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1

E, Losada David, and Fernández-Luna Juan M, eds. Advances in information retrieval: 27th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2005, Santiago de Compostela, Spain, March 21-23, 2005 ; proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2005.

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2

NACSIS-IR sōgō manyuaru. 3rd ed. Tōkyō: Denki Denshi Jōhō Gakujutsu Shinkō Zaidan, 1991.

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3

Sekliuckis, Vitolis. Informacijos sistemos ir duomenų bazės: Informacijos sistemų ir reliacinių duomenų bazių kūrimo pagrindai : vadovėlis. Kaunas: Technologija, 2003.

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4

E, Robertson S. Development of IR evaluation methods: Okapi at TREC. [London]: British Library, 1999.

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5

Zimarinas, Olegas. Elektroninių sistemų gamybos kokybė ir valdymas: Vadovėlis. Kaunas: Technologija, 2007.

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6

Walker, Stephen. Okapi at City: An evaluation facility for interactive IR. London: Centre for Interactive Systems Research, City University, 1991.

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7

Soesilo, Dwisuryo Indroyono. Iptek untuk kejayaan bangsa: Kumpulan pemikiran Prof. Dr. Ir. Indroyono Soesilo, M.Sc. Bogor: Sains Press, Sarana Komunikasi Utama, 2013.

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8

Ramirez-Iniguez, Roberto. Optical wireless communications: IR for wireless connectivity. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2008.

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9

North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Advisory Group for Aerospace Research and Development. Atmospheric propagation in the UV, visible, IR and MM-wave region and related systems aspects. Neuilly sur Seine, France: AGARD, 1990.

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10

Ferner, Anthony. The embeddedness of US multinational companies in the US business system: Implications for HR/IR. Leicester: De Montfort University, Leicester Business School, 2000.

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11

Mounia, Lalmas, ed. Advances in information retrieval: 28th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2006, London, UK, April 10-12, 2006 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2006.

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12

Craig, Macdonald, ed. Advances in information retrieval: 30th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2008, Glasgow, UK, March 30-April 3, 2008 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2008.

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13

Giambattista, Amati, Carpineto Claudio, and Romano Giovanni, eds. Advances in information retrieval: 29th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2007, Rome, Italy, April 2-5, 2007 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2007.

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14

Fabrizio, Sebastiani, ed. Advances in information retrieval: 25th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2003, Pisa, Italy, April 14-16, 2003 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2003.

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15

Fabio, Crestani, Girolami Mark 1963-, and Van Rijsbergen, C. J., 1943-, eds. Advances in information retrieval: 24th BCS-IRSG European Colloquim on IR Research, Glasgow, UK, MArch 24-27, 2002 : proceedings. New York: Springer-Verlag, 2002.

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16

P, Vries Arjen, Zaragoza Hugo, Cambazoglu B. Barla, Murdock Vanessa, Lempel Ronny, Silvestri Fabrizio, and SpringerLink (Online service), eds. Advances in Information Retrieval: 34th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2012, Barcelona, Spain, April 1-5, 2012. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012.

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17

Cathal, Gurrin, ed. Advances in information retrieval: 32nd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2010, Milton Keynes, UK, March 28-31, 2010 : proceedings. Berlin: Springer, 2010.

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18

Serdyukov, Pavel. Advances in Information Retrieval: 35th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2013, Moscow, Russia, March 24-27, 2013. Proceedings. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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19

Hobson, John M., George Lawson, and Justin Rosenberg. Historical Sociology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.403.

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Over the past 20 years, historical sociology in international relations (HSIR) has contributed to a number of debates, ranging from examination of the origins of the modern states system to unraveling the core features and relative novelty of the contemporary historical period. By the late 1980s and 1990s, a small number of IR scholars drew explicitly on historical sociological insights in order to counter the direction that the discipline was taking under the auspices of the neo-neo debate. Later scholars moved away from examining the specific interconnections between international geopolitics and domestic social change. A further difference that marked this second wave from the first was that it was driven principally by IR scholars working within IR. To date, HSIR has sought to reveal not only the different forms that international systems have taken in the past, but also the ways in which the modern system cannot be treated as an ontological given. Historical sociologists in IR are unanimous in asserting that rethinking the constitutive properties and dynamics of the contemporary system can be successfully achieved only by applying what amounts to a more sensitive “nontempocentric” historical sociological lens. At the same time, by tracing the historical sociological origins of the present international order, HSIR scholars are able to reveal some of the continuities between the past and the present, thereby dispensing with the dangers of chronofetishism.
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20

Davis, William C., J. N. Shelton, and C. W. Weems. Characterization of the Bovine Immune System and the Genes Regulating Expression of Immunity With Particular Reference to Their Role in Disease resist. Washington State Univ College of, 1986.

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21

Goldman, JE. Client Server Information Systems - A Business Oriented Approach Ir CD. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1999.

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22

C, Davis W., Shelton J. N, Weems C. W, and Washington State University. Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology., eds. Characterization of the bovine immune system and the genes regulating expression of immunity with particular reference to their role in disease resistance: Proceedings from a symposium held May 1-5, 1984 at the East-West Center, Honolulu, Hawaii. Pullman, Wash: Dept. of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, 1985.

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23

Sukendra, Martha, Asmoro Pranoto 1923-2001, and Indonesia. Badan Kordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional., eds. Buku kenangan pengabdian Mayor Jenderal TNI (Purn) Ir. H. Pranoto Asmoro. [Cibinong]: Badan Koordinasi Survei dan Pemetaan Nasional, 2002.

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24

Albert, Craig Douglas. Teaching International Relations Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.312.

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International relations (IR) theory is favorably described in almost every syllabus since 1930. The most important questions asked were: “What is theory?” and “Is there a reason for IR theory?” The most widely used texts all focus on the first question and suggest, among others, that IR theory is “a way of making the world or some part of it more intelligible or better understood.” We can gauge where the teaching of IR theory is today by analyzing a sample of syllabi from IR scholars serving on the Advisory Board of the International Studies Association’s (ISA) Compendium Project. These syllabi reveal some trends. Within the eight undergraduate syllabi, for example, a general introduction to IR theory is taught in four separate classes. Among the theories discussed in different classes are realism, classical realism, neo-realism, Marxism and neo-Marxism, world-systems theory, imperialism, constructivism, and international political economy. Novel methods for teaching IR theory include the use of films, active learning, and experiential learning. The diversity of treatments of IR theory implied by the ISA syllabi provides evidence that, with the exception of the proliferation of perspectives, relatively little has changed since the debates of the late 1930s. The discipline lacks much semblance of unity regarding whether, and how, to offer IR theory to students. Nevertheless, there have been improvements that are likely to continue in terms of the ways in which theories may be presented.
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25

V, Tvarijonavičienė, Gaižauskienė A, Lithuania Sveikatos apsaugos ministerija, and Lietuvos Sveikatos informacijos centras, eds. Sveikatos informacijos sistema: Naujas požiūris ir naudojimas : metodinės rekomendacijos. Vilnius: Lietuvos Sveikato apsaugos ministerija, Lietuvos Sveikatos informacijos centras, 1996.

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26

Sjoberg, Laura. Theories of War. Edited by Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Naomi Cahn, Dina Francesca Haynes, and Nahla Valji. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199300983.013.2.

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This chapter addresses how different theories of war from the discipline of international relations (IR) neglect a gender analysis and explores why gender analysis is key to understanding war. The chapter illustrates how a gender analysis accounts for a more nuanced and empirically accurate understanding of what war involves, what its causes are, who fights wars, and how to end war. Traditional IR theory focuses on international systems (system level war theory), the state (state-level war theory), and individual leaders, while feminist scholarship goes further and recognizes the interdependence of the personal and the political. Feminist scholars account for the ways in which traditional security mechanisms might paradoxically make the women in these states less secure. Furthermore, the chapter points out that little attention has been paid to gender dynamics and how men and women are differently socially situated, which is important to understanding conflict among political groups, states, and international organizations.
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27

Mauri, Caterina, and Andrea Sansò. The Linguistic Marking of (Ir)Realis and Subjunctive. Edited by Jan Nuyts and Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.9.

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This chapter deals with the morphosyntactic and distributional properties of subjunctive and irrealis, with a special focus on their mutual relation and on their relation with indicative and realis in terms of markedness. More complex systems in which there are other moods besides the realis/irrealis (or indicative/subjunctive) dichotomy (e.g. potential, conditional, etc.) are also discussed. The topic is addressed from a terminological, typological, and diachronic perspective, illustrating the most influential approaches to these two linguistic notions. In discussing their phenomenology, it is shown that the distributional differences may in some cases be explained by considering the diachronic development of subjunctives and irrealis forms (both in terms of the identification of their diachronic sources and in terms of how these markers spread throughout different subparts of the functional domain of modality).
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28

Optical Wireless Communications: IR for Wireless Connectivity. AUERBACH, 2008.

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29

Maruska, Jennifer Heeg. Feminist Ontologies, Epistemologies, Methodologies, and Methods in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.178.

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Feminism operates on various feminist epistemologies, methodologies, and methods. While there is no consensus on how to organize or label these, there are a few generalities that can be drawn between these epistemologies, particularly in the international relations (IR) context. Classifying these epistemologies generally under the umbrella (or in the constellation) of postpositivism makes clear the contrasts between positivist social science and more critical approaches. Moreover, within the many critical approaches in feminist IR are many points of convergence and divergence. Feminist IR theory also focuses on the complexities of gender as a social and relational construction, in contrast to how nonfeminist ontologies focus on the rights of women, but including those of children and men as well. Hence, the postpositivist ontology takes on a more complex meaning. Rather than trying to uncover “how things really are,” postpositivists study how social realities (the Westphalian system, international migration or trafficking, or even modern war) came to be, and also how these realities came to be understood as norms, institutions, or social facts—often examining the gendered underpinnings of each. Most feminist IR theorists (and IR constructivists) share an “ontology of becoming” where the focus is on the intersubjective process of norm evolution.
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30

Colás, Alejandro. The International Political Sociology of Empire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.335.

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There are two primary reasons why empires are central to our understanding of International Relations (IR). First, the empire has been replaced by juridically equal sovereign territorial states over the past century. Formal empires no longer exist, and only one head of state retains the title of Emperor—Akihito of Japan. The second reason why the study of empire matters to IR is that much of the conventional distinction between hierarchy and anarchy has been subject to various criticisms from a wide array of methodological and political perspectives. In particular, International Political Sociology (IPS) has offered a framework for critical analyses of phenomena such as systemic transformation, international unevenness, and global inequality, or war, violence, and racism in international politics. Since the end of the Cold War, new theorizations of empire have placed empire and imperialism at the center of debates in IR. Contemporary investigations of empire in IR, and IPS in particular, have dwelled on a number of political debates and methodological issues, including the nature of American imperialism, the link between IR and global history, and the relationship between empire and globalization. The category “empire” continues to both illuminate the pertinence of IR to social theory more generally and at the same time highlights the shortcomings of the discipline in addressing the causes and dynamics of global inequality, violence, and uneven development.
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31

Lietuviškoji nomenklatūra biurokratinėje sistemoje: Tarp stagnacijos ir dinamikos (1968-1988). Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla, 2011.

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32

Nadkarni, Vidya, and J. Michael Williams. International Relations and Comparative Politics. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.408.

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Both the political science fields of International Relations (IR) and Comparative Politics (CP) developed around a scholarly concern with the nature of the state. IR focused on the nature, sources, and dynamics of inter-state interaction, while CP delved into the structure, functioning, and development of the state itself. The natural synergies between these two lines of scholarly inquiry found expression in the works of classical and neo-classical realists, liberals, and Marxists, all of whom, to varying degrees and in varied ways, recognized that the line dividing domestic and international politics was not hermetically sealed. As processes of economic globalization, on the one hand, and the globalization of the state system, on the other, have expanded the realm of political and economic interaction, the need for greater cross-fertilization between IR and CP has become even more evident. The global expansion of the interstate system has incorporated non-European societies into world politics and increased the salience of cultural and religious variables. These dynamics suggest that a study of cultures, religions, and histories, which shape the world views of states and peoples, is therefore necessary before assessments can be made about how individual states may respond to varied global pressures in their domestic and foreign policy choices.
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33

Advances In Information Retrieval 33rd European Conference On Ir Resarch Ecir 2011 Dublin Ireland April 1821 2011 Proceedings. Springer, 2011.

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34

Organisatie, besturing en informatie: Ontwikkeling van theorie en praktijk ; liber amicorum bij het afscheid van prof. dr. ir. G.C.J.F. Nielen. Samsom Bedrijfdinformatie bv, 1996.

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35

Pettman, Ralph. Is There a Discipline of IR? A Heterodox Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.248.

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International relations (IR) is widely accepted as an academic discipline in its own right, despite the many subdisciplines which hold it together. These disparate subdisciplines, in fact, have come to define international relations as a whole. Establishing systematic matrices that describe and explain the discipline as a whole can show how the subdisciplines that constitute international relations have sufficient coherence to allow us to say that there is a discipline there. To look at the discipline otherwise would be viewing it as a mere collection of insights taken from other disciplines—in short, international relations could not be defined as a discipline at all. Such an argument forms a more heterodox view of international relations—one which does not attempt to engage with traditional debates about what constitutes the subject’s core as compared with its periphery. The “old” international relations was largely confined to politico-strategic issues to do with military strategy and diplomacy; that is, to discussions of peace and war, international organization, international governance, and international law. It was about states and the state system and little more. By contrast the “new” international relations is an all-inclusive account of how the world works. The underlying coherence of this account makes it possible to provide more comprehensive and more nuanced explanations of international relations.
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36

Beck, Robert J. International Law and International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.406.

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International Law (IL) is the set of rules generally regarded and accepted as binding in relations between states and between nations. It serves as a framework for the practice of stable and organized international relations (IR). International law differs from state-based legal systems in that it is primarily applicable to countries rather than to private citizens. National law may become international law when treaties delegate national jurisdiction to supranational tribunals such as the European Court of Human Rights or the International Criminal Court. The immense body that makes up international law encompasses a piecemeal collection of international customs; agreements; treaties; accords, charters, legal precedents of the International Court of Justice (aka World Court); and more. Without a unique governing, enforcing entity, international law is a largely voluntary endeavor, wherein the power of enforcement only exists when the parties consent to adhere to and abide by an agreement. This is where IR come about; it attempts to explain behavior that occurs across the boundaries of states, the broader relationships of which such behavior is a part, and the institutions (private, state, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental) that oversee those interactions. Explanations can also be found in the relationships between and among the participants, in the intergovernmental arrangements among states, in the activities of multinational corporations, or in the distribution of power and control in the world as a single system.
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37

Widmaier, Wesley W. International Organizations and Economic Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.237.

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Global economic governance refers to efforts to organize, structure, and regulate economic interactions. In substantive terms, economic governance deals with a host of policy challenges, including the definition of basic property rights, efforts at monetary and fiscal cooperation, ando concerns for the “macroprudential regulation” of financial markets. The Global Financial Crisis has demonstrated not only the importance of macroeconomic and regulatory cooperation, but also the role of crises in redefining the purposes of economic governance itself. Debates in the fields of international relations (IR) and international political economy (IPE) over global economic governance have revolved around strategic interactions, social psychological forces, and the post-crisis emergence of new agents and international organizations. In applied IPE settings, these debates more explicitly pertain to the systemic importance of hegemonic power, multilateral interactions, or intersubjective interpretations. These views intersect with neorealist, neoliberal, and constructivist assumptions regarding systemic interactions. Over the 1990s, IR and IPE scholars would increasingly seek to move beyond both the structural materialism associated with hegemonic stability theory and the structural idealism associated with “first-generation” Wendtian constructivism. Future research should focus on broader questions of whether the Global Financial Crisis will spark renewed theoretical creativity and contribute to an enhanced policy relevance, or whether IR and IPE will continue to work to mask the role of power in limiting such possibilities.
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38

(Editor), Sharon McDonald, and John Tait (Editor), eds. Advances in Information Retrieval: 26th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2004, Sunderland, UK, April 5-7, 2004, Proceedings (Lecture Notes in Computer Science). Springer, 2004.

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39

Incorporated, Texas Instruments, ed. Optoelectronics and image sensors data book, 1990: CCD image sensors, optocouplers, intelligent displays, IR emitters, and phototransistors. Dallas, Tex: Texas Instruments, 1990.

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40

Advances In Information Retrieval 31th Ie 31st European Conference On Ir Research Ecir 2009 Toulouse France April 69 2009 Proceedings. Springer, 2009.

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41

Berenskoetter, Felix. Identity in International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.218.

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The identity perspective first emerged in the international relations (IR) literature in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a result of two overlapping trends. First, the postmodern Zeitgeist encouraged the questioning of accepted and “naturalized” categories associated with modernity. Embracing diversity and committed to an agenda of emancipation, postmodern thinking was to bring about the “death of meta-narratives” and to unravel assumptions which had come to be taken for granted and justified with, for instance, the need for parsimony. In IR, this meant “fracturing and destabilizing the rationalist/positivist hegemony,” including its ontology of the international system, to establish a new perspective on world politics. The readiness to do so was aided, second, by the end of the Cold War and changing structures of governance. The dissolution of seemingly stable political entities such as the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia raised questions about the volatility of borders, loyalties, nationalism(s), and the ability to manipulate them. Simultaneously, the phenomenon of “globalization” and processes of European integration undermined the conception of the Westphalian state as the fixed/dominant entity in world politics. Against this backdrop, many IR scholars searching for new conceptual vocabulary turned to “identity” to highlight the socially constructed nature of the state and its interests, and to explain the causes of war and the conditions for peace.
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42

Krishna-Hensel, Sai Felicia. Technology and International Relations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.319.

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Throughout history, technology has played a significant role in international relations (IR). Technological development is an important factor underlying much of humanity’s social, economic, and political development, as well as in interstate and interregional relationships. Beginning with the earliest tool industries of the Paleolithic and Neolithic periods to the present time, technology has been an integral component of the transformative processes that resulted in the organization, expansion, and establishment of distinctive societies. The presence or absence of equal access to technology has often determined the nature of relationships between societies and civilizations. Technology increases the options available to policymakers in their pursuit of the goals of the state, but also complicates their decision making. The question of whether, and how much, technological change has influenced IR has been the subject of considerable debate. Scholars are divided on the emphasis that should be placed on technological progress as an independent variable in the study of relations between states and as a factor in analyzing power configurations in the international system. Among the scientific and technological revolutions that are believed to have contributed to the changing nature of power and relations between states are transportation and communication, the industrial revolution, the nuclear revolution, and the contemporary information revolution. Future research should focus on how these technological changes are going to influence the debates on power, deterrence, diplomacy, and other instruments of IR.
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43

(Editor), Richard D. Howard, and Kenneth W., Jr. Borland (Editor), eds. Balancing Qualititative and Quantitative Information for Effective Decision Support: New Directions for Institutional Research (J-B IR Single Issue Institutional Research). Jossey-Bass, 2002.

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44

Reactive Cure Systems: Uv-Ir-Eb/the Most Comprehensive Guide to Radiation Curing and Processing : 1993 Buyers' Guide. Captain Assoc, 1997.

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45

Ferro, Nicola, Fabrizio Silvestri, Fabio Crestani, Marie-Francine Moens, Josiane Mothe, Giorgio Maria Di Nunzio, Claudia Hauff, and Gianmaria Silvello. Advances in Information Retrieval: 38th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2016, Padua, Italy, March 20-23, 2016. Proceedings. Springer, 2016.

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46

Tait, John, Dawei Song, Claudia Hauff, Joemon M. Jose, Ismail Sengor Altıngovde, Dyaa Albakour, and Stuart Watt. Advances in Information Retrieval: 39th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2017, Aberdeen, UK, April 8-13, 2017, Proceedings. Springer, 2017.

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47

Williams, John. The International Society – World Society Distinction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.337.

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The English School, or society of states approach, is a threefold method for understanding how the world operates. According to English School logic, there are three distinct spheres at play in international politics, and two of these are international society and world society—the third being international system. On the one hand, international society (Hugo Grotius) is about the institutionalization of shared interest and identity amongst states, and rationalism puts the creation and maintenance of shared norms, rules, and institutions at the centre of international relations (IR) theory. This position has some parallels to regime theory, but is much deeper, having constitutive rather than merely instrumental implications. On the other hand, world society (Immanuel Kant) takes individuals, non-state organizations, and the global population as a whole as the focus of global societal identities and arrangements, and revolutionism puts transcendence of the state system at the centre of IR theory. Revolutionism is mostly about forms of universalist cosmopolitanism. This position has some parallels to transnationalism but carries a much more foundational link to normative political theory. International society has been the main focus of English School thinking, and the concept is quite well developed and relatively clear, whereas world society is the least well developed of the English School concepts and has not yet been clearly or systematically articulated.
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48

Ferner, Robin, and Anthony Cox. Drug-induced neurological disease. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0240.

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An adverse drug reaction is defined as ‘an appreciably harmful or unpleasant reaction, resulting from an intervention related to the use of a medicinal product; adverse effects usually predict hazard from future administration and warrant prevention, or specific treatment, or alteration of the dosage regimen, or withdrawal of the product’ (p. 1255, Edwards IR and Aronson JK. Adverse drug reactions: Definitions, diagnosis, and management. Lancet 2000; 356: 1255–9). Adverse drug reactions can cause or contribute to central and peripheral nervous system disorders, including traumatic, infective, neoplastic, demyelinating, and vascular diseases.
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49

Teodorescu, Daniel. Using Geographic Information Systems in Institutional Research: New Directions for Institutional Research (J-B IR Single Issue Institutional Research). Jossey-Bass, 2004.

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50

Glover, Robert H. Developing Executive Information Systems for Higher Education: New Directions for Institutional Research (J-B IR Single Issue Institutional Research). Jossey-Bass, 1993.

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