Academic literature on the topic 'Spanish Palindromes'

The article comprehensively studies such a stylistic device as wordplay in advertising discourse on the example of the Spanish language. The main purpose of the study was to study the wordplay techniques in the Internet advertising banners, which in recent years have gained most popularity among potential consumers compared with other types of advertising, as well as to identify those that are most frequently used. The objectives of the study were to find, systematize and classify examples of wordplay, determine the frequency of their use, as well as their compatibility and reinforcement potential in conjunction with visual means. To achieve the goals set, a significant layer of Spanish-language advertising on the Internet was analyzed from both Spanish and Latin American sites; the most striking and illustrative examples were selected and classified, and ranked according to the frequency of their use. In many advertising banners on the Internet was revealed a reference to the cultural and social realities of Spanish-speaking countries, their national color, features, which allows one not only to better understand the realities of Spanish-speaking countries, but also the value orientations of local goods and services consumers. On the basis of the conducted research, it was found that the most striking and most commonly used wordplay techniques are dilogy and pun, whereas paronomasia, diaphora and folding word are less common. Quite rare in advertising are antimetaboles and acrostics, as well as palindrome, which is explained by their least expressiveness and attractiveness to the consumer. The material has proved that wordplay in the language of advertising is one of the key aspects in creating advertising texts on the Internet, since, in combination with visual means, this technique creates a strong emotional impact, draws the consumer's attention to the advertised product and contributes to its better implementation, which is the advertisers’ goal.

Salmonella Infantis has been the second most common serovar in Argentina in the last two years, being isolated mostly from paediatric hospitalised patients. In order to determine the clonal relationship among Salmonella Infantis strains, we examined 15 isolates from paediatric patient faeces in Argentina (12 geographically related and 3 geographically non-related) by using antimicrobial susceptibility, plasmid profiling, repetitive extragenic palindromic (REP) PCR, enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR, and low-frequency restriction analysis of chromosomal DNA by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Four Spanish strains were included as controls of clonal diversity in molecular techniques. Antibiotype and plasmid profile was not useful as epidemiological tools. PFGE and REP-PCR were able to discriminate between Argentinean and Spanish isolates of Salmonella Infantis allowing to detect genetically related strains in three different cities. This finding indicates that a possible spread of a clone of this serovar in the North-eastern Region of Argentina has taken place in 1998.

Two researchers, Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna, have received the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for “the development of a genetic editing method”, as proclaimed by the brief but sufficient justification provided by the Swedish Academy of Sciences, responsible for the selection and election of the winners in this category. The word CRISPR (acronym for Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats), described by the Spanish microbiologist at the University of Alicante, Francisco Juan Martínez Mojica, does not appear in the highlighted phrase of the award but, immediately, the whole world knew that this Nobel Prize in Chemistry was won by the “CRISPR”, the famous gene editing tools, initially described by Mojica as elements of a complex and effective defense system in prokaryotes. And, thanks to the talent and vision of these two researchers, CRISPR were proposed to be used, out of context, for editing any gene of any living organism. In this review I will point out the key points that allowed Charpentier and Doudna to deserve this award and of course I will underline the role that many other researchers have played, including that of Mojica himself.

BackgroundMany patients with palindromic rheumatism (PR), mainly those with positive autoantibodies, evolve to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Management of PR is empirical, and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is the most used antirheumatic drug. Abatacept (ABA) has been investigated in preclinical RA with good results. There are no randomized clinical trials in PR.ObjectivesTo present the design of a randomized clinical trial in PR (PALABA study). To describe the characteristics of the patients at study entry. The main objective is to test the hypothesis that ABA can reduce the progression of RA in seropositive (ACPA+ and/or RF+) PR patients in comparison with HCQ.MethodsPhase IV multicenter open label randomized controlled clinical trial with 42 months duration. The enrollment period was 18 months and the open randomized period 24 months. Fourteen spanish centers were included. The sample size was 70 patients (35 per arm). ABA sc 125 mg/week first year, 125 mg eow second year and HCQ oral 5mg/Kg daily were administered, both therapies in monotherapy. The main inclusion criteria were age >18 years with PR according to Guerne and Weissman modified criteria and disease evolution >3 and <36 months. Positive ACPA (ELISA or chemiluminescence (CCP2) and/or RF tests are required. Patients with arthritis in ≥1 joint >1 week at baseline, with criteria of other rheumatic diseases, radiographic erosions or previous antirheumatic therapy with synthetic DMARDS were excluded. The main outcome measure is achievement of RA classification criteria (EULAR/ACR 2010) at any time during the 24-month follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the number and intensity of joint attacks, adverse events, and effects on serum ACPA and anti-carbamylated antibodies at 0,3,12,24 months of follow-up. STATISTICS: Modified Full Analysis Set and Per Protocol Population analysis.ResultsPatient one was included in June 2018. The inclusion period has been extended until April 2022 due to low recruitment rates, partly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. As of 15 Jan 2022, 51 patients have been randomized and 49 (37F/12M) have received at least one drug dose. The mean onset of symptoms was 9.9±6.3 months. In 22 patients the follow-up time was greater than 12 months. RF and ACPA (CCP2) were positive in 81.6% and 89.8% of patients respectively; 24 patients were included in the ABA arm and 25 in the HCQ arm. Seven patients withdrew from the study during follow-up due to: progression to RA (n=3), adverse events (n=2) and other reasons (n=2). The demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics of PR patients at study entry are shown in Table 1. No significant differences in patients’ characteristics between arms were observed at enrollment except a higher prevalence of CCP2 in the HCQ arm.Table 1Baseline demographic, clinical and laboratory characteristics at study entryAge, mean (sd)49.6 (11.2)49.8 (12.0)49.4 (10.7)NSFemale, n (%)37 (75.5)19 (79.2)18 (72)NSBody mass index, mean (sd)27.(5.7)26.6 (5.5)27.4 (5.9)NSMonth of symptom duration, mean (sd)9.9 (6.3)9.8 (6.8)9.9 (5.9)NSCurrent Smokers, mean (sd)15 (30.6)6 (25)9 (36)NSNumber attacks 6 months before inclusion, mean (sd)4.65 (4.07)4.24 (2.78)5.0 (5.0)NSPIP/MCP involvement n (%)35 (71.4)16 (66.7)19 (76)NSWrist involvement, n (%)32 (65.3)17 (70.8)15 (60.0)NSInvolvement of other joints, n (%)30 (61.2)14 (58.3)16 (64.0)NSESR (mm), mean (sd)20.71 (16.8)23.13 (18.8)18.30 (14.8)NSRF positive, n (%)40 (81.6)19 (79.2)21 (84)NSACPA (CCP2) positive, n (%)44 (89.8)19 (79.2)25 (100)0.022PIP: proximal interphalangeal MCP: metacarpophalangealConclusionWe present the design of the first randomized clinical trial in PR of the efficacy of antirheumatic drugs (ABA vs HCQ) to avoid progression towards RA in patients with a high risk (recent onset PR and positive autoantibody status) of persistent arthritis. The characteristics of patients included until now are similar to those reported in recent onset PR.AcknowledgementsPALABA study investigators: Beatriz Frade-Sosa, Rosa Maria Morlà, Lola Tobalina, Maria López-Lasanta, Helena Borrell, Georgina Salvador, Andrea M Cuervo, Noemí Busquets, Eduard Graell, Carolina Pérez- García, Luciano Pocino, Delia Reina, Oscar Camacho, Hector Corominas Ana M Millan. Miquel Sala, Sonia Castell, Eduardo Kanterewicz, Josep R. Rodriguez Cros, Alejandro Escudero, Usansolo Irati, José Francisco Garcia, Francisco Javier Toro, Natividad Oreiro, Alejandro Olivé, Maria J Gómara, Cristina García-Moreno, Isabel Haro and Raimon Sanmarti.Disclosure of InterestsBeatriz Frade-Sosa: None declared, Rosa Morlà: None declared, Lola Tobalina: None declared, Carolina Perez-Garcia: None declared, Isabel Haro: None declared, Raimón Sanmartí Speakers bureau: received speaker honorariafrom Abbvie, BMS, Gebro-Pharma, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi and Roche, Grant/research support from: investigation grants from Abbvie, BMS, Gebro-Pharma, Lilly, MSD, Pfizer, Sanofi and Roche