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Journal articles on the topic 'Spanish heritage speakers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 2 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Shelton, Michael, David Counselman, and Nicolás Gutiérrez Palma. "Metalinguistic Intuitions and Dominant Language Transfer in Heritage Spanish Syllabification." Heritage Language Journal 14, no. 3 (2017): 288–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.14.3.4.

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While heritage speakers of Spanish have been shown to differ from monolingual speakers along many morphosyntactic lines, comparatively few studies in heritage linguistics have focused on phonology. To test whether the knowledge of English phonotactics would influence Spanish-English heritage speaker syllabification patterns in Spanish, 29 heritage and 29 monolingual speakers of Spanish completed a paper-and-pencil syllabification task in which they divided 80 Spanish words into syllables. Stimuli were controlled for comparisons between Spanish and English phonotactic constraints. Specific atte

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Shelton, Michael, David Counselman, and Nicolás Gutiérrez Palma. "Metalinguistic Intuitions and Dominant Language Transfer in Heritage Spanish Syllabification." Heritage Language Journal 14, no. 3 (2017): 288–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj14.3.4.

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While heritage speakers of Spanish have been shown to differ from monolingual speakers along many morphosyntactic lines, comparatively few studies in heritage linguistics have focused on phonology. To test whether the knowledge of English phonotactics would influence SpanishEnglish heritage speaker syllabification patterns in Spanish, 29 heritage and 29 monolingual speakers of Spanish completed a paper-and-pencil syllabification task in which they divided 80 Spanish words into syllables. Stimuli were controlled for comparisons between Spanish and English phonotactic constraints. Specific atten

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Blair, Kaylyn, and Sarah Lease. "An Examination of Social, Phonetic, and Lexical Variables on the Lenition of Intervocalic Voiced Stops by Spanish Heritage Speakers." Languages 6, no. 2 (2021): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020108.

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The lenition of Spanish intervocalic voiced stops, commonly grouped as /bdg/, has increasingly been examined within Spanish as a Heritage Language research. This study seeks to identify social, phonetic, and lexical factors that predict the degree of lenition of /bdg/ among heritage speakers of Spanish. We analyzed 850 intervocalic productions of /bdg/ by 20 adult Spanish heritage speakers of various generations in an oral word list production task. Using spectrographic analyses, productions were categorized as full approximant, tense approximant, and occlusive. Results from linear mixed-effec

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van Osch, Brechje, and Petra Sleeman. "Spanish heritage speakers in the Netherlands: Linguistic patterns in the judgment and production of mood." International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 5 (2016): 513–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916654365.

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Purpose: This study investigates heritage speakers of Spanish in the Netherlands regarding their knowledge of Spanish mood. Previous research has demonstrated that heritage speakers of Spanish in the US have problems with mood, especially subjunctive mood and particularly in contexts where choice of mood is variable and depends on semantic and pragmatic factors. Moreover, heritage speakers are often reported to experience fewer problems with oral production tasks tapping into implicit knowledge than with judgment tasks targeting metalinguistic knowledge. This study aims to investigate whether

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Mayans, Damaris. "Noun canonicity in heritage speakers and monolingual speakers of Spanish." ELUA, no. 39 (January 11, 2023): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/elua.21688.

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The present investigation examines the role of Spanish noun gender-correlated endings when accessing gender agreement in two different linguistic populations: Spanish-English bilingual heritage speakers and monolingual speakers of Spanish. This study analyzed data from 34 monolingual speakers of Spanish from the Dominican Republic and 44 heritage speakers of Spanish born in the United States who completed a picture naming task in Experiment 1 (determiner-noun agreement) and a picture description task in Experiment 2 (noun-adjective agreement). Results found that canonicity, particularly overt

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Mayans, Dámaris. "Lexical Frequency in Heritage Speakers of Spanish." Lenguaje 50, no. 2 (2022): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lenguaje.v50i2.11628.

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This study examines the impact of lexical frequency on grammatical agreement in heritage speakers of Spanish and a Spanish monolingual control group. Research has provided evidence of frequency effects when accessing nouns and this effect was proven to be more prominent in bilingual speakers. This investigation expands on the antecedent psycholinguistic research on lexical access through agreement operations carried out on monolingual speakers of Spanish by examining this effect in two populations of heritage speakers of Spanish that differ in relation to their dominance in Spanish. Experiment

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Martínez-Mira, María-Isabel. "Spanish heritage speakers in the Southwest." Spanish Maintenance and Loss in the U.S. Southwest 6, no. 1 (2009): 105–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sic.6.1.07mar.

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Several studies have looked into the different uses of indicative and subjunctive in the Spanish of heritage speakers. Generally speaking, research seems to show that mood simplification is taking place in heritage speakers’ Spanish. Mood and modal alternation is of particular interest to research on language change and contact due to the wide variation in the ability of heritage speakers to produce and apply it. (This is, in part, no doubt, due to their embodiment of a complex relationship between syntactic form, semantics and pragmatic meaning.) The present study examines the use of the indi

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Thane, Patrick D. "On the Acquisition of Differential Object Marking in Child Heritage Spanish: Bilingual Education, Exposure, and Age Effects (In Memory of Phoebe Search)." Languages 9, no. 1 (2024): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9010026.

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Studies on school-aged children have been infrequent in research on Spanish as a heritage language. The present study explored how dual-language immersion education, patterns of heritage language use, proficiency, and age shape child Spanish heritage speakers’ production and selection of differential object marking (DOM). A total of 57 English–Spanish bilingual children and 18 Spanish-dominant adults completed sentence completion and morphology selection tasks. Results revealed that the group of heritage speaker children that produced and selected the differential object marker most frequently

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Giancaspro. "The Late(r) Bird Gets the Verb? Effects of Age of Acquisition of English on Adult Heritage Speakers’ Knowledge of Subjunctive Mood in Spanish." Languages 4, no. 3 (2019): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages4030069.

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Many previous studies have found that adult heritage speakers exhibit significant variability in their production and comprehension of mood morphology in Spanish. Nonetheless, it remains unclear what specific factors predict heritage speakers’ likelihood of exhibiting such variability. The present study contributes to this question by testing the effect of both (a) age-of-acquisition of English and (b) Spanish proficiency on heritage speakers’ productive and receptive knowledge of mood morphology. Seventeen “early” heritage speakers (age of acquisition of English: 0 to 3.5 years), 20 “late” he

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Miglio, Viola G., and Stefan Th Gries. "Acceptability of Different Psychological Verbal Constructions by Heritage Spanish Speakers from California." Languages 6, no. 2 (2021): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6020080.

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This study set out to investigate whether US Heritage Spanish features a more streamlined verbal paradigm in psych verb constructions compared to standard varieties of Spanish, where HS speakers find an invariable third-person singular form acceptable with both singular and plural grammatical subjects. In standard Spanish, the semantic subjects of psych verbs are typically pre-verbal experiencers cast as oblique arguments in inverse predicates such as in me encantan los buhos ‘I love owls’. The translation of this sentence shows that equivalent English predicates are typically direct construct

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Keating, Gregory D., Bill VanPatten, and Jill Jegerski. "WHO WAS WALKING ON THE BEACH?" Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33, no. 2 (2011): 193–221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263110000732.

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The position of antecedent strategy (Carminati, 2002) claims that speakers of null-subject languages prefer to resolve intrasentential anaphora by linkingproto an antecedent in the specifier of the inflection phrase and the overt pronoun to an antecedent lower in the clause. The present study has two aims: (a) to determine whether adult early Spanish-English bilinguals (Spanish heritage speakers) and late English-Spanish bilinguals (adult second language [L2] learners of Spanish) utilize the same antecedent assignment strategies as monolingually raised Spanish speakers, and (b) to determine wh

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Kim, Ji Young, and Gemma Repiso-Puigdelliura. "Keeping a Critical Eye on Majority Language Influence: The Case of Uptalk in Heritage Spanish." Languages 6, no. 1 (2021): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010013.

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The goal of this study is to highlight the importance of taking into account variations in monolingual grammars before discussing majority language influence as a possible source of heritage speakers’ divergent grammars. In this study, we examine the production of uptalk in Spanish by heritage speakers of Mexican Spanish in Southern California. Uptalk (i.e., rising intonation contour at the end of a non-question utterance) is frequently associated with California English. Thus, heritage speakers’ use of uptalk is often considered to be influenced from English intonation (i.e., the majority lan

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Butera, Brianna, Rajiv Rao, and Maryann Parada. "A Preliminary Exploration of Declarative Intonation in the Chilean Diaspora of Sweden." Languages 8, no. 4 (2023): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8040228.

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Motivated by a growing body of research on heritage Spanish prosody, the current study uses the Sp_ToBi framework for the transcription of Spanish intonation to report trends in phonological targets of broad focus declaratives produced by heritage speakers of Chilean Spanish living in Stockholm, Sweden. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews from six participants belonging to the same social network including two Spanish-dominant first-generation immigrants and four Swedish-dominant second-generation speakers who were born and raised in Sweden and are heritage speakers of Spanish.

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Amengual, Mark. "Acoustic Correlates of the Spanish Tap-Trill Contrast: Heritage and L2 Spanish Speakers." Heritage Language Journal 13, no. 2 (2016): 88–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.13.2.2.

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The present study investigates the acoustic correlates of the Spanish tap-trill phonological contrast (/ɾ/-/r/) in the production of 40 Spanish heritage speakers and 20 L2 Spanish learners in Northern California. The acoustic analyses examined the number of occlusions and overall duration in the production of phonemic trills, while the phonetic variants of the phonemic tap were based on the degree of apical constriction: true tap, approximant tap, and perceptual tap. The results from a reading-aloud task indicate that most speakers produced non-canonical phonemic trills with one or zero occlus

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Solano-Escobar, Laura, and Alejandro Cuza. "The Acquisition of Inalienable Possession in L2 and Heritage Spanish." Heritage Language Journal 21, no. 1 (2024): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15507076-bja10022.

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Abstract The present study examines the production and interpretation of inalienable possession in dative constructions with body-part nouns in Spanish by 25 English-speaking L2 learners and 25 heritage speakers of Spanish born and raised in the United States. Twenty Spanish-dominant speakers served as baseline group. The results showed significant divergencies with inalienable NPs among the L2 learners compared to the heritage speakers and Spanish-dominant speakers. The L2 learners produced few instances of clitic se and a definite determiner and favored the use of a possessive determiner wit

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Cummings Ruiz, Laura D., and Silvina Montrul. "Assessing Rhotic Production by Bilingual Spanish Speakers." Languages 5, no. 4 (2020): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040051.

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Due to its articulatory precision, the Spanish rhotic system is generally acquired in late childhood by monolingually-raised (L1) Spanish speakers. Heritage speakers and second language (L2) learners, unlike L1 speakers, risk an incomplete acquisition of the rhotic system due to limited Spanish input and possible phonological interference from English. In order to examine the effects of age of onset of bilingualism and cross-linguistic influence on bilinguals’ rhotic productions, twenty-four adult participants (six sequential bilingual heritage speakers, six simultaneous bilingual heritage spe

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Kim, Ji Young. "Discrepancy between heritage speakers' use of suprasegmental cues in the perception and production of Spanish lexical stress." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, no. 2 (2019): 233–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728918001220.

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AbstractThis study investigates Spanish heritage speakers' perception and production of Spanish lexical stress. Stress minimal pairs in various prosodic contexts were used to examine whether heritage speakers successfully identify the stress location despite varying suprasegmental cues (Experiment 1) and whether they use these cues in their production (Experiment 2). Heritage speakers' performance was compared to that of Spanish monolinguals and English L2 learners. In Experiment 1, the heritage speakers showed a clear advantage over the L2 learners and their performance was comparable to that

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Pozzi, Rebecca, and Lina Reznicek-Parrado. "Problematizing heritage language identities." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 6, no. 2 (2021): 189–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.20004.poz.

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Abstract Heritage speaker identities have traditionally been a relevant topic of inquiry among scholars of heritage language pedagogy. Nevertheless, there is little research on Spanish heritage language identities in a study abroad context. Additionally, most existing studies on this topic focus on heritage speakers of Mexican descent studying in Mexico (e.g., de Félix & Cavazos Peña, 1992; McLaughlin, 2001; Riegelhaupt & Carrasco, 2000). This study examines heritage language identities in a non-heritage context by exploring the experiences of three heritage speakers of Mexican descent

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Zyzik, Eve. "Expressing Causation in Spanish: A Functional Analysis of Heritage Speakers’ Written Production." Heritage Language Journal 11, no. 1 (2014): 76–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.11.1.4.

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The current study examines the various linguistic means that heritage speakers of Spanish use to express the concept of causation. In Spanish causation can be expressed lexically with verbs such as tirar ‘knock over’ or syntactically via two distinct constructions with the verb hacer ‘to do/make’: hacer-infinitive and hacer que-subjunctive. The data set consists of over 1,400 causative sentences produced on a written task by heritage speakers from different proficiency levels (n=58) and a baseline group of native speakers (n=22). The results reveal that heritage speakers and native speakers pr

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Shea, Christine. "DOMINANCE, PROFICIENCY, AND SPANISH HERITAGE SPEAKERS’ PRODUCTION OF ENGLISH AND SPANISH VOWELS." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 41, no. 1 (2017): 123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263117000328.

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AbstractThis study examines how dominance and proficiency relate to Spanish heritage speaker vowel productions. Participants’ normalized vowel measurements were compared to nonheritage native speakers of Spanish and English using the Pillai score, an output of Multivariate Analysis of Variances (MANOVAs) that allows comparisons across distributions of two or more dependent variables. With Pillai scores as the dependent variable, we created two multiple regression models for each language, one with factors related to dominance, one with factors related to proficiency. We use commonality analysi

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Chui, Daniel. "Intuiciones de los hablantes patrimoniales, de segunda lengua y nativos acerca de los verbos deícticos en español: más allá de las intuiciones del lingüista." Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research 5, no. 2 (2016): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.7821/naer.2016.7.169.

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<p class="AbstractHead">Previous analyses of the Spanish deictic verbs <em>venir </em>‘to come’, <em>ir</em> ‘to go’, <em>traer</em> ‘to bring’ and <em>llevar</em> ‘to take’ have drawn upon Fillmore’s (1975) series of lectures on deixis in noting that speakers of Spanish forbid the use of the verbs <em>venir </em>and <em>traer</em> to express movement towards the hearer. Under this egocentric view (Beinhauer, 1940; Ibañez, 1983), the Spanish verbs <em>venir</em> and <em>traer</em> can only be

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López Otero, Julio César. "Imperatives in Heritage Spanish: Lexical Access and Lexical Frequency Effects." Languages 8, no. 3 (2023): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8030218.

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Along with declaratives and interrogatives, imperatives are one of the three major clause types of human language. In Spanish, imperative verb forms present poor morphology, yet complex syntax. The present study examines the acquisition of (morpho)syntactic properties of imperatives in Spanish among English-speaking heritage speakers of Spanish. With the use of production and acceptability judgment tasks, this study investigates the acquisition of verb morphology and clitic placement in canonical and negative imperatives. The results indicate that the acquisition of Spanish imperatives among h

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Kissling, Elizabeth. "An Exploratory Study of Heritage Spanish Rhotics." Heritage Language Journal 15, no. 1 (2018): 25–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.15.1.3.

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When speaking their heritage language, heritage speakers typically sound much like other “native speakers.” However, recent studies have found that heritage speakers (HSs) are highly variable and produce a range of more and less “native-like” phonetic features. In an effort to stimulate productive new research in this area, this article addresses some of the methodological challenges of heritage language phonetics research, namely dealing with high variability and identifying the best predictors of that variability. A study on heritage Spanish rhotics is presented to elucidate those methodolog

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Henriksen, Nicholas. "Acoustic analysis of the rhotic contrast in Chicagoland Spanish." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5, no. 3 (2015): 285–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.5.3.01hen.

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This paper reports on an acoustic analysis of the phonemic tap-trill contrast (/ɾ/-/r/) for first and second generation speakers of Mexican Spanish who live in the Chicagoland area. First, it is shown that speakers most commonly produce phonemic trills with a single apical occlusion, although there is much individual variation. Second, nearly all speakers realize the tap-trill contrast by means of segmental duration, and this is especially true for speakers who favor zero or one closures in the phonemic trill. These data suggest that heritage speakers make use of the limits of phonetic variati

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Burdeus-Domingo, Noelia, Anahí Alba de la Fuente, and Ismael I. Teomiro. "Heritage Spanish in Montreal: An Analysis of Clitics in Spontaneous Production Data." Languages 9, no. 11 (2024): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9110355.

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This study investigates clitic use in adult heritage speakers (HL speakers) of Spanish, with French as their dominant language. We conducted an exploratory case study using spontaneous production data from HL speakers of Spanish and first-generation Spanish immigrants living in Montreal, Canada. Data were collected through two guided production tasks, one oral and one written, to account for task-induced performance variations. Our analysis focused on clitic production, omission, function, optionality, and grammaticality. The findings reveal both similarities and differences compared to monoli

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Boomershine, Amanda, and Keith Johnson. "The Influence of Language Experience on Speech Perception: Heritage Spanish Speaker Perception of Contrastive and Allophonic Consonants." Languages 10, no. 5 (2025): 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10050086.

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It is well known that a listener’s native phonological background has an impact on how speech sounds are perceived. Native speakers can distinguish sounds that serve a contrastive function in their language better than sounds that are not contrastive. However, the role of allophony in speech perception is understudied, especially among heritage speakers. This paper highlights a study that directly tests the influence of the allophonic/phonemic distinction on perception by Spanish heritage speakers, comparing their results to those of late bilingual and monolingual speakers of Spanish and Engli

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Staggs, Cecelia, Melissa Baese-Berk, and Charlie Nagle. "The Influence of Social Information on Speech Intelligibility within the Spanish Heritage Community." Languages 7, no. 3 (2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7030231.

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Previous research in speech perception has shown that perception is influenced by social factors that can result in behavioral consequences such as reduced intelligibility (i.e., a listeners’ ability to transcribe the speech they hear). However, little is known about these effects regarding Spanish speakers’ perception of heritage Spanish, Spanish spoken by individuals who have an ancestral and cultural connection to the Spanish language. Given that ideologies within the U.S. Latino community often equate Latino identity to speaking Spanish “correctly” and proficiently, there is a clear need t

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Milner, Allison. "El diptongo/hiato como rasgo contrastivo: un estudio perceptual con hablantes de herencia de español." Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 14, no. 2 (2021): 459–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/shll-2021-2052.

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Abstract This study examines the perception of diphthongs and hiatuses in 11 heritage Spanish speakers and 6 Spanish-dominant bilingual speakers with an AXB discrimination task (Lukyanchenko, Anna & Kira Gor. 2011. Perceptual correlates of phonological representations in heritage speakers and L2 learners. In Nick Danis, Kate Mesh & Hyunsuk Sung (eds.), Proceedings of the 35th annual Boston University conference on language development, 414–426. Sommerville, MA: Cascadilla Press). In Spanish, diphthongs and hiatuses represent distinct vocalic sequences (Schwegler, Armin, Juergen Kempff

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MONTRUL, SILVINA. "How similar are adult second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers? Spanish clitics and word order." Applied Psycholinguistics 31, no. 1 (2009): 167–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271640999021x.

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ABSTRACTRecent studies of heritage speakers, many of whom possess incomplete knowledge of their family language, suggest that these speakers may be linguistically superior to second language (L2) learners only in phonology but not in morphosyntax. This study reexamines this claim by focusing on knowledge of clitic pronouns and word order in 24 L2 learners and 24 Spanish heritage speakers. Results of an oral production task, a written grammaticality judgment task, and a speeded comprehension task showed that, overall, heritage speakers seem to possess more nativelike knowledge of Spanish than t

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Rao, Rajiv. "Manifestations of /bdg/ in Heritage Speakers of Spanish." Heritage Language Journal 12, no. 1 (2015): 48–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.12.1.3.

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Inspired by the relatively sparse amount of previous work on heritage Spanish phonetics and phonology, this study examined the intervocalic productions of /bdg/ in the read and spontaneous data of eight participants between the ages of 18-21, each of whom was classified as a regular speaker, a childhood speaker, a childhood addressee or a speaker with minimal exposure to Spanish (cf. Oh & Au, 2005). An acoustic analysis of the data revealed a three-way allophonic classification of all relevant tokens: pure approximants, tense approximants and stops (cf. Martínez Celdrán, 1985, among others

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Corbet, James, and Laura Domínguez. "The Comprehension of Tense–Aspect Morphology by Spanish Heritage Speakers in the United Kingdom." Languages 5, no. 4 (2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages5040046.

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Whilst heritage Spanish has been widely examined in the USA, less is known about the acquisition of Spanish in other English-dominant contexts such as the UK, and studies rarely assess the baseline grammar that heritage speakers are exposed to directly. In this study, we implemented a semantic interpretation task to 17 bilinguals in the UK to investigate child heritage speakers’ and their parents’ comprehension of the preterite–imperfect aspectual contrast in Spanish, an area of known difficulty. The results show that the parents are consistently more accurate in accepting and rejecting the ap

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Zyzik, Eve. "Causative verbs in the grammar of Spanish heritage speakers." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 4, no. 1 (2014): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.4.1.01ziz.

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This study examines argument structure overgeneralizations among heritage speakers of Spanish who exhibit varying degrees of proficiency in the heritage language. Two questions motivated the design of the study: (1) Do heritage speakers differ from native speakers in their acceptance of causative errors? And if so, (2) which classes of verbs are most susceptible to this overgeneralization? A sentence acceptability task targeting two verb classes (unaccusatives and unergatives) was administered to 58 heritage speakers and a comparison group (n = 22) of monolingually-raised native speakers of Sp

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Pozzi, Rebecca, Chelsea Escalante, and Tracy Quan. "“Being myself in Spanish”." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 8, no. 2 (2023): 230–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.22001.poz.

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Abstract This case study examines the pragmatic development of address forms of a US-based Spanish heritage speaker of Mexican descent, Juan, during an 11-week abroad program in Argentina. Instruments included a background questionnaire, a pre/post-written elicitation task, four interviews, and 16 naturalistic recordings during host family dinners and service encounters. Findings indicate that Juan decreased his use of vos on elicitation tasks and did not use vos at all in naturalistic recordings. There was an increase, however, in his metapragmatic awareness, or his understanding of the ways

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Mañas Navarrete, Iban, Pedro Guijarro Fuentes, and Iria Bello Viruega. "The Acquisition of Copula Alternation Ser/Estar and Adjective in L1 Russian, Spanish Heritage Speakers." Languages 8, no. 4 (2023): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8040269.

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Spanish copula choice ser/estar and the semantic and pragmatic distinctions that derive from their alternation in predicate adjective constructions have been discussed in several studies focused on the features of Spanish as a heritage language, usually focusing on the lack of equivalence between English and Spanish. The aim of this study is to determine the competence of a group of heritage speakers of Spanish that were born and raised in Russia in adjective copula selection for ser and estar and to what extent it differs from that of L2 speakers. A group of second-generation heritage Spanish

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Cruz, Adriana, Inés Recio Fernández, Mathis Teucher, Pilar Valero Fernández, and Óscar Loureda Lamas. "Discourse Construction Mechanisms: An Eye-Tracking Study on L1, L2, and Heritage Speakers of Spanish." Languages 10, no. 8 (2025): 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10080177.

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This study explores the cognitive processing of discourse construction mechanisms in Spanish, focusing on counter-argumentative relations that involve anaphoric encapsulation through either pronominal (e.g., a pesar de ello) or lexical forms (e.g., a pesar de [NP]). These constructions combine procedural meaning with referential retrieval, placing complex demands on discourse integration. Using eye-tracking data from 77 participants across three speaker groups, namely, L1, heritage, and L2 speakers, this study yields three main findings: (1) nominal expressions do not incur greater processing

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Montrul, Silvina. "Heritage language development: Connecting the dots." International Journal of Bilingualism 22, no. 5 (2016): 530–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006916654368.

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To date, the vast majority of research on the linguistic abilities of heritage speakers has focused on young adults whose heritage language is no longer developing. These adults began their journey as bilingual children acquiring the heritage language with the majority language simultaneously since birth or sequentially, as a second language. If longitudinal studies are not always feasible, linking research on the structural development of bilingual pre-school children with research on young adult heritage speakers adds a much needed perspective to understand the initial state and the end stat

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Baker Martínez, Elisabeth, and Naomi Shin. "Child Heritage Speakers’ Overregularization of Spanish Past Participles." Languages 8, no. 4 (2023): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8040272.

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The current study investigated overregularization of Spanish irregular past participles (e.g., dicho ‘said’, regularized as decido) among 20 child heritage speakers of Spanish in New Mexico, ages 5;1–11;9. Overregularization occurs when a child produces an irregular form analogously to its regular counterpart (e.g., eated instead of ate). Typically, children first produce the irregular form and then, after they have learned a morphological pattern, they overapply it to the irregular form. Ultimately, children retreat from overregularization and once again produce the target irregular form. Whi

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Kim, Ji-Young. "Heritage speakers’ use of prosodic strategies in focus marking in Spanish." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 5 (2018): 986–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006918763139.

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Aims and objectives: The present study investigates how focus is prosodically realized by Spanish heritage speakers, and whether they show different patterns from Spanish monolinguals and English second language (L2) learners of Spanish. Design: Prompt questions were auditorily presented to elicit participants’ production of sentences with different scopes and locations of focus. Data and analysis: Relative prosodic prominence between focused and non-focused constituents, as well as tonal alignment, were acoustically analyzed and compared across the groups. Additional strategies that participa

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Cuza, Alejandro, and Julio César López Otero. "The acquisition of the semantic values of the Spanish present tense in L2 and heritage Spanish." Revista Española de Lingüística Aplicada/Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2016): 462–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/resla.29.2.04cuz.

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We examine the acquisition of the semantic values of the Spanish present tense among second language learners and Spanish heritage speakers, an area so far underexplored. We predict bilingualism effects evidenced in lower patterns of use, acceptance and preference of the simple present with an ongoing meaning, as well as preference for the progressive in ongoing and habitual contexts. Furthermore, we expect the heritage speakers to outperform the L2 learners, and to behave closer to native speakers. In contrast to our expectations, we found overextension of the simple present to ongoing situat

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Vergara, Daniel, and Gilda Socarrás. "Auditory Processing of Gender Agreement across Relative Clauses by Spanish Heritage Speakers." Languages 6, no. 1 (2020): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6010008.

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Processing research on Spanish gender agreement has focused on L2 learners’ and—to a lesser extent—heritage speakers’ sensitivity to gender agreement violations. This research has been mostly carried out in the written modality, which places heritage speakers at a disadvantage as they are more frequently exposed to Spanish auditorily. This study contributes to the understanding of the differences between heritage and L2 grammars by examining the processing of gender agreement in the auditory modality and its impact on comprehension. Twenty Spanish heritage speakers and 20 intermediate L2 learn

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Montrul, Silvina, Sara Ann Mason, and Andrew Armstrong. "The Role of Language Experience in the Acquisition of Spanish Gender Agreement: A Study with Nonce Nouns." Languages 9, no. 2 (2024): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages9020045.

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Why is learning the gender of nouns so difficult for some bilinguals? We test the hypothesis that different language learning backgrounds or life experience with Spanish determine how learners follow different morphosyntactic cues for gender assignment in Spanish by testing learners with early and late language experience in an experiment with invented nouns. A total of 44 monolingually raised native speakers, 44 heritage speakers, and 44 L2 learners of Spanish were trained to learn 24 nonce words in Spanish presented in four input conditions that manipulated the number and type of cues to gen

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Regan, Brendan, and Jazmyn L. Martinez. "The Indeterminacy of Social Meaning Linked to ‘Mexico’ and ‘Texas’ Spanish: Examining Monoglossic Language Ideologies among Heritage and L2 Spanish Listeners." Languages 8, no. 4 (2023): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8040266.

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This study examines how implied speaker nationality, which serves as a proxy for bilingual/monolingual status, influences social perception and linguistic evaluation. A modified matched-guise experiment was created with the speech of eight bilingual U.S. Spanish speakers from Texas talking about family traditions; the speech stimuli remained the same, but the social information provided about the speakers–whether they were said to be from Mexico (implied monolingual) or from Texas (implied bilingual)–varied. Based on 140 listeners’ responses (77 L2 Spanish listeners, 63 heritage Spanish listen

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Pascual y Cabo, Diego. "Preposition Stranding in Spanish as a Heritage Language." Heritage Language Journal 12, no. 2 (2015): 186–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.12.2.4.

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Previous research examining heritage speaker bilingualism has suggested that interfaceconditioned properties are likely to be affected by crosslinguistic influence (e.g., Montrul & Polinsky, 2011; White, 2011). It is not clear, however, whether the core syntax can also be affected to the same degree (e.g., Cuza, 2013; Depiante & Thompson, 2013). Departing from Cuza’s (2013) and Depiante and Thompson’s (2013) research, the present study seeks to determine the extent to which this is possible in the case of Spanish as a heritage language. With this goal in mind, a total of thirty-three S

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Goebel-Mahrle, Thomas, and Naomi L. Shin. "A corpus study of child heritage speakers’ Spanish gender agreement." International Journal of Bilingualism 24, no. 5-6 (2020): 1088–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006920935510.

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Objectives: This study investigates (a) whether child heritage speakers produce more gender mismatches in Spanish ( un piedra “a-masc. stone-fem.”) than monolingual children, (b) whether older child heritage speakers mismatch more than younger ones, and (c) linguistic contexts in which mismatches occur. Methodology: 3893 agreement forms were extracted from corpora of Spanish spoken by six monolingual children, ages 5–6 years, and three groups of US child heritage speakers: ten 5–6-year-olds, fifteen 7–8-year-olds, and twenty-one 9–11-year-olds. Data and analysis: Logistic regressions measured

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KEATING, GREGORY D., JILL JEGERSKI, and BILL VANPATTEN. "Online processing of subject pronouns in monolingual and heritage bilingual speakers of Mexican Spanish." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19, no. 1 (2014): 36–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728914000418.

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In this self-paced reading study, we first tested the cross-linguistic validity of the position of antecedent strategy proposed for anaphora resolution in Italian (Carminati, 2002) in a Latin American variety of Spanish. We then examined the application of this strategy by Spanish heritage speakers of the same dialect who were largely English dominant. Forty-five monolingual speakers of Mexican Spanish and 28 Spanish heritage speakers of Mexican descent read sentences in which null and overt subject pronouns were biased for and against expected antecedent biases. Our results suggest that Mexic

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Shport, Irina A., Dorian Dorado, and María Gabriela Puscama. "Lexical access in English-Spanish bilinguals." Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8, no. 3 (2018): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lab.17039.shp.

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Abstract Does early onset age of language learning in an informal setting always have a long-term advantage? We compared lexical access in adult heritage speakers of Spanish and late learners of Spanish in two word-production tasks, while also considering the speakers’ oral proficiency in their non-dominant language. In all speakers, word recall in the picture-naming task was less accurate and slower than in the translation task. Heritage speakers and late learners of high Spanish proficiency level were different only in the translation task, where learners were faster than heritage speakers,

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Camacho, José. "Paradigmatic Uniformity: Evidence from Heritage Speakers of Spanish." Languages 7, no. 1 (2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages7010014.

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Subject-verb agreement mismatches have been reported in the L2 and heritage literature, usually involving infinitives, analyzed as default morphological forms for fully specified T-heads. This article explores the mechanisms behind these mismatches, testing two hypotheses: the default form and the surface-similarity hypotheses. It compares non-finite and finite S-V mismatches with subjects with different persons, testing whether similarity with other paradigmatic forms makes them more acceptable, controlling for the role of verb frequency. Participants were asked to rate sentences on a Likert

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FAIRCHILD, SARAH, and JANET G. VAN HELL. "Determiner-noun code-switching in Spanish heritage speakers." Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 20, no. 1 (2015): 150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1366728915000619.

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Code-switching is prevalent in bilingual speech, and follows specific syntactic constraints. Several theories have been proposed to explain these constraints, and in this paper we focus on the Minimalist Program and the Matrix Language Frame model. Using a determiner-noun picture naming paradigm, we tested the ability of these theories to explain determiner-noun code-switches in Spanish–English bilinguals. The Minimalist Program predicts that speakers will use the determiner from the gendered language, whereas the Matrix Language Frame model predicts that the determiner will come from the lang

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Marijuan, Silvia. "Spanish heritage speakers as pre-departure conversation partners." Study Abroad Research in Second Language Acquisition and International Education 8, no. 2 (2023): 259–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sar.21039.mar.

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Abstract Drawing on previous research showing the centrality of pre-departure interventions in the success of a study abroad (SA) program and on a translingual practice framework (Canagarajah, 2013), the current study addresses the implementation of a pre-departure conversation exchange between peers from diverse racial/ethnic/cultural/linguistic background as an integral part of a four-week SA program in Spain. Reflections and survey data were collected from a mixed group of SA participants, both second language learners (n = 14) and Spanish heritage speakers (SHSs; n = 4), as well as from th

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Montrul, Silvina. "How “Native” Are Heritage Speakers?" Heritage Language Journal 10, no. 2 (2013): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.10.2.2.

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One of the chief characteristics of heritage speakers is that they range in proficiency from “overhearers” to “native” speakers. To date, the vast majority of linguistic and psycholinguistic studies have characterized the non-target-like linguistic abilities of heritage speakers as a product of incomplete acquisition and/or attrition due to reduced exposure and opportunities to use the language during childhood. This article focuses on the other side of the problem, emphasizing instead the high incidence of native-like abilities in adult heritage speakers. I illustrate this issue with recent e

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