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Journal articles on the topic 'Staminode'

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Published: 4 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Sandvik, Sylvi M., and Ørjan Totland. "Quantitative importance of staminodes for female reproductive success in Parnassia palustris under contrasting environmental conditions." Canadian Journal of Botany 81, no. 1 (2003): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b03-006.

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The five sterile stamens, or staminodes, in Parnassia palustris act both as false and as true nectaries. They attract pollinators with their conspicuous, but non-rewarding tips, and also produce nectar at the base. We removed staminodes experimentally and compared pollinator visitation rate and duration and seed set in flowers with and without staminodes in two different populations. We also examined the relative importance of the staminode size to other plant traits. Finally, we bagged, emasculated, and supplementary cross-pollinated flowers to determine the pollination strategy and whether reproduction was limited by pollen availability. Flowers in both populations were highly dependent on pollinator visitation for maximum seed set. In one population pollinators primarily cross-pollinated flowers, whereas in the other the pollinators facilitated self-pollination. The staminodes caused increased pollinator visitation rate and duration to flowers in both populations. The staminodes increased female reproductive success, but only when pollen availability constrained female reproduction. Simple linear regression indicated a strong selection on staminode size, multiple regression suggested that selection on staminode size was mainly caused by correlation with other traits that affected female fitness.Key words: staminodes, insect activity, seed set, spatial variation, Parnassia palustris.

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Meaders, Clara, Ya Min, Katherine J. Freedberg, and Elena Kramer. "Developmental and molecular characterization of novel staminodes in Aquilegia." Annals of Botany 126, no. 2 (2020): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa029.

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Abstract Background and Aims The ranunculid model system Aquilegia is notable for the presence of a fifth type of floral organ, the staminode, which appears to be the result of sterilization and modification of the two innermost whorls of stamens. Previous studies have found that the genetic basis for the identity of this new organ is the result of sub- and neofunctionalization of floral organ identity gene paralogues; however, we do not know the extent of developmental and molecular divergence between stamens and staminodes. Methods We used histological techniques to describe the development of the Aquilegia coerulea ‘Origami’ staminode relative to the stamen filament. These results have been compared with four other Aquilegia species and the closely related genera Urophysa and Semiaquilegia. As a complement, RNA sequencing has been conducted at two developmental stages to investigate the molecular divergence of the stamen filaments and staminodes in A. coerulea ‘Origami’. Key Results Our developmental study has revealed novel features of staminode development, most notably a physical interaction along the lateral margin of adjacent organs that appears to mediate their adhesion. In addition, patterns of abaxial/adaxial differentiation are observed in staminodes but not stamen filaments, including asymmetric lignification of the adaxial epidermis in the staminodes. The comparative transcriptomics are consistent with the observed lignification of staminodes and indicate that stamen filaments are radialized due to overexpression of adaxial identity, while the staminodes are expanded due to the balanced presence of abaxial identity. Conclusions These findings suggest a model in which the novel staminode identity programme interacts with the abaxial/adaxial identity pathways to produce two whorls of laterally expanded organs that are highly differentiated along their abaxial/adaxial axis. While the ecological function of Aquilegia staminodes remains to be determined, these data are consistent with a role in protecting the early carpels from herbivory and/or pathogens.

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Wang, Menglin, Shuyin Huang, Manru Li, Doyle McKey, and Ling Zhang. "Staminodes influence pollen removal and deposition rates in nectar-rewarding self-incompatible Phanera yunnanensis (Caesalpinioideae)." Journal of Tropical Ecology 35, no. 1 (2019): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000433.

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AbstractStaminodes are sterile stamens that produce no pollen, exhibit diverse structures and perform various functions. Flowers of Phanera yunnanensis possess three fertile stamens with large anthers and long filaments, and seven staminodes with tiny anthers and short filaments. To investigate the adaptive significance of staminodes in this species, we studied effects of staminode removal on pollen removal and deposition, flower visitation rate and fruit set in Xishuangbanna, south-western China. Four species of nectar-foraging pollinators visited flowers, mostly Amegilla zonata and Apis cerana (2.80 ± 0.15 and 1.76 ± 0.41 visits h−1 per flower, respectively). Staminode removal did not affect fruit set, but increased visitation by A. cerana by 2.6-fold, reduced visitation by A. zonata by 68% and increased the pollen removal rate for both pollinators (all effects were significant). Staminode removal significantly reduced pollen deposition rate for A. zonata, but not for A. cerana. These results suggest that the staminodes of P. yunnanensis filter which insects act as pollinators and affect pollen removal and deposition rates. By reducing pollen removal rates, staminodes may implement a pollen-dispensing schedule that spreads pollen dispersal from individual flowers over multiple pollinators. By altering pollen deposition rates, staminodes may influence reproductive fitness in other ways.

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Traore, Abdoulaye, and Mark J. Guiltinan. "Effects of Carbon Source and Explant Type on Somatic Embryogenesis of Four Cacao Genotypes." HortScience 41, no. 3 (2006): 753–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.753.

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The effects of five carbon sources (glucose, fructose, maltose, sorbitol, and sucrose) and two explant types (petals and staminodes) on cacao somatic embryogenesis was studied. No growth was observed on both types of explants cultured on sorbitol containing media and slow growth was obtained on media supplemented with maltose. Depending on the genotype, the percentage of explants producing one or more embryos ranged from 6% to 99%, 18% to 98%, and 3% to 82% on media containing glucose, fructose and sucrose respectively. Explants cultured continuously on maltose or sorbitol-containing media failed to produce embryos. Staminode explants produced 3 to 10 times more somatic embryos than petals. A strong genotypic effect on somatic embryogenesis was observed. Staminode explants of the Forastero clones Laranja and PSUSca 6 produced 2 to 30 times more somatic embryos than the Trinitarios UF 613 and ICS 16. During embryo maturation and conversion, no significant differences were observed among glucose, fructose, maltose, or sucrose for embryo weight, total shoot and root production. However, we found that all plantlets produced on glucose had shoots with normal cacao leaves while the other carbon sources sometimes produced plantlets with cotyledon-like leaves.

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Entuni, Gibson, Hollena Nori, Rebicca Edward, and Ahmad Kamil bin Mohammad Jaafar. "Reproductive Characteristics of the Selected Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Clones after Regenerated from the Somatic Embryogenesis Culture." Trends in Sciences 18, no. 24 (2021): 1406. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2021.1406.

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This study was conducted to evaluate the reproductive characteristics of 4 elite cocoa clones (MCBC1, PBC230, KKM22 and KKM4) propagated via somatic embryogenesis culture. From the findings, all clones have similar reproductive characteristics with clones from conventional grafted. However, only KKM4 clone from immature zygotic embryo culture produced the shortest staminode to style distance of 1.83 mm. This consequently influenced flower stability by reducing the efficiency of pollination by insects. It was found that this clone also has the highest number of flowers drop after anthesis (5 flowers) and lowest production of cherelle (5 cherelles). Further observation revealed that floral development from first bud visible (BBCH51) to flower anthesis (BBCH68) of all clones took around 31 days. These cocoa flowers which remained receptive soon after anthesis at 10 am (day-31) until the next day (day-32) suggesting 2 days’ period of receptivity. HIGHLIGHTS  It is crucial to assess the presence of off-type characteristics in the reproductive organ structure such as the distance between staminode to style, period of reproductive cycle and stigmatic receptivity of cocoa clones regenerated from somatic embryogenesis The converging and parallel type of staminode to style distances are the ideal flower spatial arrangements for the optimal pollination in cocoa plant compared to splay type Only KKM4 clone propagated from immature zygotic embryo culture showed variation in the distance between staminode to style distance and this caused pollination failure by insect which then consequently caused minimum cherelle production All regenerated cocoa clones observed with typical period of the reproductive cycle and stigmatic receptivity  GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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Flores, Rodolfo, Carla Black, and Alicia Ibáñez. "A new species of Heliconia (Heliconiaceae) with pendent inflorescence, from Chucantí Private Nature Reserve, eastern Panama." PhytoKeys 77 (February 7, 2017): 21–32. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.77.11190.

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Heliconia berguidoi (Heliconiaceae), a new species from premontane forest of eastern Panama, is described, illustrated and its conservation status evaluated. H. berguidoi bears pink flowers, an uncommon color in this group. It differs from the Colombian species Heliconia rhodantha and Heliconia sanctae-theresae, the most similar taxa, by the combination of a petiole glabrous except for the woolly base, a very long peduncle, the perianth pubescent at the apex and staminode with cuspidate apex. H. berguidoi is also similar to Heliconia pogonantha in all four of its varieties and to Heliconia ramonensis in two of its four varieties, but differs by a combination of the long peduncle, pink flowers and staminode with cuspidate apex. Fifty-six Heliconia species have been found in Panama, eighteen of them endemic.

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LUNA, NAÉDJA, EDLLEY PESSOA, and MARCCUS ALVES. "A new “giant” species of Maranta L. (Marantaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil." Phytotaxa 357, no. 1 (2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.357.1.6.

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A new species of Maranta subg. Maranta, M. gigantea, is described and illustrated. This is known from the submontane Atlantic Forest in the states of Pernambuco and Alagoas (Brazil). Based on the zingiberoid growth form it is morphologically similar to M. anderssoniana and M. zingiberina, differing mainly in the shape of the leaf blade (lanceolate to oblong or ovate respectively vs. narrow-lanceolate) and number of calli in the callose staminode (one prominent callus vs. two prominent calli). It is further differentiated from M. anderssoniana by being larger plants (up to 1.8 m tall vs. up to 1.0 m tall), with a tomentose leaf sheath (vs. sericeous), larger corolla tube length (9−12 mm long vs. 5−6 mm long), asymmetrically elliptical corolla lobes (vs. asymmetrically oblong) and larger outer staminodes (minor 12−15 × 6.5−8 mm vs. 10−11 × 5.5−6 mm and major 13−16 × 8.5 × 10.5 mm vs. 10−12 × 8−9.2 mm). Due to its narrow distribution, it is classified as critically endangered.

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Frimpong-Anin, Kofi, Michael K. Adjaloo, Peter K. Kwapong, and William Oduro. "Structure and Stability of Cocoa Flowers and Their Response to Pollination." Journal of Botany 2014 (March 2, 2014): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/513623.

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This study investigated the position of staminodes around the style of cocoa flowers and the stability of cocoa flowers relative to pollination and seasonality. Cocoa flowers were categorized into converging, ≤1.20 mm; parallel, 1.21–2.40 mm, and splay ≥2.41 mm, depending on the distance between the staminode and style. Some flowers were hand pollinated while others were not and were excluded from insect visitors. Proportions of flowers of converging (56.0%), parallel (37.5%), and splay (6.5%) remained similar along the vertical plane of cocoa trees. Although pollination rates of flowers with splay staminodes were the lowest, the overall pollination success of cocoa trees was not significantly affected because of the small proportion of splay flowers.The stability of the cocoa flowers depended on both the season and pollination. During the dry season, unpollinated flowers of cocoa trees showed a flower-stability ratio of 72% on the second day, while the flower-stability ratio was 94% in the wet season. Pollinated (senescent) flowers had a stability ratio of 95% after 5 days during the wet season, but all pollinated flowers dropped after 5 days in the dry season, indicating that seasonal factors, such as water stress, can have dramatic effects on cocoa yields.

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Zhang, Hui-Yan, Xiao-Ling Yan, Shan Su, Yu-Qu Zhang, Yi Ren, and Xiao-Hui Zhang. "Androecium development and staminode diversity of Cocculus orbiculatus (Menispermaceae)." Flora 265 (April 2020): 151573. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151573.

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Whitlock, Barbara A., Amanda M. Hale, Jane L. Indorf, and Carolyn F. Wilkins. "Polyphyly of Rulingia and Commersonia (Lasiopetaleae, Malvaceae s.l.)." Australian Systematic Botany 24, no. 5 (2011): 215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb09030.

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The primarily Australian genera Rulingia R.Br. and Commersonia J.R. & G.Forst., as currently circumscribed, are distinguished from each other by the number of antisepalous staminodes. Although most taxonomic treatments recognise Rulingia and Commersonia as separate genera, recent phylogenetic analyses and morphological observations have suggested that neither is monophyletic. In the present study, we test the monophyly of both genera with a phylogenetic analysis of 80 individuals of Rulingia and Commersonia, representing 46 species, using three chloroplast markers. Our analyses recovered the following two well supported clades: Clade 1 includes three species referable to Commersonia and 17 to Rulingia and Clade 2 includes 20 species referable to Commersonia and six to Rulingia. Type species of both Commersonia and Rulingia are in Clade 1, although Commersonia has priority. These results are used to identify lineages that will be formally recognised in accompanying taxonomic treatments. The extensive polyphyly of both Commersonia and Rulingia suggests that the staminode character previously used to separate these two genera is highly homoplastic. We discuss alternative androecial characters that may prove to be synapomorphies for Clades 1 and 2.

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Pischtschan, Elke, Alexandra C. Ley, and Regine Claßen-Bockhoff. "Ontogenetic and phylogenetic diversification of the hooded staminode in Marantaceae." TAXON 59, no. 4 (2010): 1111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tax.594011.

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Bustami, Mirni Ulfa, and Stefaan P. O. Werbrouck. "Cyclic Somatic Embryogenesis in Indonesian Elite Theobroma cacao L. Clones." Horticulturae 10, no. 1 (2023): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10010024.

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To date, in vitro somatic embryogenesis is the only option for the mass vegetative propagation of cocoa. The somatic embryogenesis of Indonesian cocoa clones SUL1 and SUL2 was investigated, focusing on primary and cyclic secondary embryogenesis. The study showed that staminode explants were more effective than petal explants in generating primary somatic embryos (SEs), especially when cultured in liquid medium containing 2 mg/L 2,4-D and 0.25 mg/L kinetin, with the staminodes of SUL2 producing a significant number of globular SEs. In contrast, SUL1 showed limited SE production. The study also demonstrated that fragmenting cotyledons and hypocotyls of the SEs of SUL2 and culturing them on an induction medium supplemented with 2,4,5-T and proline resulted in a high yield of secondary SEs. This cyclic embryogenesis process, in which the SEs remained attached to the maternal tissue, facilitated continuous SE production and development. The addition of proline was found to improve the quality of SEs, leading to higher production of well-organized, milky SEs with a better-defined meristematic structure. These results suggest a promising protocol to produce SEs from cocoa, with implications for plant transformation and gene editing applications.

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Hou, Qin-Zheng, Wen-Juan Shao, Nurbiye Ehmet, et al. "The Biomechanical Screening Game between Visitor Power and Staminode Operative Strength of Delphinium caeruleum (Ranunculaceae)." Plants 11, no. 17 (2022): 2319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172319.

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During the evolution of angiosperm flowers, some floral traits may undergo certain changes in order to participate in screening. The stamens and pistils of Delphinium caeruleum are covered by two “door-like” staminodes, the evolutionary function of which, however, is quite unknown. In this study, we investigated whether D. caeruleum staminodes acted as visitor filters by assessing the respective strengths of staminodes and visitor insects (six bee species). We measured the operative strength required to open the staminodes and the strength that insects were capable of exerting using a biological tension sensor. Furthermore, we compared the strength required to open staminodes at different phases of the flowering period (male and female phases) and the strength of different visitors (visitors and non-visitors of D. caeruleum). The results showed that the strength needed to open staminodes in the male phase was significantly higher than that in the female phase. There was no significant difference between the strength exerted by visitors and required by staminodes of D. caeruleum in the male phase, but the visitor strength was significantly higher than that required to open staminodes in the female phase flowers. The strength of non-visitors was significantly lower than that required to open staminodes in the male phase. Furthermore, there was a significant positive association between the strength and the body weight of the bees. These results highlighted the observation that only strong visitors could press the two staminodes to access the sex organs and achieve successful pollination. Furthermore, these results revealed the function of pollinator screening by the staminodes of D. caeruleum. The biomechanical approach to the study of flowers allowed us to address relevant ecological and evolutionary questions of the plant–pollinator interaction and explore the functional modules within the flower structure in other plant species.

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LEI, CAI, HUA HUANG, ZHI-LING DAO, and ZHI-KUN WU. "Oreocharis parviflora, a new species of Gesneriaceae from northwestern Yunnan, China." Phytotaxa 329, no. 2 (2017): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.329.2.7.

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A new species of Gesneriaceae, Oreocharis parviflora, is described and illustrated from Lanping County, northwestern Yunnan Province, China. The new species is morphologically similar to O. henryana in the shape and color of corolla, numbers of stigma, stamen and staminode characteristics, but it can be easily distinguished by the shape of leaf blade, indumentum characters of leaf blade, petiole, peduncle and pedicel.

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Riahi, Mehrshid, and Farrokh Ghahremaninejad. "The tribe Scrophularieae (Scrophulariaceae): A Review of Phylogenetic Studies." Hacquetia 18, no. 2 (2019): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hacq-2019-0003.

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Abstract Molecular data have been increasingly used to study the phylogenetic relationships among many taxa, including scrophs. Sometimes they have provided phylogenetic reconstructions that are in conflict with morphological data leading to a re-evaluation of long-standing evolutionary hypotheses. In this paper, we review reports of the recent knowledge of the phylogenetic relationships within Scrophularieae (2011–2017). The results of these analyses led to the following conclusions. (1) Species of Scrophularia have undergone one or more Miocene migration events occurred from eastern Asia to the North America with subsequent long dispersal and diversification in three main directions. (2) Allopolyploid and aneuploid hybrid speciation between Scrophularia species can occur, so hybridization and polyploidy have an important role for history of diversification. (3) The ancestral staminode type for the genus Scrophularia seems to be a large staminode. (4) Monophyly of the genus Verbascum with respect to the genus Scrophularia is strongly supported. (5) Oreosolen, is not monophyletic, because all accessions of Oreosolen were nested within Scrophularia. We discuss methods of data collection and analysis, and we describe the areas of conflict and agreement between molecular phylogenies.

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Entuni, Gibson, Hollena Nori, Rebicca Edward, and Ahmad Kamil bin Mohammad Jaafar. "Agronomic Traits and Genetic Fidelity of Four Cocoa Clones Derived from Somatic Embryogenesis Culture." Trends in Sciences 19, no. 15 (2022): 5614. http://dx.doi.org/10.48048/tis.2022.5614.

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Morphological and genetic characterization of MCBC1, PBC230, KKM22 and KKM4 cocoa clones derived from staminode and immature zygotic embryo culture were compared with those conventionally grafted. Somatic embryogenesis culture successfully produced true-to-type progenies of elite cocoa clones of MCBC1, PBC230, KKM22 and KKM4 (from staminode culture). Phenotype variations (p < 0.05) were observed only in KKM4 clone from immature zygotic embryo culture which exhibited lower quantities in the fresh pod weight, number of flat beans per pod, seed length, seed width and individual seed weight. The genetic stability of the cultured clones was tested using fragment analysis with 12 SSR primers to validate these results. Eleven of these SSR primers detected mutations only in the allelic profiles of KKM4 clone from immature zygotic embryo. These results validated those variations in KKM4 clones of immature zygotic embryo culture were due to interactions between genotypic and explant types. Unfortunately, these variations were negative attributes to cocoa productivity. Thus, it is suggested that successful production of true-to-type KKM4 cocoa clone should consider other means of propagation including modification of the culture conditions. HIGHLIGHTS  It is crucial to evaluate and confirm the quality of the immature zygotic and staminode regenerated cocoa plant before using the culture technique for commercial production The quality can be detected in both phenotype and genotype by comparing the regenerated cocoa plant with those regenerated from the conventional asexual propagation method of grafting Phenotype and genotype differences were only observed in KKM4 clone regenerated from immature zygotic embryo culture and thus validated that this clone exhibited variation KKM4 clone from immature zygotic embryo culture which has lower quantities in the fresh pod weight, number of flat beans per pod, seed length, seed width and individual seed weight confirmed the negative effect of using immature zygotic embryo explant for KKM4 clone propagation. It is suggested to modify the culture technique  GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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López, Josefa, Tomás Rodríguez-Riaño, Francisco J. Valtueña, José L. Pérez-Bote, Miguel González, and Ana Ortega-Olivencia. "Does the Scrophularia Staminode Influence Female and Male Functions during Pollination?" International Journal of Plant Sciences 177, no. 8 (2016): 671–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/687994.

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Guimarães, Elza, Luiz Claudio di Stasi, and Rita de Cassia Sindrônia Maimoni-Rodella. "Pollination Biology of Jacaranda oxyphylla with an Emphasis on Staminode Function." Annals of Botany 102, no. 5 (2008): 699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcn152.

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Agnihotri, Priyanka, Danish Husain, and Tariq Husain. "A new species of the Genus Delphinium (Ranunculaceae) from Lahul Valley of Himachal Pradesh, India." Phytotaxa 186, no. 5 (2014): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.186.5.6.

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A new species of Delphinium (Ranunculaceace) is described and illustrated from Lahul valley of Himachal Pradesh, India. Its affinities with the allied species D. viscosum and D. cashmerianum are discussed. It differs from closely allied species in having bracteoles with hooked apex, shape of spur that resembles parrot’s beak, staminode with dense hoard of hairs at ventral apex, hairs in single line on the inner surface of ovary and cleft stigma.

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Pontes, Cristina Adriane de Souza, Arthur Domingos-Melo, Paulo Milet-Pinheiro, Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz Navarro, Nadia Tarcila Lima, and Isabel Cristina Machado. "Staminode of Jacaranda rugosa A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) promotes functional specialization by ensuring signaling and mechanical fit to medium-sized bees." Organisms Diversity & Evolution 22, no. 3 (2022): 527–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00558-8.

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Pontes, Cristina Adriane de Souza, Domingos-Melo, Arthur, Milet-Pinheiro, Paulo, Navarro, Daniela Maria do Amaral Ferraz, Lima Nadia, Tarcila, Machado, Isabel Cristina (2022): Staminode of Jacaranda rugosa A.H. Gentry (Bignoniaceae) promotes functional specialization by ensuring signaling and mechanical fit to medium-sized bees. Organisms Diversity & Evolution (New York, N.Y.) 22 (3): 527-541, DOI: 10.1007/s13127-022-00558-8, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13127-022-00558-8

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ZHOU, GUO-HUI, RONG-HUI TU, ANG LIU, and XUN-LIN YU. "Oreocharis chenzhouensis, a new species of Gesneriaceae from southern Hunan, China." Phytotaxa 607, no. 3 (2023): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.607.3.3.

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Oreocharis chenzhouensis, a new species, is described and illustrated from southern Hunan, China. The new species resembles O. burtii and O. sinohenryi in leaf blade shape and indumentum of the plants, but readily differs from the latter two in its leaf blade with a cuneate and usually asymmetric base, abaxially glabrous corolla tube, narrowly triangular calyx lobes, and one or no staminode. Following the IUCN Red List Criteria, O. chenzhouensis is assessed as “Vulnerable”.

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Ondoy, Juareyn, Merlyn Mendioro, Pablito Magdalita, Celia Dela Vina, and Maria Cecilia Reamillo. "Morphological and Cytogenetic Characterization of Four Canna (Canna x generalis L. H. Bailey & E. Z. Bailey) Cultivars and Two Putative F1 Hybrids." Philippine Agricultural Scientist 103, no. 3 (2020): 191–200. https://doi.org/10.62550/cm19029019.

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Four Canna cultivars (C. ‘Moonbeam’, C. ‘Madeira,’ C. ‘Wintzer’s Colossal’, C. ‘Alphonse Bouvier’) and two putative F1 hybrids of C. ‘Wintzer’s Colossal’ and C. ‘Alphonse Bouvier’ (coded as H3R1 and H3R2, respectively) were evaluated for their morphological and cytogenetic characteristics. Among the morphological parameters reckoned were plant height, culm/stem diameter, flower diameter, flower color, inflorescence length, staminode length and thickness, leaf length, leaf width and leaf thickness. Acetocarmine squash technique was used to determine the chromosome number and chromosome behavior at meiosis I and II. Pollen viability was tested using I2KI test and TTZ test which was further verified through pollen germination test. Meiotic behavior was related to pollen fertility. Results showed that the four Canna cultivars and two putative F1 hybrids were morphologically variable in plant height, inflorescence length flower diameter and staminode length with measurements of 95.67–172.67 cm, 22.33–147.67 cm, 6.33–11.94 cm, and 9.95–45.87 cm, respectively. The flower color of C. ‘Moonbeam’ is Chartreuse yellow, C. ‘Madeira’ is Saturn red, and C. ‘Alphonse Bouvier’ is Vermilion while C. ‘Wintzer’s Colossal’ is Nasturtium red. The color of the two putative F1 hybrids is Chartreuse yellow for H3R1 and Jasper red for H3R2. C. ‘Moonbeam’, C. ‘Madeira’ and the two putative F1 hybrids are diploid with chromosome number 2n = 18, and basic chromosome number x = 9. Although non-congressions and laggards were observed at metaphase I and anaphase I, the chromosomes were able to catch up, hence pollen stainability and pollen germination remained high at 90.36% to 94.88%. Pollen viability for H3R1 and H3R2 were 95.75% and 90.38%, respectively. C. ‘Wintzer’s Colossal’ is a triploid with gametic chromosome number of 3n = 27, and a high frequency of irregular chromosome behavior observed during meiosis I and II. It has low pollen stainability based on results of the I2KI test while unstained pollen was observed based on the TTZ test result. C. ‘Moonbeam’ and C. ‘Madeira’ can be used as a female parent as well as a male parent due to their high pollen viability. The two putative F1 hybrids H3R1 and H3R2 had a novel staminode size and attractive colors that ornamental breeders and Canna enthusiasts may find valuable.

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Yu, Huiying, Feiyi Guo, Yumin Shu, and Zhixiang Zhang. "Taxonomic note of Parnassia (Celastraceae) in China: a reassessment of Subsect. Xiphosandra." PhytoKeys 114 (December 20, 2018): 43–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.114.30551.

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P.brevistyla, P.delavayi and P.leptophylla. belong to Celastraceae, ParnassiaL.,Sect.NectarotrilobosDrude,Subsect.Xiphosandra (Franch.) Ku. Due to lack of material, the reliability of their taxonomic characteristics remained unknown and all three species have been retained. Following extensive field investigations, population sampling and examination of specimens, we determined that the previously used characteristics to distinguish these three species, i.e. the shape of basal leaves and the depth of staminode lobes, vary continuously within populations and should not be used to distinguish separate species. Therefore, P.brevistyla and P.leptophylla are hereby designated as synonyms of P.delavayi.

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ZACARÍAS-CORREA, ANA GABRIELA, ANDREA D. WOLFE, ESTEBAN MARTÍNEZ SALAS, and MARIE-STÉPHANIE SAMAIN. "Penstemon reidmoranii (Plantaginaceae), a new species from Baja California, Mexico." Phytotaxa 387, no. 1 (2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.387.1.5.

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Penstemon reidmoranii is described from the southern region of the state of Baja California, Mexico. This new species belongs to the subgenus Penstemon, section Peltanthera, subsection Peltanthera, and is distinguished primarily by its length, shape, margin and texture of the leaves. In addition, the staminode is covered in almost its full length by glandular hairs, while towards the apex it bears long white hairs of 6 mm long. Here, we describe and illustrate this new species. We also provide a distribution map and a comparison with Penstemon eximius, a morphologically similar taxon.

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SİNAN, ALİ, YAKUP YAPAR, and LÜTFI BEHÇET. "Scrophularia anatolica (Scrophulariaceae): A new species from eastern Anatolia (Turkey)." Phytotaxa 665, no. 3 (2024): 291–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.665.3.11.

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Scrophularia anatolica sp. nov. (Scrophulariaceae) is described from Eastern Anatolia (Bingöl‒Turkey). The new species is related to S. erzincanica and S. lucida, but it differs from S. erzincanica by scarious bracts and bracteole margins, broad calyx lobes with scarious and dentate margins, and from S. lucida by life duration, plant length, staminode shape, calyx lobes ovate to orbicular, dentate scarious margin and stamens long exerted from corolla. Ecological data and conservation status of the new species are also presented. A distribution map of the new taxon and related species is provided.

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Dieringer, G., and L. Cabrera R. "The interaction between pollinator size and the bristle staminode of Penstemon digitalis (Scrophulariaceae)." American Journal of Botany 89, no. 6 (2002): 991–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.89.6.991.

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Walker-Larsen, Jennifer, and Lawrence D. Harder. "VESTIGIAL ORGANS AS OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUNCTIONAL INNOVATION: THE EXAMPLE OF THE PENSTEMON STAMINODE." Evolution 55, no. 3 (2001): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1554/0014-3820(2001)055[0477:voaoff]2.0.co;2.

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Walker-Larsen, Jennifer, and Lawrence D. Harder. "VESTIGIAL ORGANS AS OPPORTUNITIES FOR FUNCTIONAL INNOVATION: THE EXAMPLE OF THE PENSTEMON STAMINODE." Evolution 55, no. 3 (2007): 477–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2001.tb00782.x.

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Folasade Elisbeth Mapayi, Adenike Anne Muyiwa, Olutayo Olalekan Adenuga, Olayinka Olufemi Olaniyi, Funlayo Abigail Adepoju, and Chinyere Florence Odey. "Assessment of the effects of physiological development of cocoa (Theobroma cacao l.) explant on somatic embryogenesis." International Journal of Life Science Research Archive 7, no. 1 (2024): 013–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.53771/ijlsra.2024.7.1.0056.

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Cocoa trees have shown a high degree of segregation for many traits when propagated by seeds. Somatic embryogenesis is an efficient in vitro propagation method which allows the production of several embryos capable of generating plants similar to the initial one from somatic tissues. The use of cocoa floral parts has been reported for regeneration of elite cocoa genotypes. This research is targeted in evaluating the effect of physiological development of the explants (staminode) and its response to two different cytokinase (kinetin and BAP) on embryogenesis. The experiment was laid in factorials with three replications in CRD. Three different physiological ages of the explant were examined: 1 week old (unopened, about 3-4 mm in length),2 weeks old (unopened, about 5-/6 mm in length) and 3 weeks old (unopened; matured flowers). Staminode was studied and explants were initiated for callus induction on Primary Callus Growth medium. The following data were scored for: Explants Induction Percentage, Percentage of callus induced and Percentage of Embryogenic callus. Results showed the interactions among the genotypes, hormones and the physiological age of the explants were significantly different at 0.05% probability level. Explants at 3 and 2 weeks respectively had higher efficiency for embryogenesis while the average performance was observed for explants at a week. Also, BAP recorded higher frequency 80% for embryogenesis compared to kinetin 70% under the present study. Physiological age of explants and the choice of callus development hormone have been found to play significant role in the embryogenesis of cocoa genotypes examined.

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P. brevistyla, P. delavayi and P. leptophylla. belong to Celastraceae, Parnassia L., Sect. Nectarotrilobos Drude, Subsect. Xiphosandra (Franch.) Ku. Due to lack of material, the reliability of their taxonomic characteristics remained unknown and all three species have been retained. Following extensive field investigations, population sampling and examination of specimens, we determined that the previously used characteristics to distinguish these three species, i.e. the shape of basal leaves and the depth of staminode lobes, vary continuously within populations and should not be used to distinguish separate species. Therefore, P. brevistyla and P. leptophylla are hereby designated as synonyms of P. delavayi.

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Botnaru, Lucia, and John J. Schenk. "Staminode evolution in Mentzelia section Bartonia (Loasaceae) and its impact on insect visitation rates." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 190, no. 2 (2019): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz012.

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DO, TRUONG VAN, MAI THI HOANG, ZI-BING XIN, YI-GANG WEI, DE-CHANG MENG, and FANG WEN. "Pseudochirita trifoliata (Gesneriaceae), a new species from karst limestone in northern Vietnam." Phytotaxa 489, no. 2 (2021): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.489.2.6.

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Pseudochirita trifoliata, a new Gesneriaceae species from Pu Luong-Cuc Phuong limestone mountain range in northern Vietnam is described and illustrated here. This new taxon is the second species of the narrowly endemic genus Pseudochirita which is known from limestone areas in southern China and northern Vietnam. It is easily distinguished from P. guangxiensis by a set of differences on the leaves, bracts, calyx, external corolla indumentum, staminode number, pistil length, ovary indumentum, style indumentum, and capsule length. A detailed description, illustration, information on distribution, ecology, phenology, provisional conservation assessment using IUCN categories and criteria of the proposed new species, and comparison with its similar species, are also provided.

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Hou, Qinzheng, Taihong Wang, Guang Yang, Wenjuan Shao, Wenrui Min, and Yuqin Zhong. "A Decrease in the Staminode-Mediated Visitor Screening Mechanism in Response to Nectar Robbers Positively Affects Reproduction in Delphinium caeruleum Jacq. ex Camb. (Ranunculaceae)." Biology 11, no. 8 (2022): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11081203.

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Nectar-robbing insects, which are frequently described as cheaters in plant–pollinator mutualisms, may affect plant reproductive fitness by obtaining nectar rewards without providing pollination services. The negative effects of nectar robbing on plant reproductive success have been widely reported, but the reasons for possible positive effects demand further investigation. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effects of nectar robbing on the reproductive success of Delphinium caeruleum. Two staminodes cover the stamens and pistils in the flowers of D. caeruleum, forming a “double door” type of structure that compels pollinators to physically manipulate the staminodes to access the sex organs. In order to explore whether the operative strength required to open the staminodes is affected by actions associated with nectar robbing, we set up five different treatment groups: no nectar robbing, natural nectar robbing, artificial nectar robbing, hole making, and nectar removal. A biological tension sensor was used to measure the operative strength required to open the staminodes in the flowers. We also assessed the effect of nectar robbing on the flower-visiting behavior of pollinators and the effect of nectar robbing on reproductive fitness by the flower. The results showed that the operative strength needed to open staminodes was reduced by nectar robbers but not by artificial nectar robbing, hole making, or nectar removal. The flowers’ continuous visitation rate and visitation frequency by pollinators decreased significantly in robbed flowers. Both the pollen export and pollen deposition in naturally robbed flowers were significantly higher than those in nonrobbed flowers. Our results demonstrate that nectar robbers play an indirect positive role in the reproductive fitness of D. caeruleum flowers by reducing the operative strength of staminodes to promote pollen transfer. The reduction in operative strength of staminodes might be an adaptive mechanism that responds to nectar robbing.

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Fontarum-Bulawin, Norilyn, Maria Melanie Medecilo-Guiang, and Grecebio Jonathan D. Alejandro. "Amorphophallus samarensis (Araceae), a new species endemic to Samar Island, Eastern Visayas, Philippines." Webbia 79, no. 2 (2024): 295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/jopt-16302.

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Amorphophallus samarensis is described as a new species from Paranas, Samar Island Natural Park, Samar Eastern Visayas, Philippines. A. samarensis resembles A. calcicola by having a solitary leaf, long peduncled solitary flower, cylindric female zone, ovary depressed, disk shape, slightly distant ovaries, and absence of staminode. It differs from A. calcicola by having the rachis winged at the distal part of the leaf, pale to dark maroon slightly depressed globose capitate stigma, style color, length of spadix, and truncate anther. The new species is considered Critically Endangered (CR) based on IUCN guidelines due to persistent anthropogenic activities. There are 30 individual plants encountered in the locality with less than 100 sq. km area of occupancy with an observed threat.

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Rodríguez-Riaño, Tomás, Francisco J. Valtueña, Josefa López, José L. Pérez-Bote, Carlos Mayo, and Ana Ortega-Olivencia. "Floral Vascular Pattern in Some Scrophularia Species with Special Emphasis on Staminode and Nectariferous Disk." International Journal of Plant Sciences 176, no. 6 (2015): 554–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/681606.

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TONGKHAM, WICHARUJ, SUPALAK PUMIKONG, NUTTHA POTAPOHN, and WEENUN BUNDITHYA. "Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense, a new slipper orchid from Northern Thailand identified by morphological and AFLP analyses." Phytotaxa 531, no. 1 (2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.531.1.1.

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A new endemic slipper orchid in the family Orchidaceae from Northern Thailand was described according to morphological and molecular analyses. Morphological information specifies the new slipper orchid Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense to be similar to Paphiopedilum charlesworthii (Rolfe) Pfitzer 1895, with the exception of its staminode being obovate-obcordate with yellow color, glittery and rough surface. Molecular analysis by AFLP technique indicates that Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense can be included as a member of section Paphiopedilum and is closely related to Paphiopedilum coccineum Perner, H. & Herrmann, R. (2000) (syn. Paphiopedilum barbigerum var. coccineum), from which it differs morphologically by dorsal sepal and petal characters. The morphological and molecular evidence supported that Paphiopedilum charlesworthii var. lannaense is a new slipper orchid in the genus Paphiopedilum (Cypripedioideae, Orchidaceae).

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LIAO, XING-YU, DI-YANG ZHANG, SI-REN LAN, and ZHONG-JIAN LIU. "Paphiopedilum erythroanthum, a new species of slipper orchid (Cypripedioideae, Orchidaceae) from China based on morphological and molecular data." Phytotaxa 406, no. 5 (2019): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.406.5.2.

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A new species of Paphiopedilum (Orchidaceae) from Yunnan, China is described and illustrated based on examining morphological and molecular evidence. Morphological comparisons indicate that the new species P. erythroanthum is somewhat similar to P. henryanum, from which it differs by its shorter scape, larger and purple-red flower without purple spots, an obovate dorsal sepal, narrowly oblong petals with recurved apex and a cordate staminode. Molecular analyses of combined nuclear and plastid datasets (ITS and matK) indicate that P. erythroanthum is sister to P. notatisepalum, which has leaves with large yellow spots, a shorter scape, larger flower, white sepals and petals with large purple spots. The morphological and molecular evidence support the hypothesis that P. erythroanthum is a new species.

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Blahut-Beatty, Laureen M., Peta C. Bonham-Smith, and Vipen K. Sawhney. "Induction of "filamentous structures" in wild type Antirrhinum majus flowers by benzylaminopurine." Canadian Journal of Botany 76, no. 11 (1998): 1828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b98-152.

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The cytokinin, N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), when applied to young inflorescences of wild-type Antirrhinum majus L., resulted in the formation of chimeric "filamentous structures" in the dorsal region of the third whorl, the position where a stamen primordium is suppressed in wild-type flowers. In addition, BAP induced similar filamentous structures in between the first and second whorls, and this response was concentration dependent. The basal region of the filamentous structures was similar to the filament of a stamen, while the distal portion resembled a petal. These observations suggest that cytokinins may be site-specific factors involved in the regulation of floral organ identity genes or genes that control floral symmetry, i.e., the CYCLOIDEA gene.Key words: Antirrhinum, benzylaminopurine, cytokinin, filament, floral genes, staminode.

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Qin, Jia-Qi, Rui-Feng Li, Yan-Ping Pang, and Fang Wen. "Aeschynanthus smaragdinus F.Wen & J.Q.Qin (Gesneriaceae), a new species from Yunnan Province, China." PhytoKeys 220 (February 24, 2023): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.220.98040.

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Aeschynanthus smaragdinus F.Wen & J.Q.Qin, a new species of Gesneriaceae from the monsoon rain forest in Mangbang township, Tengchong City, Yunnan Province, China, is described and illustrated here. It morphologically resembles A. chiritoides C.B.Clarke in size, shape and hairs on the leaf blades. But it can easily be distinguished from the latter by the green corolla limb with brownish-red to maroon lower lobes. At the same time, the hairs of the pedicel and calyx lobes, the length of the staminode and the size of the seed grain can also help distinguish both. It is provisionally assessed as Data Deficient (DD), according to the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria, because field surveys for this new taxon have not been completed.

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Shi, J., Y. B. Luo, P. Bernhardt, J. C. Ran, Z. J. Liu, and Q. Zhou. "Pollination by deceit inPaphiopedilum barbigerum(Orchidaceae): a staminode exploits the innate colour preferences of hoverflies (Syrphidae)." Plant Biology 11, no. 1 (2009): 17–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1438-8677.2008.00120.x.

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Tang, Feng-Xia, Wen-Hui Rao, Ze Zhang, et al. "Paphiopedilum motuoense (Orchidaceae, Cypripedioideae), a new species from Motuo, Xizang, China." PhytoKeys 259 (June 30, 2025): 131–44. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.259.145861.

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Paphiopedilum motuoense, a newly discovered orchid from Motuo County, Xizang, China, is described and illustrated. Paphiopedilum motuoense can be distinguished from the related Paphiopedilum species P. qingyongii and P. venustum by several distinctive features: a significantly smaller staminode above the column, a distinct purplish-red lip with purplish-brown veins, pouched with erect and triangular auriculas on both sides of its mouth, and leaves with pale green and pale yellowish-green tessellations. The novelty is also well supported as a new species by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Additionally, the complete chloroplast genome of P. motuoense, 157,218 bp in length, was assembled and annotated. It contains an LSC region of 86,275 bp, SSC region of 949 bp and two IRs of 34,997 bp, with 120 genes, including 76 PCGs, 36 tRNA genes and 8 rRNA genes.

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Wang, Shi-Qi, Xue-Mei Zhang, and Yu-Min Shu. "Taxonomic note of Parnassia (Celastraceae): the identity of P. yui." PhytoKeys 251 (January 29, 2025): 251–56. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.251.140807.

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Parnassia farreri is characterised by the petals with long-ciliate petal claw and the broad spatulate staminodes with shallow crenations distally. A sympatric and poorly-known taxon, P. yui, is recorded only from the type collection that morphologically similar to P. farreri. Based on field investigations, examination of herbarium specimens (including the types) and analysis of protologues and distributions, P. yui is hereby reduced to a synonym of P. farreri. Field and anatomy photographs and an updated morphological description of P. farreri are provided. Parnassia farreri is preliminarily designated as Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List guidelines.

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NGUYEN, CUONG HUU, FANG WEN, TOAI MINH PHAM, et al. "The checklist of Raphiocarpus species (Gesneriaceae, Didymocarpinae) in the flora of Vietnam with the description of a new species, R. bicallosus." Phytotaxa 616, no. 3 (2023): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.616.3.2.

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The paper presents an annotated checklist of the genus Raphiocarpus (Gesneriaceae) in the flora of Vietnam with a key for identification of all 13 species hitherto recorded in the country, including newly described species. The data for each species include the accepted name, synonyms, citations of relevant regional literature, typification, information on distribution, ecology, and phenology, conservation status, as well as a list of studied specimens and taxonomic notes. Lectotypes for Raphiocarpus asper and R. evrardii are designated. A new species, Raphiocarpus bicallosus, is described here from Xuan Lien Nature Reserve, Thanh Hoa Province, N Vietnam. It is most similar to R. tamdaoensis, but differs in having distinct prophylls, a 3–5-flowered inflorescence, a dark purple-brown corolla limb, the presence of 1 staminode and 2 hairy bosses inside the tube, as well as a glabrous ovary and capsule 5–6 cm long.

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Aymard Corredor, Gerardo A., and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. "A new species of Schlegelia (Schlegeliaceae) from wet montane forest of Colombia and a key for the species of the genus." PhytoKeys 230 (August 11, 2023): 257–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.230.107398.

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In this paper we describe and illustrate Schlegelia longirachis a new species from montane forest remnants (1200--1900 m) in the Western slope of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia (“Serranía de Las Quinchas” and Virolín county) in the Departments of Boyacá and Santander. A root-climbing liana, the new species is contrasted to S. fuscata, S. monachinoi and S. parviflora, the three most morphologically similar species of Schlegelia. This new species is differentiated from its putative close relatives by vegetative (texture, colour, pubescence and shape in leaves, bracts, bracteoles pedicel, calyx and corolla), inflorescences as well as floral characters (staminode absent). We provide an updated key to 24 known species of Schlegelia. For the identification key, S. fuscata and S. roseiflora are regarded here as different from S. parviflora. S. urbaniana is considered a synonym of S. axillaris, whereas S. fastigiata is separated from S. sulphurea as a recognizable species. Schlegelia has its center of distribution in Colombia, where 17 of the species are known to occur.

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Aymard, Corredor Gerardo A., and M. Alejandra Jaramillo. "A new species of Schlegelia (Schlegeliaceae) from wet montane forest of Colombia and a key for the species of the genus." PhytoKeys 230 (August 11, 2023): 257–69. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.230.107398.

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In this paper we describe and illustrate Schlegelia longirachis a new species from montane forest remnants (1200--1900 m) in the Western slope of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia ("Serranía de Las Quinchas" and Virolín county) in the Departments of Boyacá and Santander. A root-climbing liana, the new species is contrasted to S. fuscata, S. monachinoi and S. parviflora, the three most morphologically similar species of Schlegelia. This new species is differentiated from its putative close relatives by vegetative (texture, colour, pubescence and shape in leaves, bracts, bracteoles pedicel, calyx and corolla), inflorescences as well as floral characters (staminode absent). We provide an updated key to 24 known species of Schlegelia. For the identification key, S. fuscata and S. roseiflora are regarded here as different from S. parviflora. S. urbaniana is considered a synonym of S. axillaris, whereas S. fastigiata is separated from S. sulphurea as a recognizable species. Schlegelia has its center of distribution in Colombia, where 17 of the species are known to occur.

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NASCIMENTO-JR, JOSÉ E. DO, VOLKER BITTRICH, and MARIA DO CARMO E. AMARAL. "Clusia goscinnyi, a new species of Clusia section Oedematopus (Clusiaceae)." Phytotaxa 309, no. 1 (2017): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.309.1.9.

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A new species of Clusia sect. Oedematopus is described and illustrated. The species can be distinguished from others in this section mainly by its 14–31 stamens in staminate flowers, 8–10 staminodes in pistillate flowers and discontinuous secretory canals visible on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade.

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Barabé, Denis, Christian Lacroix, and Bernard Jeune. "The game of numbers in homeotic flowers of Philodendron (Araceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 10 (2004): 1459–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-115.

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In Philodendron, pistillate flowers are initiated on the proximal portion of the inflorescence and staminate flowers are initiated on the distal portion. Between the staminate and pistillate flowers, there is a transition zone consisting of sterile male flowers adjacent to the male zone and a row of atypical bisexual flowers between the sterile male zone and the female zone. The portion of the atypical bisexual flower facing the male zone forms stamens, and the portion facing the female zone develops into an incomplete gynoecium with few carpels. The atypical bisexual flowers of Philodendron are believed to be a case of homeosis where carpels are replaced by sterile stamens on the same whorl. In Philodendron melinonii Brongniart ex Regel, Philodendron pedatum (Hooker) Kunth, Philodendron squamiferum Poeppig., and Philodendron solimoesense A.C. Smith, there is a significant quantitative relationship between the number of carpels and the number of staminodes involved in the homeotic transformation in atypical bisexual flowers. On the other hand, such a significant correlation does not exist in Philodendron fragrantissimum (Hooker) Kunth and Philodendron insigne Schott, and Philodendron callosum K. Krause. There is a one to one organ replacement in homeotic flowers in both P. pedatum and P. squamiferum whereas, in P. solimoesense, an average of 2.56 staminodes replace one carpel. The average number of organs developing on an atypical bisexual flower and the number of organs involved in a homeotic transformation appear to be two independent phenomena. The number of carpels in female flowers is correlated with the maximum total number of appendages (carpels and staminodes) that can develop in atypical bisexual flowers.Key words: development, inflorescence, gradient, position, information.

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Hawk, Jessica L., and Vincent J. Tepedino. "THE EFFECT OF STAMINODE REMOVAL ON FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS IN A WYOMING POPULATION OF THE ENDANGERED BLOWOUT PENSTEMON, PENSTEMON HAYDENII (SCROPHULARIACEAE)." Madroño 54, no. 1 (2007): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3120/0024-9637(2007)54[22:teosro]2.0.co;2.

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Pancaningtyas, Sulistyani. "The evaluation of java fine flavor cocoa propagation through somatic embryogenesis technique for germplasm preservation." E3S Web of Conferences 306 (2021): 01056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130601056.

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Somatic embryogenesis is one of the newest technology that applied for the mass production of cocoa. This research aims to evaluate the regeneration rate of somatic embryos through somatic embryogenesis propagation techniques on java fine flavor cocoa. Cultivars in this study are ICCRI 01, ICCRI 02, DR 1, DR 2, DRC 16, DR 38, PNT 16, and PNT 30. Observations include parameters to determine the percentage of primary callus and embryogenic callus formation and the number of somatic embryos produced. Based on data, the ability of callus to produce primary embryos is highly dependent on plant cultivars and explant sources. Five cultivars showed a higher regeneration rate using explants from the petal part, while the rest showed a higher regeneration rate using explants from the staminode section. Embryogenic callus from each cacao cultivar has the same basic structure: a nodular friable structure consisting of many embryonic cells. Some fine flavor cacao cultivars that were able to produce callus and primary somatic embryos could not produce secondary somatic embryos and plantlets. However, two cultivars, which had low potential in producing primary embryos, had the high ability to produce secondary somatic embryos and develop into plantlets.

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