Academic literature on the topic 'Surfaces of Section; Return maps'

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Journal articles on the topic "Surfaces of Section; Return maps"

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Orchidea, Maria Lecian. "REDUCED 2-DIMENSIONAL BIRKHOFF SURFACES OF SECTION OF THE DESYMMETRIZED P SL(2, Z) GROUP: THE ANOSOV CHARACTERIZATION." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER RESEARCH 11, no. 02 (2023): 3261–67. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7660769.

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New 2-dimensional Birkhoff surfaces of sections are defined for the desymmetrized P SL(2, Z) group. The new object is demonstrated to be apt to study the geodesics flow solution of the Hamiltonian problem. The new definitions of the return maps of the new 2-dimensional Birkhoff surface of section are provided with; The demonstration relays on the self-adjointed-ness of the operators on which the conjugacy subclasses needed in the application to reduced surds act
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Lecian, Orchidea Maria. "REDUCED 2-DIMENSIONAL BIRKHOFF SURFACES OF SECTION OF THE DESYMMETRIZED P SL(2, Z) GROUP: THE ANOSOV CHARACTERIZATION." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER RESEARCH 11, no. 02 (2023): 3261–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijmcr/v11i2.07.

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New 2-dimensional Birkhoff surfaces of sections are defined for the desymmetrized P SL(2, Z) group. The new object is demonstrated to be apt to study the geodesics flow solution of the Hamiltonian problem. The new definitions of the return maps of the new 2-dimensional Birkhoff surface of section are provided with; The demonstration relays on the self-adjointed-ness of the operators on which the conjugacy subclasses needed in the application to reduced surds act
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Guckenheimer, John. "Principal Foliations of Surfaces near Ellipsoids." New Zealand Journal of Mathematics 52 (September 19, 2021): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.53733/126.

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The lines of curvature of a surface embedded in $\R^3$ comprise its principal foliations. Principal foliations of surfaces embedded in $\R^3$ resemble phase portraits of two dimensional vector fields, but there are significant differences in their geometry because principal foliations are not orientable. The Poincar\'e-Bendixson Theorem precludes flows on the two sphere $S^2$ with recurrent trajectories larger than a periodic orbit, but there are convex surfaces whose principal foliations are closely related to non-vanishing vector fields on the torus $T^2$. This paper investigates families of such surfaces that have dense lines of curvature at a Cantor set $C$ of parameters. It introduces discrete one dimensional return maps of a cross-section whose trajectories are the intersections of a line of curvature with the cross-section. The main result proved here is that the return map of a generic surface has \emph{breaks}; i.e., jump discontinuities of its derivative. Khanin and Vul discovered a qualitative difference between one parameter families of smooth diffeomorphisms of the circle and those with breaks: smooth families have positive Lebesgue measure sets of parameters with irrational rotation number and dense trajectories while families of diffeomorphisms with a single break do not. This paper discusses whether Lebesgue almost all parameters yield closed lines of curvature in families of embedded surfaces.
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Anil, Pangeni, Bhurtyal Umesh, Pokhrel Madan, Poudel Samrat, and Bahadur Katuwal Netra. "Flood Hazard Mapping and Risk Assessment in Narayani River Basin, Nepal." Flood Hazard Mapping and Risk Assessment in Narayani River Basin, Nepal 8, no. 12 (2023): 9. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10389870.

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Floods, earthquakes, forest fires, landslides, and other natural hazard are common in Nepal. Among them, the flood is one of the natural disasters and that occurred in the Narayani River basin. The Narayani River Basin's exposures and vulnerabilities are at danger from a flood catastrophe of this kind, hence this studies attempts to reduce and control the risk of flooding in order to better manage disasters. The factors of flood hazard, flood exposures, and flood vulnerability are investigated as part of the ward-level flood risk assessment, which aims to prevent and manage the flood disaster. The hydraulic model (HEC-RAS) for the 2018  flood event was used in this study to create the GIS- based modeling of the flood inundation maps.  Additionally, it calculated the various return periods for floods in the river basin—5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 years. Furthermore, the flood extent was confirmed using the flood map produced by the Google Earth Engine (GEE) using remotely sensed techniques. For Hydraulic modelling, ALOS/PALSAR Digital Elevation Model (12.5m.) spatial resolution was used. In addition, RAS-MAPPER generated the geometric data for the hydraulic modeling, which was then transferred into HEC-RAS. This data included the cross-section, flow route, streamline, and bank lines. On both sides of the river, the necessary Manning value "n" values were computed for every cross-section. The steady-flow models of the anticipated flood hydrographs were created using the hydraulic model. Google Earth Engine (GEE) flood maps generated from Sentinel-1C radar satellite data were used to validate the results for the 2018 flood events. When comparing the simulated result's flood inundation area with the remote sensing data's flood area, the overlap area for the 2018 flood event is 65%. Additionally, the flood area is verified. In addition, the hydraulic model generated flow conditions for 5, 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 year return periods. The river basin's surface water level and flood extent are both progressively rising. In order to effectively manage and prepare for potential flood hazards in the study area, an analysis of the flood risk assessment was conducted by taking into consideration three primary factors: the flood hazard map, flood exposure, and flood vulnerability. The layers of the population, crops, schools, hospitals, and road network were all exposed to flooding, and the factors that determined flood vulnerabilities were literacy, urban area, and agecomposition (less than 14 and more than 65). The higher flood risk area was found in Ward number 1, 3, 4,16,18,26 of Bharatpur metropolitan, Gaindakot municipality ward number 1 and 12, 15 of Madhyabindu Municipality. Keywords:- Hydraulic model, Flood inundation, Flood risk, Flood exposure, Flood vulnerability, Flood hazard.
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Basnet, Keshav, and Deepak Acharya. "Flood Analysis at Ramghat, Pokhara, Nepal Using HEC-RAS." Technical Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/tj.v1i1.27591.

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Flooding in Ramghat area of Pokhara, Nepal is the major problem that has to be faced every year by the people residing nearby the area. Main goal of this study was to conduct the flood analysis of Seti River in Ramghat. Catchment area of the Ramghat was calculated to be 574.56 sq. km. using ArcGIS where the area above 5000 m elevation was 52 sq. km. and area below 3000 m elevation was 356 sq. km. Precipitation data of two meteorological stations, Pokhara airport and Lumle, were used in this research for the calculation of peak discharge. PCJ method (1996) was used to estimate the peak flood and also compared with the peak flood calculated using Modified Dicken's formula, WECS/DHM method, Rational method and Sharma and Adhikari (2004) method. Peak flood values were found to be 1918 m3/s and 2336 m3/s by PCJ method for return period of 50 years and 100 years respectively. The HEC-RAS modelling was performed for these flooding situations to determine the water surface profile along the eight cross-sections of the Ramghat. Finally, the floodplain map was prepared using the topographic map and the Google Earth Map. It was found that 50 years flood in Ramghat could inundate three cemetery shades situated along the river banks. Most importantly, 100 years’ peak flood was found more vulnerable for residential buildings too. The flood plain maps prepared in this study can be used by government authorities for planning, decision making, early warning system and disaster risk management. Additionally, the rating curve was prepared for the outlet section of Ramghat that can be used to estimate the river discharge during flooding in future.
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Xafoulis, Nikolaos, Yiannis Kontos, Evangelia Farsirotou, et al. "Evaluation of Various Resolution DEMs in Flood Risk Assessment and Practical Rules for Flood Mapping in Data-Scarce Geospatial Areas: A Case Study in Thessaly, Greece." Hydrology 10, no. 4 (2023): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10040091.

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Floods are lethal and destructive natural hazards. The Mediterranean, including Greece, has recently experienced many flood events (e.g., Medicanes Zorbas and Ianos), while climate change results in more frequent and intense flood events. Accurate flood mapping in river areas is crucial for flood risk assessment, planning mitigation measures, protecting existing infrastructure, and sustainable planning. The accuracy of results is affected by all simplifying assumptions concerning the conceptual and numerical model implemented and the quality of geospatial data used (Digital Terrain Models—DTMs). The current research investigates flood modelling sensitivity against geospatial data accuracy using the following DTM resolutions in a mountainous river sub-basin of Thessaly’s Water District (Greece): (a) open 5 m and (b) 2 m data from Hellenic Cadastre (HC) and (c) 0.05 m data from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) topographical mission. RAS-Mapper and HEC-RAS are used for 1D (steady state) hydraulic simulation regarding a 1000-year return period. Results include flood maps and cross section-specific flow characteristics. They are analysed in a graphical flood map-based empirical fashion, whereas a statistical analysis based on the correlation matrix and a more sophisticated Machine Learning analysis based on the interpretation of nonlinear relationships between input–output variables support and particularise the conclusions in a quantifiable manner.
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Ivanov, Yu A., V. I. Byshev, Yu A. Romanov, and A. N. Sidorova. "ON THE STRUCTURE OF THE NORTH ATLANTIC CURRENT IN MAY – JUNE 1990." Journal of Oceanological Research 47, no. 2 (2019): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2019.47(2).4.

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“In the last quarter of the ХХ-th century, our country has implemented several major programs of experimental research of the World ocean. Among them, a special place was occupied by the huge in its scale and scientific significance the project SECTIONS aimed at studying the climatic interaction of the ocean and atmosphere. Currently, systematic research in this field has gained new momentum through regular Hydrophysical monitoring of the energy-active region in the North Atlantic in the annual expeditions by Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of RAS (Gladyshev et al., 2017). The results of some special Russian ocean expeditions of the past years, one of which is described for the first time in this article, can serve as a certain historical background for modern studies of the ocean climate evolution”. In 1990 Russian oceanographers carried out a comprehensive hydrophysical study of the Newfoundland energy-active zone in the Northern Atlantic ocean, as part of the national project “Sections” included in the international program WOCE. Three research vessels (R/V) of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (SIO): “Vityaz“(cruise 19), “Professor Stockman“( cruise 26) and “Academician Kurchatov“ (cruise 50) together with additional 4 vessels of other institutions were engaged in the field study. Scientific management for general programme of the expedition, dubbed “ATLANTEX-90”, was carried out by Professor Yu. A. Ivanov. The main objective of the program was to study the space-time short-period variability of water dynamics in the large – scale ocean circulation system of Gulfstream–North Atlantic Current. To this aim, in May–June 1990 R/V “Academician Kurchatov” performed several sections crossing the main hydrological fronts of the Newfoundland energy-active zone (45–53°N., 36–45°W). Observations were conducted using the cable probe with sensors of temperature, conductivity and pressure (CTD) and expendable bathythermograph (XBT). All this equipment was special made and passed metrological certification in the design Bureau of Oceanological Engineering (BOE) of SIO. The equipment metrology fitted in whole with international standards at that time. The sea surface temperature (SST) was recorded along the RV route as well. The current velocity was measured during about one month at 14 moorings deployed on a section along meridian 36°W, from 47 to 53°N. The measurements were conducted using electronically operated current meters of POTOK type of the BOE of SIO production. The meters were installed on the each mooring at the horizons of 100, 200, 1000, 2000, 3500 m. In addition to the data of own measurements, facsimile maps of SST from the nearest hydrometeorological observatories were received by radio communication channel during the whole period of observations. Analysis of the obtained data showed that during the field study period the North Atlantic Current (NAC) divided into two branches (Central and Southern) roughly in the neighborhood of 47.5–48°N, where isobath 4500 m turned to the East at right angle to isobath 4000 m. After point of the bifurcation, the Central branch initially maintained a Northerly direction, then turned North-West along the isobath of 4000 m, and farther, turning East, crossed the meridian of 36°W between 51° and 52°N. Prior that stage, the Central branch sometimes approached the meridian 36°W at about 50°N, then deviated to the North–Northwest and finally turned North-East about 51,5°N. The Southern branch of NAC after a split of the main NAC flow followed approximately to isobath 4500 m, and crossed the meridian of 36°W at about 48°North latitude. East of 36°W it could be at times of East-North-East direction, but usually this branch unfolded to the South-South-West, forming the high ridge of the ocean surface dynamic height on the Eastern flank of the NAC. Three return flows were observed in the section of 36°W. One of the flows is marked between the Central and Southern branches of the NAC, while the other two were recorded on the Northern and Southern edges of the section. This structure of the velocity field in fact remained unchanged through all June 1990. The basic zonal flow was observed in the entire water column within the depths from 100 m to 3500 m. The highest current speeds were typical for the upper part of this layer. At depths of 1000–2000 m the velocities were noticeably weakened, increasing again in some places near the bottom. The distribution of meridional components of flow speed according to the measurements on the buoys allowed us to detect the presence of large-scale divergence, which was located along the section on 36°W. Direction of the meridional component of the current to the North and South of 49°N turned out to be the opposite, forming that divergence in the field of the velocity. Under the analysis of the observations it was taken into account that an important role in the formation of the structure of ocean circulation in the area of research could play a seamount (>2600 m), registered by the sounders of R/V “Academician Kurchatov” near 49°N, 36°W. The results of measurements and calculations showed that the average over the entire observation period water transport of the Central branch of NAC through the 36°W section accounted for 62.4 Sv. This value is comparable to the transfer of NAC, assessed four years later by Lazer (1994) 50±23 Sv for approximately the same area where we conducted our work in 1990. Approximately the same average transfer (46,5 Sv) was found in two return flows (presumably North and South recirculations of the NAC Southern branch). In whole, the average water transport in the Eastern direction through the section on 36°W was as high as 111 Sv., and it was 60.9 Sv after subtracting reverse fluxes.
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Syahputra, Zulfan. "Perhitungan Dimensi Saluran Drainase Pada Daerah Persawahan Separi III dan IV Kabupaten Kutai Kartanegara." Kurva S : Jurnal Keilmuan dan Aplikasi Teknik Sipil 5, no. 3 (2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.31293/teknikd.v4i2.2014.

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ABSTRACT The agricultural sector always get the attention and priority to each lamp carried out, an irrigated land needed careful planning of drainage on irrigated to prevent flooding or inundation on irrigated land.The development of irrigation network planning techniques require saluaran irrigation network which includes primary and secondary irrigation channels. The data used in planning is that the meteorological data of rainfall data, maps Contur, and data topogragrafi. The study provides the magnitude of channel dimensions trapezoidal return period of 2 years dngean dimensions W = 0.410 m, T = 2,203 m, b = 1,203 m, h = 0.746 m, while the return period of 5 years with channel dimensions W = 0.410 m, T = 2221 m, b = 1.213 m, h = 0.746 m, and when the channel dimensions 10years W = 0411 m, T = 2.232 m, b = 1.219 m, h = 0749 m.Drainage on the rice fields Separi III and IV functioned as the discharge channel rainwater runoff and excess water from the tertiary. surface drainage system open channel with trapezoidal cross-section. Trapezoidal channel shape selected for the stability of the slope of the walls can be adjusted with the material / material forming the body of the channel. Key-words : Dimension channels, primary and secondary irrigation canals, form a trapezoidal channel.ABSTRACTSector pertanian senantiasa mendapatkan perhatian dan prioritas pada setiap pelita yang dilaksanakan, suatu lahan sawah beririgasi diperlukan adanya perencanaan yang matang drainase pada sawah beririgasi untuk mencegah terjadinya banjir atau genangan pada lahan beririgasi.Pengembangan jaringan irigasi teknik memerlukan perencanaan jaringan saluaran irigasi yang meliputi saluran irigasi primer dan sekunder.Data yang digunakan dalam perencanaan adalah data meteorologi yaitu data curah hujan, peta contur, dan data topogragrafi. Hasil studi memberikan besaran dimensi saluran berbentuk trapesium kala ulang 2 tahun dngean dimensi W = 0.410 m, T = 2.203 m, b = 1.203 m, h = 0.746 m, sedangkan kala ulang 5 tahun dengan dimensi saluran W = 0.410 m, T = 2.221 m, b = 1.213 m, h = 0.746 m, dan dimensi saluran kala ulang 10 tahun W = 0.411 m, T = 2.232 m, b = 1.219 m, h = 0.749 m.Drainase pada daerah persawahan Separi III dan IV difungsikan sebagai saluran pembuang limpasan air hujan dan kelebihan air dari petak tersier.sistem drainase permukaan saluran terbuka dengan penampang trapesium. Bentuk saluran trapesium dipilih karena stabilitas kemiringan dindingnya dapat disesuaikan dengan material/bahan pembentuk tubuh saluran. Kata kunci : Dimensi saluran, saluran irigasi primer dan sekunder, bentuk saluran trapesium.
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Bedient, Richard, and Michael Frame. "Carrying surfaces for return maps of averaged logistic maps." Computers & Graphics 31, no. 6 (2007): 887–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cag.2007.06.001.

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BRAUN, THOMAS, and JORGE A. LISBÔA. "CHARACTERIZATION OF HOMOCLINIC CHAOS IN A GLOW DISCHARGE THROUGH RETURN MAPS." International Journal of Bifurcation and Chaos 04, no. 06 (1994): 1483–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218127494001155.

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We show that homoclinic chaos in the current of a DC electrical discharge is easily characterized through return maps. We derive the same information from a Poincaré section map, a time-of-flight map, and a next maximal amplitude map. The presence of a homoclinic orbit in the phase space of our system is responsible for the equivalence of the three kinds of return maps.
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Books on the topic "Surfaces of Section; Return maps"

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Kislyuk, V. S. Moon in the Sky… PH “Akademperiodyka”, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/akademperiodyka.126.120.

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The book “Moon in the Sky…” consists of two chapters: “The Wonderful World of Selena” and “Return to the Moon.” The first of them tells about the current state of the study of the Moon: its origin, features of rotational motion, nature and internal structure. The second section discusses the problems of further study and development of the Earth's natural satellite with the help of spacecraft and the creation of populated scientific and research-production bases on its surface. The appendices provide basic information about the Moon, a glossary of lunar terms, a chronology of lunar explorations using spacecraft, a map of the visible side of the Moon for observations with binoculars or a school telescope. The book “Moon in the Sky…” is intended for a wide range of readers.
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Kolge, Nishikant. Gandhi Against Caste. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199474295.001.0001.

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In 1909, while still in South Africa, Gandhi publicly decried the caste system for its inequalities. Shortly after his return to India though, he spoke of the generally beneficial aspects of caste. Gandhi’s writings on caste reflect contradictory views and his critics accuse him of neglecting the unequal socio-economic structure that relegated Dalits to the bottom of the caste hierarchy. So, did Gandhi endorse the fourfold division of the Indian society or was he truly against caste? In this book, Nishikant Kolge investigates the entire range of what Gandhi said or wrote about caste divisions over a period of more than three decades: from his return to India in 1915 to his death in 1948. Interestingly, Kolge also maps Gandhi’s own statements that undermined his stance against the caste system. These writings uncover the ‘strategist Gandhi’ who understood that social transformation had to be a slow process for the conservative but powerful section of Hindus who were not yet ready for radical reforms. Seven decades after it attained freedom from colonial powers, caste continues to influence the socio-political dynamics of India. And Gandhi against Caste—the battle is not over yet.
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Book chapters on the topic "Surfaces of Section; Return maps"

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Moynihan, Sinéad. "‘The Meanest Form of Animal’? The Returned Yank in the Cultural Imagination." In Ireland, Migration and Return Migration. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781786941800.003.0001.

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The introduction maps out the key assertion of the book: that the Returned Yank surfaces repeatedly and most memorably when questions regarding ‘tradition’ and ‘modernity’ are particularly vexed. Emphasising the rhetorical significance of the figure of the returned migrant in debates about Irish economic recovery since 2008, the introduction surveys both the creative landscape inhabited by the Returned Yank since the late nineteenth century. Acknowledging that cultural representations of the figure long predate the stated parameters of the book (1952 to present), the introduction goes on to demonstrate to extent to which a series of socio-political, demographic, scholarly, cultural, business-oriented and touristic interests and efforts collided and intersected in Ireland of the 1950s, ensuring that the issues of migration and return – and, most especially, the figure of the Returned Yank – became imprinted on the public consciousness in ways not previously witnessed.
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Bohacs, K. M., J. Macquaker, and O. R. Lazar. "11 Kimmeridge Clay Formation, United Kingdom—A Mesozoic Clastic-Carbonate Shelf-to-Intrashelf Basin System: An Outcrop-to-Subsurface Analog for the Haynesville, Vaca Muerta, and Bazhenov Formations." In Sequence Stratigraphy: Applications to Fine-Grained Rocks. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Brazilpetrostudies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/137123061283.

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ABSTRACT The Kimmeridge Clay Formation of the Wessex Basin, United Kingdom, illustrates the expression of sequence-stratigraphic surfaces and units in a relatively restricted Mesozoic clastic shelf to relatively distal basin setting. This formation is of similar age and depositional setting to the Haynesville Formation (USA), Vaca Muerta Formation (Argentina), and Bazhenov Shale (Russia) but differs significantly in basin configuration and resultant depositional geometries. This chapter describes in detail the steps of the application of the sequence-stratigraphic method to the mudstone-dominated, organic-matter–rich interval around the Blackstone Band (Tithonian, Wessex Basin, UK) using a subset of the many datasets available for the Kimmeridge Clay Formation. We described 50 m of outcrop section at a 1:10 scale, constructed six detailed cross sections, correlated 21 parasequences across the basin, and mapped systems tracts. The insights gained by this approach allowed us to explain rock-property variations at a local to regional scale. Meter-scale stratal units and significant stratigraphic surfaces (flooding surfaces, sequence boundaries) could be correlated over more than 25,000 km2 in a depositional setting where no single sediment-accumulation process (organic-matter production, destruction, or dilution) obviously dominated across the entire area. In this setting, inherited and syndepositionally evolving bathymetry influenced sediment deposition and thickness trends, and controlled the distribution of rock properties. At the parasequence scale, the highest enrichment of organic matter occurs not only just above the basal flooding surface but also in some, more distal, areas, a short distance above. At the depositional-sequence scale, lateral changes in thickness occur not just by proportional thickening and thinning (“aggradation”) but also by stratal terminations by truncation, onlap, and downlap. A comparison of systems-tract–scale maps with ammonite-zone maps illustrates that the higher resolution sequence-stratigraphic framework has the potential to reveal more about mud accumulation and the influences on rock properties and their lateral variation.
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Bohacs, K. M., O. R. Lazar, and T. M. Demko. "5 Parasequences." In Sequence Stratigraphy: Applications to Fine-Grained Rocks. The American Association of Petroleum Geologists and Brazilpetrostudies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1306/137123001283.

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ABSTRACT This chapter presents parasequences—the next larger and more aerially extensive three-dimensional stratal unit of the stratigraphic hierarchy found consistently across most depositional environments. The parasequence scale is the key scale at which we interpret depositional environments, apply Walther’s Law to recognize significant stratal discontinuities, correlate and construct maps, and make tie-ins with well-log signatures. A parasequence is a distinctive succession of relatively conformable beds and bedsets bounded by surfaces of flooding, abandonment, or reactivation and their correlative surfaces. They can be recognized in a variety of depositional settings through specific and objective attributes of their stratal stacking and bounding surfaces. The definitive interpretation of any particular interval as a parasequence requires two components: (1) recognizing its character in vertical section and (2) establishing its lateral distribution over an area significantly broader than any single component bedset or geomorphic element of the depositional environment (i.e., many hundreds of square kilometers). Although it might be difficult to recognize parasequences in a particular interval or location, they still are extremely likely to exist even there because they appear to be a universal feature of sedimentation. This chapter introduces the general concepts of parasequences, illustrates those concepts with marine-shelfal examples, and provides practical guidelines for recognizing and correlating parasequences. It then discusses common variations in vertical and lateral aspects, presents an application to building quantitative models of depositional environments, and introduces the expression of parasequences in other depositional settings. Recognition of parasequences is essential because they are the building blocks of the next larger scales in the stratigraphic hierarchy: parasequence sets (systems tracts) and depositional sequences, which are discussed in Bohacs et al. (2022b, Chapter 6 this Memoir). The following excerpt from table 12 of Lazar et al. (2022a, Chapter 3 this Memoir, p. 72) places parasequences in their context in the sequence-stratigraphic interpretation workflow:
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Apaydın, Yasemin, and Müge Kırmızı. "Current Exercise Approaches in Foot and Ankle Pathologies." In Current Exercise Approaches in Orthopedic Disorders: A handbook for rehabilitation professionals. Nobel Tip Kitabevleri, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69860/nobel.9786053358770.9.

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The foot performs its main functions, including bearing body weight, shock absorption, adaptation to different ground surfaces, storage and return of elastic energy, and modifying its rigidity throughout gait, thanks to the arches present in its structure. In this section, the structures supporting the foot arches and their training are explained through the concept of the foot core system. The foot core system consists of passive, active, and neural subsystems. In the active subsystem, which can be developed through exercise, the specialized functions of the plantar intrinsic and extrinsic muscles are emphasized. Training of intrinsic foot muscles, with the short foot exercise being the most studied, is reported to be effective in correcting foot alignment and improving foot and ankle function and dynamic balance in long-distance runners, adults with foot and ankle conditions such as flatfoot, plantar fasciitis, chronic ankle instability, and diabetic foot, as well as in adults with normal foot posture. Moreover, for common foot problems, including Achilles tendinopathy, chronic ankle instability, and plantar fasciitis, exercise methods specifically recommended for each problem and proven to be effective are also explained. Exercise rehabilitation is considered the primary approach for the conservative management of Achilles tendinopathy, with the loading of the tendon through eccentric exercise standing out. In the rehabilitation of chronic ankle instability, strength training, balance training, and joint mobilization are prominent in the current literature, with strength training reported as the best choice for improving joint position sense. Strengthening the peroneal muscles, the main evertors of the ankle that provide lateral ankle stability, is essential in exercise rehabilitation. For plantar fasciitis, a combination of stretching and extracorporeal shock wave therapy is suggested to provide better results compared to either alone. The most studied exercises for plantar fasciitis are plantar fascia stretching and Achilles tendon or calf stretching exercises, with plantar fascia stretching suggested to be better. This section contains illustrated explanations and exercise prescription recommendations for the mentioned exercises.
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Goody, R. M., and Y. L. Yung. "Introduction." In Atmospheric Radiation. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195051346.003.0003.

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Earth, like the other inner planets, receives virtually all of its energy from space in the form of solar electromagnetic radiation. Its total heat content does not vary significantly with time, indicating a close overall balance between absorbed solar radiation and the diffuse stream of low-temperature, thermal radiation emitted by the planet. The transformation of the incident solar radiation into scattered and thermal radiation, and the thermodynamic consequences for the earth’s gaseous envelope, are the subjects of this book. The scope must be narrowed, however, because in its broadest interpretation our title could include atmospheric photochemistry and many other topics usually treated in books dealing with the upper atmosphere. By restricting attention to the thermodynamic aspects, this problem of selection usually resolves itself. For example, the absorption of energy accompanying photodissociation or photoionization will be considered if the energy involved is comparable to that of other sources or sinks, but not otherwise. Similarly, the oxygen airglow has some thermodynamic consequences in the upper atmosphere, but the important topic of the airglow will be mentioned only in this limited context. The irradiance at mean solar distance—the solar constant—is slightly less than 1400 Wm-2, giving an average flux of solar energy per unit area of the earth’s surface equal to 350 W m-2 (the factor 4 is the ratio of surface area to cross section for a sphere). Of this energy, approximately 31% is scattered back into space, 43% is absorbed at the earth's surface, and 26% is absorbed by the atmosphere. The ratio of outward to inward flux of solar radiation is known as the albedo. We may speak of the albedo of the entire earth or of individual surfaces with reference either to monochromatic radiation or to a weighted average whole is about 0.31, and an average of 224 Wm-2 is available for heating, directly and indirectly, the earth and its atmosphere. The redistribution of this absorbed solar energy by dynamic and radiative processes and its ultimate return to space as low-temperature planetary or terrestrial radiation are the most important topics of this book.
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Conference papers on the topic "Surfaces of Section; Return maps"

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Bacon, John, Johannes Poth, and Iain Hall. "The Application of Ceramic Coatings to Extend Radiant Tube Life in Process Heaters and Improve Operational Efficiency with Cost Benefit Analysis." In MPWT 2019. NACE International, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/mpwt19-14438.

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Abstract Ceramic coatings technologies are an effective surface engineering tool in the management of heat flux on metal surfaces. Thin ceramic coatings can be employed to either increase or decrease heat transfer on metal surfaces by modulation of emissivity. While this characteristic is relatively easily impressed on a surface, long term coating sustainability and oxidation protection of the underlying metal is not readily achieved. This presentation provides a technical data-based introduction to the function, performance, testing, and installation of ceramic coatings on two key pieces of refining equipment. • Process heaters are critical production assets for the downstream hydrocarbon processing industries such as refineries and petrochemical plants. The efficient operation of these units is vital to plant productivity since they consume large amounts of energy to provide the required heat for the process. They may also bottleneck feed throughout due to heat transfer limits. Scaling and hot spots in the radiant tube section can cause local coking and premature material failure. Improvements in operating efficiency and reliability can yield significant cost benefits and a fast return on investment. Additionally, radiant transfer properties of existing refractory systems can be improved, increasing process efficiencies. Know ceramic performance metrics can be used to predictively model performance improvement. • Flare tips routinely suffer from material overheat, creep and oxidation. Ceramic systems are employed to mitigate these, through the installation of both low emissivity and low conductive heat transfer materials. This paper and case study discusses how different ceramic systems can be used in the management of heat transfer, the protection of surfaces from corrosion, and provide insight into the less intuitive mode by which heat transfer can be promoted.
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Goux, Pierre, Antoine Lecocq, Michaël Richert, et al. "MSR-ERO : Narrow Angle Navigation Camera." In ESA 12th International Conference on Guidance Navigation and Control and 9th International Conference on Astrodynamics Tools and Techniques. ESA, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5270/esa-gnc-icatt-2023-012.

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The Mars Sample Return (MSR) – Earth Return Orbiter (ERO) is a European Space Agency contribution to the ESA/NASA joint Mars Sample Return Campaign, which aims to return soil and atmospheric samples from the Mars surface to Earth by 2031. The ERO orbiter will have to detect, rendezvous with, and capture a football-size object called the Orbiting Sample (OS); a passive, inert, non-cooperative and uncontrolled toppling object in Mars orbit. Such a challenging acquisition and tracking phase requires a visual detection involving the use of a long-range detection camera which Sodern has been selected by Airbus Defence and Space for supplying and is referred to as Narrow Angle Camera (NAC). The NAC is meant to take images of the Orbiting Sample (OS) and stars in the vicinity of Mars, during both an initial OS detection phase, as well as provide Target Centre of Brightness data during the Rendezvous phase of the MSR-ERO mission. This phase makes use of an algorithm, called Target Centroiding, which is designed to resist solar flares, straylight, and motion, and restitutes the OS line of sight while resisting potential outliers. This paper describes the current features of the NAC and ongoing activities, with a focus on architecture, design and simulation. A first section presents on the overall camera architecture and modelling, and is followed by an overview of the rendezvous phase design. The third and last sections focus on the NAC preliminary performance evaluations in both phases as well as development plans, ongoing testing and future works.
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Bovo, Mirko, and Mohammed Jaasim Mubarak Ali. "Piston Pre-Heating Using a Pressurized-Heated Oil Buffer: A Practical Method to Reduce ICE Emissions and Fuel Consumption." In 16th International Conference on Engines & Vehicles. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-24-0123.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Engine cold start is characterized by sub-optimal combustion efficiency due to the low temperature of the combustion chamber; this heavily increases engine raw emissions at start. One driving phenomenon is a limited fuel evaporation rate. Consequently, a liquid fuel film remains on the piston top at ignition. Liquid fuel deposited on the piston top is a well-known cause of “pool-fire”, leading to high levels of particle emissions; a problem particularly noticeable with bio-based renewable fuels. Engine piston pre-heating can be deployed to prevent or limit the formation of such fuel film and associated pollutants. In this work a practical technique is proposed to effectively pre-heat the pistons immediately before engine cold start. The device consists of a pressurized-heated oil buffer which pre-heats the pistons via the existing piston cooling nozzles. The device provides further benefits in emissions and fuel consumption in two ways: 1) the warm oil pre-lubricates the engine working surfaces reducing friction and 2) reducing the engine thermal inertial by reducing the active oil mass. The first part of this work is a detailed summary of numerical and experimental analysis evidencing the benefits of piston and engine oil pre-heating. The study suggests a near complete evaporation of the fuel film on the piston top at ignition timing, primary source of cold start particle emissions and a reduction in HC due to the favorable combustion chamber preconditioning. Emissions are further lowered by the reduced engine friction due to oil and bearing pre-heating. Moreover, lower engine friction and higher combustion efficiency return a decrease in vehicle fuel consumption. The second part of this work describes the pressurized oil buffer working principles, its pros and cons. The third part elaborates on the implementation strategy and synergies of the oil buffer with different powertrains and application scenarios.</div></div>
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ÇIRAĞ, Burak, Mahmut FIRAT, and Özgüray AYDIN. "Analysis of the Flood Performance of Stormwater Drainage Systems for Different Return Periods." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021tr0049n8.

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Precipitation regimes and behaviours change depending on the climate change. As the duration of precipitation decreases its intensity increases. On the other hand, the density of buildings increases in urban areas, and drainage systems remain inadequate as a result of deterioration in the structure of natural streams and irregular structures. Due to the change in precipitation behaviour and the decrease in permeable surfaces in urban areas, urban floods lead to serious damage. In this study, it is aimed to analyse the flood performance of rainwater drainage systems currently serving in urban areas for precipitation with different repetition periods. For this purpose, the drainage line in Malatya provincial centre has been selected as the pilot application area. Considering the rainfall records observed in the past, a model was created for 15 minutes of precipitation and 2, 5 and 10 years repetition periods. In addition, the digital elevation model, drainage line and characteristic information and building layouts were taken into consideration in the application area. As a result of the analysis, flood spread maps were created. It has been observed that as the repetition period increases, the rainwater drainage line is insufficient in some areas and may cause loss of property and life.
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Sato, Takato, Yasuo Koizumi, and Hiroyasu Ohtake. "Experimental Study on Fundamental-Microscopic Mechanism of Boiling by Using MEMS Technique: Examination From Aspect of Time Series Chaos Analysis." In ASME 2007 5th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2007-30122.

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Pool nucleate boiling heat transfer experiments were performed for water by using well-controlled and -defined heat transfer surfaces. The cavities were formed on a mirror-finished silicon plate by utilizing Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) technology. Those had the exactly same cylindrical shape; 10μm in diameter and 40 μm in depth, respectively. The back side of the silicon heat transfer surface was heated by applying a Laser beam. The back side surface temperature was measured with a radiation thermometer. Bubble behavior was recorded with a high speed video camera. In the single cavity case, the reconstructed return maps from the time series data of the bubble diameter exhibited strong correlation even if the delay time was increased until 0.166 ms. It was suggested that the bubble diameter from the single cavity can be predicted deterministically over long time period. In the triple cavity case, when the cavity spacing was narrow, the bubbles frequently coalesce to the bubbles generating from neighboring cavities. When the cavity spacing became wide, the bubbles coalescence was suppressed. The reconstructed return maps of the bubble diameter indicated that when the cavity spacings ≤ 3 mm, the bubble diameter after a few m seconds could not be predicted. This loss of the predictability for the bubble diameter was caused by the interaction/coalescence from the neighboring cavities. The three-dimensional reconstructed attractors of the surface temperature of the cavity position were examined. The attractors of the single cavity case and the triple cavities with S = 4 mm case were quite similar and like a ball. This suggested that when S ≥ 4 mm, the interaction between cavities disappeared and the chaotic complexity might not appear in the surface temperature variation. When S = 1 ∼ 3 mm, the attractors were conical and the chaotic complexity might exist.
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Wang, Xin, Syed Angkan Haider, and Stefan Elbel. "Oil Droplet vs. Film Flow at Discharge and Suction after Shutdown of Automotive Compressor." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0141.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The compressor oil is retained at different locations of the vapor compression system during operation. After shutdown, retained oil absorbs the vapor refrigerant and mixes with the liquid refrigerant gradually. Oil retention can largely affect the heat transfer and cause insufficient oil return. In this paper, the liquid mixture behaviors at the compressor suction and discharge are observed by flow visualization. Liquid mixture property variations are estimated by existing models according to the temperature and pressure variations. At the suction, the vapor refrigerant solubility with oil rapidly increases due to the pressure increase. The viscosity and surface tension decrease quickly with temperature and refrigerant mass fraction increase in the liquid layer. Flow visualization shows that the mixture film breaks from the top of the tube wall and flows down. The oil-refrigerant mixture accumulates at the bottom of the tube within seconds. The liquid level increases then decreases. At the discharge, the refrigerant solubility fluctuates within a small range. Viscosity increases because of temperature decrease then decreases because of refrigerant mass fraction increase. After shutdown, the oil flow in contact with the inner wall of the discharge stops immediately while oil droplets in the vapor core flow slow down gradually. In the end, oil droplets flow down, coalesce with the oil film, and accumulate at the bottom of the tube. The vapor refrigerant, liquid refrigerant and oil relationship is investigated and estimated after shutdown to better understand oil retention.</div></div>
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Salameh, Tareq, and Bengt Sunden. "Numerical Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop for Ribbed Surfaces in the Bend Part of a U-Duct." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-85621.

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This work concerns two-dimensional numerical simulations of the flow and temperature fields inside smooth and ribbed bend (turn) parts of a U-duct with relevance for internal tip cooling of gas turbine blades. The ribs are placed internally on the outermost bend surface. The renormalization group (RNG) k-ε turbulence model was used to solve the momentum and energy equations inside the bend (turn) part as well in the supply and return straight parts of the U-duct. For the ribbed surface three different rib configurations were simulated, namely (a) single rib at three different rib positions, i.e., inlet, middle and outlet, (b) two ribs for three different configurations, i.e., at the inlet and middle, at the middle and outlet as well as at the inlet and outlet, and (c) three ribs. The rib height-to-hydraulic diameter ratio, e/Dh, was 0.1, the pitch ratios were 13.5 and 27 and the Reynolds number was 20000. The details of the duct geometry were as follows: the cross section area of the straight part was 50×50 mm2, the inside length of the bend part was 240 mm. The results were compared with experimental data obtained at similar conditions. The numerical results were closer to the experimental ones for those cases with the rib at the inlet position than for the cases with the rib at the middle position. The case of two ribs at the inlet and middle gave the highest heat transfer coefficients while the case of a single rib at the middle gave the highest local pressure coefficient of all cases.
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Ryley, J. C., M. McGilvray, and D. R. H. Gillespie. "Calculation of Heat Transfer Coefficient Distribution on 3D Geometries From Transient Liquid Crystal Experiments." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-26973.

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A valuable new technique to provide spatially resolved heat transfer coefficient (HTC) measurements over geometrically complex surfaces has been developed. The method is generally applicable, for use with conventional transient liquid crystal experiments, and uses the capability of commercially available finite element analysis (FEA) software. This technique has many potential applications where lateral conduction effects are significant, and can provide measurements in areas where data have not previously been possible. In the current study it has been applied to a section of a stationary internal cooling passage containing engine realistic features. The technique couples experimental data from transient liquid experiments and FEA, in an iterative procedure, to generate the solutions. Spatially resolved maps of heat transfer have been determined over the surface of the ribs for five Reynolds number conditions (18,000–105,000) for two aspect ratio passages, 1:2 and 1:3. The results are compared to conventionally processed experimental and numerical data. Where the 1D application is applicable results agree within experimental uncertainty (∼6%) at the majority of locations. Typical 1D based methods are unable to provide reliable spatial measurements over ribbed surfaces and to the authors best knowledge this is the first time distributions of HTC have been reported for engine representative rib geometry.
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Yang, Yiming, and Jeremy P. Bos. "Aggressive Autonomous Control on Snow and Ice." In WCX SAE World Congress Experience. SAE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.4271/2025-01-8040.

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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In cold and snowy areas, low-friction and non-uniform road surfaces make vehicle control complex. Manually driving a car becomes a labor-intensive process with higher risks. To explore the upper limits of vehicle motion on snow and ice, we use an existing aggressive autonomous algorithm as a testing tool. We built our 1:5 scaled test platform and proposed an RGBA-based cost map generation method to generate cost maps from either recorded GPS waypoints or manually designed waypoints. From the test results, the AutoRally software can be used on our test platform, which has the same wheelbase but different weights and actuators. Due to the different platforms, the maximum speed that the vehicle can reach is reduced by 1.38% and 2.26% at 6.0 m/s and 8.5 m/s target speeds. When tested on snow and ice surfaces, compared to the max speed on dirt (7.51 m/s), the maximum speed decreased by 48% and 53.9%, respectively. In addition to the significant performance degradation on snow and ice, the failure cases during testing also reveal the process of losing control and the potential hazards, which also inspired us for future research directions.</div></div>
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Li, Yiteng, Marwa Alsinan, Xupeng He, Evgeny Ugolkov, Hyung Kwak, and Hussein Hoteit. "NMR T2 Response in Rough Pore Systems: Modeling and Analysis." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210169-ms.

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Abstract Estimating pore size distribution from NMR T2 responses typically assumes a smooth solid-pore interface. However, surface roughness accelerates NMR T2 relaxation and thus leads to an underestimation of the pore size distribution. Until now, only a few studies investigated the surface roughness effect. This work systematically studies the influence of surface roughness on NMR T2 responses and introduces a correction factor to bring incorrect T2 values back to the correct values. This study includes three main sections: creating 3D pore structures with roughness, simulating NMR T2 relaxation using the random walk method, and quantifying the roughness effect. Constrained Latin hypercube sampling is used to create representative examples in a space-filling manner, constrained by the fast diffusion limit. Then random walk simulations are implemented, and NMR T2 responses in smooth and rough pores are calculated. To accurately estimate pore radius, a "value-to-value" model is developed to map the nonlinear relationship between a 3D roughness parameter and the proposed correction factor. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated by comparing the corrected NMR T2 responses to the reference results obtained from smooth pore systems. Numerical results show that the proposed model can correctly evaluate pore sizes from decreased NMR T2 responses caused by the surface roughness effect. Previous works incorporated this effect into surface relaxivity as they attempted to retain the pore radius and meanwhile reproduce the faster relaxation rate. However, this may break down the assumption of fast diffusion limit. Instead, this study mitigates this limitation by separating the roughness effect from surface relaxivity. The proposed correction factor offers an alternative approach to calculating the correct pore radius by accounting for the influence of surface roughness at the pore scale.
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Reports on the topic "Surfaces of Section; Return maps"

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Anderson, Zachary W., Greg N. McDonald, Elizabeth A. Balgord, and W. Adolph Yonkee. Interim Geologic Map of the Browns Hole Quadrangle, Weber and Cache Counties, Utah. Utah Geological Survey, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.34191/ofr-760.

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The Browns Hole quadrangle is in Weber and Cache Counties of northern Utah and covers the eastern part of Ogden Valley, a rapidly developing area of the Wasatch Range. The Middle and South Forks of the Ogden River bisect the quadrangle and are important watersheds and recreational areas to the communities of Ogden Valley and the Wasatch Front. The towns of Huntsville and Eden are just west of the quadrangle, unincorporated communities with year-round residents are present throughout the quadrangle, and numerous summer-cabin communities are present in the eastern part of the quadrangle. A portion of Powder Mountain ski resort, which draws year-round visitation and recreation, is present in the northwest corner of the quadrangle. The quadrangle contains the Willard thrust, a major thrust fault with approximately 30 mi (50 km) of eastward displacement that was active during the Cretaceous-Eocene Sevier orogeny (Yonkee and others, 2019). In the quadrangle, the Willard thrust places Neoproterozoic through Ordovician strata in the hanging wall over a fault-bounded lozenge of Cambrian strata and footwall Jurassic and Triassic strata (see cross section on Plate 2). Neoproterozoic strata comprise a succession of mostly clastic rocks deposited during rifting of western North America and breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia (Yonkee and others, 2014). These rocks include the Cryogenian-age Perry Canyon and Maple Canyon Formations, and the Ediacaran-age Kelley Canyon Formation, Papoose Creek Formation, Caddy Canyon Quartzite, Inkom Formation, Mutual Formation, and Browns Hole Formation. The Browns Hole Formation is a sequence of interbedded volcaniclastic rock and basalt lava flows that provides the only radiometric age control in the quadrangle. Provow and others (2021) reported a ~610 Ma detrital apatite U-Pb age from volcaniclastic sandstone at the base of the formation, Crittenden and Wallace (1973) reported a 580 ± 14 Ma K-Ar hornblende age for a volcanic clast, and Verdel (2009) reported a 609 ± 25 Ma U-Pb apatite age for a basalt flow near the top of the formation. Cambrian strata in the hanging wall include a thick basal clastic sequence (Geertsen Canyon Quartzite) overlain by a thick sequence of interbedded limestone, shale, and dolomite (Langston, Ute, and Blacksmith Formations). Hanging wall rocks are deformed by Willard thrust-related structures, including the Browns Hole anticline, Maple Canyon thrust, and numerous smaller folds and minor faults. Footwall rocks of the Willard thrust include highly deformed Cambrian strata within a fault-bounded lozenge exposed in the southern part of the quadrangle, and Jurassic and Triassic rocks exposed just south of the quadrangle. The Paleocene-Eocene Wasatch Formation unconformably overlies older rocks and was deposited over considerable paleotopography developed during late stages of the Sevier orogeny. The southwest part of the quadrangle is cut by a southwest-dipping normal fault system that bounds the east side of Ogden Valley. This fault is interpreted to have experienced an early phase of slip during local late Eocene to Oligocene collapse of the Sevier belt and deposition of volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks (Norwood Tuff) exposed west of the quadrangle (Sorensen and Crittenden, 1979), and a younger phase of slip during Neogene Basin and Range extension (Zoback, 1983). Lacustrine deposits and shorelines of Pleistocene-age Lake Bonneville are present in the southwest corner of the quadrangle near the mouth of the South Fork of the Ogden River and record the highstand of Lake Bonneville (Oviatt, 2015). Pleistocene glacial deposits, present in the northwest corner of the map, are likely related to the Pinedale glaciation, commonly expressed by two moraine building episodes in the Wasatch Range (Quirk and others, 2020). Numerous incised alluvial deposits and geomorphic surfaces are present along major drainages and record pre- and post-Lake Bonneville aggradational and degradational alluvial and colluvial sequences. Mass-movement deposits, including historically active landslides, are present throughout the quadrangle. Crittenden (1972) mapped the Browns Hole quadrangle at 1:24,000 scale, which provided an excellent foundation for the general stratigraphy and structure, but the 1972 map lacked important details of unconsolidated surficial units. As part of 1:62,500 scale mapping of the Ogden 30'x60' quadrangle, Coogan and King (2016) updated stratigraphic nomenclature, revised some contacts, and added more details for surficial units. For this map, we utilized new techniques for data acquisition and analysis to delineate surficial deposits, bedrock contacts, and faults more accurately and precisely. Mapping and field data collection were largely done in 2021–2022 using a combination of GPS-enabled tablets equipped with georectified aerial imagery (U.S. Department of Agriculture [USDA] National Agriculture Imagery Program [NAIP], 2009), orthoimagery (Utah Geospatial Resource Center [UGRC] State Geographic Information Database, 2018b, 2018c; 2021a, 2021b), and lidar data (UGRC State Geographic Information Database, 2006; 2011; 2013–2014; 2018a), previously published geologic maps, topographic maps, and applications for digital attitude collection. We also used hand-held GPS units, Brunton compasses, and field notebooks to collect geologic data. Field data were transferred to a Geographic Information System (GIS), where the map was compiled and completed.
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