l'équation de Szegö perturbée par un potentielmultiplicatif petit. On étudie l'interaction de ce potentiel avec les solitons. Plus précisément,on montre que, si la donnée initiale est celle d'un soliton pour l'équation non perturbée, lasolution de l'équation perturbée garde la forme d'un soliton sur un long temps. De plus, ondéduit la dynamique effective, i.e. les équations différentielles satisfaites par les paramètresdu soliton.
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Soyer, Isabelle. "Contribution a l'etude des transferts thermiques dans le sol : application a un evaporateur enterre de pompe a chaleur." Paris, ENSAM, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ENAM0002.
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Exploitation des mesures de l'installation experimentale comportant un evaporateur enterre a faible profondeur et un condensateur noye dans la dalle d'un batiment. Comparaison des resultats avec une simulation numerique. Etude economique comparative avec divers types de chauffage classiques. Etude de rentabilite
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Corrêa, Regiane Cristina. "Avaliação de procedimentos para determinação do número e atividade de microrganismos anaeróbios procariontes em amostras de biorreatores operados para a estabilização de resíduos sólidos urbanos padronizados." Universidade de São Paulo, 2000. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-13072018-102000/.
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Foram estudados três procedimentos para o tratamento prévio de amostras provenientes de três sistemas de biodigestão anaeróbia operados com resíduos sólidos urbanos padronizados (RSUDp), com o fim de promover o desprendimento de células microbianas de fibras e outros materiais, e com isso obter um inóculo mais homogêneo para contagens celulares. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: (a) suspensão de amostras em tampão fosfato e processamento em liqüidificador; (b) homogeneização mecânica e manual de amostras em solução mineral anaeróbia; (c) amostras submetidas a banho de ultra-som. O método do Número Mais Provável (NMP) foi utilizado para avaliar o número de bactérias celulolíticas e arqueas metanogênicas, em meio mineral contendo celulose em pó. Não foram constatadas diferenças entre os três tratamentos empregados, considerando-se os valores encontrados para ambos os grupos, da ordem de 102 células/mL. O tratamento com ultra-som foi escolhido para outras determinações em função da simplicidade quanto à manipulação. Assim, foram operados dois biorreatores anaeróbios com RSUDp para avaliação da reprodutibilidade dos valores das amostras após tratamento com ultra-som, para a determinação do número de microrganismos (celulolíticos, acetogênicos e metanogênicos) e avaliação da atividade microbiana anaeróbia na degradação do RSUDp. Os resultados das contagens de bactérias celulolíticas e arqueas metanogênicas pelo método do NMP em meio contendo celulose não foram superiores a 103 células/mL, e as réplicas foram bastante semelhantes. O aumento do número do grupo metanogênico pôde ser correlacionado com o aumento dos teores de metano no biorreator amostrado. As contagens de organismos acetogênicos e metanogênicos em meio mineral com fontes específicas revelou valores até 103 células/mL. Os tipos morfológicos predominantes nos exames microscópicos dos sistemas de biodigestão foram bacilos curvos, retos, sarcinas e cistos de sarcinas e as amostras dos tubos de contagem mostraram para celulolíticas, bacilos, cocos e sarcinas, para acetogênicas bacilos, bacilos espessos, cocos e cistos de sarcinas e para as arqueas metanogênicas bacilos fluorescentes e sarcinas. A evolução do processo de biodigestão anaeróbia nos dois últimos sistemas operados mostrou-se bastante próxima a proposta por BARLAZ et al. (1989b), em que o número de bactérias celulolíticas e de arqueas metanogênicas aumenta na fase considerada metânica acelerada. O conteúdo de sólidos totais diminuiu em 50% ao longo do processo e os teores de ácidos orgânicos voláteis diminuíram de 27,5 para 8, 79 g de ác. acético/L.Three different treatments were applied to samples from three anaerobic biodigestion systems operated with standardized municipal solid waste to promote the release of microbial cells adhered to fibers and other materials, resulting in a more homogeneous inoculum to cellular counting. The following treatments were applied to the samples: a) suspension in phosphate buffer followed by blending; b) mechanical and hand homogenization in anaerobic mineral solution; c) sonication in ultrasound bath. The Most Probable Number (MPN) technique was employed to evaluate the populations of cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea, in mineral medium containing powdered cellulose. The populations of both groups of microorganisms were close to 102 cells/mL independently of the treatment applied to release the cells and no clear distinction among them could be made concerning their efficiencies. In view of this fact the ultrasound treatment was employed in all other determinations due to its simple execution. Two anaerobic bioreactors operated with standardized municipal solid waste were monitored to evaluate the reliability of sonication as a procedure for cell release, to determine microorganism populations (cellulolytic, acetogenic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea) and to evaluate the microbial anaerobic activity concerning the biodegradation of the standardized municipal solid waste. Cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea had similar populations (lower than 103 cells/mL) as well as acetogenic and methanogenic microorganisms (up to 103 cells/mL). The increase in the methanogenic population could be directly related to the increase of methane production in the studied reactor. The morphological types which predominate in the microscopic examinations of the biodigestion systems were curved and straight rods and sarcina. The tubes for MPN countings showed the presence of rods, coccus and sarcina for cellulolytic bacteria; rods, tick rods, coccus and sarcina for acetogenic bacteria and fluorescent rods and sarcina for methanogenic Archaea. The evolution of the anaerobic biodigestion process in the latter two monitored systems was very similar to the one proposed by BARLAZ et al. ( 1989b) where the number of cellulolytic bacteria and methanogenic Archaea increase during the accelerated methane phase. The total content of solids decreased 50% during the process and the volatile acidity decreased from 27,5 g acetic acid/L to 8,79 g acetic acid/L.
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Paccagnella, Amanda Formisano. "A pecuária sob a ótica do desenvolvimento sustentável e da vedação constitucional da crueldade : um estudo dos casos da exportação de animais vivos e Operação Carne Fraca /." Franca, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/190837.
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Orientador: Elisabete ManigliaResumo: A pecuária representa uma das indústrias mais ambientalmente degradantes que existem. No entanto, possuidora de forte poder político enraizado na herança agrária brasileira, a atividade resiste a mudanças e busca constante expansão, com apoio do Poder Público, que não procura implementar políticas públicas mitigadoras de danos. Neste ínterim, o movimento pela consideração dos animais como sujeitos de direitos apenas cresce, e as denúncias de crueldade para com os animais se multiplicam. Em face de denúncias preocupantes por parte de agências internacionais quanto à crise ambiental, o presente trabalho busca investigar se a pecuária efetivamente atinge os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável, respeitando a vedação constitucional da crueldade para com animais. Para ilustrar o debate, foram realizados dois estudos de caso: o primeiro referente à exportação de animais vivos por via marítima e o segundo relativo à Operação Carne Fraca, que expôs uma organização criminosa em torno da adulteração de alimentos e fraudes no processo de segurança sanitária. Para tal, este trabalho se valeu dos métodos de abordagem indutivo e dedutivo, e elegeu como principal método de procedimento o histórico-evolutivo, acompanhando a evolução da moral e da legislação quanto ao meio ambiente, à agropecuária e aos animais. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas e documentais, com base em material nacional e internacional, e na legislação brasileira correlata. Quanto aos estudos de caso, foram ana... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Livestock represents one of the most environmentally degrading industries in the world. However, with its political power deriving from Brazil’s agrarian heritage, the industry resists change and seeks constant expansion, with support from Government, which doesn’t seek to implement mitigating public policies. Meanwhile, the movement for the consideration of animals as rights holders grows, and reports of animal cruelty in the sector only increase. In light of worrisome data released by international agencies, this dissertation seeks to investigate wether the livestock industry really contibutes to sustainable development, respecting the prohibition of animal cruelty. In order to illustrate the debate, two case studies were done: the first one regarding live export ships and the second one in relation to Operation “Carne Fraca”, which exposed a criminal organization around the adulteration of foods and fraud in the process of health security. In order to achieve those goals, this paper has utilized inductive and deductive methods, and elected as main procedural method the historic-evolutionary analysis, following moral and legislative evolution in regards to the environment and animals. Bibliographic and documentary research took place, based on national and international material, and brazilian legislation. As for the case studies, inquiries and lawsuits were analyzies, in order to illustrate the theoretical debate. It was concluded that livestock has mainly negative effects... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Thanasoulas, Sotirios. "Evaluation of CO2 Ice rink heat recovery system performance." Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-245233.
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Ice rinks are the largest energy consumers in terms of public buildings due to their simultaneous need of cooling, heating, ventilation, and lighting for different parts of the building which means that these facilities also have a lot of potential for energy saving. Due to the size of the cooling unit in an ice rink the refrigerant charge can become quite high, which potentially has a big impact on the environment. CO2 refrigeration units could cover all these challenges that are linked to ice rink operation. CO2 as a refrigerant has a very low impact on the environment and at the same time it could provide enough energy to cover the heating demands of an ice rink. CO2-based systems should operate in trans-critical mode which affects the performance of the refrigeration system, but by using the released heat that otherwise would be rejected to the ambience the total energy consumption becomes lower. The process of heat recovery is therefore vital for an efficient system. The refrigeration unit can produce enough energy to cover all the heating demands of an ice rink, but only when the heat recovery is controlled properly. The energy recovery method is very important, but it should also be tailored in order to cover all demands. This is because all the subsystems, i.e. demands, have different temperature and load requirements. The energy could be recovered in one or two stages from the refrigeration system. However, hardware is not enough in order to achieve proper operation, the system should also operate in the best conditions (discharge pressure and subcooling) in order to be efficient. The more proper operation, the less energy consumption. This energy recovery method could also be used as subcooling in climates where the ambient temperature is very high, making CO2 a very efficient solution. Regular refrigerants are still often used in warm countries despite their high environmental impact. A refrigeration system using natural refrigerants and more specific CO2 does not have constraints, however. The only limitation is the wrong operation.Isrinkar är de största energikonsumenterna när det gäller offentliga byggnader på grund av deras ständiga behov av nedkylning, uppvärmning, ventilation och belysning. Detta innebär också att anläggningarna har en stor potential att effektivisera sin energibesparing. Isrinkar konsumerar stora mängder kylmedel på grund av deras storlekar, vilket potentiellt har en stor negativ inverkan på miljön. CO2 kylenheter skulle kunna klara av alla dessa utmaningar som är kopplade till isrinkens drift. Att använda CO2 som en kylarvätska har en ytterst liten inverkan på miljön och kan dessutom bidra med tillräckligt mycket energi för att täcka uppvärmningsbehovet för en isrink. CO2 baserade system bör köras i ett transkritiskt läge vilket påverkar kylsystemets prestanda, men genom att återanvända den utsläppta värmen som annars skulle gå förlorad till omgivningen så blir den totala energiförbrukningen lägre. Värmeåtervinningsprocessen är därför avgörande för ett effektivt energisystem. Kylaggregatet kan producera tillräckligt med energi för att täcka alla värmebehov för en isrink, men endast när värmeåtervinningen behärskas ordentligt. Energiåtervinningsmetoden är också väldigt viktig, men den bör skräddarsys för att täcka alla krav. Detta beror på att alla delsystem, dvs krav, har olika temperatur- och belastningskrav. Energin kan återvinnas i ett eller två stadier från kylsystemet. Tyvärr så räcker dock inte hårdvaran till för att uppnå en önskad drift, men systemet bör även fungera under de bästa förutsättningarna (utloppstryck och underkylning) för att vara effektiv. Ju bättre drift, desto mindre är energiförbrukningen. Denna energiåtervinningsmetod kan också användas som underkylning i varma klimat vilket gör CO2 till en mycket effektiv lösning. Vanliga typer av kylmedel används fortfarande ofta i varma länder trots att deras negativa miljöpåverkan. Ett kylsystem med ett naturligt kylmedel som till exempel koldioxid har emellertid inga begränsningar. Den enda begränsningen är den felaktiga hanteringen av driften.
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Collier, Jonathan. "The story of the Berlin Tunnel: What the operations narrative teaches us about covert conflict in an ongoing Cold War." Digital Commons @ Butler University, 2018. https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/grtheses/501.
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Operation Gold (1953-56) was a collaborative covert operation between the American CIA and British SIS. The two major objectives: firstly, rebalance the state of affairs in covert activity, which the KGB had been dominating heading into the 1950s. Secondly, gain more detailed, valuable information on the state of Soviet forces throughout Europe and gain prior warning of possible information. The technological nature of the operation marks it as the beginning of a move away from traditional espionage. Understanding the narrative of Operation Gold establishes a firm foundation on which to address the development of covert activity into the modern day. Key elements of the story of the Berlin Tunnel serve to tie this lesser known operation to modern concerns of privacy, personal data, and covert involvement in international affairs. While unravelling the truest narrative of the planning and implementation of the operation, this thesis integrates substantial events, groups and people which shape the role of the Berlin Tunnel in understanding covert conflict. Further consideration is also given to how this operations legacy unfolded and the role of the media in understanding events in this separate sphere. Lessons about the covert sphere not only address a sub-narrative of 1950s Cold War but reach conclusions pertinent to the 21st century.
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Nyman, Pamela. "Alla vet väl vad kommunikation står för - eller? En hermeneutisk textanalys kring kommunikation i samverkan mellan myndigheter." Thesis, University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-6938.
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Bakgrund: Det har visat sig att en utökad samverkan behövs för att fånga upp de barn och unga som far illa i samhället idag. Därför initierade regeringen år 2006 en nationell samverkanssatsning där målet var att långsiktigt stärka samverkan mellan berörda myndigheter. I anslutning till satsningen som nyligen avslutats har några dokument publicerats, bland annat ett strategidokument vars syfte var att stöda samverkansarbetet, samt en formativ utvärdering som sammanfattar erfarenheterna från projekten. I dokumenten framträdde inledningsvis en otydlig bild av vad som menas med kommunikation samt motstridiga budskap om hur kommunikationen fungerat.
Syfte: Syftet med studien var att få en större förståelse för hur begreppet kommunikation kan förstås samt för hur det beskrivs att kommunikationen fungerat i samverkanssatsningen.
Metod: En hermeneutisk textanalys har gjorts på ovanstående dokument för att försöka tydliggöra och förstå de oklarheter och paradoxala budskap som kunnat urskiljas i texterna.
Resultat: Trots otydliga uttalanden visade textanalysen på att kommunikation i mångt och mycket kan förstås som ett verktyg eller medel för att uppnå en gemensam bas för samverkan. Kommunikation är vidare ett sätt att utbyta kunskap och information på, samt en väg till förståelse. Resultatet visar även att förhållningssättet till kommunikation till stor del överensstämmer med hur kommunikation traditionellt sett brukar uppfattas inom organisationer. På frågan om hur kommunikationen ansetts fungera mellan de samverkande var det svårt att få fram en enhetlig bild. I utvärderingen går det att läsa att det skett få eller inga förbättringar alls, medan det utifrån analysen av dokumentet i sin helhet finns uttalanden som talar både för och emot.
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Djillani, Alaeddine. "Caractérisation des canaux calciques dans les polynucléaires neutrophiles : rôle dans la phagocytose et la production des radicaux libres oxygénés." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01069097.
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Les polynucléaires neutrophiles représentent 50-70% des leucocytes sanguins et possèdent un rôle majeur dans la défense de l'organisme contre les pathogènes. Le Ca2+ est un second messager qui joue un rôle primordial dans le chimiotactisme, la phagocytose, la dégranulation et la production de formes réactives de l'oxygène (FRO) afin de neutraliser l'agent pathogène. Dans ces cellules, l'influx calcique de type SOCE est essentiel pour l'homéostasie calcique. Il est peu étudié en raison du manque d'outils pharmacologiques spécifiques d'où l'importance dans un premier temps de chercher de nouvelles molécules. Les cellules T Jurkat dont le SOCE est largement caractérisé servent de modèle pour la caractérisation initiale de ces molécules. Le 2-APB est parmi les molécules les plus largement utilisées dans la caractérisation du SOCE en raison de sa double activité sur le SOCE avec une potentialisation à [1-10 μM] et une inhibition à [> 20 μM]. En revanche, ce produit manque de spécificité et agit sur d'autres cibles cellulaires comme les récepteurs à l'inositol (1,4,5)-trisphosphate (InsP3Rs). La 1ère étape est de sélectionner à partir d'analogues commerciaux du 2-APB (Methoxy-APB, Dimethoxy-APB, Cyclic-APB, Benzothienyl-APB, Thienyl-APB et MDEB), des composés plus spécifiques et également plus efficaces que la molécule mère. Deux molécules se sont distinguées : le MDEB comme uniquement potentialisant du SOCE et le Benzothienyl-APB comme un puissant inhibiteur. En revanche, tous les analogues du 2-APB inhibent les InsP3Rs à l'exception du MDEB qui semble plus spécifique du SOCE. L'effet du MDEB sur le courant calcique, ICRAC, a été étudié grâce à la technique du patch-clamp. Il augmente d'environ 4 fois l'amplitude de ICRAC par rapport à celle enregistrée dans les cellules contrôle. Par ailleurs, le MDEB ralentie l'inactivation rapide de ICRAC due au Ca2+. Sur le plan physiologique, le MDEB à des concentrations croissantes inhibe la synthèse de l'IL-2 dans les cellules Jurkat stimulées et ceci malgré son effet potentialisant du SOCE. Cette activité est liée à son effet pro-apoptotique dans les cellules Jurkat stimulées. Le MDEB et le Benzothienyl-APB caractérisés dans la 1ère partie nous ont servi d'outils potentiels afin d'étudier le SOCE des cellules PLB-985 différenciées en cellules proches de neutrophiles. Le SOCE a été induit soit par un traitement des cellules avec la thapsigargine (Tg) soit de manière physiologique avec les peptides fMLF et le WKYMVm deux chimioattractants, ligands des récepteurs aux peptides formylés FPR et FPRL1 respectivement. En plus, le SOCE induit par la Tg est modulable par le 2-APB, potentialisé par le MDEB et inhibé par le Benzothienyl-APB. La phagocytose des levures par les cellules PLB-985 différenciées ainsi que la production de FRO intraphagosomales ont été inhibées par le MDEB et le Benzothienyl-APB. Les FRO extracellulaires ont été également inhibées par Benzothienyl-APB en revanche à cause de la forte interférence du MDEB avec la technique de mesure nous n'avons pas pu étudier ses activités. En conclusion, le MDEB et le Benzothienyl-APB sont de nouveaux outils pharmacologiques potentialisant ou inhibant le SOCE des leucocytes, qui nous permettront dans l'avenir une meilleure compréhension de l'entrée calcique et ses rôles dans ces cellules.
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Vasconcelos, Fillipe Matos de. "Uma abordagem Lagrangiana na otimização Volt/VAr em redes de distribuição." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18154/tde-06062017-072758/.
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Este projeto de pesquisa propõe desenvolver um novo modelo e uma nova abordagem para a resolução do problema da otimização Volt/VAr em redes de distribuição de energia elétrica. A otimização Volt/VAr consiste em, basicamente, determinar os ajustes das variáveis de controle tais como bancos de capacitores chaveados, transformadores com comutação de tap sob carga e reguladores de tensão, de modo a satisfazer, simultaneamente, as restrições de carga e de operação para um dado objetivo operacional. Esse problema, matematicamente, foi formulado como um problema de programação não linear, multiperíodo, e com variáveis contínuas e discretas. Algoritmos de programação não linear foram utilizados com o intuito de aproveitar as vantagens das matrizes altamente esparsas montadas ao longo do método de solução. Para utilizar tais algoritmos, as variáveis discretas são tratadas como contínuas por meio da utilização de funções senoidais que penalizam a função objetivo do problema original enquanto estas não convergirem para algum dos pontos pré-definidos no seu domínio. O caráter multiperíodo do problema, contudo, refere-se à consideração de uma restrição que relaciona os ajustes das variáveis de controle para sucessivos intervalos de tempo na medida em que limita o número de operações de chaveamento desses dispositivos para um período de 24-horas. O estudo fundamenta-se, metodologicamente, em métodos do tipo Primal-Dual Barreira-Logarítmica. Para demonstrar a eficiência do modelo proposto e a robustez dessa abordagem, a partir de dados teóricos obtidos de levantamentos bibliográficos, testes foram realizados em sistemas-teste de 10, 69 e 135 barras, e em um sistema de 442 barras do noroeste do Reino Unido. As implementações computacionais foram feitas nos softwares MATLAB, AIMMS e GAMS, utilizando o solver IPOPT como método de solução. Os resultados mostram que a abordagem proposta para a resolução do problema de programação não linear é eficaz para tratar adequadamente todas as variáveis presentes em problemas de otimização Volt/VAr.This work proposes a new model and a new approach for solving the Volt / VAr optimization problem in distribution systems. The Volt/VAr optimization consists, basically, to determine the settings of the control variables of switched capacitor banks, on-load tap changer transformers and voltage regulators, in order to satisfy both the load and operational constraints, to a given operational objective. The problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem, multiperiod, and with continuous and discrete variables. Nonlinear programming algorithms were used in order to take advantage of the highly sparse matrices built along the solution method. The discrete variables are treated as continuous along the solution method by means of the use of sinusoidal functions that penalize the original objective function while the control variables do not converge to any of the predefined discrete points in its domain. The multiperiod, or dynamic, characteristic of the problem, however, refers to the use of a constraint that relates the settings of the control variables for successive time intervals that limits the control devices switching operations number for a period of 24-hours. The study is based, methodologically, on Primal-Dual Logarithmic Barrier method. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model and the robustness of this approach, the data were obtained from theoretical literature surveys, and tests were performed on test-systems of 10, 69 and 135 buses, and in a 442 buses located in the Northwest of the United Kingdom. The computational implementation was accomplished in the softwares MATLAB, AIMMS and GAMS, using the IPOPT solver as solution method. The results have shown the approach for solving nonlinear programming problems is effective to appropriate cope with all the variables presented in Volt/VAr optimization problems.