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1
Maahs, Doreen Lynn. "Managerial Strategies Small Businesses Use to Prevent Cybercrime." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5749.
Full textAbstract:
Estimated worldwide losses due to cybercrime are approximately $375-575 billion annually, affecting governments, business organizations, economies, and society. With globalization on the rise, even small businesses conduct transactions worldwide through the use of information technology (IT), leaving these small businesses vulnerable to the intrusion of their networks. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the managerial strategies of small manufacturing business owners to protect their financial assets, data, and intellectual property from cybercrime. The conceptual framework was systems thinking and action theory. Participants included 4 small manufacturing business owners in the midwestern region of the United States. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews with owners, company documentation, and observations. Member checking was used to help ensure data reliability and validity. Four themes emerged from the data analysis: organizational policies, IT structure, managerial strategies, and assessment and action. Through effective IT security and protocols, proactive managerial strategies, and continuous evaluation of the organization's system, the small business owner can sustain the business and protect it against potential cyberattacks on the organization's network. The findings of the study have implications for positive social change by informing managers regarding (a) the elimination or reduction of cybercrimes, (b) the protection of customers' information, and (c) the prevention of future breaches by implementing effective managerial strategies to protect individuals in society.
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Dubay, Anthony R. "Improving strategies to prevent and prepare for radiological attack." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2010/Mar/10Mar%5FDubay.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Combating-Terrorism: Policy & Strategy))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2010.<br>Thesis Advisor(s): Moltz, James Clay. Second Reader: Dahll, Erik J. "March 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Radiological Terrorislm, RDD, Dirty Bomb, Public Preparedness, WMD. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-98). Also available in print.
3
Graña, Montes Ricardo. "Analysis of different evolutionary strategies to prevent protein aggregation." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/285556.
Full textAbstract:
En els darrers 15 anys, l'estudi de l'agregació de proteïnes ha evolucionat de ser una
part de la química de proteïnes que tradicionalment generava poc interès, a convertir-se en una
àrea d'investigació dinàmica que ha ampliat el seu abast a diferents camps de recerca incloenthi
la bioquímica, la biotecnologia, la nanotecnologia y la biomedicina. Dins d'aquests camps,
l'anàlisi de l'agregació de proteïnes un interès particularment rellevant en les àrees biomèdica i
biotecnològica. Això es degut, per una banda, a que la aparició de depòsits proteics insolubles
está relacionada amb un nombre creixent de malalties humanes, moltes d'elles amb
conseqüències fatals per als malalts. Per l'altre costat, l'agregació proteica es una complicació
habitual en la expresió recombinant de proteïnes a nivell industrial, com ara a la producció
d'agents terapèutics de naturalessa proteica, com els anticossos. Conseqüentment, l'exploració
de mecanismes que permetin prevenir l'agregació proteica es subjecte actualment d'una
intensa tasca d'investigació adreçada a desenvolupar métodes per a la prevenció i l'intervenció
terapèutiques d'aquestes malalties greus; i també amb l'objectiu d'incrementar els rendiments
en la producció biotechnològica de proteïnes.
La gran capacitat de les eines computacionals desenvolupades per tal de predir
l'agregació proteica ha donat un gran impuls als esforços destinats a identificar els
determinants de l'agregació de polipèptids, i també ha permès investigar com la pressió
selectiva contra l'agregació ha moldeat els proteomes cel·lulars al llarg de l'evolució. A partir
d’aquests anàlisis, s’han pogut identificar diferents mecanismes evolucionats per prevenir
l’agregació proteica que van des de estratègies de disseny negatiu que s’han detectat en
seqüències i estructures de proteïnes, fins a la caracterització dels factors que governen la
maquinària cel•lular encarregada del control de qualitat proteic.
En aquesta tesi es proporciona un anàlisis des de diferents perspectives per assolir una
caracterització detallada de diversos d’aquests mecanismes que han sorgit al llarg de l’evolució
per fer front al risc d’agregació. Amb aquest objectiu, s’han fet servir tant models proteics
d’agregació específics com diferents conjunts de proteïnes amb propietats relacionades, que
han permès analitzar en profunditat estratègies contra l’agregació. Al mateix temps,
l’aproximació basada en l’estudi de conjunts de proteïnes íntimament relacionats també ha
permès identificar limitacions funcionals que limiten la selecció a nivell evolutiu contra
l’agregació. De manera més específica, el treball que es presenta aquí aborda l’efecte de la
restricció de la llibertat conformacional de la cadena polipeptídica, causada per l’establiment
d’un pont disulfur, sobre el procés d’agregació; també s’ha analitzat l’impacte de regions
intrínsicament desestructurades en aquest mateix fenomen d’agregació. A més també s’ha
investigat la regulació de l’abundància proteica dins la cèl·lula en funció de la tendència a
agregar específica de les proteïnes. Per altra banda, l’anàlisi centrat en l’estudi de proteïnes
relacionades ha revelat com els requeriments per assolir un plegament eficient i per mantenir
l’activitat catalítica limiten la disminució de la càrrega d’agregació de les proteïnes. Aquests
anàlisis posen especialment en relleu el balanç entre plegament funcional i agregació, de
manera que la caracterització de les propietats aggregatives de determinats polipèptids permet
predir el seus mecanismes de plegament.<br>In the last 15 years, the study of protein aggregation has evolved from a mostly
neglected topic of protein chemistry to a highly dynamic research area which has expanded its
implications through different fields including biochemistry, biotechnology, nanotechnology and
biomedicine. The analysis of protein aggregation has attracted a particular interest in the
biomedical and biotechnological areas. Because, on one side, the formation of insoluble protein
deposits is associated to an increasing number of human disorders, many of which present fatal
pathological consequences. And on the other hand, aggregation is a frequent shortcoming in
the recombinant expression of proteins at the industrial level, such as in the production of
proteinaceous therapeutic agents like antibodies. Consequently, the survey of mechanisms to
prevent protein aggregation is currently the focus of deep investigation with the aim to develop
preventive or therapeutic methods for the intervention of these depositional disorders and to
enhance the yield in the biotechnological production of proteins.
The power of the computational tools developed to predict protein aggregation has
fostered the identification of the determinants influencing the aggregation of polypeptides and
has allowed to investigate how the selective pressure to avoid aggregation has shaped the
cellular proteomes along evolution. From these analyses, different mechanisms to prevent
protein aggregation have emerged ranging from negative design strategies found in polypeptide
sequences and structures, to the characterization of the factors governing the cellular
machinery in charge of the protein quality control.
The present thesis provides a multiperspective analysis for the detailed characterization
of several of these mechanisms evolved to confront the risk of protein aggregation. In this
sense, the use of a variety of specific proteic models of aggregation or different sets of proteins
with related properties has allowed to analyze particular strategies to avoid aggregation in
depth. At the same time, the approach based on the study of closely related ensembles of
proteins has allowed to identify functional constraints that limit the evolutionary selection against
aggregation. More specifically, the work presented here addresses the effect of restricting the
configurational freedom of the polypeptide chain by disulfide cross-linking on the aggregation
process, as well as the impact over this phenomenon exerted by the presence of intrinsically
disordered protein regions. Additionally, the regulation of cellular protein abundance as a
function of protein aggregation propensity has also been surveyed. On the other hand the
analysis centered on the study of closely related proteins has revealed how the requirements to
fold efficiently and to maintain the catalytic activity constrain the minimization of the aggregation
propensity of proteins. These analyses highlight particularly the interplay between folding and
aggregation, in such a way that the analysis of the aggregational properties of polypeptides
allows to forecast the mechanism of folding of certain kind of proteins.
4
Ross, Kirsty Samantha. "Novel strategies to prevent and treat experimental pneumococcal disease." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2010. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/1671/.
Full textAbstract:
With over 90 different serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae unevenly distributed around the world, current vaccine formulations vary significantly in their ability to protect against invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD). The adult pneumococcal vaccine is composed of capsular polysaccharide from 23 of the most prevalent disease causing serotypes. Purely polysaccharide vaccines are unable to protect those most at risk; infants under the age of two. This has led to the development of a paediatric conjugate vaccine, composed of capsular polysaccharide from seven of the most common disease causing serotypes, each chemically conjugated to a carrier protein. Although efficacious at protecting the target age group from disease caused by homologous serotypes, it fails to protect against the non-vaccine serotypes. Serotype specific vaccination is a short-term solution to pneumococcal disease. As the most common serotypes are eradicated by vaccination, previously less common serotypes fill the vacant niche and cause serotype replacement disease. A solution to this problem would be the development of pneumococcal vaccines containing antigens that elicit non-serotype specific protection. Pneumolysin, the pore-forming toxin produced by S. pneumoniae, may play a role in future pneumococcal vaccine. It is a major virulence factor produced by all invasive isolates and has previously been demonstrated to confer non- serotype specific protection. In this thesis, pneumolysin retained the ability to bind to cell membranes and form pores even when other antigens were fused genetically to the N terminus. Pneumolysin performed as a highly immunogenic mucosal adjuvant, with substantial mucosal and systemic immune responses to the fused antigen, when nanograms quantities when applied to the mucosal surface of the nasopharynx. A fusion between pneumococcal surface adhesin A (PsaA) and pneumolysin (PLY) was created to investigate potential protection conferred by the antigen specific response. Vaccination of Balb/c and MF1 mice with PsaAPLY conferred no protection against challenge with virulent S. pneumoniae TIGR4. The toxicity of pneumolysin is problematic and existing pneumolysin mutants possess residual cytotoxicity. By ablating the toxicity of pneumolysin with formalin it permits its use in parental vaccines. The pneumococcal histidinetriad proteins (Pht) are a recently identified family of surface exposed proteins that have homologues in other Streptococcus species and are therefore novel potential vaccine candidates. In vivo models of disease require the sacrifice of a large number of animals at time points to investigate the impact of vaccine or pharmaceuticals on disease progression. Real-time photonic imaging of bioluminescent bacteria offers significant advantages over conventional methods for monitoring and combating bacterial disease in animals. Not only does this approach reduce the time and costs associated with such experiments, but also it considerably reduces the number of animals used. Furthermore, because bioluminescent imaging allows the same group of animals to be monitored over time, animal-to-animal variations are overcome by including the zero time point as an internal control. Models of pneumococcal pneumonia were established in MF1 mice. Newly established bioluminescent models were then used to investigate the impact of vaccination with the paediatric pneumococcal conjugate vaccine as proof of principle.
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Griffin, Tony. "Strategies to Prevent Security Breaches Caused by Mobile Devices." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4628.
Full textAbstract:
Data breaches happen almost every day in the United States and, according to research, the majority of these breaches occur due to a lack of security with organizations' mobile devices. Although most of the security policies related to mobile devices currently in place may meet the guidelines required by law, they often fail to prevent a data breach caused by a mobile device. The main purpose of this qualitative single case study was to explore the strategies used by security managers to prevent data breaches caused by mobile devices. The study population consisted of security managers working for a government contractor located in the southeastern region of the United States. Ludwig von Bertalanffy's general systems theory was used as the conceptual framework of this study. The data collection process included interviews with organization security managers (n = 5) and company documents and procedures (n = 13) from the target organization related to mobile device security. Data from the interviews and organizational documents were coded using thematic analysis. Methodological triangulation of the data uncovered 4 major themes: information security policies and procedures, security awareness, technology management tools, and defense-in-depth. The implications for positive social change from this study include the potential to enhance the organizations' security policies, cultivate a better security awareness training program, and improve the organizations data protection strategies. In addition, this study outlines some strategies for preventing data breaches caused by mobile devices while still providing maximum benefit to its external and internal customers.
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Saber, Jennifer. "Determining Small Business Cybersecurity Strategies to Prevent Data Breaches." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4991.
Full textAbstract:
Cybercrime is one of the quickest growing areas of criminality. Criminals abuse the speed, accessibility, and privacy of the Internet to commit diverse crimes involving data and identity theft that cause severe damage to victims worldwide. Many small businesses do not have the financial and technological means to protect their systems from cyberattack, making them vulnerable to data breaches. This exploratory multiple case study, grounded in systems thinking theory and routine activities theory, encompassed an investigation of cybersecurity strategies used by 5 small business leaders in Middlesex County, Massachusetts. The data collection process involved open-ended online questionnaires, semistructured face-to-face interviews, and review of company documents. Based on methodological triangulation of the data sources and inductive analysis, 3 emergent themes identified are policy, training, and technology. Key findings include having a specific goal and tactical approach when creating small business cybersecurity strategies and arming employees with cybersecurity training to increase their awareness of security compliance. Recommendations include small business use of cloud computing to remove the burden of protecting data on their own, thus making it unnecessary to house corporate servers. The study has implications for positive social change because small business leaders may apply the findings to decrease personal information leakage, resulting from data breaches, which affects the livelihood of individuals or companies if disclosure of their data occurs.
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Potgieter, Natasha. "Water storage in rural households : intervention strategies prevent waterborne diseases." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30323.
Full textAbstract:
Poor sanitation, unhygienic practices and close living associations between people and animals in rural communities increase the risk of zoonoses and add to faecal contamination of stored drinking water. Point-of-use interventions can improve the microbiological quality of household drinking water and a combination of microbial and chemical indicator tests could identify the origin of faecal pollution. The improvement of the microbiological quality of drinking water in rural households by the implementation of intervention strategies which included the use of traditional storage containers as well as an improved safe storage container (CDC, USA), with or without the addition of a sodium hypochlorite solution were determined. The origin of faecal contamination in the water sources and household stored water were determined using male specific F-RNA subgroup genotyping. This study attempted to assess the survival of indicator microorganisms and selected bacterial pathogens and viruses in the improved safe storage container in borehole and river water samples. An intervention study was conducted in two rural villages utilising different source water. Results indicated that the improved safe storage container without the addition of a stabilized sodium hypochlorite solution did not improve the microbiological quality of the stored drinking water and had counts of indicator microorganisms similar to that found in the traditional storage containers. However, the households using the 1% and the 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solutions have shown an effective reduction in the counts of indicator microorganisms in both the traditional and the improved safe storage containers. The compliance with the use of the sodium hypochlorite interventions ranged between 60% and 100%, which was in agreement with similar studies carried out in other developing countries. One village complied with the intervention while the other village did not. Reasons for this included financial factors, an unsupportive infrastructures and lack of education and knowledge on health risks by the households. Male specific F-RNA bacteriophage genotyping showed that faecal contamination in the water source samples and both the traditional and improved safe storage containers at the point-of-use were primarily of animal origin (Subgroup I). Households using river water had subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages present in the stored household water, which was associated with human faecal pollution. However, subgroup II F-RNA bacteriophages has been isolated from faeces of cattle and poultry, which indicated that F-RNA subgroup typing might not be a specific tool to determine the origin of faecal pollution in water sources. Laboratory seeding experiments indicated that 1% sodium hypochlorite solution were less effective in reducing heterotrophic bacteria, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Clostridium perfringens, F-RNA bacteriophages and coxsackie B1 virus counts in the improved safe storage containers filled with river water with a high turbidity. However, the 1% sodium hypochlorite solution did reduce the indicator and seeded microorganisms within 60 min in containers filled with borehole water with a low turbidity. The 3.5% sodium hypochlorite solution effectively decreased the numbers of microorganisms to undetectable limits within 60 min in both the borehole and river filled storage containers irrespective of the turbidity values. This study has showed that a combination of intervention strategies can provide rural communities with microbiologically safe drinking water.<br>Thesis (PhD (Medical Virology))--University of Pretoria, 2008.<br>Medical Virology<br>PhD<br>unrestricted
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Akuh, Comfort G. "Small Retail Business Strategies to Detect and Prevent Employee Fraud." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4266.
Full textAbstract:
Small businesses have an important role to play in the U.S. economy. However, employee fraud can jeopardize the sustainability of small businesses. Grounded on Cressey's fraud triangle theory, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies used by selected managers and owners of small retail businesses to detect and prevent employee fraud. Ten participants from 5 small retail businesses participated in the study. Nine participated in a face-to-face semistructured interview, and 1 participated in a telephone interview. These participants included 5 owners and 5 managers of small retail businesses in the state of Michigan in the United States who have implemented strategies to detect and prevent employee fraud. Through a process of methodological triangulation, casual observations and documentary evidence supplemented data collected through semistructured interviews. Using thematic analysis by coding narrative segments, the research findings included themes of controls and communication, cash register accountability, segregation of duties, monitoring, and action against perpetrators. Managers and owners of small businesses may benefit from the findings of this study by gaining awareness of the need to detect and prevent employee fraud. The implications for positive social change may include the potential to increase appropriate controls over employee fraud, thus enabling owners of small retail business an opportunity to operate effectively and efficiently, which could increase employment opportunities. Increased employment opportunities could create a positive effect on other small retail businesses and allow local communities to prosper.
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Clemens, Amy. "Effectiveness of Physiological Alarm Management Strategies to Prevent Alarm Fatigue." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6984.
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There is limited clinical research on the effectiveness of alarm management strategies and nursing behaviors related to alarms in clinical settings. As many as 76% of physiological monitor alarms are overlooked as clinically insignificant by nursing staff. Excessive alarms may impact patient outcomes and cause cognitive overload for nurses that can result in medical errors and missed patient resuscitations. The purpose of this systematic review was to rate alarm management studies on level of evidence for interventions, nursing responses to alarms, and impact on alarm fatigue behavior. The nursing role effectiveness model guided this project. Twenty-seven studies were reviewed to analyze outcome effectiveness by addressing structure, process, and outcomes related to how the roles of the nurse affect nurse-sensitive patient outcomes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and the Cochrane guidelines guided study selection and analysis. A second reviewer collaborated on the search strategy and provided an independent review of the identified literature. The effectiveness of alarm management was difficult to determine because most studies were descriptive, cohort, or nonrandomized trials. Review findings did not support a relationship between the amount of alarms and increased alarm fatigue behaviors. Findings indicated that nurses' attitudes and alarm fatigue behaviors are present globally and have not significantly altered since reduction strategies were implemented. The findings may impact social change by decreasing nurses' stress levels related to cognitive workloads, improving patient outcomes, and supporting increased levels of nurses' workforce satisfaction.
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Tynes, Vernon Walter. "Mentoring Strategies to Prevent Leadership Shortfalls Among C-Suite Executives." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5143.
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Corporate organizations are facing a shortage of future senior management leaders. The purpose of this single case study was to explore leadership mentoring strategies used to develop future C-suite executives in the waste industry. Companies may improve business practices by mentoring future generations to understand corporate responsibilities and expectations. The target population came from a regional waste company located in central Florida. The study participants consisted of 3 C-suite executives of the company responsible for the management and mentoring of future C-suite executive mentees. The conceptual framework for this study was rooted in transformational leadership theory. Data were collected using semistructured face-to-face interviews, along with supporting documentation provided by the C-suite executives, including the company succession plan. Through methodological triangulation, coding, and thematic analysis, 4 themes emerged that could help C-suite executives in the successful mentoring of future C-suite executives. The 4 themes that emerged from the study, were (1) C-suite executives use various strategies to identify talent, (2) C-suite executives use various mentoring and coaching strategies to develop future C-suite executives, (3) C-suite executives use formal and informal leadership strategies to mentor, and (4) succession planning is in place or planned. The implication for social change was improved mentoring strategies for future C-suite candidates. These strategies may transfer to industries that face generational mentoring issues and challenges, improving structural and managerial growth and stability, which will aid in providing community employment opportunities.
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Hansson-Vazquez, Lisa Annika Christin. "Strategies Certified Project Management Professionals Use to Prevent Counterproductive Behavior." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6038.
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Project managers who fail to apply strategies to prevent counterproductive work behavior in information technology projects could negatively affect users, budget costs, timelines, or projects. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore strategies that project managers used to prevent counterproductive work behavior that put project success at risk. Social learning theory was the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through document review of published Project Management Institute (PMI) material as well as semistructured interviews with 10 project managers who were members of a PMI chapter in the southeastern United States, and who held a project management professional certification or an agile certified practitioner certification. Data were analyzed using Yin's methodology and consisted of transcribing, organizing, and coding the interview data, as well as triangulating the interview data in relation to the PMI literature. Five themes emerged from the data: (a) participant communication, (b) proactive planning, (c) personal impact, (d) participant engagement, and (e) issue management. The implications of the study for positive social change include the potential to increase the occurrence of conflict-free and healthy project environments, which could lead to satisfied and motivated project participants resulting in productive and engaged members of the community.
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Tizzard, Christine. "The use of coping strategies by psychologists to prevent vicarious traumatisation." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2015. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-use-of-coping-strategies-by-psychologists-to-prevent-vicarious-traumatisation(d4736533-d1bb-4c67-bec9-a0fbbbe5fba0).html.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to investigate the coping strategies used by psychologists working within the demanding field of trauma psychology. The research process seeks to investigate whether post session distress remains or whether it may be effectively processed. Are there strategies that psychologists use that stand out as major components in removing residue material? Central to this study was the requirement to obtain a rich account of the participants’ experiences in order to elucidate the depth of meaning behind their statements. To achieve this aim the phenomenological method chosen was the van Kamm method adapted by Moustakas (1994). Following careful ethical preparation, five consultant psychologists were recruited for the semi-structured interview process. The findings of the study indicate that the individuals concerned use a range of unconscious and conscious coping strategies to process traumatic material. These were either positive or negative. A variety of physical, emotional and cognitive strategies were used. The choice of therapeutic modality influenced processing strategy. A major finding of the study was the use of peer supervision as a first line coping strategy. Participants reported that there were often inadequate resources allocated for this. Peer supervision is helpful because the shared experience of working with traumatic material provides a normalising function. Traditional one to one supervision was generally viewed as unhelpful and often perceived as exacerbating the distress of participants. Findings indicate that despite the use of coping strategies, residue material often remains. Participants did express positive effects of working with trauma but these coexisted with lasting negative attribution changes. This research has implications for the training of psychologists, particularly in the development of coping strategies both within supervision and as a method of self-supervision. It also raises the question as to whether trauma work should be solely provided by teams.
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Bilsland, Lynsey Gail. "Strategies to prevent motoneuron degeneration in models of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2006. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444350/.
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Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by progressive motoneuron degeneration in the spinal cord, motor cortex and brainstem. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying selective motoneuron degeneration are unclear and currently there is no effective treatment. In this Thesis, strategies designed to prevent motoneuron degeneration are investigated in both in vivo and in vitro models of ALS. Furthermore, interaction between motoneurons and astrocytes is studied to examine the influence of astrocytes on disease progression. In the SODlG93A mouse model of ALS, the glial cell genotype influences the susceptibility of motoneurons to degeneration (Gong et al., 2000 Clement et al., 2003). In this Thesis, the effect of mutant SOD1 expression in astrocytes on motoneuron properties is examined in an in vitro co-culture system using confocal microscopy. Cannabinoids exert anti-excitotoxic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant actions, all of which may contribute to ALS pathogenesis. In these experiments, the potential neuroprotective effect of manipulating the endocannabinoid system is investigated in vivo in SODl093* mice. Augmentation of the endocannabinoid system, by pharmacological and genetic manipulation, ameliorates disease symptoms in SOD1 mice. Furthermore, genetic ablation of the CBi receptor significantly extends lifespan in SOD 1093A mice. Finally, the effect of ablating the expression of mutant SOD1 protein in vitro in primary motoneurons using viral delivery of targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) is assessed. The successful transfection and ablation of the mutant protein in vitro, as shown in this Thesis, has since been tested successfully in vivo. The results of this Thesis show that manipulation of the endocannabinoid system and siRNA technology may be successful therapeutic approaches in ALS. The results also indicate that mutant SOD1 expression in astrocytes has a deleterious influence on mitochondrial function in motoneurons even under resting conditions. Therefore, specific targeting of astrocytes may also be an appropriate strategy to prevent motoneuron degeneration in ALS.
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Kühn, Romina, Mandy Korzetz, and Thomas Schlegel. "User strategies for mobile device-based interactions to prevent shoulder surfing." ACM, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70994.
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Shoulder surfing, also known as visual hacking, is the activity of obtaining information from or about others by observing visual content of displays that actually should be kept secret, such as PINs, passwords, or private text messages. Approaches that address shoulder surfing on mobile devices mainly focus on ways to recognize observers or to complicate visual presentations for them from the system's perspective. However, users also have developed their own strategies to keep their input secret. With this work, we contribute an investigation of strategies to prevent shoulder surfing from the users' perspective. We performed a user study and observed 32 participants while interacting with smartphones using different kinds of eyes-free device-based interaction techniques. We identified several strategies that users had to prevent shoulder surfing. These strategies help us to develop effective ways to design useful interactions that overcome shoulder surfing issues.
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Stone, Elizabeth, and Elizabeth Stone. "Primary Care Providers' Knowledge of Strategies to Prevent Diabetic Foot Ulcers." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/625630.
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Background: Screening for Diabetic Foot Ulcers in the primary care setting can lead to good outcomes for patient and prevent diabetic foot ulcers. Annual screening can detect high-risk patients who are more prone to develop foot ulcers. These patients should then be screened with every visit to prevent a major complication of diabetes, which is a diabetic foot ulcer.
Objective: To promote foot examinations in the primary care setting for patients with diabetes who are at high risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer.
Design: A quantitative methodology applying a quality improvement (QI) model was created to examine primary care providers’ knowledge, barriers, and facilitators to foot examination in high-risk patients with diabetes.
Participants: Five primary care providers (physicians and nurse practitioners).
Setting: A physician owned primary care office in Glendale, Arizona.
Measurement: A 19-item survey comprised of Likert-type and open-ended questions was created. Analysis was conducted in Excel.
Results: The providers demonstrated adequate baseline knowledge about high-risk patients and foot examinations. Opportunities for improvement were identified and included a system to prompt performance of foot exams and clarification as to who is responsible for performing the foot exams. Potential solutions for improvement were discussed with the clinic representatives on the QI team.
Conclusion: Diabetes is a chronic condition and strategies to prevent complications, particularly diabetic foot ulcers, improve patient outcomes and contribute to the delivery of high quality care. As a result of this project, clarification about responsibility for foot examinations and recommendations for a process improvement to prompt performance of foot exams will be made to the practice.
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Davis, Marquita V. "Strategies to Prevent and Detect Occupational Fraud in Small Retail Businesses." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/6887.
Full textAbstract:
Business owners' lack of strategies to prevent and detect occupational fraud in small retail businesses in the United States could result in substantial financial losses or insolvency. Grounded in Cressey's fraud triangle, the purpose of this multiple case study was to explore internal control strategies 6 owners of small retail businesses in southeastern Pennsylvania used to prevent and detect occupational fraud. Face-to-face interviews, observations, and documentation are the data collection techniques I used in this study. Data were transcribed, coded, analyzed, and member checked to identify emergent themes. Six themes emerged from the thematic analysis: financial impact, transaction responsibility and monitoring, networking and business models, communication, separation of duties, and training. The results of this study indicated areas for action that owners of small retail businesses could take to prevent and detect occupational fraud. Strategies business owners could implement to protect their businesses from occupational fraud include monitoring, employee identity documents to track employee activity, separation of duties, and communication with employees. The implications of this study for positive social change include the potential for social entrepreneurship because small business owners create employment opportunities for members of the community, including high school students with the desire to run small retail businesses. Small business owners serve their communities by focusing on wealth distribution, including donations to local charities that foster economic stability with positive effects on society.
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Larrimore, Nancy Page. "Risk Management Strategies to Prevent and Mitigate Emerging Operational Security Threats." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4866.
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Dependence on technology brings security compromises that have become a global threat that costs businesses millions of dollars. More than 7.6 million South Carolinians incurred effects from the 162 security breaches reported in 2011-2015. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore the risk management strategies small business leaders use to prevent and mitigate operational security threats that produce financial losses. The population for this study consisted of 6 business leaders in South Carolina who have demonstrated successful experience in preventing and mitigating operational security threats. Transformational leadership theory provided the conceptual framework for exploring the overreaching research question. Data collection consisted of semistructured interviews with each participant and the collection of company documents that pertained to security procedures, audits, and reviews. Conducting semistructured interviews allowed participants to provide details of real-life experiences. Recorded interviews and transcriptions were analyzed through Moustakas's modified van Kaam method of analysis to identify emerging topics. The 4 themes that emerged were: (a) operational security training and awareness, (b) operational security culture and behavioral effects, (c) operational security policy and compliance, and (d) operational security challenges and risk management. By developing strategies and processes that reflect these themes, small business leaders can reduce financial losses to improve profitability and reduce unemployment, achieving social changes that can benefit society as a whole.
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Carey, Alison Jane. "Development of novel vaccine strategies to prevent genital tract chlamydial infections." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/48734/1/Alison_Carey_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Chlamydia trachomatis is the most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the developed world and the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide. As reported by the World Health Organization in 2001, there are approximately 92 million new infections detected annually, costing health systems billions of dollars to treat not only the acute infection, but also to treat infection-associated sequelae. The majority of genital infections are asymptomatic, with 50-70% going undetected. Genital tract infections can be easily treated with antibiotics when detected. Lack of treatment can lead to the development of pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancies and tubal factor infertility in women and epididymitis and prostatitis in men. With infection rates on the continual rise and the large number of infections going undetected, there is a need to develop an efficacious vaccine which prevents not only infection, but also the development of infection-associated pathology.
Before a vaccine can be developed and administered, the pathogenesis of chlamydial infections needs to be fully understood. This includes the kinetics of ascending infection and the effects of inoculating dose on ascension and development of pathology. The first aim in this study was to examine these factors in a murine model. Female BALB/c mice were infected intravaginally with varying doses of C. muridarum, the mouse variant of human C. trachomatis, and the ascension of infection along the reproductive tract and the time-course of infection-associated pathology development, including inflammatory cell infiltration, pyosalpinx and hydrosalpinx, were determined. It was found that while the inoculating dose did affect the rate and degree of infection, it did not affect any of the pathological parameters examined. This highlighted that the sexual transmission dose may have minimal effect on the development of reproductive sequelae.
The results of the first section enabled further studies presented here to use an optimal inoculating dose that would ascend the reproductive tract and cause pathology development, so that vaccine efficacy could be determined. There has been a large amount of research into the development of an efficacious vaccine against genital tract chlamydial infections, with little success. However, there have been no studies examining the effects of the timing of vaccination, including the effects of vaccination during an active genital infection, or after clearance of a previous infection. These are important factors that need to be examined, as it is not yet known whether immunization will enhance not only the individual's immune response, but also pathology development. It is also unknown whether any enhancement of the immune responses will cause the Chlamydia to enter a dormant, persistent state, and possibly further enhance any pathology development.
The second section of this study aimed to determine if vaccination during an active genital tract infection, or after clearance of a primary infection, enhanced the murine immune responses and whether any enhanced or reduced pathology occurred. Naïve, actively infected, or previously infected animals were immunized intranasally or transcutaneously with the adjuvants cholera toxin and CpG-ODN in combination with either the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of C. muridarum, or MOMP and ribonucleotide reductase small chain protein (NrdB) of C. muridarum. It was found that the systemic immune responses in actively or previously infected mice were altered in comparison to animals immunized naïve with the same combinations, however mucosal antibodies were not enhanced. It was also found that there was no difference in pathology development between any of the groups. This suggests that immunization of individuals who may have an asymptomatic infection, or may have been previously exposed to a genital infection, may not benefit from vaccination in terms of enhanced immune responses against re-exposure.
The final section of this study aimed to determine if the vaccination regimes mentioned above caused in vivo persistence of C. muridarum in the upper reproductive tracts of mice. As there has been no characterization of C. muridarum persistence in vitro, either ultrastructurally or via transcriptome analysis, this was the first aim of this section. Once it had been shown that C. muridarum could be induced into a persistent state, the gene transcriptional profiles of the selected persistent marker genes were used to determine if persistent infections were indeed present in the upper reproductive tracts of the mice. We found that intranasal immunization during an active infection induced persistent infections in the oviducts, but not the uterine horns, and that intranasal immunization after clearance of infection, caused persistent infections in both the uterine horns and the oviducts of the mice. This is a significant finding, not only because it is the first time that C. muridarum persistence has been characterized in vitro, but also due to the fact that there is minimal characterization of in vivo persistence of any chlamydial species. It is possible that the induction of persistent infections in the reproductive tract might enhance the development of pathology and thereby enhance the risk of infertility, factors that need to be prevented by vaccination, not enhanced.
Overall, this study has shown that the inoculating dose does not affect pathology development in the female reproductive tract of infected mice, but does alter the degree and rate of ascending infection. It has also been shown that intranasal immunization during an active genital infection, or after clearance of one, induces persistent infections in the uterine horns and oviducts of mice. This suggests that potential vaccine candidates will need to have these factors closely examined before progressing to clinical trials. This is significant, because if the same situation occurs in humans, a vaccine administered to an asymptomatic, or previously exposed individual may not afford any extra protection and may in fact enhance the risk of development of infection-associated sequelae. This suggests that a vaccine may serve the community better if administered before the commencement of sexual activity.
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Hallam, Catherine Ann. "Teachers' viewpoints of strategies to prevent school exclusion : a Q methodological study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27840/.
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School exclusion is a complex topic and receives ongoing attention nationally (Children’s Commissioner, 2012; Department for Education, 2013). A variety of strategies have been proposed to reduce permanent school exclusions. In recent years, however, the rates of permanent school exclusion in the Local Authority that serves as the focus for this research have increased (Anonymous Council, 2012), despite the strategies implemented. It has been suggested that the teacher is at the centre of the school system and that their viewpoints could be significant in determining the effectiveness of intervention strategies (Miller and Todd, 2002). As such, it appears important to explore teachers’ viewpoints in relation to preventing school exclusion. This was the undertaking of the present research. A Q methodological research approach (Stephenson, 1953) was adopted to explore the viewpoints of 47 secondary school teachers on strategies to prevent school exclusion. This approach brings together the advantages of qualitative and quantitative research methods and promotes more open communication around potentially complex topics in order to clarify participants’ subjective and diverse viewpoints. Follow up interviews were used to investigate the implications of these viewpoints for professional practice. The data from the Q methodological research was analysed using a by-person factor analysis. Four distinct viewpoints were identified within the group of teachers who participated in the research. These viewpoints were named: 1. Ability of school 2. Individual support 3. Early Intervention 4. Effective communication Thematic analysis of the follow up interviews led to the identification of the themes: support of the senior leadership team; time; funding; existing strategies; consistency; and teaching. These themes assisted in the identification of numerous implications for professional practice that could be helpful to ensure that future strategies, aimed at reducing permanent exclusions from school, are implemented effectively.
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Clement, Junior V. "Strategies to Prevent and Reduce Medical Identity Theft Resulting in Medical Fraud." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4843.
Full textAbstract:
Medical identity fraud is a byproduct of identity theft; it enables imposters to procure medical treatment, thus defrauding patients, insurers, and government programs through forged prescriptions, falsified medical records, and misuse of victim's health insurance. In 2014, for example, the United States Government lost $14.1 billion in improper payments. The purpose of this multiple case study, grounded by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act as the conceptual framework, was to explore the strategies 5 healthcare leaders used to prevent identity theft and medical identity fraud and thus improve business performance in the state of New York. Data were collected using telephone interviews and open-ended questions. The data were analyzed using Yin's 5 step process. Based on data analysis, 5 themes emerged including: training and education (resulting to sub-themes: train employees, train patients, and educate consumers), technology (which focused on Kiosk, cloud, off-site storage ending with encryption), protective measures, safeguarding personally identifiable information, and insurance. Recommendations calls for leaders of large, medium, and small healthcare organizations and other industries to educate employees and victims of identity theft because the problems resulting from fraud travel beyond the borders of medical facilities: they flow right into consumers' residences. Findings from this study may contribute to social change through improved healthcare services and reduced medical costs, leading to more affordable healthcare.
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Ramdas, Leonard Harichand. "Strategies to Prevent the Unintentional Retention of Foreign Objects in Surgical Patients." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1656.
Full textAbstract:
The Institute of Medicine's report in 2000, To Err Is Human: Building a Safer Health
System, highlighted the seriousness of medical errors in the U.S. health care system. The unintentional retention of foreign objects in surgical patients is one of those errors. At the time of this study, there was no standardized counting policy and process across operating rooms in the United States. The purpose of this project was to develop a best practice educational counting program to help prevent the unintentional retention of foreign objects in surgical patients. The Logic Model was used to guide the design of the educational program and expected learning outcomes. A draft of the educational program was distributed to 10 perioperative stakeholders for an initial formative review. Changes were incorporated into the program and it was distributed to 6 perioperative experts for an additional summative assessment and content validation utilizing the AGREE II Instrument. The overall quality evaluation of the educational program was 85%, indicating that it was of high quality. Four of the respondents recommended the educational program for implementation without any changes and 2 recommended it for implementation with some minor modifications related to rewording of one question in the pretest-posttest. There were no recommended modifications in the content of the educational program. As a result, the project was recommended for adoption as a best practices-based educational program to prevent the unintentional retention of foreign objects in surgical patients. The study promotes positive social change by providing suggestions to improve the provision of safe care to surgical patients and decrease health care costs.
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Chakara, Zenzo Stanford. "The efficacy of strategies used to minimise and prevent cisplatin ototoxicity in patients." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29453.
Full textAbstract:
This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different treatment modifications used to prevent or minimise hearing loss during Cisplatin-based chemotherapy as part of patient management at Groote Schuur Hospital. The study also sought to compare different ototoxicity grading criteria; namely the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4 (CTCAE v4) and TUNE criteria, with respect to early identification of changes in the patient’s hearing thresholds following treatment with ototoxic drugs as well as ability to guide recommendations for aural rehabilitation including hearing amplification. Background Non-communicable diseases (NCD) (including cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and chronic respiratory diseases) are responsible for an estimated 36 million deaths annually across the world. Approximately 80 % of these deaths occur in developing countries. Cancer, the NCD of interest in this study, causes an estimated 8.2 million deaths per year, globally and about 70 % of these occur in developing countries. In South Africa, cancer is estimated to cause approximately 40 000 deaths per annum, which is more than the number of deaths caused by a combination of HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria every year. Cisplatin is the most common and effective anti-cancer drug for most types of cancers. However, it is also associated with severe adverse effects, including hearing loss. Cisplatin-induced hearing loss is usually bilateral, highfrequency sensorineural hearing loss and is permanent. Cisplatin-induced hearing loss can lead to communication difficulties, lack of participation, loss of employment and social isolation. This decreases patients’ quality of life. Prevention of ototoxicity relies on serial audiologic monitoring to detect any significant change in patients’ hearing thresholds that may be resulting from chemotherapy treatment. When a deterioration in the patient’s hearing thresholds is detected, treating physician(s) can decide on whether to modify the patient’s treatment to prevent further deterioration of hearing or not. Some of the common treatment modifications used by physicians include; reducing the drug dose administered to the patient, changing from Cisplatin to a less ototoxic drug such as Carboplatin or keeping a patient on Cisplatin only regimen (no treatment modification). However, there is 8 currently lack of research evidence that document the effectiveness of these treatment modifications with respect to preservation of the patient’s hearing thresholds. Also, given that there are several ototoxicity grading scales available that can be used to grade severity of ototoxicity-induced hearing loss, there is currently a lack of uniformity regarding communication of the severity of hearing loss across different professionals. There is a need to identify or develop an ototoxicity grading criterion which can be adopted by different professionals to communicate results during ototoxicity monitoring of patients. Research design This study employed a descriptive, quantitative retrospective cohort design. Medical folders of patients who underwent cisplatin chemotherapy treatment and had their hearing thresholds monitored at Groote Schuur Hospital during from 2011 up to 2016 were reviewed. Methods A non-probability, convenience sampling method was used to select medical folders that underwent review. Data which were extracted from the patients’ medical folders includes demographic information (for example age and sex,), chemotherapy treatment information including type and dose of treatment; and audiological information including baseline, checkup and exit audiogram thresholds. Data obtained from the folders were analysed using R, a software environment for statistical computing and graphics. Descriptive statistics and the following inferential statistical tests, Chi-squared, Fisher’s exact tests and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples, were used to determine significant associations between hearing loss and several factors revealed in the data. The American Speech-Language and Hearing (ASHA, 1994) criteria were used to determined incidence of significant threshold shift whilst the CTCAE v4 was used to determine both incidence of hearing loss and severity of the loss. The CTCAE v4 and TUNE criteria were compared based on incidence of hearing and ability to predict need for hearing amplification Results A total of 128 medical folders met inclusion criteria for this study and the following were the patient characteristics; median age = 43 years (range: 18 – 75 years); 92 males, 36 females; average length on treatment: 13.45 weeks). Out of these, 64 had information on the type and dose information of chemotherapy drug used during the period when monitoring of ototoxicity was conducted. The American Speech-Language and Hearing (ASHA) criteria revealed 9 ototoxicity in 74.2 % (95/128) of the sample. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired samples showed a significant difference (p = 0.0000000039, p < 0.05) between follow-up and exit monitoring thresholds which indicated a significant decline of patients’ hearing thresholds throughout the treatment duration. There were no statistically significant associations between age, duration of treatment and treatment modification. The study showed three treatment modifications which included dose adjustment (reduction), switching drug and continuing with the same drug. There was no significant association between treatment modifications and hearing loss. The CTCAEv4 criteria identified more people (53.9 %) who experienced a deterioration in their hearing thresholds than TUNE criteria (41.7%). However, TUNE performed better with respect to identifying patients who are likely to be candidates for further audiological rehabilitation including hearing amplification. Conclusion This study found a high incidence of cisplatin-induced hearing loss despite the possible modification of treatment. This shows that current strategies that are used by physicians at GSH Radiation Oncology department to prevent or minimize further deterioration of the patient’s hearing thresholds during cisplatin chemotherapy can arguably be rendered ineffective. This is owing to the inability of conventional audiometry to detect hearing loss before it affects the speech frequencies. There was no significant association between hearing loss and age, dose, duration of treatment and treatment modification. The study also showed that CTCAE v4 grading criteria detected a higher incidence of ototoxicity than the TUNE criteria. However, the TUNE criteria were better at detecting the number of patients who need further audiological rehabilitation than the CTCAE v4. Therefore, both scales have their strengths and weaknesses. Implications of the study include the incorporation of Extended High Frequency Audiometry (EHF) and Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emission (DPOAE) testing into the monitoring protocol where possible to allow for early detection and intervention of ototoxicity. Incorporation of otoprotectors into the prevention protocol is suggested as they have recently shown otoprotective efficacy in animal models without interrupting Cisplatin’s therapeutic agency. Finally, more studies are required to validate the TUNE grading criteria to explore its utility as an ototoxicity grading criterion that can be universally used to communicate ototoxicity outcomes during Cisplatin chemotherapy.
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Kwan, Tony King-Tak. "A mechanistic analysis of strategies targeting innate immunity to prevent kidney allograft rejection." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/21293.
Full textAbstract:
Renal transplantation remains the optimal method of renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease, but long-term outcomes are poor. Both immune and non-immune mechanisms contribute to the development of allograft injury and failure. Therefore, therapeutic strategies to improve long-term transplant recipient outcomes are needed. Previous work from our group found that the absence of MyD88, a key signalling adaptor molecule of the Toll-like receptor pathway involved in innate immunity, induces donor-specific tolerance in our model of renal allograft transplantation, and is associated with an increased ratio of Treg:Th17 cells in the allograft and the spleen. This thesis attempts to clarify the mechanisms by which MyD88 deficiency achieves this, by examining both upstream signalling via TLR4 and the downstream roles of Th17 and Treg cells play in this process. A fully MHC-mismatched, heterotopic renal allograft transplantation mouse model was utilised for this work. Despite the protective effects of TLR4 deficiency in renal ischaemia-reperfusion injury, TLR4 knockout mice only had improvement in short-term, but not long-term renal allograft function. Attenuating Th17 effector cell function via IL-17 deficiency resulted in improvements in allograft function and survival, with an impaired Th1 immune response. Depletion of CD4+CD25+ Tregs reversed the benefits conferred by IL-17 deficiency. Finally, dietary administration of the microbial metabolite sodium acetate also resulted in improvements in allograft function and survival, a process also mediated by CD4+CD25+ Tregs. In contrast to the IL-17 data, this appears to be mediated via enhanced induction of Tregs rather than impairment of the Th1 immune response. In summary, the data in this thesis suggest that innate immunity play an important, but not essential, role in the alloimmune rejection response.
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Harris, Kathryn Elizabeth. "Asymmetric Strategies and Asymmetric Threats: A Structural-realist Critique of Drone Strikes in Pakistan, 2004-2014." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/64516.
Full textAbstract:
As a component of the overall policy to defeat global terrorism and prevent attacks against the U.S., the Bush and Obama administrations have turned to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or drones. From 2004 to 2014, Pakistan has seen the largest volume of U.S. drone strikes targeting radical groups such as al Qaeda and the Taliban, a trend that is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. On the surface, using drones to eliminate terrorists while avoiding an official armed conflict aligns with the theory of neo- or structural realism developed by Kenneth Waltz. And yet although 9/11 served as the impetus for the U.S. to refocus attention on ameliorating the threat of terrorism and to initiate far-reaching measures to protect homeland security, there remains intense debate over whether or not the U.S. is actually more secure than it was prior to 9/11. While structural realism is still relevant to the current international system, the effects of drone strikes in Pakistan may set the U.S. on a path toward increasingly destabilizing situations that could lead to heightened insecurity and ultimately a change in power in the international system. The existing literature suggests that drone strikes in Pakistan are (1) leading to revenge-driven counter attacks, (2) intensifying radical anti-Americanism and creating more potential terrorists, (3) damaging the U.S. relationship with nuclear-armed Pakistan, (4) destabilizing the regions where drone attacks are launched, and (5) undermining American 'soft power.' The culmination of these five trends has the potential to disrupt the current balance of power in a way that is not in America's national interest. The unique security dilemma presented by the asymmetrical threat of terrorism and the asymmetrical response of drone strikes necessitates the continued evolution of neorealism as an IR theory.<br>Master of Arts
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Martin, Elizabeth Kate. "A cost-effectiveness modelling study of strategies to prevent post-caesarian surgical site infection." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2017. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/115015/1/115015_8913773_elizabeth_martin_thesis.pdf.
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In this thesis, the best ways of preventing surgical site infection following caesarean section were identified. A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to inform clinical decision makers of whether moving to evidence-based practice was value for money. The research was an important step in raising the profile of surgical site infections following caesarean section, and identifying the large and unwarranted variation in surgical practice at caesarean section in Australia. The research also introduced an economic evaluation framework to maternity health care, which is a service that continues to be costly and high-volume.
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Oliver, David. "The development and evaluation of strategies to predict and prevent falls in elderly hospital inpatients." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.271463.
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Messina, Miguel J. "Failed Dependency| Leadership Strategies to Prevent, Mitigate, and Heal Organizational Trauma in Behavioral Health Systems." Thesis, Ashford University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13863379.
Full textAbstract:
<p> Leaders play a crucial role in mitigating organizational trauma. Perverse and toxic leaders can disrupt the operating system, including initiating such rupturing events as closing programs or budget cuts. Other times, the disruptions are external and caused by socio-political changes, competitions, and lack of public acceptance. Behavioral health organizations by the nature of their work and the position they occupy in society are at risk of receiving the traumatizing events that change the culture and the operating systems. Leaders are responsible for managing the culture of an organization and mitigating the traumatic events that can result in mediocre services and organizational peril. Transformational leaders possess a great deal of emotional intelligence and believe in their abilities to lead in difficult times. They acknowledge the trauma or traumatizing events, and labor in transforming culture as leaders, employees, and the organization transcends through the events. A Delphi study allowed 18 experts in behavioral health organizations, to share their personal and professional experiences and to arrive at a consensus about leadership roles relating to the phenomenon of organizational trauma. Consequently, the role of leaders in preventing, mitigating, and healing organizational trauma was recognized as an essential role. Last, the experts agreed that transformational leadership styles, as well as emotional intelligence, are necessary interpersonal and professional skills to consider in training and development programs for leaders. The findings were congruent with the knowledge found in the literature review which indicates a need for ongoing study and research. </p><p>
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CUCIT, VALENTINO. "Characterization of centrifugal pumps used for professional equipment, development of control strategies to prevent cavitation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Trieste, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11368/2991051.
Full textAbstract:
The field of household appliances, especially professional equipment used in the catering sector, must always present new developments and controls to improve their operating cycles and life cycles. The work refers to an industrial research aimed to investigate the effect of cavitation on centrifugal pumps. The need to undertake this study arises from the demand to solve a problem related to a machine used for catering. It is therefore understandable the interest shown by Electrolux Professional Spa for the development of new solutions and control strategies. Therefore the purpose of this research is the study of cavitation on centrifugal pumps.
Cavitation is a well-known phenomenon that may occur, among other turbo-machines, in centrifugal pumps and can result in severe damage of both the pump and the whole hydraulic system.
In this research a characterization of the cavitation phenomenon in centrifugal pumps was carried out. In particular, in chapter 1 it was carried out a study on washing machines used in the domestic and professional fields. Furthermore, the main detergent factors are described, represented by the Sinner circle. Chapter 2 describes the two test benches designed and built to perform characterization and cavitation tests in centrifugal pumps. Moreover it is made an overview of the mechanical and electrical layout, on the acquisition system used and on the instruments and sensors used to characterize the cavitation. Chapter 3 describes the effects of washing in centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps have been characterized by studying the behavior under different operating conditions, varying the temperature and concentration of the detergent. The results obtained from experimental tests were compared. The effects of temperature and detergent were then compared through experimental tests. Subsequently, a study on cavitation conditions was carried out. In chapter 4 different methods for the detection of cavitation are presented: from the most common, studying the hydraulic quantities, to the most innovative, studying the vibrations of the pump. Furthermore, a characterization of the cavitation phenomenon was carried out by varying the operating flow of the centrifugal pump. In chapter 5, a procedure for preventing cavitation formation is described . In fact, by reducing the number of revolutions of the pump it is possible to change the working point of the pump and exit the cavitation. In chapter 6 and 7, instead, the two controls developed to prevent the phenomenon of cavitation, and the results obtained, are described. In chapter 6 a PI control is presented, while in chapter 7 a non-linear control is exposed. Finally, in chapter 8, conclusions are given with possible future applications. In particular, this research allows to obtain improvements in the operation of centrifugal pumps used in professional catering machines.<br>The field of household appliances, especially professional equipment used in the catering sector, must always present new developments and controls to improve their operating cycles and life cycles. The work refers to an industrial research aimed to investigate the effect of cavitation on centrifugal pumps. The need to undertake this study arises from the demand to solve a problem related to a machine used for catering. It is therefore understandable the interest shown by Electrolux Professional Spa for the development of new solutions and control strategies. Therefore the purpose of this research is the study of cavitation on centrifugal pumps.
Cavitation is a well-known phenomenon that may occur, among other turbo-machines, in centrifugal pumps and can result in severe damage of both the pump and the whole hydraulic system.
In this research a characterization of the cavitation phenomenon in centrifugal pumps was carried out. In particular, in chapter 1 it was carried out a study on washing machines used in the domestic and professional fields. Furthermore, the main detergent factors are described, represented by the Sinner circle. Chapter 2 describes the two test benches designed and built to perform characterization and cavitation tests in centrifugal pumps. Moreover it is made an overview of the mechanical and electrical layout, on the acquisition system used and on the instruments and sensors used to characterize the cavitation. Chapter 3 describes the effects of washing in centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps have been characterized by studying the behavior under different operating conditions, varying the temperature and concentration of the detergent. The results obtained from experimental tests were compared. The effects of temperature and detergent were then compared through experimental tests. Subsequently, a study on cavitation conditions was carried out. In chapter 4 different methods for the detection of cavitation are presented: from the most common, studying the hydraulic quantities, to the most innovative, studying the vibrations of the pump. Furthermore, a characterization of the cavitation phenomenon was carried out by varying the operating flow of the centrifugal pump. In chapter 5, a procedure for preventing cavitation formation is described . In fact, by reducing the number of revolutions of the pump it is possible to change the working point of the pump and exit the cavitation. In chapter 6 and 7, instead, the two controls developed to prevent the phenomenon of cavitation, and the results obtained, are described. In chapter 6 a PI control is presented, while in chapter 7 a non-linear control is exposed. Finally, in chapter 8, conclusions are given with possible future applications. In particular, this research allows to obtain improvements in the operation of centrifugal pumps used in professional catering machines.
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Bergamaschi, V. "PERCEPTIVE AND BEHAVIORAL DETERMINANTS OF FRUITS AND VEGETABLES CONSUMPTION IN CHILDHOOD: STRATEGIES TO PREVENT OBESITY." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/244987.
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Negli ultimi anni la prevenzione e il trattamento dell’obesità hanno rivestito un ruolo di primaria importanza per salute pubblica in tutto il mondo. Anche se è ormai noto che un regolare consumo di frutta e verdure è associato a una riduzione di peso e a benefici per la salute, il consumo di tali prodotti è ben lontano dalle cinque porzioni al giorno raccomandate, specialmente nei bambini (WHO, 2012). Tra i differenti fattori che influenzano il consumo di frutta e verdura, la dimensione edonistica gioca un ruolo fondamentale. Essa è il risultato di complesse interazioni tra determinanti percettive e comportamentali ed è strettamente associata al concetto di familiarità e neofobia (Nicklaus et al., 2005). Falciglia et al, (2000) hanno riportato evidenze di una correlazione negativa tra neofobia alimentare e consumo di frutta e vedura, nonostante ciò il ruolo della neofobia, della familiarità e delle preferenze sullo stato nutrizionale non è chiaro.
Negli ultimi 30 anni, ricerche sulle abitudini alimentari dei bambini hanno identificato diverse variabili che possono aumentare il consumo di alcuni alimenti. In accordo con la teoria sociale dell’apprendimento (Bandura 1977), l’imitazione di comportamenti può avere una forte influenza nel cambiare le scelte alimentari. In aggiunta, i bambini hanno molte più probabilità di imitare un modello, quando il loro comportamento è premiato, sia tale modello coetaneo o poco più grande, e in particolare se esso viene da loro ammirato. Un’altra strategia influente nella modificazione delle abitudini alimentari sono le esposizioni ripetute a uno specifico alimento. Assaggi ripetuti, infatti aumentano la familiarità, con la possibilità di estendere la preferenza anche per alimenti che inizialmente erano sgraditi (Cooke et al., 2011). Un approccio differente per implementare il consumo di prodotti specifici è quello di aumentare la varietà degli alimenti offerti. E’ noto che la varietà in un pasto aumenta il consumo. Quindi, questo fattore potrebbe essere usato per promuovere il consumo di frutta e verdura nei bambini (Forestell et al., 2007).
La presente tesi di dottorato affronta questo tema in tre capitoli. Lo scopo del Capitolo 1 è stato quello di esplorare, sviluppare e validare un questionario per valutare la neofobia alimentare in bambini italiani della scuola elementare. Nel Capitolo 2 sono presentati due studi che riguardano lo stato nutrizionale in relazione alla dimensione sensoriale. Nel primo studio è stata indagata la relazione tra soglie gustative e composizione corporea negli adulti. Tale studio è stato condotto in via priminare sugli adulti per approfondire le conoscenze in questo campo d’indagine in vista di mettere a punto nuove ricerche sui bambini. Il secondo studio di questo capitolo si è occupato di indagare la relazione tra preferenze alimentari, tratti neofobici e composizione corporea nei bambini. Lo scopo del Capitolo 3 è stato di esaminare l’effetto di diverse strategie nell’aumentare il consumo di frutta e verdura da parte dei bambini. In particolare, il primo esperimento presentato, è stato condotto in Italia, coivolgendo bambini della scuole elementari del comune di Milano; mentre il secondo ha visto la partecipazione di bambini danesi della città di Copenhagen.
Cooke, L., J., Chambers, L., C., Añes, E., V., & Wardle, J. (2011). Facilitating or undermining? The effect of reward on food acceptance. A narrative review. Appetite, 57, 493-497.
Falciglia, G.A., Couch, S.C., Gribble, L.S., Pabst, S.M., & Frank, R. (2000). Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 100, 1474-1478.
Forestell, C.A., &, J.A. (2007). Early Determinants of Fruits and Vegetables Acceptance. Pediatrics, 120 (6), 1257-1254.
Nicklaus, S., Boggio, V., Chabanet, C., & Issanchou, S. (2005). A prospective study of food variety seeking in childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Appetite, 44, 289-297.
Olsen, A., Ritz, C., Kraaij, L.W., & Møller, P. (2012a). Children’s liking and intake and vegetables: A school-based intervention study. Food Quality and Preference, 23, 90-98.
WHO, World Health Organization (2012). Population-based approaches to childhood obesity prevention. WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.<br>In the recent years, prevention and treatment of child obesity have been of primary importance in public health all over the world. Although it’s well known that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables is associated with reduction of weight and health benefits, the intake of these products is far below the recommended 5 serving per day, especially among children (WHO, 2012). Among the many factors influencing the prediction of fruits and vegetables consumption, the hedonic dimension plays a major role. It is result of complex interactions between perceptive and behavioural determinants, and it is streactly related to familiarity and neophobia (Nicklaus et al., 2005). Evidence for a negative relationship between neophobia traits and fruits and vegetables consumption in children has been reported (Falciglia et al., 2000), despite that the role of food neophobia, familiarity and preferences on nutritional status are unclear.
Over the past 30 years, research on children’s food habits has identified several variables that can increase the consumption of different foods. According to the social learning theory, modeling by significant others can be highly influential in establishing food behaviour changes. Children are also more likely to imitate a model whose behaviour they see being rewarded, who is of the same age or slightly older than themselves or who they like or admire. Another influential strategy to modifying food habits is to induce prolonged exposure to a stimulus (Olsen et al., 2012). Repeated exposures to a specific food increase familiarity of foods and extend preferences for those initially rejected (Cooke et al., 2011). A different approach to extend specific products consumption is to increase variety of food offered. Variety within a meal is known to increase intake. Thus, it may be used to increase fruits and vegetables liking and to promote their intake in children (Forestell et al., 2007).
The present PhD thesis addresses this theme in three chapters. The aim of the chapter 1 was to explore, develop and validate a questionnaire to assess food neophobia in primary school Italian children. In the chapter 2 two studies regarding nutritional status related to sensory dimension are presented. The first study explored the relationship between taste thresholds and body composition in adults. This is a preliminary survey carried out to deepen the knowledge on this field with a view to develop new researches in children. The second study of this chapter investigated the relationship between food preferences, neophobic traits and body composition in children. The aim of chapter 3 was to investigate the effect of different strategies in increasing children’s fruits and vegetables consumption. In partucular, the first experiment was carried out in Italy, involving Italian children of the Municipality of Milan; the second experiment was conducted on a group of Danish elementary school children of Copenhagen area.
Cooke, L., J., Chambers, L., C., Añes, E., V., & Wardle, J. (2011). Facilitating or undermining? The effect of reward on food acceptance. A narrative review. Appetite, 57, 493-497.
Falciglia, G.A., Couch, S.C., Gribble, L.S., Pabst, S.M., & Frank, R. (2000). Food neophobia in childhood affects dietary variety. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 100, 1474-1478.
Forestell, C.A., &, J.A. (2007). Early Determinants of Fruits and Vegetables Acceptance. Pediatrics, 120 (6), 1257-1254.
Nicklaus, S., Boggio, V., Chabanet, C., & Issanchou, S. (2005). A prospective study of food variety seeking in childhood, adolescence and early adult life. Appetite, 44, 289-297.
Olsen, A., Ritz, C., Kraaij, L.W., & Møller, P. (2012a). Children’s liking and intake and vegetables: A school-based intervention study. Food Quality and Preference, 23, 90-98.
WHO, World Health Organization (2012). Population-based approaches to childhood obesity prevention. WHO Document Production Services, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Evans, J. Stewart (James Stewart). "Comparing long-term antiplatelet strategies to prevent morbidity and mortality in patients with drug-eluting coronary stents." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/63226.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 2010.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 35-38).<br>Background: The optimal long-term antiplatelet therapy (APT) that balances the benefit of preventing myocardial infarction (MI) with the risk of severe bleeding is unknown in patients greater than one year after drug-eluting stent (DES) placement. Methods: We modeled life expectancy (LE) using published data by building a Markov model to compare several APT strategies composed of aspirin and clopidogrel, both as monotherapy and in various clinically plausible combinations. The base case examined a 65-year old person treated with a DES then continuous aspirin plus clopidogrel (Dual-Rx) for one year without complications. We considered risk of mortality from myocardial infarction and severe bleeding. We used a lifetime horizon and projected LE without quality-adjustment. Results: In the base-case analysis, APT yielding greatest LE was a toss-up between Dual-Rx indefinitely (LE of 13.48 years), clopidogrel indefinitely (LE of 13.45 years), and aspirin indefinitely (LE of 13.42 years); of the strategies considered, no APT was least preferred (LE of 13.36 years). All parameters were varied over plausible ranges in sensitivity analyses, including the duration of future treatment with clopidogrel (base-case, life long). The choice of APT remained a toss-up unless: the annual probability of MI fell below 0.0087 (base-case, 0.013) or the relative risk of systemic bleeding exceeded 1.52 (base case, 1.00), in which case clopidogrel indefinitely was preferred; or the efficacy of clopidogrel to prevent MI fell below 0.09 (base case, 0.20) or the relative risk of clopidogrel for severe gastrointestinal hemorrhage exceeded 3.33 (base case, 2.01), in which case aspirin indefinitely was preferred. Conclusions: For patients with a drug-eluting stent placed greater than one year ago, the antiplatelet therapy which yields the greatest life expectancy is a toss-up between dual antiplatelet therapy (clopidogrel plus aspirin indefinitely), clopidogrel indefinitely, and aspirin indefinitely. However, additional research (including a clinical trial, subgroup analysis, and modeling) is needed.<br>by J. Stewart Evans.<br>S.M.
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Phillips, Russell. "Characterisation of the role of α₁-antitrypsin polymers in disease and novel strategies to prevent their formation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.613343.
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Binjawadagi, Basavaraj. "DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF NOVEL INTRANASAL VACCINATION STRATEGIES TO PREVENT PORCINE REPRODUCTIVE AND RESPIRATORY SYNDROME IN PIGS." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429797731.
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Satterley, Shane. "On the Trail of Counter Radicalisation: An Examination of Strategies to Prevent the Threat of Islamist Extremism." Thesis, Griffith University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/370984.
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The problem of Islamist inspired terrorism is a challenge that states around the world are struggling to deal with. This thesis focuses on the process of Islamist radicalisation that leads to this form of terrorism. It analyses strategies and programs that seek to counter or reverse the process of Islamist radicalisation. This thesis provides an explanatory model of radicalisation, a key component for first understanding how this process emerges and for analysing policies and programs. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in order to solicit best practices, lessons learned and challenges from key practitioners and policy makers in the area of counter radicalisation and deradicalisation in the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Morocco. Also, this thesis provides new data concerning Australian Islamist terrorists and their educational status. These data show an overrepresentation of Australian terrorists in the STEM fields, particularly engineering. One of the key findings of this thesis is that radicalised individuals tend to lack particular epistemic skills, which have implications for pedagogy in general, and particularly counter radicalisation and deradicalisation programs. This thesis concludes with recommendations for counter radicalisation and deradicalisation policies and practice in Australia, drawn from broader contexts.<br>Thesis (Masters)<br>Master of Arts Research (MARes)<br>School of Hum, Lang & Soc Sc<br>Arts, Education and Law<br>Full Text
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Smith, Christina Ann. "High school guidance counselors' level of occupational stress and self-reported effectiveness of coping strategies to prevent burnout." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007smithc.pdf.
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Morin, Åsa. ""You can’t play with us" Intervention strategies to prevent and reduce bullying in preschools : A systematic literature review." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Högskolan i Jönköping, HLK, CHILD, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-35742.
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Bullying is a quite common problem. “You can’t play with us” or “we can only be two in this game” are examples on how bullying can present itself in a preschool environment. Bullying in preschools is a fairly new research field and the majority of the research done around interventions related to bullying is done on children over the age of six. Therefore the aim with this study was to identify interventions that are used or recommended in preschools to support children in need of special support in relation to bullying. Ten articles were identified through a systematic literature review. The result show that both the child who is being bullied and the child who bullies are seen as children in need of special support, both of these children need help with interactions. The identified interventions proved that bullying is created by a situation in a specific context; no specific child is the problem and therefore interventions can be directed at different levels. Furthermore, the teacher and the environment were seen as two key factors when it comes to interventions.
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Luckner, Helene [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Gericke. "Effective and cost-effective strategies to prevent overweight and obesity in South Australia / Helene Luckner. Betreuer: Christian Gericke." Berlin : Universitätsbibliothek der Technischen Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102919257X/34.
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KRESTELICA, Dragana, and dkrestel@student ecu edu au. "AN EXPLORATORY CROSS-CULTURAL INVESTIGATION OF THE ORGANISATIONAL STRATEGIES EMPLOYED TO PREVENT AND AMELIORATE WORKPLACE BULLYING IN UNIVERSITY SETTINGS." Edith Cowan University. Business And Law: School Of Management, 2005. http://adt.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2007.0004.html.
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Workplaces abound in conflict. Individuals within organisations are therefore vulnerable to a wide range of intimidating interactional tactics. These tactics can have an extremely negative impact upon individual workers and upon subsequent organisational performance. Consequentially, the diverse forms of organisational social harassment, and specifically bullying, place a large financial burden upon both organisations and nations. Therefore, the identification of strategies used to prevent and ameliorate workplace bullying and an examination that highlights their comparative success or failure is of great importance for all employers, employees and government. This study focuses upon those strategies used to prevent and ameliorate such workplace bullying and investigates their impact.
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Zhang, Wen, and 張文. "A randomized controlled clinical trial of oral health promotion strategies to prevent and arrest root caries among Hong Kong'seldering." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43278498.
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Krestelica, Dragana. "An exploratory cross-cultural investigation of the organisational strategies employed to prevent and ameliorate workplace bullying in university settings." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2005. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/108.
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Workplaces abound in conflict. Individuals within organisations are therefore vulnerable to a wide range of intimidating interactional tactics. These tactics can have an extremely negative impact upon individual workers and upon subsequent organisational performance. Consequentially, the diverse forms of organisational social harassment, and specifically bullying, place a large financial burden upon both organisations and nations. Therefore, the identification of strategies used to prevent and ameliorate workplace bullying and an examination that highlights their comparative success or failure is of great importance for all employers, employees and government. This study focuses upon those strategies used to prevent and ameliorate such workplace bullying and investigates their impact.
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Sharma, Shweta. ""Giving Rope and Pulling It Back" : Types and Patterns of Strategies Used by Parents to Prevent Adolescent Substance (Ab)use." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27185.
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This study contributes to the INC theory by adding the stage of prevention to the parent-child relationships' timeline. Ten parents (six mothers and four fathers) were interviewed, and a memory enhancing timeline calendar was used to encourage parents to recall and talk about when they were trying to prevent substance (ab)use. Prevention strategies were coded on the basis of Inconsistent Nurturing as Control (INC) theory. Nurturing strategies consisted of 1.) Promoting open discussions, 2.) Monitoring behavior and activities in respectful ways, and 3.) Presenting a model for responsible use. Punishing strategies consisted of 1.) Reinforcing discipline and rules, 2.) Forcing discussions, 3.) Reprimanding perceived deviant behavior. Results demonstrated that a prevention stage exists in the parent-child relationship in the context of adolescent substance (ab)use, and parents used both nurturing and control strategies for prevention.
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Zhang, Wen. "A randomized controlled clinical trial of oral health promotion strategies to prevent and arrest root caries among Hong Kong's eldering." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43278498.
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Handl, Alina [Verfasser]. "Development of M³C strategies in production processes with CHO cell cultures to prevent the formation of product aggregation / Alina Handl." Ulm : Universität Ulm, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1195606605/34.
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Srinivasan, Balasubramanian Thiagarajan. "Characteristics of prediabetes, predictors of progression and strategies to prevent Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in a multiethnic population in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/9628.
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Executive Summary: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic multi factorial disorder linked to obesity that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. T2DM poses a major public health problem with the prevalence expecting to reach 4 million in the United Kingdom by the year 2025. Upto 50% of people may have established complications at the time of diagnosis of T2DM. However, T2DM is preceded by a latent phase of Prediabetes (PDM) which provides a window of opportunity for primary prevention. PDM is often known as impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) or impaired glucose regulation (IGR). PDM is a collective term for impaired fasting glucose (IFG), impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and those with combined IFG and IGT. The reported prevalence of these conditions is variable throughout the world. This thesis seeks to address key questions on identification of IGR, determine factors predicting progression to T2DM and thus propose prevention strategies in a mixed ethnic population in the UK using data from the ADDITION Leicester and ADDITION PLUS studies. ADDITION Leicester is a sub study of the multinational multi centre study-ADDITION Europe. ADDITION study is a randomised controlled trial evaluating the benefits of a multi factorial cardiovascular disease risk factor intervention in a cohort of patients with screen detected T2DM. The prevalence of PDM was 16% in the study population with IFG, IGT and combined IFG and IGT being 2.8%, 11% and 2.2% respectively. People of South Asian (SA) origin have a significantly higher adjusted prevalence of PDM compared to those of White European (WE) origin (OR: 1.57; 95% CI: 1.24 to 1.98). A risk score tailored to the local population (Leicester risk assessment score) was robust in identifying those at risk of developing T2DM and PDM as well those progressing from PDM to T2DM at 12 months. Subjects with PDM have a unique phenotype placing their cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks between T2DM and normal glucose tolerance. Novel markers of CVD such as Interleukin 6, Adiponectin, Leptin and C-reactive protein are also raised in those with PDM compared to normal. The risk of progression from PDM to T2DM at 12 months is higher for SA compared to WE (OR: 3.09, 95% CI- 1.58 to 6.02). The diabetes progression rate (cases/100 person-years) for IFG, IGT and combined IFG and IGT were 5.51, 3.13 and 14.46 respectively. The risk of progression for SA people occurs at a lower cut off for BMI and waist circumference. A meta analysis of 13,314 patients from 22 studies with PDM revealed a pooled progression rate (cases per 100 person-years) (95% CI) to be 6.29 (4.29- 9.22), 7.48 (5.00-11.18) and 7.86 (5.51- 11.20) for people with IFG, IGT and combined IFG+IGT respectively. Presence of CVD, central obesity measured both by waist circumference and BMI, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c significantly predict progression to T2DM at 12 months. Presence of metabolic syndrome with more than 2 additional criteria significantly predicts progression to T2DM. In terms of adipocytokines, TNFα is the only marker, after adjusting for confounders that is significantly associated with progression to T2DM. In terms of follow up of this cohort, we propose a two step method using FPG >6 mmol/L as a screening tool to identify people who can subsequently be screened using an OGTT, reducing the number of OGTT needed to 23.5%. Our findings suggest using a structured screening programme with a risk score used in parallel to the recommended opportunistic screening for T2DM. The need for ethnic specific cut-off for obesity has been established. Factors such as presence of metabolic syndrome, HbA1c >6%, presence of a single diabetes range glucose value and pre-existing CVD may be used in risk stratification of individuals with PDM. These factors may also be used to guide those who may benefit from Metformin in addition to established life style interventions for PDM. Our findings provide a contemporary and prospective data on the prevalence of PDM in a multi ethnic UK population and factors predicting progression from PDM to T2DM. A robust strategy using a self assessed risk score is proposed to identify those at risk of developing PDM and T2DM. A step wise ethnic specific algorithm using anthropometric measures is also recommended to enable follow up of those with PDM. These findings have important implications for public health in informing strategies to address the emerging pandemic of T2DM.
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Hernandez, Amy. "STRATEGIES AND COPING MECHANISMS UTILIZED BY NICU AND PICU SOCIAL WORKERS TO PREVENT PRIMARY TRAUMA, SECONDARY TRAUMA STRESS, COMPASSION FATIGUE AND BURNOUT." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd/518.
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Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit social workers are a particularly vulnerable group of professionals due to their chronic exposure to trauma. Current research has overlooked how social workers specifically can adopt certain strategies and coping mechanisms to prevent the symptoms associated with primary trauma, secondary trauma stress, compassion fatigue, and burnout. Thus, the study that follows was designed to explore the strategies and coping mechanisms utilized by NICU and PICU social workers. Data for this project was collected through the use of open-ended questions in an electronic survey format and analyzed through a conventional content analysis approach. Seven participants fully completed the survey and thus only their responses were considered in the analysis. Results of this study indicate the need for NICU and PICU social workers to gain additional education and training on primary trauma, secondary trauma stress, compassion fatigue and burnout so that they can actively participate in prevention. NICU and PICU social workers reported a range of strategies and coping mechanisms including the awareness of personal and professional barriers, consultation, exercise, among others. This study provides crucial information to an understudied area of research, provides a foundation for future research, and promotes the use of positive strategies and coping mechanisms by NICU and PICU social workers so that they can continue to provide the best services possible for the patients they serve.
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Wood, Sherree F. "Strategies Employed by School Administrators to Prevent or Reduce Gang-Related Activity and Violence in Selected High Schools in a North Central Texas School District." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278289/.
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This research investigated the strategies used by school administrators in selected high schools to prevent or reduce gang-related activity and violence. Interviews were conducted with six high school principals, six assistant principals, fifteen staff members and eleven students. All of the students were gang members. The results of the study showed that there are gang members in all schools, but that their gang activity at school is curtailed by some specific strategies.
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Ramponi, Fabio. "Operative strategies to prevent cerebrovascular complications in patients presenting with concomitant critical coronary and carotid artery disease: the role of combined anaortic off-pump coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/28613.
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Permanent neurologic injury following coronary revascularization is among the most feared complication, as it bears disastrous consequences for the immediate and long-term patient recovery. Depending on the patient population and the diagnostic criteria utilized, isolated coronary artery bypass grafting carries a risk of postoperative neurologic events (including stroke, transient ischemic attack and neurocognitive decline) of 1 to 5%. Older age and increased atherosclerotic burden, progressively common features of the population referred for coronary surgery, are the main risk factors for perioperative ischemic stroke most commonly due to atheroembolic events secondary to aortic instrumentation (ie. cannulation, clamping and proximal anastomosis). Avoiding aortic manipulation with “anaortic” techniques (anaortic off-pump coronary bypass grafting) significantly reduces the risk of cerebrovascular events, a concept that has been fully embraced by the latest International coronary revascularization guidelines. A sub-group of patients at higher risk of perioperative neurologic morbidity are those with multilevel extra-cardiac atherosclerotic disease, in particular subjects presenting with concomitant severe carotid and coronary pathology. The management of this specific cohort is still controversial due to the lack of adequately powered randomized controlled trials.
This Master of Philosophy research aims to: (i) describe the mechanisms of neurologic injury following isolated coronary artery bypass surgery (ii) explore the evidence related to surgical techniques aimed to reduce neurologic morbidity, in particular in the context of severe atherosclerotic burden; (iii) investigate the safety and efficacy of different surgical strategies for patients affected by concomitant severe carotid and coronary disease, with particular focus on the role of synchronous anaortic off-pump coronary bypass and carotid endarterectomy.
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Alverland, Vicky, and Lindqvist Linn Wennerstrand. "Strategier riktade mot hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal för att förebygga och reducera stigmatisering av patienter med hiv : Strategies aimed towards healthcare professionals to prevent and reduce stigmatization of patients with hiv." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-83484.
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Haigh, Cathryn. "The Political Discourse of the ‘New Age of Terror’: : An historical examination of the United Kingdom’s approach to counter-terrorism post-9/11 with a Critical Discourse Analysis observing how counter-terrorism strategies are framed to present a specific narrative for the ‘new age of terror’." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-363914.
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At the start of his premiership UK Prime Minister, Tony Blair, spoke of ensuring that Britain continues with its proud history of multiculturalism by developing programmes to further integrate communities and reduce tensions resulting from immigration. Initially this programme was successful and many hailed the drive of New Labour in its desire to ensure that Britain sold itself as a welcoming place to call home. However, this celebration of success has been called into question over the first two decades of the new millennium following the seemingly steady increase in terrorist attacks and foiled attacks – many of which have been linked to British-born actors or immigrants to Britain. Thus, this study will call into question the extent to which the UKs multiculturalist approach has hit a stumbling block, positing that it is the change in approach to counter-terrorism through its Prevent programme that has led it to unlearn’ lessons from Northern Ireland and actively ensured a backward step through alienating the very communities it is trying to engage. It will examine the extent to which this seemingly more suspicious and divisive government-led approach alienates rather than celebrates cultural diversity, creating an environment ripe for radicalisation, in direct contrast to its aim, using Critical Discourse Analysis to show that the government’s approach from 2005 to the present day become entrenched as a result of the ‘new narrative’ of the ‘new age of terrorism’ and that this has led to a development of an ‘us’ versus ‘them’ approach which is not taking into account the necessary holistic approach to counter-terrorism, instead alienating Muslim communities and creating a hostile environment made worse by the permeation of suspicion from the general public who have bought into the narrative following more than a decade of its telling.
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Mabange, Ntombizodwa Elsie. "A nursing service management strategy to prevent strike action by nurses in a hospital." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/5827.
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M.Cur.<br>The problem of strikes within the public institutions has infiltrated the health sector and has led to nurses participating in the strike action, which affects patient care. The involvement of unions and works' representatives in the health services cannot be wished away as it is a political and constitutional reality in South Africa. The researcher is concerned about the quality of awareness of nurses of the causes of strike action. Confusion amongst nurses about their professional rights and responsibilities contributes to labour unrest. The management of health services is at times not sensitive to the needs of nurses, and nurses are not always recognised for their inherent professional worth. The nursing management is also apparently confused about their roles and responsibilities towards their subordinates in respect of exerting their authority whilst not having the power to make decisions. The researcher, as an observer of the chaos caused by strike action in the health services, decided to investigate the matter through a phenomenological study. The parameters of nursing and beliefs about man, health, illness and nursing are also described. The following questions were generated : Why do nurses participate in strike action? How do professional nurses and nursing service managers experience strike action? What nursing service management strategy can be developed to prevent future strike action by nurses? The objectives of the study are to: Explore and describe the reasons why professional nurses participate in strike action in a public hospital in Gauteng. Explore and describe how strike action is experienced by professional nurses and nursing service managers; and To describe a strategy for nursing service managers to prevent future strike action by nurses within a health delivery system
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Lemos, Sara Manuela Costa. "Antifouling strategies to prevent catheters-associated medical infections." Master's thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10451/35957.
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Trabalho Final de Mestrado Integrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Farmácia, 2017<br>The use of invasive medical devices is becoming more common in nowadays, with catheters representing one of the most used medical devices. However, there is a risk of infection associated with the use of these devices, once they are made of materials that are prone to bacterial adhesion. Therefore, to avoid the nefarious consequences of these infections the prevention of bacterial adherence to the surface of catheters is an important aspect.
This review is focused in some strategies that are able to modify the physical or chemical properties of materials, leading to the creation of antiadhesive surfaces. Strategies such as coating the surfaces with poly(ethylene glycol), zwitterions, polysaccharides, polyacrylamide and polyacrylates, amphiphilic polymers and modified polyurethanes were reviewed. Also, two quite different approaches were included, the Sharklet topography and the Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces.
All the reviewed strategies have proven to be effective in preventing bacterial adhesion. However, the best examples were the use of zwitterionic polymers (more specifically SBSi, PDA/PMEN10 and Poly-SB), Amino-PPX-PAAm brushes, methylcellulose grafting and associations of polysaccharides (heparin with chitosan or agarose) on biomaterials coatings. Also, SLIPS and Sharklet Topography seem to be promising candidates in the field of antifouling strategies.
Concerning the potential application of most of these strategies in catheters, more in vitro studies and clinical trials in humans are needed, to assure the safety in possible future use.<br>O uso de dispositivos médicos invasivos tem vindo a aumentar com o passar dos anos, sendo que os cateteres são dos dispositivos médicos mais utilizados.
Contudo há um risco de desenvolvimento de infeções associado ao uso destes dispositivos, uma vez que os cateteres são feitos de materiais que, devido às suas superfícies hidrofóbicas, são muito propensos à adesão de microrganismos. Deste modo, a prevenção da adesão bacteriana à superfície destes materiais reveste-se de grande importância.
Este trabalho faz uma revisão de algumas estratégias anti-adesivas obtidas através da modificação das propriedades físico-químicas dos materiais. Estratégias tais como os revestimentos com polietilenoglicol, zwitteriões, polissacáridos, poliacrilamida e poliacrilatos, polímeros anfifílicos e poliuretanos modificados foram abordadas. Também a Topografia de Sharklet e as Superfícies Porosas Escorregadias Infundidas em Líquido (SLIPS) foram alvo de revisão.
Apesar de todas as estratégias abordadas terem demonstrado ser eficazes na prevenção da adesão bacteriana, o uso de zwitteriões (mais especificamente SBSi, PDA/PMEN10 e Poly-SB), escovas Amino-PPX-PAAm, metilcelulose e a associação de diferentes polissacáridos (nomeadamente a heparina com o quitosano ou a agarose) para o revestimento das superfícies dos biomateriais são alvo de destaque. Também as SLIPS e a Topografia de Sharklet demonstraram ser candidatos promissores na área das estratégias anti-adesivas.
Quanto à aplicação deste tipo de estratégias em cateteres, será necessária a realização de mais estudos in vivo e ensaios clínicos em humanos para que se possa garantir a segurança do uso destas estratégias.