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Journal articles on the topic 'Spine-leaf architecture'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Nikhil, Bhagat. "Optimizing Data Center Performance with Spine-Leaf Architectures: A Guide to Next-Gen Switching." European Journal of Advances in Engineering and Technology 8, no. 2 (2021): 148–54. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14045346.

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With today’s increasingly complex and large-scale applications, data centers need to adapt to handle ever-expanding performance, low latency communication, and scalability requirements. Data center networks built on a three-tier, top-down architecture no longer meet the bandwidth needs of the future of applications and services. The spine-leaf structure is one solution that counteracts the drawbacks of conventional data center architectures with increased scalability, speed, and versatility. This article describes the history of data center networking, the disadvantages of legacy architectures, and the spine-leaf topology as a way forward. These are covered in more detail explaining the benefits of spine-leaf design to prepare organizations for modern workloads and cloud-native applications. The paper further explains the design considerations a network administrator needs to be aware of when architecting a spine-leaf data center solution.

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Yan, Fulong, Changshun Yuan, Chao Li, and Xiong Deng. "FOSquare: A Novel Optical HPC Interconnect Network Architecture Based on Fast Optical Switches with Distributed Optical Flow Control." Photonics 8, no. 1 (2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8010011.

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Interconnecting networks adopting Fast Optical Switches (FOS) can achieve high bandwidth, low latency, and low power consumption. We propose and demonstrate a novel interconnecting topology based on FOS (FOSquare) with distributed fast flow control which is suitable for HPC infrastructures. We also present an Optimized Mapping (OPM) algorithm that maps the most communication-related processes inside a rack. We numerically investigate and compare the network performance of FOSquare with Leaf-Spine under real traffic traces collected by running multiple applications (CG, MG, MILC, and MINI_MD) in an HPC infrastructure. The numerical results show that the FOSquare can reduce >10% latency with respect to Leaf-Spine under the scenario of 16 available cores.

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Deng, Min, Allen COOMBES, and Qiansheng Li. "Reinstatement of Quercus tungmaiensis Y.T. Chang (Fagaceae) and supplementation of its anatomic features." Phytotaxa 239, no. 3 (2015): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.239.3.1.

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Leaf architecture and epidermis features are useful to reveal the taxonomic identities of species in Quercus s.l.. For many years different opinions have existed on the taxonomic status of Quercus tungmaiensis, either as a synonym of Q. lanata or as an independent species. In this study, we compared the leaf epidermal features, leaf architecture and other morphological features of Q. tungmaiensis and Q. lanata. Our results revealed that the dense persistent stellate trichomes with a compound trichome base, uniseriate trichomes on the abaxial leaf surface, blunt-tipped teeth and well developed areoles formed by the 5° veins, in Q. lanata were different to the glabrous abaxial leaf surface, spine-tipped teeth and areoles formed by the 4° veins of Q. tungmaiensis. Therefore, the name Q. tungmaiensis should be reinstated. Its systematic placement in section Ilex was further discussed. A key to Q. tungmaiensis and other common evergreen oaks of section Ilex in East Asia was provided.

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Gastaldo, Robert A. "The frond architecture of Sphenopteris pottsvillea (White) Gastaldo and Boersma." Journal of Paleontology 62, no. 6 (1988): 982–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000030249.

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Recently collected specimens allow a better characterization of the frond architecture of Sphenopteris pottsvillea (White) Gastaldo and Boersma from the Plateau and Warrior Coalfields, Alabama. The bipartite frond consists of a naked petiole of moderate length (>0.3 m) and two pinnule-bearing sections. The angle of rachial bifurcation varies from 35° to 65°, with no one angle of divergence dominating the sample population. Basal exterior lateral rachises develop first, are oblong in outline, and do not possess spine-like prolongations. Lateral rachises develop alternately along each pinnule-bearing section. Pinnule-bearing sections of the described leaf fragment exceed 0.5 m in length, and the dimensions of an entire frond probably approached 2.0 m.

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Semenov, A. B., N. A. Shishova, D. A. Klimov, and S. S. Shavrin. "Application of the Monte Carlo method for evaluating the patch cord length distribution of the central data center crosses using spine-leaf architecture." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2312, no. 1 (2022): 012069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2312/1/012069.

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Abstract An approach to determining the patch cord length of the central data center crosses with spine-leaf architecture, which is based on the Monte Carlo method is proposed. The possibility of its implementation in Excel spreadsheets is shown. The results of calculating the length distribution when installing the cross in cabinets with a height of 42 and 47U are given. It is established that for the majority of cords the length of 1–1.5 m is sufficient. The need to use 800 mm wide cabinets for the central cross and the possibility of placing it in one cabinet for 126 leaf level switches when building a data center according to the top-of-rack scheme is substantiated.

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Okafor, K. C., Ifeyinwa E. Achumba, Gloria A. Chukwudebe, and Gordon C. Ononiwu. "Leveraging Fog Computing for Scalable IoT Datacenter Using Spine-Leaf Network Topology." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2363240.

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With the Internet of Everything (IoE) paradigm that gathers almost every object online, huge traffic workload, bandwidth, security, and latency issues remain a concern for IoT users in today’s world. Besides, the scalability requirements found in the current IoT data processing (in the cloud) can hardly be used for applications such as assisted living systems, Big Data analytic solutions, and smart embedded applications. This paper proposes an extended cloud IoT model that optimizes bandwidth while allowing edge devices (Internet-connected objects/devices) to smartly process data without relying on a cloud network. Its integration with a massively scaled spine-leaf (SL) network topology is highlighted. This is contrasted with a legacy multitier layered architecture housing network services and routing policies. The perspective offered in this paper explains how low-latency and bandwidth intensive applications can transfer data to the cloud (and then back to the edge application) without impacting QoS performance. Consequently, a spine-leaf Fog computing network (SL-FCN) is presented for reducing latency and network congestion issues in a highly distributed and multilayer virtualized IoT datacenter environment. This approach is cost-effective as it maximizes bandwidth while maintaining redundancy and resiliency against failures in mission critical applications.

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Chen, Yang, and Jie Wu. "Joint coflow routing and scheduling in leaf-spine data centers." Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 148 (February 2021): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.09.007.

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Syam, Nasrianti, Mawaddah Putri Arisma Siregar, Eva Flourentina Kusumawardani, et al. "Rattan Species Inventory in Rawa Singkil Region of Conservation Forest Management Unit Area." JURNAL PEMBELAJARAN DAN BIOLOGI NUKLEUS 9, no. 3 (2023): 535–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36987/jpbn.v9i3.4357.

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Rawa Singkil region of Conservation Forest Management Area (KPHK) is a sanctuary for fauna teeming with an abundance of plant species. The species diversity is predominantly constituted of rattan and other non-timber forest products. This investigation seeks to compile a list of the various species of rattan found in the Rawa Singkil KPHK region. Therefore, thisÂ study was carried out in the Rawa Singkil region of KPHK were located in the Aceh Singkil Regency of Aceh Province, Indonesia. Spanning an area of 82,374 ha, this territory comprises nearly fifty percent peat ecosystem. A survey is utilized as the research strategy, with data acquisition conducted via sampling techniques. Moreover, the acquired data were subjected to descriptive analysis on the basis of morphological attributes, encompassing the following morphological characteristics: 1) the stem (including characteristics such as height, diameter, color, internode length, and thorn shape); 2) the leaf, including its length, ocrea, leaf count, leaf color, and leaf surface; 3) knee (color and outline of the knee); 4) thorn; (spine color, length of longest spines, position of spines, and length of shortest spines). Eight species of rattan were discovered in this region, i.e Plectocomia elongata Mart., Daemonorops mattanensis Becc, Daemonorops melanochaetes, Korthalsia echinometra Becc, and Calamus ornatus Blume

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Dr.A.Shaji, George. "The Evolution of Data Center Networks: Strategies for Modern Infrastructure Design." Partners Universal Multidisciplinary Research Journal (PUMRJ) 02, no. 03 (2025): 141–59. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15450624.

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Data center networks have undergone dramatic transformation in response to shifting technological landscapes and business requirements. This article examines how traditional hierarchical network designs have given way to more efficient, scalable architectures as organizations adapt to cloud computing paradigms, AI workloads, and distributed systems. The analysis covers the foundational elements of modern data center networks, from physical topology selection to advanced fabric designs, security segmentation methodologies, and automation frameworks. By closely looking at spine-leaf architectures, external BGP routing protocols, EVPN-VXLAN overlays, and detailed segmentation strategies, the article offers a plan for updating infrastructure. The thorough method for designing networks tackles important issues like performance, security, scalability, and efficiency that organizations encounter when creating infrastructure that can handle more complex tasks while staying strong and flexible in fast-changing technology environments.

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Okafor, Kennedy Chinedu, Wisdom Onyema Okafor, Omowunmi Mary Longe, Ikechukwu Ignatius Ayogu, Kelvin Anoh, and Bamidele Adebisi. "Scalable Container-Based Time Synchronization for Smart Grid Data Center Networks." Technologies 13, no. 3 (2025): 105. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13030105.

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The integration of edge-to-cloud infrastructures in smart grid (SG) data center networks requires scalable, efficient, and secure architecture. Traditional server-based SG data center architectures face high computational loads and delays. To address this problem, a lightweight data center network (DCN) with low-cost, and fast-converging optimization is required. This paper introduces a container-based time synchronization model (CTSM) within a spine–leaf virtual private cloud (SL-VPC), deployed via AWS CloudFormation stack as a practical use case. The CTSM optimizes resource utilization, security, and traffic management while reducing computational overhead. The model was benchmarked against five DCN topologies—DCell, Mesh, Skywalk, Dahu, and Ficonn—using Mininet simulations and a software-defined CloudFormation stack on an Amazon EC2 HPC testbed under realistic SG traffic patterns. The results show that CTSM achieved near-100% reliability, with the highest received energy data (29.87%), lowest packetization delay (13.11%), and highest traffic availability (70.85%). Stateless container engines improved resource allocation, reducing administrative overhead and enhancing grid stability. Software-defined Network (SDN)-driven adaptive routing and load balancing further optimized performance under dynamic demand conditions. These findings position CTSM-SL-VPC as a secure, scalable, and efficient solution for next-generation smart grid automation.

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Dewhurst, Alastair, Martin Bly, and James Adams. "Designing the RAL Tier-1 Network for HL-LHC and Future data lakes." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 02074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125102074.

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The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) runs the UK Tier-1 which supports all the LHC experiments, as well as a growing number of others in HEP, Astronomy and Space Science. In September 2020, RAL was provided with funds to upgrade its network. The Tier-1 not only wants to meet the demands of LHC Run 3, it also wants to ensure that it can take an active role in data lake development and the network data challenges in the preparation for HL-LHC. It was therefore decided to completely rebuild the Tier-1 network with a Spine / Leaf architecture. This paper describes the network requirements and design decision that went into building the new Tier-1 network. It also includes a cost analysis, to understand if the ever increasing network requirements are deliverable in a continued flat cash environment and what limitations or opportunities this may place on future data lakes.

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Akawuku, Godspower I., Rapheal O. Okonkwo, and Keneddy C. Okofor. "Legacy Data Center Network (DCN) Reviewed: considering Big Data Stream Mobile Computing (BDSMC) applications." IDOSR JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES 8, no. 1 (2023): 152–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/2023/12.1.7907.

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Recently, Enterprises that operate over vast geographical areas uses multiple data centers to collect, store and process data in real time via energy-efficient acquisition, wirelessly transport clients or users data to the cloud. This paper seeks to technically review existing Data Center Networks (DCN) considering BDSMC applications. In this research, related works on Distributed Data Center Networks will be presented. Within the stream computing ecosystems, there are various network models but the pool of possible DCN topologies/architectures to adopt appears little and unfit for the purpose of BDSMC optimization. However, most related Data center architecture will be reviewed. Investigate efforts on both server centric and switch-centric models adaptable to BDSMC network layer. The extent of work done on distributed spine-leaf re-designed server-centric network construction so as to automatically harvest network interconnection into a ‘stellar’ dual-port server-centric SG network; how classical graph-based interconnection network translate network performance similar to generic works for BDSMC ecosystems. Review stellar transformation using the well-studied generalized hypercube family of interconnection networks for BDSMC ecosystems. The literature was searched from the databases: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Springer Link Digital Library, and Google Scholar, IET Digital Library, Frontiers Library, ACM Digital Library repositories resulting in 98 papers after several eliminations ranging from year 2000-2022. In conclusion, state-of-the-art dual-port server-centric DCNs (FiConn, DCell, DPillar), etc, while looking at possible architectures with excellent comparative performance for BDSMC ecosystems. Research gaps are revealed for further study. Keywords: Data, Center, Network, Data Stream, Mobile Computing and applications

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Griner, Chen, Johannes Zerwas, Andreas Blenk, Manya Ghobadi, Stefan Schmid, and Chen Avin. "Cerberus." ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review 50, no. 1 (2022): 99–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3547353.3522635.

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The bandwidth and latency requirements of modern datacenter applications have led researchers to propose various topology designs using static, dynamic demand-oblivious (rotor), and/or dynamic demand-aware switches. However, given the diverse nature of datacenter traffic, there is little consensus about how these designs would fare against each other. In this work, we analyze the throughput of existing topology designs under different traffic patterns and study their unique advantages and potential costs in terms of bandwidth and latency "tax''. To overcome the identified inefficiencies, we propose Cerberus, a unified, two-layer leaf-spine optical datacenter design with three topology types. Cerberus systematically matches different traffic patterns with their most suitable topology type: e.g., latency-sensitive flows are transmitted via a static topology, all-to-all traffic via a rotor topology, and elephant flows via a demand-aware topology. We show analytically and in simulations that Cerberus can improve throughput significantly compared to alternative approaches and operate datacenters at higher loads while being throughput-proportional.

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Griner, Chen, Johannes Zerwas, Andreas Blenk, Manya Ghobadi, Stefan Schmid, and Chen Avin. "Cerberus." Proceedings of the ACM on Measurement and Analysis of Computing Systems 5, no. 3 (2021): 1–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3491050.

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The bandwidth and latency requirements of modern datacenter applications have led researchers to propose various topology designs using static, dynamic demand-oblivious (rotor), and/or dynamic demand-aware switches. However, given the diverse nature of datacenter traffic, there is little consensus about how these designs would fare against each other. In this work, we analyze the throughput of existing topology designs under different traffic patterns and study their unique advantages and potential costs in terms of bandwidth and latency ''tax''. To overcome the identified inefficiencies, we propose Cerberus, a unified, two-layer leaf-spine optical datacenter design with three topology types. Cerberus systematically matches different traffic patterns with their most suitable topology type: e.g., latency-sensitive flows are transmitted via a static topology, all-to-all traffic via a rotor topology, and elephant flows via a demand-aware topology. We show analytically and in simulations that Cerberus can improve throughput significantly compared to alternative approaches and operate datacenters at higher loads while being throughput-proportional.

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Hernández, José Alberto, Marco Quagliotti, Laura Serra, et al. "Comprehensive model for technoeconomic studies of next-generation central offices for metro networks." Journal of Optical Communications and Networking 12, no. 12 (2020): 414–27. https://doi.org/10.1364/JOCN.402167.

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This paper introduces a novel and simplified cost model for designing and evaluating a Central Office Rearchitected as a Datacenter (CORD). The model includes equipment and elements for the realization of optical, packet switching, and data center parts with a special focus not only on relative costs but also on power consumption figures. The cost model is then applied to the design and comparison of a metropolitan area network (MAN) including both aggregation and metrocore nodes following several MAN node architectures based on CORD-like leaf-and-spine fabric. In particular, equipment disaggregation at the Central Offices, both on the packet-switching and optical components, can provide important cost savings to telco operators. On the other hand, incorporating computing/storage capabilities in the MAN for the realization of multiaccess edge computing (MEC) has a significant impact on the total network cost but especially on power consumption.

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Borisovich Semenov, Andrey. "The maximum dimensions of the computer room for small corporate DC." E3S Web of Conferences 457 (2023): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202345702015.

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The maximum dimensional sizes of the computer room as a key architectural component of a data center have been justified, organized within various organizations of the construction industry. Mathematical models of the computer room have been introduced based on statistics of implemented projects, taking into account the presence of a central cross-connect and a ramp, as well as the routing of wired communication lines implemented within it. The criterion of the small size of the computer room as a structure allowing the organization of information exchange according to the spine-leaf scheme over twisted pair cables of the ISO/IEC 11801-1:2017 standard has been introduced. Assuming the use of a parallel transmission scheme involving Shannon's theorem and IEEE recommendations regarding operational margins, the maximum length of the line statistically associated with the dimensions of the computer room has been determined. An estimation of the maximum number of pizza-box type servers and standard 19-inch racks with heights of 42 units for their placement has been provided. The allocated power has been determined, taking into account the achieved level of technology, which is crucial from the perspective of designing the air conditioning and power supply systems.

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Okafor, Wisdom O., Samuel O. Edeagu, Vincent C. Chijindu, Ogechukwu N. Iloanusi, and Val Hyginus U. Eze. "A Comprehensive Review on Smart Grid Ecosystem." IDOSR JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCES, January 11, 2023, 25–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.59298/idosr/2023/12.1.7896.

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A smart grid is an intervention technology for the massive energy demand of the world today. It combines cyber-physical technologies, information communication technology, and electrical power networks from the generating company stations to the end-users while ensuring bidirectional communication among the actors. The smart grid is a complex growing technology that is yet to reach its maturity state. This paper seeks to examine the literature on the state of the art of smart grid technology both from the industry perspective and from academia. To this end, a literature review with a qualitative deductive approach built on the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) guideline and the simplified International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) five-domain model were used as a guide to this research. Furthermore, the paper reviewed Smart Grid data centre topologies and identified prospects in spine-leaf architecture as a promising architecture that can be adapted in a smart grid ecosystem data centre design. The literature was searched from the databases: IEEE Xplore Digital Library, Springer Link Digital Library, and Google Scholar, IET Digital Library, Frontiers Library, ACM Digital Library repositories resulting in 151 papers after several exclusions. The work reviewed relevant literatures published from 2002 to 2021 and grouped the reviewed papers according to the key domains of the NIST/ITU-T model. Based on the evaluated literature, the need for more built-in predictive learning curves in smart grid systems and robust Smart grid architecture with enhanced data centre design for Smart grid systems is observed and recommended Keywords: Smart Grid, Smart Metre, Data Centre Computing, Distributed Energy, Protocols

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Bairy, Vivek. "Spine And Leaf Architectures For Next-Generation Data Centers: Performance, Scalability, And Resilience." SSRN Electronic Journal, 2025. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5189881.

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