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Pagliusi, Sonia R., and Suzanne M. Garland. "International Standard Reagents for HPV Detection." Disease Markers 23, no. 4 (2007): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/591826.
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Humam papillomavirus is the commonest genital viral infection in healthy sexually active subjects, and the presence of chronic or persistent HPV types in genital cells may constitute a prognostic marker of underlying, or predict future HPV-associated diseases. A variety of novel tests for detecting the presence of oncogenic HPV types in biological specimens have been reported. These are based on the various stages of infection and viral life cycle. HPV infects squamous epithelium with expression of various gene products intimately linked to epithelial cell differentiation. Hence, there are basically three classes of detectable markers directly derived from HPVs: molecular markers based on detection of nucleic acid sequences, serological markers based on detection of antibodies against viral proteins, and cellular markers based on detection of proteins expressed intracellularly, upon either infection or carcinogenesis. The nature of various assays and the development of international standard reagents for qualitative and quantitative assessment of assay performance are outlined. There is an increasing demand to develop standard tools to assess the quality of HPV detection systems, for regulatory and clinical management purposes. International standard reagents for HPV will help defining the analytical sensitivity and specificity of various detection methods, and will allow assuring that laboratory services used to evaluate disease burden, HPV vaccines, and cancer prevention strategies are accurate and comparable worldwide. The advancement of prophylactic vaccine candidates against HPV infections and related diseases stresses the increasing importance of HPV assays in monitoring the impact of HPV vaccination on disease burden.
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Hasić, Sabaheta, Emina Kiseljaković, Radivoj Jadrić, Jovan Radovanović, and Mira Winterhalter-Jadrić. "Cardiac troponin I: the gold standard in acute myocardial infarction diagnosis." Bosnian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2003): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17305/bjbms.2003.3527.
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Cardiovascular diseases are leading cause of morbidity in the world. Measurement of the level of biochemical markers in the serum is one of World Health Organisation (WHO) criteria in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Non-specific clinical state of patients and insufficiently sensitive electrocardiographic (ECG) diagnostics, at patient's hospital admission time, point out the importance of biochemical markers in acute myocardial infarction diagnosis. Technology development and new diagnostic methods lead to the invention of highly sensitive and specific marker as myocardialdamage evidence. Cardiac Troponin I (cTnI) is specific marker for myocardial damage1. Its elevation in the serum within myocardial ischemia symptomatology is important in diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
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Conti, Angela, Laura Corte, Debora Casagrande Pierantoni, Vincent Robert, and Gianluigi Cardinali. "What Is the Best Lens? Comparing the Resolution Power of Genome-Derived Markers and Standard Barcodes." Microorganisms 9, no. 2 (2021): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020299.
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Fungal species delimitation was traditionally carried out with multicopy ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, principally for their ease of amplification. Since the efficacy of these markers has been questioned, single-copy protein-encoding genes have been proposed alone or in combination for Multi-Locus Sequence Typing (MLST). In this context, the role of the many sequences obtained with Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) techniques, in both genomics and metagenomics, further pushes toward an analysis of the efficacy of NGS-derived markers and of the metrics to evaluate the marker efficacy in discriminating fungal species. This paper aims at proposing MeTRe (Mean Taxonomic Resolution), a novel index that could be used both for measuring marker efficacy and for assessing the actual resolution (i.e., the level of separation) between species obtained with different markers or their combinations. In this paper, we described and then employed this index to compare the efficacy of two rRNAs and four single-copy markers obtained from public databases as both an amplicon-based approach and genome-derived sequences. Two different groups of species were used, one with a pathogenic species of Candida that was characterized by relatively well-separated taxa, whereas the other, comprising some relevant species of the sensu stricto group of the genus Saccharomyces, included close species and interspecific hybrids. The results showed the ability of MeTRe to evaluate marker efficacy in general and genome-derived markers specifically.
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Baek, Ji, Hyeonwi Son, Young-Hoon Jeong, Sang Park, and Hyun Kim. "Chronological Aging Standard Curves of Telomere Length and Mitochondrial DNA Copy Number in Twelve Tissues of C57BL/6 Male Mouse." Cells 8, no. 3 (2019): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells8030247.
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The changes in telomere length and mitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNAcn) are considered to be aging markers. However, many studies have provided contradictory or only fragmentary information about changes of these markers in animal models, due to inaccurate analysis methods and a lack of objective aging standards. To establish chronological aging standards for these two markers, we analyzed telomere length and mtDNAcn in 12 tissues—leukocytes, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland, retina, aorta, liver, kidney, spleen, skeletal muscle, and skin—from a commonly used rodent model, C57BL/6 male mice aged 2–24 months. It was found that at least one of the markers changed age-dependently in all tissues. In the leukocytes, hippocampus, retina, and skeletal muscle, both markers changed age-dependently. As a practical application, the aging marker changes were analyzed after chronic immobilization stress (CIS) to see whether CIS accelerated aging or not. The degree of tissue-aging was calculated using each standard curve and found that CIS accelerated aging in a tissue-specific manner. Therefore, it is expected that researchers can use our standard curves to objectively estimate tissue-specific aging accelerating effects of experimental conditions for least 12 tissues in C57BL/6 male mice.
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Holt, N. W. "Calibration curves for the determination of low levels of chromium in feces." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 1 (1993): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-010.
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Chromic sesquioxide is an indigestible marker commonly used in grazing trials. Experiments were conducted to establish a procedure for preparing standard calibration curves for determination of low levels of chromium (Cr) in feces from animals dosed with Cr markers. The calibration curves (prepared using blank feces) were compared with feces-free standards to evaluate the effect of feces on the results. The presence of digested feces reduced the absorption of Cr by 0–5%. The slopes of the calibration curves prepared by digesting the Cr standards with feces were 79–90% of the slopes of standard curves prepared in a feces-free background. When the fecal organic matter was removed by heating with nitric acid followed by digestion with perchloric acid, then the standard Cr could be added with the perchloric acid to best simulate the effect of the acids on apparent loss of chromic oxide in the unknowns. It was essential that feces used for calibration purposes be obtained from animals grazing the same forages as used by the Cr-dosed animals. Key words: Chromic oxide, acid digest, fecal markers
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Kaufmann, Manfred, and Lajos Pusztai. "Use of standard markers and incorporation of molecular markers into breast cancer therapy." Cancer 117, no. 8 (2010): 1575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cncr.25660.
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عبد الرازق, أحمد سوکارنو. "The Development of Agreement Markers in Standard Arabic." مجلة کلیة الآداب بقنا 1, no. 1 (1991): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/qarts.1991.114737.
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Katsanis, Sara H., and Jennifer K. Wagner. "Characterization of the Standard and Recommended CODIS Markers*." Journal of Forensic Sciences 58 (August 24, 2012): S169—S172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02253.x.
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Ivic, Milka. "Unexpectedness and its pragmatic markers in standard serbian." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 60 (2004): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0460015i.
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The paper sets about to identify something researchers fail to consider: the principles that in Standard Serbian govern the occurrence of the pragmatic devices vec, jos, jos uvek, and vise (ne..) by means of which the speaker discloses that the information about an actual state of affairs he is giving to his conversation partner happens to be an unexpected news for him. It highlights also the informational effects of vec on somebody who is listening to the conversation between the speaker and the addressee but who does not share in all details their stock of knowledge about the conversational topic and it rises the relevant question of the theoretical status of such effects.
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Ozonoff, Sally, Sally J. Rogers, James M. Farnham, and Bruce F. Pennington. "Can standard measures identify subclinical markers of autism?" Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 23, no. 3 (1993): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01046049.
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Dong, Xin, Fangyuan Zheng, Xin Liu, et al. "Simultaneous Quantitative Analysis of Q-Marker with One Single Reference in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch." Journal of Chromatographic Science 58, no. 6 (2020): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/bmaa015.
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Abstract In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) studies, it is difficult to choose evaluation markers for the strict quality control of herbs. A high performance liquid chromatography coupled with metabolomics for simultaneous quantitative analysis of quality markers (Q-markers) in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch was established, which could not only ensure the quality and batch-to-batch consistency of TCMs, but also achieve a quantitative analysis of multi-components by the single reference standard. Based on the construction of chromatographic profiles by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-Q-Exactive/MS methods, different multivariate analyses were employed. Seven quantitative indices were selected as the Q-markers, and a reliable quantification method was established. The quantitative method was acceptable with good linearity with correlation coefficients >0.9993 and satisfactory repeatability (relative standard deviation (RSD) < 0.05%), precision (RSD < 0.24%), reproducibility (RSD < 0.97%), stability (RSD < 2.52%) and recoveries (96.96%—98.52%, RSD < 3.24%), and no significant differences were observed between the external standard method and the new method as determined by calculating standard method difference. Overall, the study suggests that the simultaneous quantitative analysis of main Q-marker in G. uralensis Fisch with one single marker can be considered good quality criteria for performing quality control of G. uralensis Fisch.
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El Amrani, Khadija, Gregorio Alanis-Lobato, Nancy Mah, Andreas Kurtz, and Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro. "Detection of condition-specific marker genes from RNA-seq data with MGFR." PeerJ 7 (May 27, 2019): e6970. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6970.
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The identification of condition-specific genes is key to advancing our understanding of cell fate decisions and disease development. Differential gene expression analysis (DGEA) has been the standard tool for this task. However, the amount of samples that modern transcriptomic technologies allow us to study, makes DGEA a daunting task. On the other hand, experiments with low numbers of replicates lack the statistical power to detect differentially expressed genes. We have previously developed MGFM, a tool for marker gene detection from microarrays, that is particularly useful in the latter case. Here, we have adapted the algorithm behind MGFM to detect markers in RNA-seq data. MGFR groups samples with similar gene expression levels and flags potential markers of a sample type if their highest expression values represent all replicates of this type. We have benchmarked MGFR against other methods and found that its proposed markers accurately characterize the functional identity of different tissues and cell types in standard and single cell RNA-seq datasets. Then, we performed a more detailed analysis for three of these datasets, which profile the transcriptomes of different human tissues, immune and human blastocyst cell types, respectively. MGFR’s predicted markers were compared to gold-standard lists for these datasets and outperformed the other marker detectors. Finally, we suggest novel candidate marker genes for the examined tissues and cell types. MGFR is implemented as a freely available Bioconductor package (https://doi.org/doi:10.18129/B9.bioc.MGFR), which facilitates its use and integration with bioinformatics pipelines.
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Vazquez Rocha, Lucia, Ian Macdonald, Marjan Alssema, and Kristine Færch. "The Use and Effectiveness of Selected Alternative Markers for Insulin Sensitivity and Secretion Compared with Gold Standard Markers in Dietary Intervention Studies in Individuals without Diabetes: Results of a Systematic Review." Nutrients 14, no. 10 (2022): 2036. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14102036.
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Background: The gold-standard techniques for measuring insulin sensitivity and secretion are well established. However, they may be perceived as invasive and expensive for use in dietary intervention studies. Thus, surrogate markers have been proposed as alternative markers for insulin sensitivity and secretion. This systematic review aimed to identify markers of insulin sensitivity and secretion in response to dietary intervention and assess their suitability as surrogates for the gold-standard methodology. Methods: Three databases, PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane were searched, intervention studies and randomised controlled trials reporting data on dietary intake, a gold standard of analysis of insulin sensitivity (either euglycaemic-hyperinsulinaemic clamp or intravenous glucose tolerance test and secretion (acute insulin response to glucose), as well as surrogate markers for insulin sensitivity (either fasting insulin, area under the curve oral glucose tolerance tests and HOMA-IR) and insulin secretion (disposition index), were selected. Results: We identified thirty-five studies that were eligible for inclusion. We found insufficient evidence to predict insulin sensitivity and secretion with surrogate markers when compared to gold standards in nutritional intervention studies. Conclusions: Future research is needed to investigate if surrogate measures of insulin sensitivity and secretion can be repeatable and reproducible in the same way as gold standards.
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Arifuddin, Jamil Aulia,. "TINDAK TUTUR IMPERATIF (KALĀM AL-AMR) DALAM TEKS DRAMA A’S-SULTHĀN AL-CHĀˈIR KARYA TAUFIQ AL-CHAKIM (ANALISIS PRAGMATIK)". Jurnal CMES 12, № 1 (2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.1.34871.
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This study discusses the imperative speech acts markers and their functions in a drama entitled a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir a work by Taufiq Al-Chakim. This study aimed at identifying the imperative speech acts markers and explaining the functions of those imperative speech acts in a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir drama. This study is a typical qualitative research. The method of data collection in this study used the attentive observation method followed by the basic tapping and advanced note-taking techniques. The data in this study are clauses or sentences which realize the imperative speech acts. The method applied in analyzing the data is the distributional method which technically followed by the technique of direct elements and the pragmatic equivalent method. Having analyzed 208 data which constitute of 220 sentences, the results are as follow: (1) the imperative speech acts in a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir drama a work by Taufiq Al-Chakim were realized in standard and non-standard markers, with more standard markers than non-standard markers. The standard markers were realized by the fi’l al-amr marker as many as 186 words, ism fi’l al-amr as many as 41 words (typical repetition), mashdar which represents fi’l al-amr as many as 25 words, and fi’l al-mudhāri’ which are attached to the particle lām al-amr as many as 16 words. The non-standard markers are realized with declarative sentences or kalām al-khabar as many as 7 sentences and the interrogative sentences or istifhām as many as 4 sentences. (2) the imperative speech acts in a’s-Sulthān al-Chāˈir drama a work by Taufiq Al-Chakim has various functions among others for commanding as many as 100 sentences, inviting or offering were found as many as 60 sentences, requesting as many as 34 sentences, advising as many as 14 sentences, threatening of 7 sentences, weakening as many as 2 sentences, allowing as many as 2 sentences, and giving a choice was found 1 sentence.
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Speeckaert, Marijn M., Jesse Seegmiller, Griet Glorieux, et al. "Measured Glomerular Filtration Rate: The Query for a Workable Golden Standard Technique." Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, no. 10 (2021): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11100949.
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Inulin clearance has, for a long time, been considered as the reference method to determine measured glomerular filtration rates (mGFRs). However, given the known limitations of the standard marker, serum creatinine, and of inulin itself, and the frequent need for accurate GFR estimations, several other non-radioactive (iohexol and iothalamate) and radioactive (51Cr-EDTA, 99mTc-DTPA, 125I iothalamate) exogenous mGFR filtration markers are nowadays considered the most accurate options to evaluate GFR. The availability of 51Cr-EDTA is limited, and all methods using radioactive tracers necessitate specific safety precautions. Serum- or plasma-based certified reference materials for iohexol and iothalamate and evidence-based protocols to accurately and robustly measure GFR (plasma vs. urinary clearance, single-sample vs. multiple-sample strategy, effect of sampling time delay) are lacking. This leads to substantial variation in reported mGFR results across studies and questions the scientific reliability of the alternative mGFR methods as the gold standard to evaluate kidney function. On top of the scientific discussion, regulatory issues are further narrowing the clinical use of mGFR methods. Therefore, this review is a call for standardization of mGFR in terms of three aspects: the marker, the analytical method to assess concentrations of that marker, and the procedure to determine GFR in practice. Moreover, there is also a need for an endogenous filtration marker or a panel of filtration markers from a single blood draw that would allow estimation of GFR as accurately as mGFR, and without the need for application of anthropometric, clinical, and demographic characteristics.
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Sanjana, Lubaba. "Development Sequence of Person Markers in Pre-school Children." Crossings: A Journal of English Studies 9 (August 1, 2018): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.59817/cjes.v9i.117.
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This study investigates the development sequence of person markers in pre-school children. It observed participants’ accurate use of person markers through a picturesupported elicitation task. Ten children with normal language development, aged between 2.5 and 4 years, participated in the task. Eight different verbs with three person markers for progressive aspect in present tense were elicited from participants. The mean score and standard deviation for each person marker used indicated that participants faced difficulty in producing accurate second person marker. Each participant showed highest accuracy in producing third person marker for each verb form. An implication of the study can be to determine the accuracy order of verbal inflection based on person markers in the process of Bengali language acquisition in children. It can also be helpful in cross-linguistic studies on morphological development of young children.
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Morris, J. K., and N. J. Wald. "Graphical presentation of distributions of risk in screening." Journal of Medical Screening 12, no. 3 (2005): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0969141054855283.
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Objective: The screening performance of tests involving multiple markers is usually presented visually as two Gaussian relative frequency distributions of risk, one curve relating to affected and the other to unaffected individuals. If the distribution of the underlying screening markers is approximately Gaussian, risk estimates based on the same markers will usually also be approximately Gaussian. However, this approximation sometimes fails. Here we examine the circumstances when this occurs. Setting: A theoretical statistical analysis. Methods: Hypothetical log Gaussian relative distributions of affected and unaffected individuals were generated for three antenatal screening markers for Down's syndrome. Log likelihood ratios were calculated for each marker value and plots of the relative frequency distributions were compared with plots of Gaussian distributions based on the means and standard deviations of these log likelihood ratios. Results: When the standard deviations of the distributions of a perfectly Gaussian screening marker are similar in affected and unaffected individuals, the distributions of risk estimates are also approximately Gaussian. If the standard deviations differ materially, incorrectly assuming that the distributions of the risk estimates are Gaussian creates a graphical anomaly in which the distributions of risk in affected and unaffected individuals plotted on a continuous risk scale intersect in two places. This is theoretically impossible. Plotting the risk distributions empirically reveals that all individuals have an estimated risk above a specified value. For individuals with more extreme marker values, the risk estimates reverse and increase instead of continuing to decrease. Conclusion: It is useful to check whether a Gaussian approximation for the distribution of risk estimates based on a screening marker is valid. If the value of the marker level at which risk reversal occurs lies within the set truncation limits, these may need to be reset, and a Gaussian model may be inappropriate to illustrate the risk distributions.
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Walters, Kimberly J., George L. Hosfield, and James D. Kelly. "463 PB 298 IDENTIFICATION OF RAPD MARKERS ASSOCIATED WITH CANNING QUALITY IN NAVY BEANS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (1994): 497e—497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.497e.
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Ninety-eight percent of the navy beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) grown in the US are processed. Thus, new cultivars considered for release must meet industry standards. Canning quality behaves as a classical QTL which precludes its selection and evaluation in early generations. Such delays add a measure of inefficiency to a breeding program. Indirect selection for canning quality using molecular markers could increase efficiency. RAPD markers are more useful than RFLP's, in Phaseolus, due to a simpler protocol and a higher level of polymorphism within genetically related cultivars. Three populations of RIL's, derived from crosses between cultivars with standard and sub-standard canning quality, were screened to identify markers associated with canning quality. Material for evaluation was grown at two locations, in three replications and processed, in the Food Science Processing Lab, following industry standards. Quality traits measured were: processed texture, color and appearance. Associations of putative markers with canning quality were identified using ANOVA and Mapmaker programs
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Stilgenbauer, Stephan. "Prognostic markers and standard management of chronic lymphocytic leukemia." Hematology 2015, no. 1 (2015): 368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/asheducation-2015.1.368.
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Abstract Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is usually diagnosed in early stage, asymptomatic patients, and, although a wealth of prognostic parameters have been identified, the standard approach is a “watch and wait” strategy irrespective of risk factors. Therapy is only indicated if “active disease” criteria (International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia guidelines) are met, and the routine upfront treatment is a combination of CD20 antibody (rituximab, ofatumumab or obinutuzumab) and chemotherapy (fludarabine /cyclophosphamide, bendamustine, chlorambucil), with the choice mainly determined by physical fitness of the patient. The major subgroup in which this approach does not result into satisfactory efficacy is in CLL with 17p deletion (17p−) or TP53 mutation (TP53mut). Likewise, patients with a short initial response duration (i.e., <24-26 months) have a dismal outcome with chemoimmunotherapy salvage. Therefore, these patients have been referred to as “ultra high risk,” and, in these subgroups, novel agents such as signaling kinase inhibitors (also termed B-cell receptor signaling inhibitors; e.g., ibrutinib targeting Bruton tryosine kinase, idelalisib targeting phosphoinositide 3-kinase) and BCL2 antagonists (venetoclax, formerly ABT-199/GDC-0199) have shown dramatic efficacy. Ibrutinib and idelalisib are currently approved for the treatment of relapsed or refractory CLL or frontline treatment of 17p−/TP53mut CLL regardless of fitness. Therefore, these agents are challenging the concept of adjusting treatment to fitness and TP53 status, because they offer remarkable efficacy combined with exceptional tolerability. Nevertheless, it appears that 17p−/TP53mut retains an adverse prognostic impact, making additional improvement a primary research goal aimed at the development of the best combinations and/or sequences of these new agents, as well as prognostic and predictive markers guiding their use.
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Roos, P. J., M. L. Hull, and S. M. Howell. "How Cyclic Loading Affects the Migration of Radio-Opaque Markers Attached to Tendon Grafts Using a New Method: A Study Using Roentgen Stereophotogrammetric Analysis (RSA)." Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 126, no. 1 (2004): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1644568.
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An increase in anterior laxity following reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) can result from lengthening of the graft construct in either the regions of fixation and/or the region of the graft substance between the fixations. RSA could be a useful technique to determine lengthening in these regions if a method can be devised for attaching radio-opaque markers to soft tissue grafts so that marker migration from repeated loading of the graft is limited. Therefore, the objectives of this study were 1) to develop a method for attaching radio-opaque markers to an ACL graft that limits marker migration within the graft, 2) to characterize the error of an RSA system used to study migration, and 3) to determine the maximum amount of migration and the time when it occurs during cyclic loading of ACL grafts. Tendon markers were constructed from a 0.8-mm tantalum ball and a stainless steel suture. Ten double-looped tendon grafts were passed through tibial tunnels drilled in bovine tibias and fixed with a tibial fixation device. Two tendon markers were sewn to one tendon bundle of each graft and the grafts were cyclically loaded for 225,000 cycles from 20 N to 170 N. At specified intervals, simultaneous radiographs were obtained of the tendon markers and a radiographic standard of known length. The bias and imprecision in measuring the length of the radiographic standard were 0.0 and 0.046 mm respectively. Marker migration was computed as the change in distance between the two tendon markers along the axis of the tibial tunnel. Marker migration was greatest after 225,000 cycles with a root mean square (RMS) value of less than 0.2 mm. Because the RMS value indicates the error introduced into measurements of lengthening and because this error is small, the method described for attaching markers to an ACL graft has the potential to be useful for determining lengthening of ACL graft constructs in in vivo studies in humans.
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Sinitsyna, Yulia. "Comparative constructions of equality in Ossetic." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 6 (2023): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2023.6.49-66.
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The study deals with equative (‘Mary is as tall as Peter’) and similative (‘Mary sings like Peter’) constructions in the Iron dialect of Ossetic. I focus on the morphosyntactic and semantic features of constructions with Standard markers -aw and χʷəžзn. The morphosyntactic criteria I am using are the part of speech of the Standard of comparison (Peter) as well as the syntactic position of the Comparee (Mary). As for the semantics, I am looking at the type of the construction — equative, similative, or predicative (She is like her sister) — and at the referential status of the Standard of comparison (specific or generic). With both markers, the Comparee can occupy a rather low syntactic position. The Standard of comparison can also be a non-finite verb form, apart from a noun phrase. The main difference between the two Standard markers is their semantics. The equative case -aw tends to be used in similative constructions and expresses a comparison of manner. The predominance of generic Standards in constructions with -aw can be explained by the scope of comparison. Referring to a predicate, the -aw form modifies an action or attribute, comparing it with another action or attribute. Comparison of the two situations as a whole allows -aw to be combined with specific Standards, which turned out to be less acceptable otherwise. The postposition χʷəžзn can occur both in equative and similative constructions; in addition, it can mark a Standard used as an attribute of the Comparee.
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Vincent, Diane. "The journey of non-standard discourse markers in Quebec French." Journal of Historical Pragmatics 6, no. 2 (2005): 188–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.6.2.03vin.
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In this study, I look at the history of several non-standard discourse markers in Quebec French. I attempt to explain how certain markers have become specialized so as to take on a conventional role in spoken discourse. Furthermore, my current interest focuses on discourse markers and their relationship with discursive structures. I will illustrate the organization of discursive “networks” through the presentation of two case studies, the exemplification/opposition network — from the study of par exemple —, and the exemplification/approximation network, from the study of mettons, disons, comme, genre and style. Data are taken from sociolinguistic corpora of French spoken in Montreal, which total approximately 300 hours of sociolinguistic interviews carried out in 1971, 1984 and 1995 with speakers who are representative of the Montreal francophone sociolinguistic community.
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Mathura, Shivam, Vicki Kay Fung, Keshava Dilwali, and Ashwin Subramanian Lakshmanan. "Incorporating molecular markers in standard prognostic models for DLBCL patients using real-world data." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (2020): e19251-e19251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e19251.
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e19251 Background: NCCN-IPI is a prognostic scoring system that outperforms other risk classification mechanisms in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) but does not consider the molecular profile of patients. We evaluated the predictive value of NCCN-IPI and clinically relevant molecular markers on the overall survival (OS) of patients with diagnosed DLBCL in real-world data (RWD). Methods: Patients diagnosed with DLBCL were identified in the COTA RWD population, and then subset to those with sufficient attributes to calculate NCCN-IPI at diagnosis (age, stage, LDH ratio, performance status, extranodal disease) and those who received a monoclonal antibody targeting CD20 (n = 383). This population was further filtered to patients tested for BCL-2, BCL-6, and C-MYC (n = 176). Disease characteristics were summarized using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests of independence were performed to assess the relationship between NCCN-IPI Risk-Group and molecular marker results. A Cox proportional hazard model was used to identify prognostic features of OS. Results: There were statistically significant relationships between NCCN-IPI Risk-Group and both BCL-2 (p = 0.007) and C-MYC (p < 0.001) after Bonferroni correction for the number of molecular markers tested. A Cox proportional hazard model with the three molecular markers as covariates revealed a statistically significant correlation between the presence of C-MYC alteration and decreased OS (HR = 2.02, CI: 1.24-3.32, p = 0.005). However, when NCCN-IPI Risk-Group was added as a covariate, the relationship between C-MYC and OS was no longer significant. The hazard ratios associated with high-intermediate and high risk groups were larger than that of the low-intermediate group. All three of these risk groups were statistically significant in the model (p < 0.038). Conclusions: The inclusion of molecular markers to the NCCN-IPI prognostic model did not increase predictive power in this RWD cohort. We validated the NCCN-IPI model and found it to be a robust tool for classifying risk and estimating OS in patients who have received a CD20 monoclonal antibody. A larger sample size would increase power to further explore the impact of molecular markers on overall survival. [Table: see text]
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Molina, Mariya. "SIMILATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS IN HITTITE «SONG OF ULLIKUMMI»." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 1 (49) (May 26, 2020): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2020-49-1-60-73.
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The article is aimed at the analysis of similative constructions with the semantics «X like Y» in Hittite epos the «Song of Ullikummi». Contextual analysis allows the author to detect this type of collocations without any markers like asyndetic
 constructions (with juxtaposition, a chain of accusatives).
 The author of the article has studied the word order in these constructions. It has been shown that the similarity phrase regularly takes place in the immediate preverbal position after the object and the adverbial modifier of place in a linear
 structure. It is interesting to find contexts with a standard of comparison in the initial position of the clause, which points out to the upper (and marked) focus position. This type of placement mostly correlates with right dislocations, frequent in
 the Hittite poetic language. As for the linear word order, constructions with conjunction «like X», as a rule, appear as a sequence «a comparee – a standard of comparison – a marker of
 the standard». The rare sequences «a standard – a comparee – a marker» show markedness connected to the needs for information structure, which demands further research. In asyndetic constructions the standard sequence appears as «a comparee – a standard». In the paper it has been shown that similative constructions in the «Song of Ullikummi» actually lost the proper similarity semantics and serve as markers of certain qualities of poetic images.
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Darvasi, A., A. Weinreb, V. Minke, J. I. Weller, and M. Soller. "Detecting marker-QTL linkage and estimating QTL gene effect and map location using a saturated genetic map." Genetics 134, no. 3 (1993): 943–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/134.3.943.
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Abstract A simulation study was carried out on a backcross population in order to determine the effect of marker spacing, gene effect and population size on the power of marker-quantitative trait loci (QTL) linkage experiments and on the standard error of maximum likelihood estimates (MLE) of QTL gene effect and map location. Power of detecting a QTL was virtually the same for a marker spacing of 10 cM as for an infinite number of markers and was only slightly decreased for marker spacing of 20 or even 50 cM. The advantage of using interval mapping as compared to single-marker analysis was slight. "Resolving power" of a marker-QTL linkage experiment was defined as the 95% confidence interval for the QTL map location that would be obtained when scoring an infinite number of markers. It was found that reducing marker spacing below the resolving power did not add appreciably to narrowing the confidence interval. Thus, the 95% confidence interval with infinite markers sets the useful marker spacing for estimating QTL map location for a given population size and estimated gene effect.
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Crook, J. M., Y. Raymond, D. Salhani, H. Yang, and B. Esche. "Prostate motion during standard radiotherapy as assessed by fiducial markers." Radiotherapy and Oncology 37, no. 1 (1995): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8140(95)01613-l.
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Loriot, Yohann, Pierre Mordant, Eric Deutsch, Ken André Olaussen, and Jean-Charles Soria. "Are RAS mutations predictive markers of resistance to standard chemotherapy?" Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 6, no. 9 (2009): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrclinonc.2009.106.
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Davies, Michael, Martin Allen, Andrew Bentley, et al. "British Thoracic Society Quality Standards for acute non-invasive ventilation in adults." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 5, no. 1 (2018): e000283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2018-000283.
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IntroductionThe purpose of the quality standards document is to provide healthcare professionals, commissioners, service providers and patients with a guide to standards of care that should be met for the provision of acute non-invasive ventilation in adults together with measurable markers of good practice.MethodsDevelopment of British Thoracic Society (BTS) Quality Standards follows the BTS process of quality standard production based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence process manual for the development of quality standards.Results6 quality statements have been developed, each describing a standard of care for the provision of acute non-invasive ventilation in the UK, together with measurable markers of good practice.ConclusionBTS Quality Standards for acute non-invasive ventilation in adults form a key part of the range of supporting materials that the Society produces to assist in the dissemination and implementation of guideline’s recommendations.
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Kim, Doyoung, Jae Hwan Bong, and Seongkyun Jeong. "Enhancing Pose Estimation Using Multiple Graphical Markers with Spatial and Temporal Outlier Detection." Applied Sciences 14, no. 22 (2024): 10225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142210225.
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This paper presents a novel approach to enhance pose estimation accuracy and precision in mobile robotics using multiple graphical markers. While traditional single-marker methods using graphical markers such as ArUco offer simple implementation, their performance is susceptible to environmental variations and measurement errors. To address these limitations, we propose a robust pose estimation algorithm that leverages multiple markers simultaneously. Our approach incorporates two key mechanisms: spatial consistency verification to detect invalid markers within the marker array, and temporal stability analysis to identify and exclude outlier measurements. The algorithm enhances pose estimation accuracy by averaging measurements from valid markers while preventing any single marker from dominating the estimation process. The effectiveness of our approach was validated through experiments using both fixed and drone-mounted camera configurations. The results demonstrated that the pose estimation using multiple markers significantly improved both accuracy and precision compared with single-marker approaches. In fixed-camera experiments, the proposed method showed reduced mean errors and standard deviations in both position and orientation measurements across various camera poses. Similarly, in drone-mounted camera experiments, our approach exhibited superior stability with significantly lower measurement variations during hovering maneuvers. These improvements were particularly pronounced in challenging scenarios, such as when the camera was tilted at large angles relative to the marker plane. This research contributes to the advancement of reliable pose estimation methodologies in mobile robotics and autonomous systems, with potential applications across diverse environments where precise position and orientation measurements are crucial.
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Munda, Mihael. "Molecular tissue markers integrated: A mathematical model approach to evaluating and predicting prostate cancer using molecular tissue markers." Acta Medico-Biotechnica 17, no. 2 (2024): 42–50. https://doi.org/10.18690/actabiomed.279.
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Purpose: The standard criteria available for the diagnosis of prostate cancer often do not sufficiently predict the course or outcome of this common disease. Evaluating molecular tissue markers, especially those that mark apoptosis and proliferation, in an integrated mathematical model, could contribute to a better understanding of the development and pathogenesis of this disease, aid in the selection of adequate therapies, and open new avenues of therapeutic research. Materials and methods: Paraffin-embedded prostatectomy specimens were stained according to an immunohistochemical protocol for p53, bcl-2, and CD105. A mathematical model was developed, which incorporated values of tissue markers according to their apoptotic/proliferative characteristics. Results: The results of tissue marker expression and mathematical modeling were correlated with patient clinical data. We showed that tissue marker values correlated better with clinical data when tissue markers values were incorporated in a mathematical model than when applied alone.
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Ezenwafor, Chibunma Amara. "Vowel Harmony Peculiarities in Ekwulobia Igbo." CLAREP Journal of English and Linguistics 1 (October 10, 2019): 201–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.56907/gat43b0c.
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Patterns of vowel harmony in the Igbo language vary from one variant of Igbo to the other. Employing a descriptive framework, this study examines the operations of vowels and their harmonic peculiarities in the Ekwulobia dialect of Igbo. It established that Ekwulobia Igbo has eight phonemic vowels dividing neatly into two sets, and one phonetic vowel [ɛ] that occurs in a mutually exclusive environment. Unlike the Standard and the Onitsha Igbo, the perfective marker suffix in Ekwulobia Igbo adheres strictly to vowel harmony rule within the perfective verb form. Observed also is the fact that the cv (where c is the alveolar nasal /n/) and vcv (where c is the voiced glottal fricative /h/) demonstrative markers also conform to the vowel harmony rule; a pattern which is not obtainable in Standard and the Onitsha Igbo. Finally, in marking negation in the Ekwulobia Igbo, there is a strict correspondence of the vowel of the suffix with the vowel of the root. It might suffice to say, therefore; that in the Ekwulobia Igbo, there seems to be a stronger harmony pattern as demonstrated in the perfective marker suffix, demonstrative markers, and negation marker suffix than seems to operate in the Standard and Onitsha Igbo dialects, a feature which is quite peculiar to it.
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Kogan, Yuri, Shmuel Shannon, Eldad Taub, Marina Kleiman, Moran Elishmereni, and Zvia Agur. "Predicting imminent disease progression in advanced colorectal cancer by a machine-learning algorithm." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 4_suppl (2019): 645. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.4_suppl.645.
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645 Background: In advanced cancers, predicting disease progression just before its clinical manifestation enables an earlier switch to the next treatment line, preventing deterioration in the patient's state and potentially improving survival. Yet, given the ambiguity of current tumor markers in alerting to progression, physicians are unable to forecast this key event. We developed a diagnostic algorithm for announcing an approaching disease progression in late-stage colorectal cancer (CRC) patients by processing continuous carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) input. Methods: Longitudinally measured CEA data of advanced CRC patients treated by standard 1st line chemotherapies, collected from 2 clinical trials (projectdatasphere.org), served for algorithm development by machine-learning and training assisted by receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) analysis and correlation tests. Performance was validated by cross-validation techniques. Results: CEA and response evaluations of 489 CRC patients (median follow-up time: 168 days) were processed by the algorithm, predicting disease progression with 57% sensitivity (100/175 progression events) and 88% specificity (21/175 false positives). Positive and negative predictive values, accuracy and Cohen’s kappa were 64%, 84%, 79% and 0.46, respectively. The algorithm’s predictive power was superior to that of standard statistical analyses of these CEA data (e.g., ROC). Conclusions: Our study offers a new approach to using tumor markers as prognosticators. The algorithm-amplified ability of CEA to predict progression in CRC complements our recent findings in lung cancer, where integration of CEA and 4 other markers provided 66% sensitivity in predicting progression, surpassing the low capacity of each separate marker. Conceivably, future algorithm-integration of multiple markers in CRC may also exceed the limited signal of a single marker. Clinical use of our algorithm, amplifying weak marker signals of imminent progression, should allow physicians to reliably harness tumor markers for improving treatment and potentially extending survival in cancer patients.
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Conley, Barbara A., and Sheila E. Taube. "Prognostic and Predictive Markers in Cancer." Disease Markers 20, no. 2 (2004): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/202031.
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The elucidation of the human genome and advances in knowledge about molecular abnormalities, signaling pathways, influence of the local tissue milieu and the relevance of genetic polymorphisms offer hope of designing more effective, individualized cancer treatment plans. Although the scientific and medical literature is replete with reports of putative prognostic or predictive markers for cancer, few new diagnostics have been incorporated into routine clinical practice. Criteria are needed to a) identify markers that have the promise to be clinically useful; b) assess the best methodology for clinical evaluation of the markers in question and c) confirm or validate that using the marker adds useful information compared to using standard prognostic factors alone. This review presents a methodology for the clinical evaluation of putative prognostic and predictive markers in cancer, with considerations of pitfalls in the early evaluation, rationale for development and optimization of assay methodology, and examples of possible clinical trials for assessing the clinical utility of putative markers.
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Condliffe, Robin, Paul Albert, Raza Alikhan, et al. "British Thoracic Society Quality Standards for outpatient management of pulmonary embolism." BMJ Open Respiratory Research 7, no. 1 (2020): e000636. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjresp-2020-000636.
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IntroductionThe purpose of the quality standards document is to provide healthcare professionals, commissioners, service providers and patients with a guide to standards of care that should be met for outpatient management of pulmonary embolism in the UK, together with measurable markers of good practice. Quality statements are based on the British Thoracic Society (BTS) Guideline for the Initial Outpatient Management of Pulmonary Embolism.MethodsDevelopment of BTS Quality Standards follows the BTS process of quality standard production based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence process manual for the development of quality standards.ResultsSix quality statements have been developed, each describing a standard of care for the outpatient management of pulmonary embolism in the UK, together with measurable markers of good practice.DiscussionBTS Quality Standards for Outpatient Management of Pulmonary Embolism form a key part of the range of supporting materials that the society produces to assist in the dissemination and implementation of a guideline’s recommendations.
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Valavane, Arvind, Rama Chaudhry, and Pawan Malhotra. "Multiplex polymerase chain reaction of genetic markers for detection of potentially pathogenic environmental Legionella pneumophila isolates." Indian Journal of Medical Research 146, no. 3 (2017): 392–400. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_623_16.
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Background & objectives: Genomic constitution of the bacterium Legionella pneumophila plays an important role in providing them a pathogenic potential. Here, we report the standardization and application of multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the detection of molecular markers of pathogenic potential in L. pneumophila in hospital environment. Methods: Culture of the standard strains of L. pneumophila was performed in buffered charcoal-yeast extract agar with L-cysteine at pH 6.9. Primers were designed for multiplex PCR, and standardization for the detection of five markers annotated to L. pneumophila plasmid pLPP (11A2), lipopolysaccharide synthesis (19H4), CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid synthetase (10B12), conjugative coupling factor (24B1) and hypothetical protein (8D6) was done. A total of 195 water samples and 200 swabs were collected from the hospital environment. The bacterium was isolated from the hospital environment by culture and confirmed by 16S rRNA gene PCR and restriction enzyme analysis. A total of 45 L. pneumophila isolates were studied using the standardized multiplex PCR. Results: The PCR was sensitive to detect 0.1 ng/μl DNA and specific for the two standard strains used in the study. Of the 45 hospital isolates tested, 11 isolates had four markers, 12 isolates had three markers, 10 isolates had two markers, nine isolates had one marker and three isolates had none of the markers. None of the isolates had all the five markers. Interpretation & conclusions: The findings of this study showed the presence of gene markers of pathogenic potential of the bacterium L. pneumophila. However, the genomic constitution of the environmental isolates should be correlated with clinical isolates to prove their pathogenic potential. Rapid diagnostic methods such as multiplex PCR reported here, for elucidating gene markers, could help in future epidemiological studies of bacterium L. pneumophila.
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Campara, Ema, Edina Lazovic-Salcin, Amira Skopljak, and Merita Tiric - Campara. "Applied Immunohistochemistry in Differential Diagnosis of Female Genital System PEComas." Sarajevo Medical Journal 2, no. 1 (2025): 41–51. https://doi.org/10.70119/0025-25.
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PEComa (Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors) are a rare type of tumor composed of cells exhibiting characteristics of smooth muscle cells and melanocytes. They most commonly occur in the female genital system. This study is a narrative review based on the differential diagnosis of tumors in the female genital system, focusing on PEComa. The aim of the research is to analyze the immunohistochemical markers characteristic of PEComa in the female genital system and compare them with markers of tumors that may appear in the differential diagnosis. Specifically, the study examines epithelioid smooth muscle tumor (STUMP), malignant melanoma, alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS), poorly differentiated endometrial carcinoma (EC) and trophoblastic tumors of the placenta (PSTT). Comparison of immunohistochemical markers of PEComa with markers of other tumors revealed that: PEComas show overlap in positive staining with STUMP, but are distinguished by markers such as HMB45, PNL2, MiTF, and MelanA/MART1; PEComas share some melanocytic markers with malignant melanoma, but differ in the expression of myogenic markers and hormone receptors; compared to ASPS, PEComas share some positive staining but differ in marker expression and negative staining; they differ from EC by the expression of specific markers such as MiTF and PAX8; PSTT show specificity for markers of trophoblastic differentiation and implantation, while PEComas emphasize melanocytic and myogenic differentiation. The general conclusion is that an accurate diagnosis of PEComa in the female genital system can only be achieved through a multidisciplinary approach. Immunohistochemical evaluation serves as a helpful tool, but standard morphological staining remains the gold standard. Also, the advanced diagnostic techniques, particularly next-generation sequencing, hold promise for enhancing the understanding and management of mPEComas. By uncovering the genomic landscape and facilitating targeted therapies, these methodologies may lead to more effective treatment and improved outcomes. Keywords: female genital system, epithelioid smooth muscle tumor, malignant melanoma, endometrial carcinoma, trophoblastic tumor.
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Schweistein, H., A. Rave, A. Glusman Bendersky, J. E. Ollech, and B. G. S. Ariella. "P1094 Serum Chitinase 3-like-1 (CHI3L1) is correlated to fecal calprotectin levels in IBD patients during pregnancy." Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 19, Supplement_1 (2025): i2011. https://doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjae190.1268.
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Abstract Background Monitoring inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) activity during pregnancy remains a challenge due to limitations of non-invasive markers. Although fecal calprotectin is considered a reliable marker, its utility is constrained by limited patient adherence and accessibility. Blood-based markers provide a more convenient alternative, however, standard markers like CRP and ESR have reduced reliability in pregnant IBD patients. Serum chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1) is a promising candidate biomarker due to its association with intestinal inflammation and its elevated levels in IBD patients.The aim of this study is to investigate whether serum CHI3L1 levels can reliably indicate disease activity in pregnant IBD patients by comparison with standard markers, including calprotectin, CRP, and ESR. Methods Pregnant IBD patients were recruited from our multidisciplinary IBD-MOM referral clinic for this IRB-approved, prospective observational study. Blood samples were collected for CHI3L1, CRP, and ESR levels during elective clinic visits, while stool samples were used to measure calprotectin levels. Each visit was classified as a distinct sample for analysis. Correlations between CHI3L1 and other inflammatory markers were assessed. Results A total of 124 samples from 80 pregnant IBD patients were collected, including 90 samples from 58 patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and 34 samples from 22 patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). The mean participant age was 30.52±5.84 years and mean gestational age at enrollment was 21.69±9.41 weeks. Samples were distributed across pregnancy trimesters, with 33 in the first, 49 in the second, and 42 in the third trimester. Significant positive correlations were observed among several inflammatory markers. Serum CHI3L1 levels showed the strongest correlation with calprotectin (r = .366, p = .008), suggesting its potential as an alternative inflammation indicator. CHI3L1 also had a moderate correlation with ESR (r = .358, p = .001) and a strong correlation with CRP (r = .614, p &lt; .001). CRP exhibited a moderate positive correlation with ESR (r = .478, p &lt; .001), while no significant correlation was found between CRP and calprotectin (r = .208, p = .101). Conclusion The findings suggest that serum CHI3L1 is a potential biomarker for monitoring disease activity in pregnant IBD patients, particularly as it correlates with fecal calprotectin. CHI3L1 may offer a practical, non-invasive alternative to traditional markers, improving disease monitoring during pregnancy when access to reliable indicators is limited. Further research is warranted to validate CHI3L1 as a standard marker in this patient population and to explore its utility in clinical settings.
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Todenhöfer, Tilman, Michele Lodde, Kim van Kessel, Renate Pichler, Antonia Vlahou, and Yair Lotan. "Urinary-Based Markers for Bladder Cancer Detection." Société Internationale d’Urologie Journal 1, no. 1 (2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.48083/kqgp2151.
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Background The use of urine markers for diagnosis and surveillance has been a topic of broad interest and ongoing controversies in the management of patients with bladder cancer. There has been a constant quest for markers that demonstrate clinical utility. Aim In the framework of the International Consultation on Urological Diseases 2019 on Molecular Biomarkers in Urologic Oncology, a comprehensive review of literature on urinary biomarkers for bladder cancer has been performed. Results Currently available urinary markers include protein-based markers, RNA-based markers, and DNA-based markers. The introduction of high-throughput analysis technologies provides the opportunity to assess multiple parameters within a short period of time, which is of interest for RNA-based, DNA-based, and protein-based marker systems. A comprehensive analysis of molecular alterations in urine samples of bladder cancer patients may be of interest not only for diagnosis and surveillance but also for non-invasive longitudinal assessment of molecular, potentially therapy-relevant, alterations. However, most systems lack prospective validation within well-designed trials and have not been broadly implemented in daily clinical practice. Conclusions Because of limited data from prospective trials, the routine use of any urine marker except cytology is not considered as standard of care in international guidelines. There is an urgent need for prospective trials of urine markers to answer specific clinical questions.
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Alonzo, Todd A., and Kimberly D. Siegmund. "Statistical Methods for Evaluating DNA Methylation as a Marker for Early Detection or Prognosis." Disease Markers 23, no. 1-2 (2007): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/308573.
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We summarize standard and novel statistical methods for evaluating the classification accuracy of DNA methylation markers. The choice of method will depend on the type of marker studied (qualitative/quantitative), the number of markers, and the type of outcome (time-invariant/time-varying). A minimum of two error rates are needed for assessing marker accuracy: the true-positive fraction and the false-positive fraction. Measures of association that are computed from the combination of these error rates, such as the odds ratio or relative risk, are not informative about classification accuracy. We provide an example of a DNA methylation marker that is strongly associated with time to death (logrankp= 0.0003) that is not a good classifier as evaluated by the true-positive and false-positive fractions. Finally, we would like to emphasize the importance of study design. Markers can behave differently in different groups of individuals. It is important to know what factors may affect the accuracy of a marker and in which subpopulations the marker may be more accurate. Such an understanding is extremely important when comparing marker accuracy in two groups of subjects.
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Arrasyid, Noor Diana. "ANALISIS KONTRASTIF PENANDA NEGASI DALAM KALIMAT BAHASA PRANCIS DAN BAHASA INDONESIA." MIMESIS 3, no. 2 (2022): 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/mms.v3i2.6241.
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This study examines the peculiarities, similarities, and differences of negation patterns in French and Indonesian sentences. The data analyzed are declarative, interrogative, and negative imperative sentences taken from the Leipzig Corpora Collection. The analysis results found that there are similarities in the formation of negation markers in French “ne … jamais” and Indonesian negation markers “tidak pernah”. The equivalence also appears in the arrangement of negative imperative sentence markers, which are formulated with negative ne+adverbs pas+verb and jangan+verb. Regarding the differences, the negation marker in French is present in two mandatory components, while in Indonesian, it is marked with one marker. There is even more variety of negations in French. In Indonesian, there is a standard rule between the combination of negation markers and the type of predicate in a sentence, but French tends to be more accessible. The formation of past and passive negative sentences is also different. Finally, in negative imperative sentences in French, the verb that is negated must be conjugated according to the subject, but in Indonesian, this is not the case.
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Meena, Rajendra K., Maneesh S. Bhandari, and Harish S. Ginwal. "Usage of microsatellite markers for characterization of polyploids: a case study in reference to hexaploid bamboo species." Silvae Genetica 69, no. 1 (2020): 94–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sg-2020-0013.
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AbstractMicrosatellite markers are most valuable tools for characterization of plant genetic resources or population genetic analysis. Since they are codominant and allelic markers, utilizing them in polyploid species remained doubtful. In such cases, microsatellite markers are usually analyzed by treating them as dominant marker. In the current study, it has been showed that despite of losing the advantage of co-dominance, microsatellite markers are still powerful tool for genotyping of polyploid species because of availability of large number of reproducible alleles per locus. It has been studied by genotyping of nineteen sub populations of Dendrocalamus hamiltonii (hexaploid bamboo species) with seventeen polymorphic SSR primer pairs. Among these, ten primers gave typical banding pattern of microsatellite marker as expected in diploid species but rest seven gave unusual pattern i.e. more than two bands per locus per genotype. In such case genotyping data are generally analyzed by considering as dominant markers. Given these facts, data were analyzed in both ways as dominant and codominant. All the seventeen primer were first scored as non-allelic data and analyzed; later ten primer pairs giving standard banding pattern were analyzed as allelic data and the results were compared. The UPGMA clustering and genetic structure showed that results obtained with both the data sets were very similar, and therefore the SSR marker could be utilized to characterize polyploid species by considering them as dominant marker. The study is highly useful to widen the scope of SSR markers applications and beneficial to the researchers dealing with polyploid species.
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Xiong, Chengjie, Jingqin Luo, Folasade Agboola, Elizabeth Grant, and John C. Morris. "A family of estimators to diagnostic accuracy when candidate tests are subject to detection limits—Application to diagnosing early stage Alzheimer disease." Statistical Methods in Medical Research 31, no. 5 (2022): 882–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09622802211072511.
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In disease diagnosis, individuals are usually assumed to be one of the two basic types, healthy or diseased, as typically based on an established gold standard. Candidate markers for diagnosing a disease often are much cheaper and less invasive than the gold standard but must be evaluated against the gold standard for their sensitivity and specificity to accurately diagnose the disease. When candidate diagnostic markers are fully measured, receiver operating characteristic curves have been the standard approaches for assessing diagnostic accuracy. However, full measurements of diagnostic markers may not be available above or below certain limits due to various practical and technical limitations. For example, in the diagnosis of Alzheimer disease using cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, the Roche Elecsys® immunoassays have a measuring range for multiple cerebrospinal fluid molecular concentrations. Many cognitive tests used in diagnosing dementia due to Alzheimer disease are also subject to detection limits, often referred to as the floor and ceiling effects in the neuropsychological literature. We propose a new statistical methodology for estimating the diagnostic accuracy when a diagnostic marker is subject to detection limits by dividing the entire study sample into two sub-samples by a threshold of the diagnostic marker. We then propose a family of estimators to the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve by combining a conditional nonparametric estimator and another conditional semi-parametric estimator derived from Cox's proportional hazards model. We derive the variance to the proposed estimators, and further, assess the performance of the proposed estimators as a function of possible thresholds through an extensive simulation study, and recommend the optimum thresholds. Finally, we apply the proposed methodology to assess the ability of several cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognitive tests in diagnosing early stage Alzheimer disease dementia.
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Junttila, M. Juhani, Agustin Castellanos, Heikki V. Huikuri, and Robert J. Myerburg. "Risk markers of sudden cardiac death in standard 12-lead electrocardiograms." Annals of Medicine 44, no. 7 (2011): 717–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/07853890.2011.594807.
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Carlson, Robert H. "Strong Concordance Between ctDNA & Standard EGFR Markers in Colorectal Cancer." Oncology Times 38, no. 16 (2016): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000494630.96431.a4.
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Jha, R., G. Grover, and P. Bose. "Lymphoid associated antigen expression in new cases of Acute Myeloid Leukemia." Journal of Pathology of Nepal 3, no. 6 (2013): 487–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i6.8999.
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Background: Occurrence of aberrant phenotype has been reported in acute leukemias with varying frequency though its prognostic importance remains controversial. In acute myeloid leukemias, aberrant phenotype, as high as 88 %, has been reported. To evaluate the occurrence of aberrant lymphoid phenotypes and to correlate their presence with various French American British classification, 100 cases of fresh acute myeloid leukemias were analyzed for lymphoid markers CD 4,7,8,10 and 19. Materials and Methods: Whole blood or bone marrow aspirate collected in EDTA were processed by standard method and subjected to immunophenotyping for B Cells marker CD 19 and 10 and T cell marker CD 4, 7 and 8. Results: Aberrant lymphoid markers were seen in 35(35%) cases. All FAB subtypes except M7 showed aberrancy for the markers studied. However it was the most common in M0 (100%), followed by M2 (51.9%). T cell aberrancy was the most common, comprising 62.8% (22/35) of total aberrancy. CD 7 was the most common aberrantly expressed marker, seen in 20% AML, followed by CD 4(14%) and CD 19 (8%). Conclusion: Occurrence of lymphoid phenotypes is frequent in pediatric as well adult AML. Though T cell markers are more common, only B cell as well as both B and T cell markers may be co expressed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jpn.v3i6.8999 Journal of Pathology of Nepal (2013) Vol. 3, 487-490
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Yamamoto, Kojiro, Takashi Oda, Takahiro Uchida, Hanako Takechi, Naoki Oshima, and Hiroo Kumagai. "Evaluating the State of Glomerular Disease by Analyzing Urinary Sediments: mRNA Levels and Immunofluorescence Staining for Various Markers." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 2 (2024): 744. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms25020744.
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Renal biopsy is the gold standard for making the final diagnosis and for predicting the progression of renal disease, but monitoring disease status by performing biopsies repeatedly is impossible because it is an invasive procedure. Urine tests are non-invasive and may reflect the general condition of the whole kidney better than renal biopsy results. We therefore investigated the diagnostic value of extensive urinary sediment analysis by immunofluorescence staining for markers expressed on kidney-derived cells (cytokeratin: marker for tubular epithelial cells, synaptopodin: marker for podocytes, claudin1: marker for parietal epithelial cells, CD68: marker for macrophages (MΦ), neutrophil elastase: marker for neutrophils). We further examined the expression levels of the mRNAs for these markers by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. We also examined the levels of mRNAs associated with the M1 (iNOS, IL-6) and M2 (CD163, CD204, CD206, IL-10) MΦ phenotypes. Evaluated markers were compared with clinical and histological findings for the assessment of renal diseases. Claudin1- and CD68-positive cell counts in urinary sediments were higher in patients with glomerular crescents (especially cellular crescents) than in patients without crescents. The relative levels of mRNA for CD68 and the M2 MΦ markers (CD163, CD204, CD206, and IL-10) in urinary sediments were also higher in patients with glomerular crescents. These data suggest that immunofluorescence staining for claudin1 and CD68 in urinary sediments and the relative levels of mRNA for CD68 and M2 MΦ markers in urinary sediments are useful for evaluating the state of glomerular diseases.
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Peterson, John, and Govind Mopkar. "Delineating a case system: How many cases are there in Standard Goan Konkani – and why?" Lingua Posnaniensis 66, no. 1 (2024): 49–78. https://doi.org/10.14746/linpo.2024.66.1.3.
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In the present study we analyze the case system of Standard Goan Konkani, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in western India. We first analyze the individual markers which fit our definition of case markers and discuss how these differ from and/or overlap functionally with other case markers. We then present a detailed description of two further case markers which, although quite common, to our knowledge have not been discussed in previous works on Konkani, namely the selective and the elative, and show how these forms, despite their transparent etymologies as case stacking of the inessive case and either the genitive or the ablative, cannot be viewed as case stacking in the modern language. With this, we argue that Konkani can best be described as having 13 productive cases, although other analyses are possible, depending on researchers’ theoretical and practical preferences.
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Renkovskaya, Evgeniya. "New Indo-Aryan associative plural markers derived from Old Indo-Aryan apara ‘other’ and their further grammaticalization." Lingua Posnaniensis 62, no. 2 (2020): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2020-0011.
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Abstract The paper deals with associative plurals in New Indo-Aryan languages, which are derived from the Old Indo- Aryan apara ‘other’. These markers are found in a large number of NIA languages, but in many of these languages they underwent further grammaticalization into other grammatical units, such as honorific particle, standard plural marker, definiteness marker, marker of inalienable possession etc. Among the factors which underlie this grammatical development, contacts with non-Indo-Aryan languages play a significant role.
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OROLE, Olukayode Olugbenga, Dooshima Ngulianga NEVKAA, Faith Chidinma TERNA, Alexander Lanzema OLOKUN, Jebes Ngolo LAMINI, and Oluwafemi Matthew SALAMI. "Biological Markers as a Novel Approach in Clinical Diagnosis and Management of Diseases." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 10, no. 3-s (2020): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v10i3-s.4105.
Full textAbstract:
The adoption and use of biological marker also known as biomarkers in clinical studies and management of disease conditions spans over 40 years. Biological marker are measurable biochemical or molecular alterations that can be adopted as indicator of normal biological or responses to the action of pathogen or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Molecules, macro and micro molecules, metabolites, and chemical compounds from the body adopted for use in predicting and monitoring health outcomes are constant from individual to another which qualify them as standard biomarker parameters. Use of biological markers spans clinical screening of an underlying cause of disease, prognosis, predisposition to a disease condition and predicting outcomes of treatment. In the environment, biological markers can be applied to determine the effects of xenobiotic chemicals and reaction effect on living cell. A good marker while being specific, should be easy to measure, cheap, provide correct measurement and outcomes. The objective of this review paper is highlight the different types of biological markers and areas where they are applicable.
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AlZaabi, Adhari, Stephen Piccolo, Steven Graves, and Marc Hansen. "Differential Serum Peptidomics Reveal Multi-Marker Models That Predict Breast Cancer Progression." Cancers 16, no. 13 (2024): 2365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers16132365.
Full textAbstract:
Here, we assess how the differential expression of low molecular weight serum peptides might predict breast cancer progression with high confidence. We apply an LC/MS-MS-based, unbiased ‘omics’ analysis of serum samples from breast cancer patients to identify molecules that are differentially expressed in stage I and III breast cancer. Results were generated using standard and machine learning-based analytical workflows. With standard workflow, a discovery study yielded 65 circulating biomarker candidates with statistically significant differential expression. A second study confirmed the differential expression of a subset of these markers. Models based on combinations of multiple biomarkers were generated using an exploratory algorithm designed to generate greater diagnostic power and accuracy than any individual markers. Individual biomarkers and the more complex multi-marker models were then tested in a blinded validation study. The multi-marker models retained their predictive power in the validation study, the best of which attained an AUC of 0.84, with a sensitivity of 43% and a specificity of 88%. One of the markers with m/z 761.38, which was downregulated, was identified as a fibrinogen alpha chain. Machine learning-based analysis yielded a classifier that correctly categorizes every subject in the study and demonstrates parameter constraints required for high confidence in classifier output. These results suggest that serum peptide biomarker models could be optimized to assess breast cancer stage in a clinical setting.