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Journal articles on the topic 'Subnuclei'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 February 2022

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1

Hayward, Linda F., and Robert B. Felder. "Electrophysiological properties of rat lateral parabrachial neurons in vitro." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 276, no. 3 (1999): R696—R706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.276.3.r696.

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Anatomical studies have demonstrated that the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) is composed of at least seven separate subnuclei distinguished by cell morphology, spatial clustering, and afferent and efferent connectivity. We hypothesized that neurons within the subnuclear clusters of the LPBN might have distinct electrophysiological properties that correlate with cellular morphology. An in vitro slice preparation was used to intracellularly record the intrinsic properties of 64 neurons located within the external lateral (EL) and central lateral (CL) subnuclei of the LPBN in adult rats. Analysis of intrinsic properties revealed that neurons in the EL subnucleus had significantly wider action potentials and on the average demonstrated more spike frequency adaptation during 2 s of depolarization compared with CL neurons. The majority of both EL and CL area neurons expressed delayed excitation (DE) after membrane hyperpolarization. DE was eliminated with the A-current blocker 4-aminopyridine (1.5–5 mM). Postinhibitory rebound was also observed in a subpopulation of EL and CL neurons. Morphological analysis of 11 LPBN neurons, which were electrophysiologically characterized and filled with 2% biocytin, failed to demonstrate an association between morphology and the electrophysiological profiles of LPBN neurons. The lack of distinct “type” of neuron within a single subnucleus of the LPBN is in agreement with recent findings reported from the neonatal rat.

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2

Kolesnik, Yu M., A. V. Abramov, G. V. Vasilenko, and V. A. Zhulinsky. "Contribution of various sections of the hypothalamus to the pathogenesis of experimental diabetes mellitus in rats." Problems of Endocrinology 41, no. 5 (1995): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/probl11480.

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The status of subnuclei of the paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus in the pathogenesis of experimental diabetes mellitus was studied in Wistar rats by morphohistochemical, radioimmunological, immunocytochemical, and electrophysiological methods. A close correlation was revealed between morphohistochemical and hormonal characteristics of the neuronal status of the studied hypothalamic subnuclei, on the one hand, and of their bioelectrical activity, on the other. The reactions of the subnuclei of paraventricular and ventromedial nuclei during development of diabetes were found to differ. The hypofunction of the ventrolateral subnucleus of the ventromedial nucleus was shown to be one of the mechanisms of compensation of diabetes mellitus, directed, together with other mechanisms, at stimulation of insulin biosynthesis. The results confirm the important role of the hypothalamic structures in the regulation of the endocrine function of the pancreas and in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus.

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3

BAUMANN, B., H. BIELAU, D. KRELL, et al. "Circumscribed numerical deficit of dorsal raphe neurons in mood disorders." Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (2002): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291701004822.

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Background. Neurocircuits comprising limbic, striato–pallidal and thalamo–cortical brain areas are assumed to be involved in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. All these brain regions receive serotonergic afferents arising from the rostral raphe, mainly the dorsal raphe. Although serotonergic systems appear to be involved in the pathology of mood disorders, there is uncertainty as to whether structural alterations in raphe nuclei exist alongside a functional dysregulation of the serotonergic system.Methods. In the brains of 12 patients with mood disorders (major depressive disorder N = 6, bipolar disorder N = 6) and 12 normal subjects we performed a morphometric post-mortem study on neuronal morphology in all subnuclei of the dorsal raphe nucleus using Nissl stained 20 μm axial serial sections of the brainstem.Results. The number of neurones of the ventrolateral subnucleus of the dorsal raphe was reduced by 31% in patients with mood disorders compared with non-psychiatric control subjects. Ventrally located subnuclei of the rostral dorsal raphe (ventrolateral, ventral, interfascicular) taken together also showed a smaller number of neurones. Neurone numbers of the dorsal and the caudal subnucleus and volumes of all single subnuclei appeared to be unchanged. Analysis of morphological neuronal types revealed a smaller number of triangular neurones in the ventrolateral subnucleus. Numbers of ovoid and round neurones in the ventrolateral subnucleus also showed a trend to reduction. No correlation was found between neurone numbers in any subnucleus of the dorsal raphe and duration of illness. Neurone numbers did not differ in any subnucleus between patients with unipolar and those with bipolar affective disorder.Conclusions. Results indicate that patients with primary mood disorders have a circumscribed numerical neuronal deficiency in the dorsal raphe. This structural deviation may contribute to impaired serotonergic innervation of brain regions which are involved in the pathology of mood disorders.

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4

Vityazev, A. V. "Formation of cometary subnuclei." Planetary and Space Science 44, no. 9 (1996): 967–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(95)00146-8.

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5

Barton, Jason J. S., Randy H. Kardon, Daniel Slagel, and H. Stanley Thompson. "Bilateral Central Ptosis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome." Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques 22, no. 1 (1995): 52–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0317167100040518.

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ABSTRACT:A man with acquired immune deficiency syndrome suddenly developed bilateral complete ptosis and minor vertical gaze limitation. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a lesion in the midbrain surrounding the sylvian aqueduct in addition to bilateral masses in the caudate nuclei. Pathologic examination showed that the caudate lesions were central nervous system lymphoma of B cell origin, but the midbrain lesion contained only signs of AIDS encephalopathy. The periaqueductal lesion involved the caudal central subnucleus and probably also the subnuclei of the superior and inferior recti of the oculomotor nuclear complex bilaterally.

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6

Jacquin, M. F., M. R. Wiegand, and W. E. Renehan. "Structure-function relationships in rat brain stem subnucleus interpolaris. VIII. Cortical inputs." Journal of Neurophysiology 64, no. 1 (1990): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.64.1.3.

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1. Spinal trigeminal (SpV) subnucleus interpolaris (SpVi) receives inputs from trigeminal (V) first- and second-order neurons, monoamine-containing brain stem nuclei, and somatosensory cortex. Prior studies suggest that SpVi receptive-field (RF) properties cannot be predicted solely on the basis of primary afferent inputs. To assess the cortico-V projection and its role in SpVi RFs, anatomic and electrophysiological experiments were conducted. 2. Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L) or wheat-germ-agglutinized horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) were used as anterograde tracers to study cortico-V axons in 24 normal adult rats. Injections into SI barrel cortex-labeled pyramidal fibers that decussated at all levels of the V brain stem complex, though crossing fibers were most numerous in the pyramidal decussation and pons. A small number of axons projected to ipsilateral V brain stem subnuclei. PHA-L-labeled pyramidal fibers did not give rise to collaterals in their descent through the pons and medulla. 3. Heaviest terminal labeling occurred contralaterally and in the maxillary portion of caudalis laminae III-V. Moderately dense reaction product was seen in ventral portions of all other contralateral V brain stem subnuclei, as well as in laminae I and II of caudalis. Subnucleus oralis contained the least amount of label contralateral to the injection site. Ipsilateral projections were weak and most dense in principalis. 4. Cortico-V projections were topographic between matching whisker representations. Axons most commonly had longitudinal orientations and stringy shapes. Terminal boutons occurred at the ends of short collateral branches. Many of these collaterals were derived from axons that ascended through caudal V brian stem subnuclei after crossing in the lower medulla. 5. Cortico-V labeling was heavier in septal regions between single whisker representations. This “honeycomb-like” termination pattern was most pronounced in contralateral caudalis and SpVi and ipsilateral principalis. 6. In 13 other adult rats, right SI cortex was aspirated followed by single-unit recordings in left SpVi under pentobarbital sodium anesthesia. In 9 of these, chronic effects were evaluated by recording the responses of 346 left SpVi cells 4-55 days after the lesion. In the remaining four rats, acute effects were analyzed by recording the responses of 190 SpVi cells on the day of the lesion.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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7

Vitek, J. L., J. Ashe, M. R. DeLong, and G. E. Alexander. "Physiologic properties and somatotopic organization of the primate motor thalamus." Journal of Neurophysiology 71, no. 4 (1994): 1498–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1994.71.4.1498.

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1. To examine the functional organization of the primate "motor" thalamus, neuronal activity was studied systematically in awake behaving monkeys throughout the nucleus ventralis lateralis, pars oralis (VLo), nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars oralis (VPLo), ventralis lateralis, pars caudalis (VLc), and portions of ventralis anterior (VA) and Area X. In addition, portions of the sensory nucleus ventralis posterior lateralis, pars caudalis (VPLc) were explored. Isolated neurons were examined for their responses to somatosensory examination and active movement (n = 919) and for their response to torque-induced joint displacements (n = 375). A total of 684 neurons was determined histologically to lie within specific subnuclei of the motor (n = 574) or sensory (n = 110) thalamus. 2. The sensorimotor response properties of neurons in the thalamic subnuclei showed clear differences in their response to somatosensory examination. In order of decreasing frequency, the percent of neurons responding to passive somatosensory examination in each subnucleus were as follows: VPLc, 96% (106/110), VPLo, 93% (252/270), VLc, 77% (43/56), VLo, 37% (59/155), Area X, 22% (12/53), and VA, 12% (5/40). Conversely, neurons that responded only to active movement were most frequent in VLo, 44% (68/155), VA, 45% (18/40), and Area X, 40% (21/53) and relatively infrequent in VLc 11% (6/56) and VPLo, 3% (7/270). In VPLc, no neurons were found that responded only to active movement (0/110). 3. A well-defined somatotopic organization was found in VLo, VPLo, and VPLc and was suggested strongly for VLc. Individual body regions were represented in a series of lamellae, organized in a partial onion skin-like arrangement with the leg represented in the outermost lamella, and the trunk, arm, and orofacial regions represented in successively deeper lamellae. In general the body representations, although present for each subnucleus thoroughly examined, i.e., VLo, VPLo, and VPLc, also were contiguous across subnuclei. Based on the available data, a clear somatotopic picture could not be discerned for Area X or VA. 4. Responses to torque application were more common in neurons in VPLo (77%; 60/78) and VLc (73%; 16/22) than in VLo (44%; 12/27). Mean latencies were shortest for neurons in VPLo (25 +/- 14 ms; mean +/- SD) and the bordering (shell) region of VPLc (22 +/- 15 ms) and were approximately twice as long in VLc (51 +/- 23 ms) and VLo (47 +/- 21 ms).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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8

Winters, Nathan Daniel, and Sachin Patel. "Differential Cannabidiol Pharmacology Across Amygdala Subnuclei." FASEB Journal 34, S1 (2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.09332.

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9

Aghamohammadi‐Sereshki, Arash, Stanislau Hrybouski, Scott Travis, et al. "Amygdala subnuclei and healthy cognitive aging." Human Brain Mapping 40, no. 1 (2018): 34–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.24353.

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10

Grinberg, Lea Tenenholz, and Helmut Heinsen. "Computer-assisted 3D reconstruction of the human basal forebrain complex." Dementia & Neuropsychologia 1, no. 2 (2007): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1980-57642008dn10200005.

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Abstract The basal forebrain complex (BFC) is a small but intricate structure. Its organization and function is hard to investigate using conventional methods, especially in humans. By combining new methods of research we present a comprehensive overview of this complex, in order to better understand its function in normal and diseased brains. Methods: The right and left BFC of a 29-year-old male were reconstructed from gallcocyanin (Nissl) stained 440 mm-thick serial horizontal sections by using advanced computer-assisted 3D reconstruction software. Results: The reconstructed components in the present case include Ch2, Ch3, Ch4am-al, Ch4i, Ch4p, juxtacommissural, Ayala's medial (subpallidal) and lateral (periputaminal) subnuclei. These components are arranged in an arch-like course mainly beneath the anterior commissure. The bilateral volume of all subnuclei was 99.06 mm³, the left side accounting for 48.05 mm³. Some of the subnuclei exhibited volume asymmetry indices varying from 28.3 to 12.9%.The volume of Ayalas' lateral or periputaminal nucleus was 9.7% higher on the right, than on the left side. Conclusions: Our methodological approach promises to be highly efficient and reproducible in studying morphofunctional correlations in complex cognitive features

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11

Calingasan, N. Y., and S. Ritter. "Lateral parabrachial subnucleus lesions abolish feeding induced by mercaptoacetate but not by 2-deoxy-D-glucose." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 265, no. 5 (1993): R1168—R1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1993.265.5.r1168.

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Lesions of the area postrema/nucleus of the solitary tract (AP/NTS) region abolish feeding induced by mercaptoacetate (MA) and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG), metabolic inhibitors that selectively impair fatty acid and glucose utilization, respectively. Because the AP/NTS region is important for both MA- and 2DG-induced feeding, the present experiment investigated the involvement of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (1PBN), which is innervated by AP/NTS neurons, in these feeding responses. Electrolytic and ibotenic acid lesions were directed at the entire parabrachial nucleus or at specific lateral parabrachial subnuclei. Rats with electrolytic lesions were tested for feeding in response to 0.9% NaCl (subcutaneous or intraperitoneal), MA (400, 600, and 800 mumol/kg ip), and 2DG (100 and 200 mg/kg sc). Ibotenate-lesioned rats were tested with NaCl and MA only. Lesions were verified either by cresyl violet staining or by glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry. Bilateral destruction of the 1PBN severely impaired or abolished MA-induced feeding. Cell bodies important for MA-induced feeding appear to be localized in the dorsal-central 1PBN subnuclear area, because both electrolytic and cytotoxin microlesions centered in this area abolished feeding in response to MA. Fibers of passage important for MA-induced feeding appear to pass through the external and superior 1PBN because electrolytic but not cytotoxin lesions of these subnuclei disrupted the feeding response. In contrast, 2DG-induced feeding did not differ significantly from sham-lesioned controls in any of the 1PBN lesion groups. These results indicate that 2DG and MA stimulate feeding by activating separate central neural pathways and, perhaps, distinct metabolic controls of food intake.

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12

Magnotta, V. A., S. Gold, N. C. Andreasen, and J. C. Ehrhardt. "In Vivo Assessment of Thalamic Subnuclei with MRI." NeuroImage 7, no. 4 (1998): S698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1053-8119(18)31531-3.

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13

Hrybouski, Stanislau, Arash Aghamohammadi-Sereshki, Christopher R. Madan, et al. "Amygdala subnuclei response and connectivity during emotional processing." NeuroImage 133 (June 2016): 98–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.056.

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14

Aizawa, Hidenori, Megumi Kobayashi, Sayaka Tanaka, Tomoki Fukai, and Hitoshi Okamoto. "Molecular characterization of the subnuclei in rat habenula." Journal of Comparative Neurology 520, no. 18 (2012): 4051–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23167.

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15

Aizawa, Hidenori, Megumi Kobayashi, Sayaka Tanaka, Tomoki Fukai, and Hitoshi Okamoto. "Molecular characterization of the subnuclei in rat habenula." Journal of Comparative Neurology 520, no. 18 (2012): Spc1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.23230.

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16

Mukai, Masami, Toshio Mizutani, and Shigeo Yamada. "Neuropathological Study of the Amygdaloid Subnuclei in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type, with Special Reference to the Basolateral Subnuclei." Neuropathology 14, no. 3-4 (1994): 139–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1789.1994.tb00231.x.

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17

Van Sickle, Marja D., Lorraine D. Oland, Ken Mackie, Joseph S. Davison та Keith A. Sharkey. "Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol selectively acts on CB1 receptors in specific regions of dorsal vagal complex to inhibit emesis in ferrets". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 285, № 3 (2003): G566—G576. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00113.2003.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy, receptor specificity, and site of action of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as an antiemetic in the ferret. THC (0.05-1 mg/kg ip) dose-dependently inhibited the emetic actions of cisplatin. The ED50 for retching was ∼0.1 mg/kg and for vomiting was 0.05 mg/kg. A specific cannabinoid (CB)1 receptor antagonist SR-141716A (5 mg/kg ip) reversed the effect of THC, whereas the CB2 receptor antagonist SR-144528 (5 mg/kg ip) was ineffective. THC applied to the surface of the brain stem was sufficient to inhibit emesis induced by intragastric hypertonic saline. The site of action of THC in the brain stem was further assessed using Fos immunohistochemistry. Fos expression induced by cisplatin in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX) and the medial subnucleus of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), but not other subnuclei of the NTS, was significantly reduced by THC rostral to obex. At the level of the obex, THC reduced Fos expression in the area postrema and the dorsal subnucleus of the NTS. The highest density of CB1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in the DMNX and the medial subnucleus of the NTS. Lower densities were observed in the area postrema and dorsal subnucleus of the NTS. Caudal to obex, there was moderate density of staining in the commissural subnucleus of the NTS. These results show that THC selectively acts at CB1 receptors to reduce neuronal activation in response to emetic stimuli in specific regions of the dorsal vagal complex.

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Bulyk, R. Y., A. V. Abramov, T. S. Bulyk, M. I. Kryvchanska, and K. V. Vlasova. "The effects of melatonin on the activity of the c-fos gene in the structures of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus under prolonged lighting." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 9, no. 2 (2018): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021819.

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The effect of constant illumination as a stress factor on the state of the "early response" c-fos gene in the lateral magnocellular subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus (lmPVN) of the hypothalamus of rats at different time intervals (day and night) has been studied. To identify c-Fos in histological sections of the hypothalamus, a secondary (indirect) immunofluorescence method is used. Expression of the product of this gene, the c-Fos protein, in animals kept under normal conditions of alternation of illumination and darkness, shows a clear-cut circadian character. There was a significant decrease in the area of the immunopositive sites of structures at night by 19.4% compared to daytime measurements. The average values of the areas of such immunopositive subnuclei sites varied also in subgroups of rats under light stimulation conditions, in which samples of lmPVN were selected for study at 2 pm and 2 am, but the differences between groups did not reach the level of reliability. Under conditions of light stress, the c-Fos concentration index decreased by 29.4% during the day, and by 16.5% at night in relation to similar values in the intact group. In animals that were in the standard light mode, the c-Fos protein concentration index was significantly higher during the day than at night. In the intact group, the night value of the c-Fos concentration index averaged only 71.5% of the daily value. In rats subjected to constant illumination, the day and night values of the c-Fos concentration index did not differ reliably. To correct stress-induced changes in the activity of the "early response" c-fos gene in the rat hypothalamus, melatonin (0.5 mg/kg body weight of the animal) was used. Injections of melatonin to rats exposed to constant illumination normalized the circadian rhythm of the area of the material immunoreactive to c-Fos, compared to the group of animals that did not receive melatonin. When using melatonin against the background of constant illumination, a sharp increase of the protein concentration in the lmPVN subnuclei of hypothalamus in daytime and less pronounced at night intervals was detected. Injections of melatonin to animals were also reflected in the daily dynamics of the index of c-Fos protein content in the lmPVN subnuclei under conditions of constant illumination. In the daytime observation period, the index was almost twice the experimental data on stressed animals without the introduction of the hormone, bringing it closer to normal. Prospects for further research in this sphere will allow us to better understand the place and role of subnuclei of paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus in the mechanisms of the formation of circadian rhythms of the rat brain.

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Magdalena, C. M., V. P. Navarro, D. M. Park, M. B. S. Stuani, and M. J. A. Rocha. "c-fos Expression in Rat Brain Nuclei Following Incisor Tooth Movement." Journal of Dental Research 83, no. 1 (2004): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154405910408300110.

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In the rat experimental model, molar tooth movement induced by Waldo’s method is known to cause a temporally and spatially defined pattern of brain neuronal activation. Since orthodontic correction usually involves the entire dental arch, we used a spring-activated appliance to extend the investigation to incisors, and we included brain regions related to antinociception. Adjustment of the non-activated appliance on incisors resulted in c-fos expression in the dorsal raphe, peri-aqueductal gray matter, and the locus coeruleus, in addition to trigeminal sensory subnuclei and the parabrachial nucleus, where neuronal activation has already been detected in previous studies on molar tooth movement. Appliance activation with a 70- g force resulted in a further increase in Fos-immunoreactive neurons in the trigeminal sensory subnucleus caudalis and in the dorsal raphe. This result suggests that there is a recruitment of neurons related to nociception and to antinociception when tooth movement is increased.

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Bonaventure, Pascal, Hongqing Guo, Bin Tian, et al. "Nuclei and subnuclei gene expression profiling in mammalian brain." Brain Research 943, no. 1 (2002): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0006-8993(02)02504-0.

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Govic, Antonina, and Antonio G. Paolini. "In vivo electrophysiological recordings in amygdala subnuclei reveal selective and distinct responses to a behaviorally identified predator odor." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 5 (2015): 1423–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00373.2014.

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Chemosensory cues signaling predators reliably stimulate innate defensive responses in rodents. Despite the well-documented role of the amygdala in predator odor-induced fear, evidence for the relative contribution of the specific nuclei that comprise this structurally heterogeneous structure is conflicting. In an effort to clarify this we examined neural activity, via electrophysiological recordings, in amygdala subnuclei to controlled and repeated presentations of a predator odor: cat urine. Defensive behaviors, characterized by avoidance, decreased exploration, and increased risk assessment, were observed in adult male hooded Wistar rats ( n = 11) exposed to a cloth impregnated with cat urine. Electrophysiological recordings of the amygdala (777 multiunit clusters) were subsequently obtained in freely breathing anesthetized rats exposed to cat urine, distilled water, and eugenol via an air-dilution olfactometer. Recorded units selectively responded to cat urine, and frequencies of responses were distributed differently across amygdala nuclei; medial amygdala (MeA) demonstrated the greatest frequency of responses to cat urine (51.7%), followed by the basolateral and basomedial nuclei (18.8%) and finally the central amygdala (3.0%). Temporally, information transduction occurred primarily from the cortical amygdala and MeA (ventral divisions) to other amygdala nuclei. Interestingly, MeA subnuclei exhibited distinct firing patterns to predator urine, potentially revealing aspects of the underlying neurocircuitry of predator odor processing and defensiveness. These findings highlight the critical involvement of the MeA in processing olfactory cues signaling predator threat and converge with previous studies to indicate that amygdala regulation of predator odor-induced fear is restricted to a particular set of subnuclei that primarily include the MeA, particularly the ventral divisions.

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22

Karunakaran, Keerthana Deepti, Rui Yuan, Jie He, et al. "Resting-State Functional Connectivity of the Thalamus in Complete Spinal Cord Injury." Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair 34, no. 2 (2020): 122–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1545968319893299.

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Background. Neuroimaging studies of spinal cord injury (SCI) have mostly examined the functional organization of the cortex, with only limited focus on the subcortical substrates of the injury. However, thalamus is an important modulator and sensory relay that requires investigation at a subnuclei level to gain insight into the neuroplasticity following SCI. Objective. To use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the functional connectivity (FC) of thalamic subnuclei in complete SCI patients. Methods. A seed-based connectivity analysis was applied for 3 thalamic subnuclei: pulvinar, mediodorsal, and ventrolateral nucleus in each hemisphere. A nonparametric 2-sample t test with permutations was applied for each of the 6 thalamic seeds to compute FC differences between 22 healthy controls and 19 complete SCI patients with paraplegia. Results. Connectivity analysis showed a decrease in the FC of the bilateral mediodorsal nucleus with right superior temporal gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex in the SCI group. Similarly, the left ventrolateral nucleus exhibited decreased FC with left superior temporal gyrus in SCI group. In contrast, left pulvinar nucleus demonstrated an increase in FC with left inferior frontal gyrus and left inferior parietal lobule in SCI group. Our findings also indicate a negative relationship between postinjury durations and thalamic FC to regions of sensorimotor and visual cortices, where longer postinjury durations (~12 months) is associated with higher negative connectivity between these regions. Conclusion. This study provides evidence for reorganization in the thalamocortical connections known to be involved in multisensory integration and affective processing, with possible implications in the generation of sensory abnormalities after SCI.

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Voelker, Johannes, Jonas Engert, Christine Voelker, et al. "Different Neurogenic Potential in the Subnuclei of the Postnatal Rat Cochlear Nucleus." Stem Cells International 2021 (April 5, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8871308.

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In patients suffering from hearing loss, the reduced or absent neural input induces morphological changes in the cochlear nucleus (CN). Neural stem cells have recently been identified in this first auditory relay. Afferent nerve signals and their impact on the immanent neural stem and progenitor cells already impinge upon the survival of early postnatal cells within the CN. This auditory brainstem nucleus consists of three different subnuclei: the anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), the posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). Since these subdivisions differ ontogenetically and physiologically, the question arose whether regional differences exist in the neurogenic niche. CN from postnatal day nine Sprague-Dawley rats were microscopically dissected into their subnuclei and cultivated in vitro as free-floating cell cultures and as whole-mount organ cultures. In addition to cell quantifications, immunocytological and immunohistological studies of the propagated cells and organ preparations were performed. The PVCN part showed the highest mitotic potential, while the AVCN and DCN had comparable activity. Specific stem cell markers and the ability to differentiate into cells of the neural lineage were detected in all three compartments. The present study shows that in all subnuclei of rat CN, there is a postnatal neural stem cell niche, which, however, differs significantly in its potential. The results can be explained by the origin from different regions in the rhombic lip, the species, and the various analysis techniques applied. In conclusion, the presented results provide further insight into the neurogenic potential of the CN, which may prove beneficial for the development of new regenerative strategies for hearing loss.

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Matthews, Murray A., Teresita V. Hernandez, and Samuel L. Liles. "Immunocytochemistry of enkephalin and serotonin distribution in restricted zones of the rostral trigeminal spinal subnuclei: Comparisons with subnucleus caudalis." Synapse 1, no. 6 (1987): 512–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/syn.890010604.

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25

Engman, Jonas, Clas Linnman, Koene R. A. Van Dijk, and Mohammed R. Milad. "Amygdala subnuclei resting-state functional connectivity sex and estrogen differences." Psychoneuroendocrinology 63 (January 2016): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.012.

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Rodríguez-Ortega, Elisa, Fernando Cañadas, Francisca Carvajal, and Diana Cardona. "In vivo stimulation of locus coeruleus: effects on amygdala subnuclei." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 77, no. 3 (2017): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/ane-2017-060.

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Kolobaric, Antonija, Aleksandar Savic, Jie Lisa Ji, and Alan Anticevic. "S163. Mapping Functional Thalamic Subnuclei Alterations Across the Psychosis Spectrum." Biological Psychiatry 85, no. 10 (2019): S360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.914.

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Rawe, Vanesa Yanina, Santiago Brugo Olmedo, Florencia Noemí Nodar, and Alfredo Daniel Vitullo. "Microtubules and parental genome organisation during abnormal fertilisation in humans." Zygote 10, no. 3 (2002): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0967199402002290.

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We analysed the distribution of β-tubulins, acetylated α-tubulins and chromatin configuration in 113 human zygotes showing abnormal fertilisation, 16-18 h after conventional in vitro fertilisation (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). After a first characterisation using phase contrast microscopy, immunofluorescence staining was performed in 67 IVF and 46 ICSI zygotes that developed one, three or more pronuclei and/or subnuclei, with or without extrusion of the second polar body. Independently of the number of pronuclei found, β-tubulins were uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the abnormal zygotes. We did not observe any kind of microtubule alteration with respect of the ploidy level and/or its origin. The most frequent abnormal fertilisation pattern found after IVF was the presence of three or four pronuclei (74.6%). On the other hand, the presence of one pronucleus (63.0%) was the main pattern found after ICSI. No differences between the two groups were seen in terms of development of subnuclei. Anamolies detected after IVF and ICSI showed different aetiologies such as parthenogenetic activation, gynogenetic or androgenetic development, as well as digynic or diandric fertilisation.

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Schoenknecht, P., A. Anwander, F. Petzold, et al. "FC12-03 - DTI-based in vivo mapping of subregions within the human hypothalamus." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (2011): 1878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73582-9.

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IntroductionThe hypothalamus is involved in many aspects of behavioral responses but parcellations of hypothalamic subnuclei have only been feasible in post-mortem brains. Thus it would be-from a clinical point of view-highly desirable if hypothalamic subnuclei could be delineated also noninvasively in living subjects. This study is a first step in this direction: We exploited the directionality information inherent in high-resolution DTI data to map subregions of the hypothalamus in healthy volunteers.directionality information using DTI data to map subregions of the hypothalamus.MethodsWe scanned 10 subjects with a Siemens 3 T scanner, acquired DTI and T1 scans. We computed the similarity of fiber orientations between all voxels and subjects, and clustered the similarity matrix in 3 regions using a k-means algorithm.ResultsThe diffusion images showed anisotropic tissue orientation within the hypothalamus which was consistent across subjects. The clustering in 3 regions resulted in an anatomically coherent arrangement of clusters across hemispheres and subjects. In each ROI, we found an anterior, a posteromedial, and a lateral subdivision with consistent microscopic tissue orientations across subjects.ConclusionThis is to our best knowledge the first study that demonstrates the fine-grained microstructural organization within the human hypothalamus noninvasively in living subjects.

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Sang, Q., and Raj K. Goyal. "Swallowing reflex and brain stem neurons activated by superior laryngeal nerve stimulation in the mouse." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 280, no. 2 (2001): G191—G200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.280.2.g191.

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The purpose of the present study was to identify vagal subnuclei that participate in reflex swallowing in response to electrical stimulation of the left superior laryngeal nerve (SLN). SLN stimulation at 10 Hz evoked primary peristalsis, including oropharyngeal and esophageal peristalsis, and LES relaxation. It also induced c- fos expression in interneurons in the interstitial (SolI), intermediate (SolIM), central (SolCe), dorsomedial (SolDM) and commissural (SolC) solitary subnuclei. Neurons in parvicellular reticular nucleus (PCRt) and area postrema (AP) and motoneurons in the semicompact (NAsc), loose (NAl), and compact (NAc) formations of the nucleus ambiguus and both rostral (DMVr) and caudal (DMVc) parts of the dorsal motor nucleus of vagus were also activated. The activated neurons represent all neurons concerned with afferent SLN-mediated reflexes, including the swallowing-related neurons. SLN stimulation at 5 Hz elicited oropharyngeal and LES but not esophageal responses and evoked c- fos expression in neurons in SolI, SolIM, SolDM, PCRt, AP, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc but not in SolCe, NAc, or DMVr. These data are consistent with the role of SolI, SolIM, SolDM, NAsc, NAl, and DMVc circuit in oropharyngeal peristalsis and LES relaxation and SolCe, NAc, DMVc, and DMVr in esophageal peristalsis and LES responses.

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Li, Yang, M. Steven Evans, and Carl L. Faingold. "In vitro electrophysiology of neurons in subnuclei of rat inferior colliculus." Hearing Research 121, no. 1-2 (1998): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-5955(98)00066-5.

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Hansen, Heather A., and Zeynep M. Saygin. "Developmental changes in connectivity between the amygdala subnuclei and visual regions." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (2019): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.117.

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Amano, Taiju. "The role of amygdala subnuclei in fear expression and extinction learning." Folia Pharmacologica Japonica 140, no. 1 (2012): 14–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1254/fpj.140.14.

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Miller, Ian, Gabriele V. Ronnett, Timothy H. Moran, and Susan Aja. "Anorexigenic C75 alters c-Fos in mouse hypothalamic and hindbrain subnuclei." NeuroReport 15, no. 5 (2004): 925–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001756-200404090-00038.

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Huerta, M. F., T. Hashikawa, M. J. Gayoso, and J. K. Harting. "The trigemino-olivary projection in the cat: Contributions of individual subnuclei." Journal of Comparative Neurology 241, no. 2 (1985): 180–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.902410206.

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Lenn, Nicholas J., and Shirley A. Bayer. "Neurogenesis in subnuclei of the rat interpeduncular nucleus and medial habenula." Brain Research Bulletin 16, no. 2 (1986): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(86)90036-5.

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Terra, V. C., and N. Garcia-Cairasco. "NMDA-dependent audiogenic seizures are differentially regulated by inferior colliculus subnuclei." Behavioural Brain Research 62, no. 1 (1994): 29–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-4328(94)90035-3.

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Gupta, Dhananjay, Pradeep R., Anish Mehta, Mahendra Javali, Purshottam T. Acharya, and Rangasetty Srinivasa. "Paramedian Midbrain Infarction Presenting as Bilateral Asymmetric Ptosis: A Case Report and Review of Literature." Journal of Stroke Medicine 2, no. 1 (2019): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516608519848942.

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Brainstem strokes can have protean ophthalmological manifestations including pupillary and extraocular muscle pareses. Incomplete paresis of oculomotor function is more common than complete paresis owing to the selective involvement of subnuclei or fascicles for various extraocular muscles. Here, we report a case of right paramedian midbrain stroke presented with asymmetric bilateral ptosis. We discuss the anatomical correlation of this presentation with the structure of oculomotor nerve nuclei and its fascicles.

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Laturnus, Sophie, Adrian Hoffmann, Shubhodeep Chakrabarti, and Cornelius Schwarz. "Functional analysis of information rates conveyed by rat whisker-related trigeminal nuclei neurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 125, no. 4 (2021): 1517–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00350.2020.

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We studied two trigeminal nuclei containing the second neuron on the tactile pathway of whisker-related tactile information in rats. We found that the subnuclei, traditionally assumed to give rise to functional tactile channels, nevertheless transfer primary afferent information with quite similar properties in terms of integration time and kinematic profile. We discuss whether such commonality may be due the requirement to adapt to physical constraints of frictional whisker contact.

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Zheng, Huiyuan, Lisa Kelly, Laurel M. Patterson, and Hans-Rudolf Berthoud. "Effect of brain stem NMDA-receptor blockade by MK-801 on behavioral and Fos responses to vagal satiety signals." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 277, no. 4 (1999): R1104—R1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1999.277.4.r1104.

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To test the possible role of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the transmission of gastrointestinal satiety signals at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), we assessed the effect of fourth ventricular infusion of the noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on short-term sucrose intake and on gastric distension-induced Fos expression in the dorsal vagal complex of unanesthetized rats. MK-801, although not affecting initial rate of intake, significantly increased sucrose intake during the later phase of the meal (10–30 min, 8.9 ± 1.0 vs. 2.9 ± 0.8 ml, P < 0.01). In the medial subnucleus of the NTS, the area postrema, and the dorsal motor nucleus, MK-801 did not reduce gastric distension-induced Fos expression and itself did not significantly induce Fos expression. In the dorsomedial, commissural, and gelatinosus subnuclei, MK-801 in itself produced significant Fos expression and significantly reduced (−75%, P < 0.05) the ability of gastric distension to induce Fos expression, assuming an additive model with two separate populations of neurons activated by distension and the blocker. Although these results are consistent with NMDA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission of vagal satiety signals in general, they lend limited support for such a role in the transmission of specific gastric distension signals.

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Armio, Reetta-Liina, Heikki Laurikainen, Raimo Salokangas, Lauri Tuominen, and Jarmo Hietala. "S170. AMYGDALA SUBNUCLEI VOLUMES IN FIRST-EPISODE PSYCHOSIS: ASSOCIATION WITH CHILDHOOD ADVERSITY." Schizophrenia Bulletin 44, suppl_1 (2018): S391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sby018.957.

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42

Jacquin, M. F., W. E. Renehan, R. W. Rhoades, and W. M. Panneton. "Morphology and topography of identified primary afferents in trigeminal subnuclei principalis and oralis." Journal of Neurophysiology 70, no. 5 (1993): 1911–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1993.70.5.1911.

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1. Intra-axonal recording, receptive field mapping, horseradish peroxidase injection, cytochrome oxidase staining, and computer-assisted reconstruction/morphometric methods were used to elucidate the structure and topography of trigeminal primary afferent collaterals in the normal adult rat. Prior studies focused on trigeminal brain stem subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis. This work is extended here to the remaining 2 subnuclei, principalis (PrV) and oralis (SpVo), where collaterals from 66 axons in 37 adult rats were studied. In nine rats, three to five axons were stained for within-nucleus comparisons of different fibers. Quantitative analyses were restricted to vibrissa sensitive fibers. 2. All of the axons conducted rapidly with small, low-threshold receptive fields. The majority responded to vibrissa deflection (n = 47); the remainder responded to guard hair deflection; gentle pressure applied to hairy skin, glabrous skin, lingual mucosa, or an incisor; or jaw movement. All descended in the trigeminal sensory root where some bifurcated into ascending and descending branches. Each well-stained fiber gave rise to transversely oriented collaterals in PrV and SpVo. 3. Within PrV and SpVo, fibers with differing adaptation properties and receptive fields had indistinguishable collateral morphologies. Arbors from single axons were rostrocaudally discontinuous, small relative to collaterals in subnuclei interpolaris and caudalis, circumscribed and topographically organized in a manner consistent with cytochrome oxidase and bulk-labeled primary afferent staining patterns. In SpVo and caudal PrV, the map is inverted with the nose pointing medially. In rostral PrV, the map turns 90 degrees such that the nose points dorsally. 4. Axons had different quantitative properties along the rostrocaudal axis of the trigeminal brain stem complex. Whereas arbors subtended similar transverse areas throughout PrV and SpVo, collaterals in the rostral third of PrV had a relatively low bouton density. Arbors in the caudal two thirds of PrV had the highest bouton density. Arbors in SpVo tended to be more variable in size and shape than those of caudal PrV, and their bouton numbers were significantly lower than in PrV. 5. In PrV, arbors were largely confined to somatotopically corresponding cytochrome oxidase patches, precluding significant overlap of neighboring whisker projections. In SpVo, termination sites were not as strictly confined and numerous examples of within- and between-row overlap were obtained for whisker afferents in cases where multiple axons were stained.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

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Chiang, Chen Yu, Bo Hu, James W. Hu, Jonathan O. Dostrovsky, and Barry J. Sessle. "Central Sensitization of Nociceptive Neurons in Trigeminal Subnucleus Oralis Depends on Integrity of Subnucleus Caudalis." Journal of Neurophysiology 88, no. 1 (2002): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00944.2001.

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Our recent studies have shown that application to the tooth pulp of the inflammatory irritant mustard oil (MO) produces a prolonged (>40 min) “central sensitization” reflected in neuroplastic changes in the mechanoreceptive field (RF) and response properties of nociceptive brain stem neurons in subnuclei oralis (Vo) and caudalis (Vc) of the trigeminal spinal tract nucleus. In view of the previously demonstrated ascending modulatory influence of Vc on Vo, our aim was to determine whether the Vo neuroplastic changes induced by MO application to the tooth pulp depend on an ascending influence from Vc. In chloralose/urethan-anesthetized rats, MO application to the pulp produced significant increases in Vo nociceptive neuronal orofacial RF size and responses to mechanical noxious stimuli that lasted as long as 40–60 min. These changes were not affected by vehicle (saline) microinjected into Vc at 20 min after MO application, but 0.3 μl of a 5 mM CoCl2 solution microinjected into the ipsilateral Vc produced a reversible blockade of the MO-induced Vo neuroplastic changes. A similar volume and concentration of CoCl2 solution injected into subnucleus interpolaris of the trigeminal spinal tract nucleus did not affect the MO-induced neuroplastic changes in Vo. These findings indicate that inflammatory pulp-induced central sensitization in Vo is dependent on the functional integrity of Vc.

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Aghamohammadi-Sereshki, Arash, Yushan Huang, Fraser Olsen, and Nikolai V. Malykhin. "In vivo quantification of amygdala subnuclei using 4.7 T fast spin echo imaging." NeuroImage 170 (April 2018): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.016.

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Zirlinger, M., G. Kreiman, and D. J. Anderson. "Amygdala-enriched genes identified by microarray technology are restricted to specific amygdaloid subnuclei." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 98, no. 9 (2001): 5270–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.091094698.

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Zhang, Lianqing, Xinyu Hu, Lu Lu, et al. "Anatomic alterations across amygdala subnuclei in medication-free patients with obsessive–compulsive disorder." Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience 45, no. 5 (2020): 334–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/jpn.190114.

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47

Quina, Lely A., Julie Harris, Hongkui Zeng, and Eric E. Turner. "Specific connections of the interpeduncular subnuclei reveal distinct components of the habenulopeduncular pathway." Journal of Comparative Neurology 525, no. 12 (2017): 2632–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cne.24221.

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Brown, Stephanie S. G., John W. Rutland, Gaurav Verma, et al. "Ultra-High-Resolution Imaging of Amygdala Subnuclei Structural Connectivity in Major Depressive Disorder." Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging 5, no. 2 (2020): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.07.010.

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Chiou, Ruei-Jen, Chung-Chih Kuo, and Chen-Tung Yen. "Comparisons of terminal densities of cardiovascular function-related projections from the amygdala subnuclei." Autonomic Neuroscience 181 (April 2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2013.12.002.

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Fass, Barry, and Geoffrey S. Hamill. "Differential distributions of oxidative enzymes within subnuclei of the interpeduncular nucleus in rats." Brain Research Bulletin 20, no. 3 (1988): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(88)90057-3.

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