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Journal articles on the topic 'Symbol Rate Estimation'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Serpedin, Erchin. "Joint Blind Symbol Rate Estimation and Data Symbol Detection for Linearly Modulated Signals." Journal of Communications Software and Systems 5, no. 3 (2009): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24138/jcomss.v5i3.204.

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This paper focuses on non-data aided estimation of the symbol rate and detecting the data symbols in linearlymodulated signals. A blind oversampling-based signal detector under the circumstance of unknown symbol period is proposed. First, the symbol rate is estimated using the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm. However, within the framework of EM algorithm, it is difficult to obtain a closed form for the loglikelihood function and the density function. Therefore, these two functions are approximated in this paper by using the Particle Filter (PF) technique. In addition, a symbol rate estimator that exploits the cyclic correlation information is proposed as an initialization estimator for the EM algorithm. Second, the blind data symbol detector based on the PF algorithm is designed.Since the signal is oversampled at the receiver side, a delayed multi-sampling PF detector is proposed to manage the intersymbol interference caused by oversampling, and to improve the demodulation performance of the data symbols. In the PF algorithm, the hybrid importance function is used to generate both data samples and channel model coefficients, and the Mixture Kalman Filter (MKF) algorithm is used to marginalize out the fading channel coefficients.

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2

TANG, S. "Fast Algorithm for Symbol Rate Estimation." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 4 (2005): 1649–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.4.1649.

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3

Jallon, Pierre, and Antoine Chevreuil. "Estimation of the symbol rate of linearly modulated sequences of symbols." Signal Processing 88, no. 8 (2008): 1971–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sigpro.2008.02.001.

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4

Wang, Huan, Chang Xing Li, and Yong Zhuang Li. "Code Rate Estimation Algorithm for BPSK Signal Based on Wavelet Transformation." Advanced Materials Research 740 (August 2013): 178–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.740.178.

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A wavelet transformation based estimating algorithm for the symbol rate of BPSK signals is adopted . This method extracts baseband signal from the generated BPSK modulated signal by means of different ways, utilizing the modulus of wavelet transformation coefficients of this baseband signal to construct a singular pulse sequence consistent with the code rate of original modulated signal. Theoretical analysis on the power spectrum of this singular pulse sequence indicates that there exist discrete spectral lines in the integral multiples of baseband signal symbol rate, thus detecting these discrete spectral lines can achieve the estimation of signal symbol rate. Our proposed algorithm can estimate the signal symbol rate under the low SNR condition.

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5

Wang, Wei, Xiao Yi Zhang, Xiao Yun Teng, and Yun Peng Hu. "Symbol Rate Estimation Method for Digital Signal Based on Square Timing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 536-537 (April 2014): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.536-537.43.

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In this paper, aiming at the poor performance of the existing symbol rate estimation methods when SNR is low, we proposed a method based on the timing square which can be simply calculated and applied to MASK/MPSK/MQAM modulated signal, improved the performance of signal symbol rate estimation compared with the existing method. Based on the principle of the timing square, the signal modules were squared to calculate the fourier coefficient modulus corresponding to different sampling ratios. Then the characteristic line was searched in the transform spectrum which contains symbol rate information and obtained an estimation of the symbol rate. The impact of the roll-off factor and the carrier wave was analyzed and solution was proposed in this paper. Simulation results show that the performance of symbol rate estimation of the improved method is better than the original method, the wavelet transform method and the cyclostationary method in low SNR and low roll-off factor environment.

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6

YOU, Y. H. "Symbol Timing Estimation for High-Rate WPAN Applications." IEICE Transactions on Communications E88-B, no. 4 (2005): 1710–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e88-b.4.1710.

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7

Güner, Ahmet, and Ismail Kaya. "Periodic variation method for blind symbol rate estimation." International Journal of Communication Systems 27, no. 12 (2013): 4199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dac.2606.

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8

Ren, Chunhui, Ping Wei, and Xianci Xiao. "Symbol-rate estimation based on template matching rules." Journal of Electronics (China) 23, no. 5 (2006): 769–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11767-005-0229-0.

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9

Ahmed, W. K. M., and K. Balachandran. "Uncoded Symbol Error Rate Estimation: Methods and Analysis." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 54, no. 6 (2005): 1950–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2005.853446.

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10

Shen, Chuankui, and Terry Ye. "Blind symbol rate estimation based on BPF bank." Digital Signal Processing 100 (May 2020): 102698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2020.102698.

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11

Ba, Junhao, Zhiping Huang, Fangqi Shen, and Junyu Wei. "Joint Estimation of Symbol Rate and Chromatic Dispersion Using Delayed Multiplier for Optical Performance Monitoring." Photonics 8, no. 2 (2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8020058.

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Symbol rate and chromatic dispersion (CD) are very important for optical performance monitoring. The CD, however, hinders the symbol rate detection. In this paper, we proposed a joint estimation of symbol rate and chromatic dispersion. We show that, when the signal conjugates and multiplies with the delayed replica, the spectral line can be restored. The proposed method provides a fast and simple solution for joint estimation as traditional tentative CD scanning is time consuming. The simulation shows that the root-mean-squared error (RMSE) for CD was 39.5 ps/nm and the symbol rate was 2.4 MHz. For the squared-root-raised-cosine (SRRC) pulse shape with a roll-off factor of 0.1, the experimental results show that 25,000 input samples were needed for an error-free estimation. The RMSE is 105.6 ps/nm and 63.5 kHz for CD and symbol rate, respectively.

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12

Elvira, Victor, and Ignacio Santamaria. "Multiple Importance Sampling for Efficient Symbol Error Rate Estimation." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 26, no. 3 (2019): 420–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2892835.

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13

Zhou, Peng, and Chi Sheng Li. "A Novel Symbol Rate Estimation Algorithm for Phase Modulating Signals in Wireless Communications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 443 (October 2013): 392–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.443.392.

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In this paper, we proposed a new symbol rate estimation algorithm for phase shift keying (PSK) and qua drawtube amplitude modulation (QAM) signals in AWGN channel First we constructe a delay-multiplied signal, from which we obtaine the modulated information. Then we calculated the instantaneous autocorrelation of the delay-multiplied signal to pick out the phase jump. To eliminate the restriction of frequency resolution in fast Fourier transform, we performed a Chirp-Z transform to find out the exact spectral line which represente the symbol rate of the signal to be analyzed. Compared with the existing algorithms, it is a simple solution that has a better performance and accuracy in low signal-to-noise-ratio channel conditions. Simulation results show that the probability of relative estimating deviation below 0.1% reaches 100% and the average and standard variance of absolute estimation deviation are at the magnitude of 10-2 when SNR is over 2dB.

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14

Choi, Joo-Young, Cheol Mun, and Jong-Gwan Yook. "Symbol-Level Selective Channel Estimation in Packet-Based OFDM Systems." Sensors 20, no. 5 (2020): 1274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20051274.

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Wireless access in vehicular environments to support wireless communication between vehicles has been developed to provide road safety and infotainment services. In vehicular environments where the channel changes rapidly, channel estimation is very important in improving the reliability of wireless communication. Therefore, numerous channel estimation schemes have been proposed; however, none of the schemes proposed so far can perform well over the entire signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) region. In this paper, we propose a novel channel estimation scheme that selectively uses the better scheme between two channel estimation schemes on a symbol-by-symbol basis. The results show that the proposed scheme performs symbol-by-symbol selection of the better channel estimation scheme within a packet, and thus shows excellent performance over the entire SNR region in vehicular environments in terms of the bit error rate and packet error rate.

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15

Mosquera, Carlos, Sandro Scalise, and Roberto LÓpez-Valcarce. "Non-Data-Aided Symbol Rate Estimation of Linearly Modulated Signals." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 56, no. 2 (2008): 664–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2007.907888.

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16

Danyang, Li, Hao Xiaojun, and Zhang Zhaoyue. "Symbol Rate Estimation based on Wavelet Transform and Cyclic Spectrum." International Journal of Performability Engineering 15, no. 8 (2019): 2100. http://dx.doi.org/10.23940/ijpe.19.8.p9.21002106.

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17

Cheng, Wang, Cao Yushi, and Wang Weidong. "Data-Aided Frequency Offset Estimation for CE-OFDM Broadband Satellite Systems." Applied Sciences 9, no. 11 (2019): 2310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9112310.

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In recent years, the constant-envelope orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CE-OFDM) has been considered as a candidate waveform in broadband satellite systems as it has a 0-dB peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). However, the carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation scheme for CE-OFDM broadband satellite systems directly affects system performance. In this paper, we analyze the network architecture and the propagation environment of CE-OFDM broadband satellite systems, and we propose a data-aided CFO estimation strategy based on the frequency domain pilot symbols. The Cramer–Rao bound (CRB) of our CFO estimator is given by mathematical analysis, and the effect of the number of pilot symbols on the estimation performance is analyzed. The pilot symbol-based CFO estimator is composed of a phase demodulator and a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) module, and it can obtain a large estimation range under a small pilot overhead. The simulation results show that the CE-OFDM broadband satellite systems can achieve a good bit error rate (BER) performance by using the proposed strategy to estimate and compensate the CFO.

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18

Romanuke, Vadim. "Pilot Symbol Error Re - Orthogonalization in 2 × 2 MIMO Systems of Wireless Communication." Scientific Journal of Polish Naval Academy 222, no. 3 (2020): 42–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjpna-2020-0010.

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AbstractA 2×2 MIMO wireless communication system with channel estimation is simulated, in which two transmit, and two receive antennas are employed. The orthogonal pilot signal approach is used for the channel estimation, where the Hadamard sequences are used for piloting. Data are modulated by coherent binary phase-shift keying, whereupon an orthogonal space-time block coding subsystem encodes information symbols by using the Alamouti code. Based on the simulation, it is ascertained a possibility to decrease the bit-error rate by substituting the Hadamard sequences for the sequences having irregular structures, and constituting the eight known orthogonal bases. Considering a de-orthogonalization caused by two any pilot sequence symbol errors, the bit-error rate is decreased by almost 2.9 %. If de-orthogonalizations are caused by two repeated indefinite, and definite pilot sequence symbol errors, the decrements are almost 16 % and 10 %, respectively. Whichever sequences are used for piloting, the 2×2 MIMO system is ascertained to be resistant to the de-orthogonalization if the frame is of 128 to 256 symbols piloted with 32 to 64 symbols, respectively.

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19

Khalid, Muhammad, Abid Muhammad Khan, Muhammad Rauf, Muhammad Taha Jilani, and Sheraz Afzal. "FPGA-Based Time-Domain Channel Estimation in Gaussian Mixture Model." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (May 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5596301.

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The performance of time-domain channel estimation deteriorates due to the presence of Gaussian mixture model (GMM) noise, which results in high mean squared error (MSE) as a challenging issue. The performance of the estimator further decreases when the complexity of the estimator is high due to the high convergence rate. In this paper, an optimized channel estimation method is proposed with low complexity and high accuracy in the GMM environment. In this channel estimation, an improved Gauss-Seidel iterative method is utilized with a minimum number of iterations. The convergence rate of the Gauss-Seidel method is improved by estimating an appropriate initial guess value when no guard bands are used in the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbol. Simulation results provide an acceptable MSE for GMM environments, up to the probability of 5% impulsive noise component. This paper also presents the design and implementation of the proposed estimator in the NEXYS-2 FPGA platform that provides resources allocation, reconfigurability, schematic, and the timing diagram for detailed insight.

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20

HANIZ, Azril, Minseok KIM, Md Abdur RAHMAN, and Jun-ichi TAKADA. "Spectral Correlation Based Blind Automatic Modulation Classification Using Symbol Rate Estimation." IEICE Transactions on Communications E96.B, no. 5 (2013): 1158–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transcom.e96.b.1158.

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21

Su, Zhijin, Jianhua Xu, and Min Han. "Symbol rate estimation of MPSK short signals based on wavelet transform." JOURNAL OF ELECTRONIC MEASUREMENT AND INSTRUMENT 27, no. 2 (2013): 140–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1187.2013.00140.

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22

Jin, Yan, and Hongbing Ji. "Robust Symbol Rate Estimation of PSK Signals Under the Cyclostationary Framework." Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing 33, no. 2 (2013): 599–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00034-013-9639-7.

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23

Shen, Zhi Xiang, Hong Yi Yu, Xiao Yi Zhang, and Yun Peng Hu. "Iterative ML Symbol Detection without Timing and Phase Synchronization." Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (July 2014): 878–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.878.

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This paper deals with maximum-likelihood (ML) detection of symbol sequence in the absence of synchronization information. A novel iterative scheme is proposed to obtain the ML estimates of the symbols without an estimation of synchronization parameters. Instead of the optimal sampling point recovery and explicit carrier phase compensation, the detection of symbols employs the direct calculation of the matched filter output, eliminating the need for a separate synchronizer. The detection problem is treated as ML estimation from incomplete data, which is solved by means of an iterative scheme based on the expectation-maximization algorithm. The proposed scheme is compared with conventional non-data-aided and iterative ML synchronizers. Accordingly, the simulation results indicate that the proposed detector enables improvements on both the bit error rate and convergence property.

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24

Cao Weina, 曹伟娜, 潘炜 Pan Wei, 邹喜华 Zou Xihua, 刘新开 Liu Xinkai, 卢冰 Lu Bing, and 李沛轩 Li Peixuan. "Symbol rate estimation for remote distributed microwave signal reception using photonic technique." High Power Laser and Particle Beams 26, no. 5 (2014): 53003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/hplpb20142605.53003.

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25

Jin, Yan, and Hong-bing Ji. "Influence of Stationary Noise on Cyclic-Autocorrelation Based PSK Symbol Rate Estimation." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 30, no. 2 (2011): 505–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2006.00962.

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26

Cui, Sheng, Wenjuan Xia, Jin Shang, Changjian Ke, Songnian Fu, and Deming Liu. "Simple and robust symbol rate estimation method for digital coherent optical receivers." Optics Communications 366 (May 2016): 200–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2015.12.068.

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27

Majhi, Sudhan, and Ting See Ho. "Blind Symbol-Rate Estimation and Test Bed Implementation of Linearly Modulated Signals." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 64, no. 3 (2015): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2327985.

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28

Lee, Donghun, and Seung-Keun Park. "Symbol Error Rate Analysis of Joint Diversity System With Channel Estimation Error." IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 64, no. 8 (2015): 3828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvt.2014.2357817.

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29

Wang, Long, Gengxin Zhang, Dongming Bian, Zhidong Xie, and Jing Hu. "Blind symbol rate estimation of satellite communication signal by Haar wavelet transform." Journal of Electronics (China) 28, no. 2 (2011): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11767-011-0592-y.

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30

Yang, Guang, Feng Zhou, Gang Qiao, et al. "Optimized Doppler Estimation and Symbol Synchronization for Mobile M-ary Spread Spectrum Underwater Acoustic Communication." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 9 (2021): 1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9091001.

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In mobile underwater acoustic (UWA) communications, the Doppler effect causes severe signal distortion, which leads to carrier frequency shift and compresses/broadens the signal length. This situation has a more severe impact on communication performance in the case of low signal-to-noise ratio and variable-speed movement. This paper proposes a non-data-aided Doppler estimation method for M-ary spread spectrum UWA communication systems in mobile scenarios. The receiver uses the spread spectrum codes dedicated to transmitting signals with different frequency offsets as local reference signals. Correlation operations are performed symbol by symbol with the received signal. The decoding and Doppler estimation of the present symbol are achieved by searching the correlation maximum in the code domain and frequency domain. The length of the current symbol is corrected for the next symbol synchronization using the estimated Doppler coefficient. To optimize the process of Doppler estimation and symbol synchronization, a heuristic search method is used. By adjusting the Doppler factor search step size, setting the threshold value, and using the Doppler factor estimation of the previous symbol, the search range can be significantly reduced and the computational complexity decreased. The Fisher-Yates shuffle algorithm is used to traverse the search range to ensure reliability of the results. Simulation results show that enlarging the frequency-domain search step size in some degree does not affect the decoding accuracy. On 15 May 2021, a shallow-water mobile UWA spread spectrum communication experiment was conducted in Weihai, China. The horizontal distance between the transmitter and the receiver is 3.7–4.0 km, and the communication rate is 41.96 bits per second. The transmitting ship moves at a speed of 0–3 m/s, and the bit error rate (BER) is lower than 1e−3, which is better than that of the sliding correlation despreading method with average Doppler compensation.

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31

Abboud, Maryam K., and Bayan M. Sabbar. "Performance evaluation of high mobility OFDM channel estimation techniques." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (2020): 2562. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp2562-2568.

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In wireless communication, Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has been adopted due to its robustness to multipath fading and high data rate transmissions. At the other hand, the performance of OFDM systems severely degraded due to multi-path fading and Doppler frequency shifts in mobile systems, which causes inter-carrier-interference (ICI). Thus, Estimation of channel parameters is required at the receiver using a pre designed estimator where pilot tones are inserted in each OFDM symbol. In this paper, a random pilot data are generated and inserted in each OFDM symbol at equally spaced locations. The performance test of Least Square (LS) and Linear Minimum Mean Square (LMMSE) estimation methods are proposed with Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) based on both LS and LMMSE, where different ITU channel models are considered in order to compare their performance for data transmission in high mobile systems with different Doppler frequencies exceeds 200 Hz and minimal number of pilots.

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32

Saputri, Desti Madya. "Autocorrelation Method for Cyclic Prefix OFDM Estimation." IJITEE (International Journal of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering) 3, no. 3 (2019): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijitee.48257.

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A radio system design providing various data service needs becomes one of the Software Defined Radio (SDR) system advantages. SDR technology applies software functions further to be run in hardware platforms. The need for services with greater data rates can be resolved by using multi-carrier transmission techniques, one of which is the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique. This paper discusses the detection of OFDM signals and their parameters. Multi-carrier transmission can prevent Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI) occurrence due to multi-path fading effect. The recognition can classify the correctly received signals, including the signal conditions mixed with AWGN noise. The autocorrelation method was used to estimate the OFDM parameters, namely the one symbol duration and the cyclic prefix duration. The detected cyclic prefix durations were 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16. This method is very simple, because with the cyclic prefix presence, a different signal peak will be detected to further estimate the cyclic prefix duration. The results show the correlation method performance can detect one symbol duration with 100%, accuracy, starting at SNR 0 dB, whereas the cyclic prefix duration accuracy rate is getting more accurate by using a less cyclic prefix duration, which is 1/16 of the total symbol duration.

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33

Junyu Wei, Junyu Wei, Jiangyi Qin Jiangyi Qin, Zhiping Huang Zhiping Huang, and and Xiaojun Guo and Xiaojun Guo. "Simultaneous optical signal to noise ratio and symbol rate estimation with blind chromatic dispersion compensation for auxiliary amplitude modulation optical signals." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 9 (2016): 090603–90607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.090603.

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34

Dong, Zhan Qi. "Study on the Rapid Detection and the Symbol Timing Technology of MSK Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 530-531 (February 2014): 764–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.530-531.764.

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In view of the rapid detection, parameter estimation and symbol (also or bit) timing of MSK communication, the paper proposes a non-cooperative detection processing method after doing some analysis on the characteristic of the delay-multiply signal of MSK communication. With the proposed method, the non-cooperative receiver may achieve the feature extraction of the system working frequency, symbol rate and symbol timing regarded, only by doing delay multiplication and filter processing on the received signals; And the corresponding parameter estimation and the timing can be easily achieved. Especially, the proposed method does not need any a priori information, it can fit the need of low signal-to-noise ratio of non-cooperative communication detection.

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35

Ba, Junhao, Zhiping Huang, Zhen Zuo, and Junyu Wei. "Blind symbol rate estimation using nonlinearity on sample correlation for digital coherent systems." Optics Communications 451 (November 2019): 246–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.06.016.

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36

Yang, Jiao-long, Wen-jie Yang, and Guo-qing Xu. "Blind Estimation of Carrier Frequency and Symbol Rate Based on Cyclic Spectrum Density." Procedia Engineering 29 (2012): 514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.753.

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37

Permana, Al Kautsar, and Effrina Yanti Hamid. "Performance Evaluation of GFDM Channel Estimation Using DFT for Tactile Internet Application." Electronics 10, no. 5 (2021): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10050595.

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In this work, discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-based channel estimation is proposed in generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) system. In the GFDM system, the subcarriers are non-orthogonal; therefore, the pilot symbols cannot be easily observed due to the interference from data symbols and noise. The proposed method can improve the channel estimation of least square (LS) method by eliminating channel impulse response outside the number of actual impulse response. First, the received signal is demodulated using zero forcing demodulator. Then, it is divided with transmitted pilot symbols to obtain channel response. Interpolation in frequency and time domains is conducted to acquire channel response for all GFDM blocks. Finally, the channel estimation algorithm using DFT is performed. The parameters of the system are adjusted so that they are suitable for tactile internet application. The channel model used is NYUSIM, which utilizes mmWave. Three scenarios in NYUSIM such as urban microcell, urban macro cell and rural macro cell are used and power delay profiles generated from NYUSIM simulator are employed in this system. The results show that mean square error (MSE) from DFT-based channel estimation gives substantial improvement for all scenarios. In addition, symbol error rate (SER) of DFT-based channel estimation provides a slight improvement of ~1.5 dB than LS channel estimation.

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38

Romanuke, Vadim. "Improvement of Pilot Symbol Orthogonal Sequences in 2×2 to 4×4 MIMO Wireless Communication Systems with Channel State Estimation." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 17, no. 1 (2021): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2021-0004.

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Abstract MIMO wireless communication systems with channel state estimation, in which 2 to 4 transmit-receive antenna pairs are employed, are simulated. The channel estimation is fulfilled by the orthogonal pilot signal approach, where the Walsh Hadamard-ordered sequences are commonly used for piloting. The signal is modulated by applying the quaternary phase shift keying method. Maximum 250 000 packets are transmitted through flat-fading Rayleigh channels, to which white Gaussian noise is added. Based on simulating 10 subcases of the frame length and number of pilot symbols per frame, it is ascertained that pilot symbol orthogonal sequences in 2×2 to 4×4 MIMO systems can be improved by substituting Walsh functions with partially unsymmetrical binary functions constituting the eight known orthogonal bases. The benefit is that the bit-error rate is substantially decreased, especially for 2×2 MIMO systems. Considering three cases of the pilot signal de-orthogonalization caused by two indefinite and definite pilot sequence symbol errors, the relative decrement varies from 0.123 % to 14.7 %. However, the decrement becomes less significant as the number of transmit-receive antenna pairs is increased.

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39

Motade, Sumitra, and Anju Kulkarni. "Channel Estimation and Data Detection Using Machine Learning for MIMO 5G Communication Systems in Fading Channel." Technologies 6, no. 3 (2018): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies6030072.

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In multiple-input multiple-output orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems, multi-user detection (MUD) algorithms play an important role in reducing the effect of multi-access interference (MAI). A combination of the estimation of channel and multi-user detection is proposed for eliminating various interferences and reduce the bit error rate (BER). First, a novel sparse based k-nearest neighbor classifier is proposed to estimate the unknown activity factor at a high data rate. The active users are continuously detected and their data are decoded at the base station (BS) receiver. The activity detection considers both the pilot and data symbols. Second, an optimal pilot allocation method is suggested to select the minimum mutual coherence in the measurement matrix for optimal pilot placement. The suggested algorithm for designing pilot patterns significantly improves the results in terms of mean square error (MSE), symbol error rate (SER) and bit error rate for channel detection. An optimal pilot placement reduces the computational complexity and maximizes the accuracy of the system. The performance of the channel estimation (CE) and MUD for the proposed scheme was good as it provided significant results, which were validated through simulations.

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Shen, Fangqi, Jing Zhou, Zhiping Huang, and Longqing Li. "Going Deeper into OSNR Estimation with CNN." Photonics 8, no. 9 (2021): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8090402.

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As optical performance monitoring (OPM) requires accurate and robust solutions to tackle the increasing dynamic and complicated optical network architectures, we experimentally demonstrate an end-to-end optical signal-to-noise (OSNR) estimation method based on the convolutional neural network (CNN), named OptInception. The design principles of the proposed scheme are specified. The idea behind the combination of the Inception module and finite impulse response (FIR) filter is elaborated as well. We experimentally evaluate the mean absolute error (MAE) and root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the OSNR monitored in PDM-QPSK and PDM-16QAM signals under various symbol rates. The results suggest that the MAE reaches as low as 0.125 dB and RMSE is 0.246 dB in general. OptInception is also proved to be insensitive to the symbol rate, modulation format, and chromatic dispersion. The investigation of kernels in CNN indicates that the proposed scheme helps convolutional layers learn much more than a lowpass filter or bandpass filter. Finally, a comparison in performance and complexity presents the advantages of OptInception.

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Li, Wei, and Peng Ren. "Efficient CABAC Bit Estimation for H.265/HEVC Rate-Distortion Optimization." International Journal of Multimedia Data Engineering and Management 6, no. 4 (2015): 40–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmdem.2015100103.

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The entropy coding of context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC) has been utilized in the H.265/HEVC for higher coding efficiency. But the related complexity also causes a bottleneck for its low-delay applications, owing to the employment of inter-symbol dependency in CABAC. In this paper, a fast bit-rate estimation method is proposed to skip the actual entropy coding of CABAC in mode decision to meet the requirement of low-delay implementations. The presented scheme firstly parses the characteristics of syntax elements and then guided by the principle of CABAC, an efficient scheme is derived following. It is very beneficial for reducing the computational complexity and saving the encoding time in H.265/HEVC mode decision. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed fast algorithm can reduce the CABAC encoding time by 68% in average with negligible degradation in the rate-distortion performance.

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Weiping Li, Xixian Chen, Yi Wang, and N. Miki. "Frequency and symbol rate offset compensating algorithms for simultaneous estimation of echo and channel responses." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 44, no. 4 (1998): 1702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/18.681355.

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Liang, Yajun. "A Blind Symbol Rate Estimation of Weak Signal Based on Cyclic Spectrum and Wavelet Transform." Journal of Information and Computational Science 10, no. 7 (2013): 1917–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12733/jics20101734.

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Sadeghi, Sahar, and Ali Maleki. "Accurate estimation of information transfer rate based on symbol occurrence probability in brain-computer interfaces." Biomedical Signal Processing and Control 54 (September 2019): 101607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bspc.2019.101607.

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Elvira, Victor, and Ignacio Santamaria. "Multiple Importance Sampling for Symbol Error Rate Estimation of Maximum-Likelihood Detectors in MIMO Channels." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 69 (2021): 1200–1212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsp.2021.3055961.

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Shen, Fangqi, Zhiping Huang, and Junhao Ba. "Non-Data-Aided Symbol Rate Estimation for a Low Roll-Off Factor Nyquist WDM Signal." IEEE Photonics Journal 13, no. 4 (2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphot.2021.3091652.

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Xia, Li Min, Xian Zhou, Dong Yan, Na Na Zhang, and Xiao Yun Wu. "Nearby Phase Search Algorithm with Reduced Complexity for Higher Order QAM Formats." Advanced Materials Research 760-762 (September 2013): 1869–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.760-762.1869.

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This paper proposes a nearby phase search (NPS) algorithm based on BPS estimation algorithm in optical coherent receivers. And its suitable for arbitrary multi-level modulation. Making use of the continuity of phase change, the proposed NPS algorithm is applied to process nearby symbols by taking the pre-estimation phase of each symbol block as reference point. Compared to the traditional blind phase search (BPS) algorithm and its improved two-stage BPS algorithm, the performance of the proposed NPS algorithm is greatly improved in ultra-high speed coherent optical transmission system. By the simulation, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm are demonstrated in 28GBaud 16-QAM and 64-QAM system. Its shown that the computational complexity of the NPS algorithm greatly reduces in the guarantee of laser line width tolerance and bit error rate.

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Ma, Zhao Yu, Geng Xin Zhang, Dong Ming Bian, Zhi Dong Xie, and Jing Hu. "A New Parameter Estimation Method Based on Spectrum Character in Satellite Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 610 (August 2014): 921–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.610.921.

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According to satellite communication, a novel parameter estimation method based on spectrum feature analysis is proposed. For the satellite communication signals shaped by raised cosine, the scheme enhance the efficiency of power spectrum and the square power spectrum of signals. The proposed method can estimate symbol rate and carrier frequency exactly in the satellite channel without any prior knowledge.

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Lei, Zhang, Cong Feng Liu, Wei Jiang, Gui Zhou Xu, and Ning Dai. "Performance Analysis of OFDM Channel System." Advanced Materials Research 268-270 (July 2011): 1438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.268-270.1438.

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OFDM is a promising digital communications technique for high data rate transmissions. In this paper, we have analyzed the performance of mobile OFDM systems in the presence of channel estimation error. A new channel estimation error model is presented. Based on the estimation error model, new and simple expressions for the average bit error probability of M-QAM OFDM systems are derived for zero-forcing, minimum mean square error and maximum likelihood receivers. A complex correlation coefficient is used to quantify the quality of the channel estimation scheme. We have shown that if the complex correlation coefficient is a function of the signal to noise ratio, then the inter-carrier interference caused by channel variations is the dominant source of performance degradation. On the other hand, if the channel estimation scheme produces a constant value for the complex correlation coefficient (estimation quality is not a function of the signal to noise ratio), then the channel estimation error will cause an error floor that is larger than the one caused by the inter-carrier interference, and is considered as one of the dominant causes of degradation. And channel estimation using pilot symbols are discussed in terms of different pilot symbol placement schemes.

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Zhou, Xiao, Chengyou Wang, Ruiguang Tang, and Mingtong Zhang. "Channel Estimation Based on Statistical Frames and Confidence Level in OFDM Systems." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (2018): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091607.

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Channel estimation is an important module for improving the performance of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system. The pilot-based least square (LS) algorithm can improve the channel estimation accuracy and the symbol error rate (SER) performance of the communication system. In pilot-based channel estimation, a certain number of pilots are inserted at fixed intervals between OFDM symbols to estimate the initial channel information, and channel estimation results can be obtained by one-dimensional linear interpolation. The minimum mean square error (MMSE) and linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) algorithms involve the inverse operation of the channel matrix. If the number of subcarriers increases, the dimension of the matrix becomes large. Therefore, the inverse operation is more complex. To overcome the disadvantages of the conventional channel estimation methods, this paper proposes a novel OFDM channel estimation method based on statistical frames and the confidence level. The noise variance in the estimated channel impulse response (CIR) can be largely reduced under statistical frames and the confidence level; therefore, it reduces the computational complexity and improves the accuracy of channel estimation. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed channel estimation method based on the confidence level in time-varying dynamic wireless channels.

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