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Souza, Diná Garcia de, Débora Baiocchi Princivalli Campos, João Gilberto Mesa Ucella Filho, João Paulo Silva Gomes, and Tatiane Kelly Barbosa Azêvedo. "QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE TANINOS PRESENTES NA CASCA DA Mimosa caealpiniifolia Benth. E SUA UTILIZAÇÃO NO TRATAMENTO DE EFLUENTES." Nativa 7, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.31413/nativa.v7i6.8631.
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Este estudo teve por objetivo analisar as concentrações de taninos existentes na casca das árvores da Mimosa caealpiniifolia Benth., e seu potencial para tratamentos de efluentes. As cascas foram retiradas de cinco árvores de uma área experimental localizada na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Macaíba. Estas foram secas e moídas para redução de sua granulometria. Em seguida foram realizados a extração dos taninos e determinação do teor de sólidos totais (TST), teor de taninos condensados (TTC) e índice de Stiasny (I). Para caracterização do efluente foi analisado o índice de turbidez/NTU, pH inicial e cor aparente. O valor médio encontrado para TST, I e TTC foram, respectivamente, 11,30, 71,43 e 6,56%. O índice de turbidez/NTU e pH, encontrados foram 1,77 e 5, respectivamente. Os taninos sem modificações químicas têm pouca eficiência na remoção de turbidez, no entanto, foi comprovado que o tanino possui aptidão a coagular.Palavras-chave: coagulante; floculação; substâncias tânicas; Caatinga. QUANTIFICATION OF TANNINS PRESENT IN THE BARK OF Mimosa caealpiniifolia Benth. AND ITS USE IN EFFLUENT TREATMENT ABSTRACT: This study aimed to analyze the concentrations of tannins in the bark of Mimosa caealpiniifolia Benth. trees, and their potential for effluent treatment. The bark was removed from five trees in an experimental area located at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Campus Macaíba. They were dried and ground to reduce their granulometry. Next, tannin extraction and determination of total solids content (TST), condensed tannin content (TTC) and Stiasny index (I) were performed. To characterize the effluent, the turbidity index/NTU, initial pH and apparent color were analyzed. The mean value found for TST, I and TTC were, respectively, 11.30, 71.43 and 6.56%. The turbidity/NTU and pH index found were 1.77 and 5, respectively. The tannin without chemical modifications has little efficiency in removing turbidity, however, it has been proven that the tannin has ability to coagulate.Keywords: coagulant; flocculation; tannic substances; Caatinga.
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Datu, Lysa L. "Efek Fotoreduksi Besi dari Fraksi Daun Cengkih (Eugenia aromatica)." Jurnal MIPA 4, no. 1 (February 11, 2015): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.4.1.2015.6902.
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Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menganalisis kandungan fitokimia fenolik, flavonoid, tanin dari limbah daun cengkih dan menguji kemampuannya dalam memfotoreduksi. Daun cengkih diekstrak dengan pelarut etanol 80% secara refluks selama 2 jam dan dipartisi dengan petroleum eter (PE), etil asetat (EA), n-butanol (B), etanol (E) dan akuades (Aq). Selanjutnya ekstrak hasil partisi dianalisis kandungan fitokimia fenolik, flavonoid, dan tanin. Pengujian fotoreduksi dilakukan pada cahaya flourescents dengan konsentrasi 1000 ppm selama 5 jam.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak EA memiliki kandungan fenolik, flavonoid dan tanin yang paling tinggi serta menunjukkan efek fotoreduksi yang baik dibandingkan ekstrak lainnya.Research had been carried out to analyze the phytochemicals phenolic, flavonoids, tannins of clove leave and test the ability in photoreduction. Clove leave extracted with ethanol 80% in reflux for 2 hours and partitioned with petroleum ether (PE), ethyl acetate (EA), n-butanol (B), ethanol (E) and aquades (Aq). Then extracts were analyzed the content of phytochemicals phenolic, flavonoids, and tannins. The results extract partition read on a spectrophotometer UV-Vis and IR. The photoreduction tests performed on fluorescent light with a concentration of 1000 ppm for 5 hours. The results showed that extract EA is the most high content of phenolic, flavonoids and tannins and good effects in photoreduction than other extracts.
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., Surahmaida, and Prasetyo Handrianto. "Analisis Kandungan Kimia Daun Dan Batang Sembukan (Paederia Foetida) Dengan Menggunakan 2 Pelarut Yang Berbeda." Journal of Pharmacy and Science 3, no. 2 (July 16, 2018): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53342/pharmasci.v3i2.112.
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ABSTRAKTanaman sembukan (Paederia foetida) atau yang lebih kita kenal dengan daun kentut merupakan tanaman yang biasanya digunakan oleh masyarakat sebagai obat diare atau obat kembung. Kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder tanaman sembukan perlu dikaji lebih lanjut untuk penemuan bahan obat baru. Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder yang terdapat pada daun dan batang sembukan dengan metode maserasi yang direndam ke dalam pelarut etanol 96% dan metanol selama 5 hari. Ekstrak etanol dan ekstrak metanol pada masing-masing daun dan batang kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan reagen kimia untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan flavonoid. Hasil skrining fitokimia menunjukkan bahwa pada ekstrak etanol dan metanol batang sembukan mengandung alkaloid, saponin, tanin dan flavonoid. Sedangkan pada ekstrak etanol dan metanol daun sembukan mengandung alkaloid, tanin dan flavonoid. Selanjutnya senyawa metabolit sekunder tersebut dianalisis aktivitas biologisnya.Kata kunci: Analisis senyawa metabolit sekunder, ekstrak etanol dan metanol daun dan batang sembukan (Paederia foetida), maserasiABSTRACTPaederia foetida or more familiar with fart leaves is a plant that is usually used by the community as a drug or bloated diarrhea. The content of the secondary metabolite compound of the Paederia foetida plant needs to be studied further for the discovery of new drug ingredients. The purpose of this research is to analyze the content of secondary metabolite compounds found on leaves and stems with a maseration method soaked in 96% ethanol solvent and methanol for 5 days. The ethanol extract and methanol extract on each leaf and stem were then analyzed using chemical reagents to identify the alkaloid compounds, saponins, tanins and flavonoids. The results of phytochemical screening showed that in the ethanol extract and methanol the stem of the Paederia foetida contained alkaloids, saponins, tanins and flavonoids. While on ethanol extract and methanol leaves Paederia foetida contains alkaloids, tanins and flavonoids. Furthermore, the secondary metabolite compounds are analyzed biological activity.Keywords: Analysis of secondary metabolite compounds, ethanol extract and methanol leaves and stirring stem (Paederia foetida), maceration
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Ginting, Haider Ali, Johnly Alfreds Rorong, and Audy D. Wuntu. "Efek Ekstrak Limbah Cair Empulur Batang Sagu Baruk (Arenga microcarpha) Terhadap Fotoreduksi Besi(III)." Jurnal MIPA 5, no. 1 (February 8, 2016): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jm.5.1.2016.12285.
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Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk menganalisis kandungan fenolik, flavonoid, dan tanin dari limbah cair empulur batang sagu baruk dan menguji kemampuanya dalam fotoreduksi Fe3+. Empulur batang sagu baruk diekstrak dengan pelarut akuades secara maserasi selama 2 jam. Selanjutnya ekstrak hasil maserasi dianalisis kandungan fitokimia fenolik, flavonoid dan tanin dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-Vis. Pengujian fotoreduksi dilakukan pada cahaya fluorescent dengan konsentrasi 1000 mg/L selama 5 jam dengan variasi pH 4, 5, 6, 7 dan 8 serta kapasitas daya 42, 62 dan 104 Watt. Analisis ekstrak limbah cair empulur batang sagu baruk menunjukkan konsentrasi fenolik 112,04 mg asam galat/L konsentrasi flavonoid 30,10 mg kuersetin/L dan konsentrasi tanin 22,02 mg katekin/L.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak limbah cair empulur batang sagu baruk pada pH 6 dengan kapasitas daya 104 Watt mempunyai kemampuan yang paling baik untuk mereduksi Fe3+ dibandingkan dengan ekstrak lainya.Research had been carried out to analyze the photochemicals phenolic, flavonoids, and tanins in liquid waste of pith trunk sago baruk and to test its ability in photoreduction. Pith trunk extracted with aquadest in maceration for two hours. The extracts resulted were then analyzed for phenolic, flavonoids and tanins phytochemicals using spectrophotometer UV-Vis. The photoreduction tests performed on fluorescent light with concentration of 1000 mg/L for five hours with variation pH 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 and on energy capacities of 42, 62 dan 104 Watt. Analysis of liquid waste of pith trunk sago baruk extract showed that phenolic concentration was 112,04 mg gallic acid/L, flavonoid concentration was 30,10 mg quersetin/L and tannin concentration was 22,02 mg chatechin/L. The results showed that extract liquid waste pith trunk sago baruk at pH 6 with energy capacities 104 Watt had best ability in photoreduction Fe3+.
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Lubis, Rosliana. "Skrining Fitokimia Dan Aktivitas Antimikroba Dari Tumbuhan Bangun-Bangun (Coleus Amboinicus Lour)." Talenta Conference Series: Science and Technology (ST) 2, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 92–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/st.v2i1.322.
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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi, skrining fitokimia, dan analisa aktivitas mikroba dari daun bangun-bangun dengan menggunakan pelarut etil asetat 70% dan n-heksan. Metode ekstraksi menggunakan metode maserasi. Komposisi kimia senyawa aktif yang diuji terdiri dari alkaloid, flavonoid, terpenoid, tanin, dan saponin. Aktivtias antimikroba ekstrak etil asetat 70% dilakukan menggunakan metode pengukuran luas zona hambat. Bakteri uji yang digunakan terdiri dari E. Coli ATCC 25922 dan Pseudomonas aeruginos. Uji aktivitas bakteri dilakukan bersifat invitro. Pengukuran zona hambat menggunakan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak etil asetat 70% terdiri dari 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60%, dan 75% (v/v). Hasil Penelitian :menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etil asetat 70% daun Handeuleum secara kualitatif teridentifikasi memilki kandungan senyawa kimia alkaloid, Flavonoid, Terpenoid, Steroid, Tanin, dan Saponin. Aktivitas bakteri E. Coli ATCC 25922 dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa terhadap ekstrak didasarkan kepada pengukuran luas zona hambat yang terbentuk. Luas zona hambat yang terbentuk dari ekstrak etil asetat daun Handeuleum dengan range konsentrasi 0% s.d 75 % terdiri dari 9,50 mm – 21,2 mm dan 9,00 mm – 20,6 mm.
This study aimed to extract, phytochemically screen, and analyze the microbial activity of bangun-bangun leaves using 70% ethyl acetate and n-hexane solvents. The extraction method used was maceration method. The chemical composition of the active compounds tested consisted of alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The antimicrobial activity of 70% ethyl acetate extract was carried out using the method of measuring the inhibitory zone. The bacteria used consisted of E. coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginos. The bacterial activity test was in vitro. Measurements of inhibitory zones using variations in the concentration of 70% ethyl acetate extract consisted of 0%, 15%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 75% (v / v). The results showed that 70% of the ethyl acetate extract of Handeuleum leaves were qualitatively identified as containing alkaloid chemical compounds, Flavonoids, Terpenoids, Steroids, Tanins, and Saponins. The activities of E. coli bacteria ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa towards the extracts were based on measurements of the area of inhibition zone formed. The area of inhibition zone formed from the ethyl acetate extract of Handeuleum leaves were with a concentration range of 0% to 75% consisting of 9.50 mm - 21.2 mm and 9.00 mm - 20.6 mm.
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Zhen, Lili, Heiko Lange, and Claudia Crestini. "An Analytical Toolbox for Fast and Straightforward Structural Characterisation of Commercially Available Tannins." Molecules 26, no. 9 (April 26, 2021): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092532.
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Both condensed and hydrolysable tannins represent versatile natural polyphenolic structures exhibiting a broad range of activities that could be exploited in various fields including nutraceutics, cosmesis, consumer care, household and pharmaceutical applications. Various tannins are commercially available nowadays for use in such application fields. We have analysed a representative selection of commercially available condensed and hydrolysable tannins for structural features and purity. Using a combination of quantitative 31P NMR spectroscopy, HSQC measurements, MALDI-ToF analyses, gel permeation chromatography and wet chemical analysis, detailed structural characterisations and descriptions were possible, allowing for verification and falsification of claimed structural features.
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Patilaya, Popi, and Dadang Irfan Husori. "KARAKTERISTIKEKSTRAK AIR DAUN PUGUNTANO [Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr.] YANG BERPOTENSI SEBAGAI ANTELMINTIK." Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung 1, no. 1 (January 26, 2017): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51352/jim.v1i1.18.
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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the characteristics of the water extract of leaves puguntano (Curanga fel-terrae (Lour.) Merr.) Using spectroscopic methods and phytochemical screening.METHODOLOGY: phytochemical screening performed to analyze compounds alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides, saponins, tannins, cyanogenic glycosides, and triterpenoids / steroids. Analyses were performed using FTIR spectrophotometer (Shimadzu) with IR Solution software. The wavelength is set at 4000 – 400 cm-1 with a resolution of 4 cm-1 and 16 scanner.RESULTS: Puguntano leaf water extract contains flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, steroids, and terpenoids. Infrared spectrum of puguntano leaf aqueous extract showed a O – H fuctional group at 3313.71 cm-1, C – H at 2974.23 and 2881.65 cm-1, C = C at 1689.65 and 1597.06 cm-1, C – O at 1265.30 and 1076.28 cm-1 and group C – H aromatics at 813.96 cm-1 in the fingerprint region
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Pinard, Jean-Luc, and Nérée St-Amand. "De la conformité au refus : analyse d’un parcours." Reflets 19, no. 1 (August 19, 2013): 85–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1018043ar.
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Dans le contexte d’une recherche menée auprès depersonnes ayant vécu des expériences en psychiatrie auNouveau-Brunswick, cet article propose une réflexion surcertaines stratégies de débrouillardiseprivilégiées par l’une d’entre elles àla suite d’un diagnostic de maladie mentale. Une grillestructurelle permettra de comprendre certains des enjeux enprésence tandis que sur le plan méthodologique,l’analyse d’un parcours permettra de mettre en valeur uneétude de cas comme illustration de possiblesréalités émergentes.
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Elgailani, Isam Eldin Hussein, and Christina Yacoub Ishak. "Determination of Tannins of Three Common Acacia Species of Sudan." Advances in Chemistry 2014 (September 17, 2014): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/192708.
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The objective of this study is to analyze and compare tannins of three common Acacia species of Sudan, since vegetable tannins are important in leather industry. Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal samples were collected from Sunt Forest in Khartoum State, while Acacia senegal samples were collected from the Debabat Forest in South Kordofan State. Bark samples from bulk collections of the three Acacia species were extracted with boiled deionized water. The amount of tannins present in these bulk samples was determined by Folin-Denis method for total phenolic materials, followed by precipitation with hide-powder. The difference between the amount of phenolic materials present before and after addition of hide-powder represents the amount of tannins present. The percentage of tannins in the leaves, bark, and mature and immature fruits of collections of individuals of Acacia species was estimated; mature and immature fruits of Acacia nilotica contain tannins (22.15% and 22.10%, resp.). The leaves of Acacia nilotica and Acacia seyal contain tannins (11.80% and 6.30%, resp.). The barks of Acacia seyal, Acacia nilotica, and Acacia senegal contain tannins (12.15%, 10.47%, and 3.49%, resp.).
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Díaz Carrasco, Juan María, Claudio Cabral, Leandro Martín Redondo, Natalia Daniela Pin Viso, Darío Colombatto, Marisa Diana Farber, and Mariano Enrique Fernández Miyakawa. "Impact of Chestnut and Quebracho Tannins on Rumen Microbiota of Bovines." BioMed Research International 2017 (2017): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9610810.
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The use of phytogenic dietary additives is being evaluated as a means to improve animal productivity. The effect of tannins seems to be the influence not only directly on the digestive process through binding of dietary proteins but also indirectly over their effects on gastrointestinal microbiota. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to analyze the impact of dietary supplementation with a blend of chestnut and quebracho tannins on the rumen microbiota of Holstein steers. Bacterial richness was lower in tannins treated animals, while the overall population structure of rumen microbiota was not significantly disturbed by tannins. The ratio of the phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, a parameter associated with energy harvesting function, was increased in tannins supplemented animals, essentially due to the selective growth of Ruminococcaceae over members of genusPrevotella. Fibrolytic, amylolytic, and ureolytic bacterial communities in the rumen were altered by tannins, while methanogenic archaea were reduced. Furthermore, ruminal pH was significantly higher in animals supplemented with tannins than in the control group, while urease activity exhibited the opposite pattern. Further work is necessary to assess the relation between tannins impact on rumen microbiota and alteration of rumen fermentation parameters associated with bovine performance.
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Arismendi, W. A., Andrés E. Ortiz-Ardila, C. V. Delgado, Lorena Lugo, Luis G. Sequeda-Castañeda, and Crispín A. Celis-Zambrano. "Modified tannins and their application in wastewater treatment." Water Science and Technology 78, no. 5 (August 30, 2018): 1115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2018.336.
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Abstract The bio-flocculants used in this study were synthesised by the Mannich reaction, which includes three reagents: a substrate (tannin extracts of Acacia, Quebracho, and Castanea), formaldehyde, and an amine derivative (ethanolamine, diethanolamine, ammonium chloride). Nine natural flocculants were prepared by combining extracts and amines; these products were evaluated in three different wastewater samples in two experimental phases. In phase I, five physicochemical parameters were analysed. From the data obtained, a multivariate, completely randomised design (CRD-Manava) was used, with a factorial arrangement and mean plots. In phase II, the three bio-flocculants with the most statistically significant responses and their mixtures were examined, evaluating 14 biological and physicochemical parameters. Statistical analysis was guided in this phase by CRD blocks, finding a significant removal in the physicochemical parameters analysed in the different types of wastewater and obtaining removal rates between 50 and 90%, depending on the parameter. At the end of both phases, the bio-flocculants acacia-ammonium chloride and quebracho-diethanolamine were the most efficient in the removal of turbidity (34–99%), true colour (93–100%) and total solids (12–99%). In addition, the natural flocculants showed low mutagenicity index (MI: 0.33–0.93) compared to aluminium sulphate (MI: 4.87–8.81).
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Sampepana, Eldha, and Enih Rosarnah. "Analisa Sifat Fisikokimia Tanin Kulit Akasia Mangium Untuk Bahan Baku Perekat." Jurnal Riset Teknologi Industri 4, no. 8 (August 8, 2016): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.26578/jrti.v4i8.1469.
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Chunduri, Jayaprada Rao, and Hetwi R. Shah. "FTIR PHYTOCHEMICAL FINGERPRINTING AND ANTIOXIDANT ANLYSES OF SELECTED INDOOR NON-FLOWERING INDOOR PLANTS AND THEIR INDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCE." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 8, no. 4 (October 18, 2016): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2016v8i4.15275.
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Objective: phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity analyses of selected indoor plants and to evaluate commercial applications.Methods: Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses of alcoholic and aquatic crude extracts of leaves of selected non-flowering indoor plants were assessed using standard protocols and later compared with FTIR analyses. Antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the extracts were studiedResults: Phytochemical analysis of polar solvent extractions of the four selected plants Pedilanthus tithymaloides, Cordyline terminalis, Tradescantia zebrine and Rhoeo discolou. Indicated the presence of tannins in all four varieties terpenoids in 3, flavonols, phytosterols and phenols in two plants, followed by alkaloids. The phytochemical analyses were supported by FTIR reports. Quantitative studies indicated variations in flavonol, tannin and phenols concentrations among the four species. High concentrations of Total flavonols (P. tithymaloides) and Tannins (C. terminalis) were observed. C. terminalis extract showed comparatively highest reducing power followed by R. discolour and P. tithymaloides extracts. Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing indicated P. tithymaloides showed a maximum zone of inhibition compared to R. discolor. C. terminalis plant leaf extract showed a faint zone of inhibition against E. fecalis while others couldnot. Intense colors of C. terminalis and T. zebrine plants could be used as a natural dye as well as pH indicator. Conclusion: The rich concentrations of the tannins from non-flowering indoor plants could be the future option of dyes and dyeing industry as natural colorants as well as pH indicators. These plants were rich sources of phytochemicals (phenols, flavonols, tannins, and phytosterols), with antioxidant and antibacterial activity.
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Ajebli, Mohammed, and Mohamed Eddouks. "The Promising Role of Plant Tannins as Bioactive Antidiabetic Agents." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 25 (October 16, 2019): 4852–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666180605124256.
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Background:Plant tannins are polyphenolic substances with various molecular weights and a variable complexity. Due to the beneficial effects for controlling chronic disorders particularly diabetes mellitus, this class of secondary metabolites has gained more interest in the recent years.Objective:We aimed through this review to collect, analyze and discuss all available information related to the antidiabetic effect of isolated tannins (including both condensed and hydrolysable varieties) and tannin-rich plants as well as the possible mechanisms of action involved in this antidiabetic activity.Methods and Results:Our bibliographic research was conducted to gather more than 41 medicinal plants containing tannins and 19 isolated tannins and tannin-rich crud extracts which were revealed to possess glucose lowering effect according to pharmacological studies.Conclusion:Hence, according to findings of the present review, tannins could be useful for prevention and management of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications and these natural products could be promising compounds for the discovery of new hypoglycemic agents.
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Duchesne, Louis. "Analyse descriptive du bilinguisme au Québec selon la langue maternelle en 1951, 1961 et 1971." Cahiers québécois de démographie 6, no. 3 (October 27, 2008): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/600747ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Nous présentons dans cet article une analyse des réponses à la question des recensements de 1951, 1961 et 1971 sur la connaissance de l’anglais et du français. Nous utilisons comme autres variables, la langue maternelle, le groupe d’âges et le sexe. La proportion des non-francophones qui connaissent le français augmente tandis que la connaissance de l’anglais diminue chez les francophones. En 1971, 40 % des hommes francophones âgés de 15 à 65 ans ont déclaré connaître l’anglais tandis que 53 % des non-francophones ont déclaré connaître le français. A Montréal toutefois, les hommes francophones parlent plus l’anglais (56?#x00a0;%) que les non-francophones le français (52 %).
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Setyawardhani, Dwi Ardiana, Cindy Mei Saputri, and Nafi'atun Ni'mah. "Pembuatan dan Uji Organoleptik Hand Sanitizer dari Daun Mangga (Mangifera indica) dengan Metode Maserasi." Equilibrium Journal of Chemical Engineering 4, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/equilibrium.v4i1.42852.
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<p><strong>Abstrak.</strong> <strong>E</strong>kstrak daun mangga memiliki kandungan alkaloid, polifenol, saponin, tanin, flavonoid yang berfungsi sebagai senyawa antimikrobia yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk membuat <em>hand sanitizer</em> dari daun mangga, menganalisa sifat organoleptik produk dan mengidentifikasi kandungan fitokimia. Simplisia daun mangga dimaserasi menggunakan pelarut pada suhu ruangan selama 3x24 jam dengan pergantian pelarut setiap harinya kemudian disaring hingga diperoleh filtrat. Filtrat kemudian diuapkan dengan <em>vacuum evaporator</em> pada suhu 65<sup>°</sup>C sampai volumenya berkurang 80% dari volume awal. Ekstrak yang dihasilkan kemudian diolah menjadi <em>hand sanitizer </em>dalam bentuk gel. Ekstrak daun mangga kemudian dilakukan uji fitokimia yang hasilnya menunjukkan adanya kandungan fitokimia di dalam daun mangga seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, polifenol, tanin, dan juga saponin yang berpotensi sebagai antibakteri alami dalam pembuatan <em>hand sanitizer</em>. Hasil analisa organoleptik sediaan gel hand sanitizer menunjukkan warna hijau kekuningan, aroma khas daun manga, tektur gel lembut, sifat penggunaan dingin, tidak lengket dan tidak kering, dan cepat menyerap saat diaplikasikan pada tangan.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Mango leaf extracts contain alkaloids, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, flavonoids that function as antimicrobial compounds to inhibit bacterial growth. This study aims to make a hand sanitizer from mango leaves extract, analyze the organoleptic properties of the product, and identify the phytochemical content. Dried mango leaves were macerated using solvents at room temperature for 3x24 hours with a change of solvent every day, then filtered until the filtrate was obtained. The filtrate is then evaporated with a vacuum evaporator at 65 ° C until the volume is reduced 80% from the initial volume. The resulting extract is then processed into a hand sanitizer in gel form. Mango leaf extracts are then subjected to phytochemical tests. The results indicated that phytochemical content in mango leaves were flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, and also saponins that have the potential as a natural antibacterial in making hand sanitizers. Organoleptic analysis results of hand sanitizer gel preparations showed yellowish-green color, mango leaves odor, soft, non-sticky and moist gel texture, cold use properties and quickly absorbed when applied to the hands.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Hand sanitizer, maceration, mango leaf extracts</p>
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Duan, Wengui, Seiji Ohara, Koh Hashida, and Rei Makino. "Condensed tannins from steamed Acacia mearnsii bark." Holzforschung 59, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 289–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2005.048.
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Abstract The optimum steaming conditions for extraction of condensed tannins from Acacia mearnsii bark were explored, after which characterization of proanthocyanidins from bark steamed under optimum conditions was carried out. The optimum conditions were as follows: steaming time, 30 min; steaming temperature, 140°C; and water volume, 75 ml. The total phenolics content obtained under these conditions amounted to 25.31%, which was much higher than the 21.70% obtained by conventional hot water extraction. Six proanthocyanidin dimers were isolated from the steamed bark. Analysis revealed them to be fisetinidol-(4β-8)-catechin, fisetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin, robinetinidol-(4β-8)-catechin, robinetinidol-(4α-8)-catechin, robinetinidol-(4β-8)-gallocatechin, and robinetinidol-(4α-8)-gallocatechin. Proanthocyanidin polymers were found to consist mainly of prorobinetinidin extender units, similar to those obtained from the same bark by conventional extraction with 70% acetone aqueous solution. However, nuclear magnetic resonance and gel permeation chromatography analyses suggested that during steaming the polymers undergo condensation reactions, as well as inversion of the configuration of interflavanoid bonds.
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Blouin, Jacques, Nathalie Papet, and Erick Stonestreet. "Study of the polyphenolic structure of red wines by physical-chemical and sensory analyses." OENO One 34, no. 1 (March 31, 2000): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2000.34.1.1012.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">This study indicates the repeatability of various structure indices of phenolic compounds (GLORIES Indices). It is excellent for the gelatine index, the HCl index and tanning ability, good for the ethanol index, total tannins and the DMACH index, but less satisfactory for the dialysis index. A relationship which is not directly proportional can be observed between the gelatine index and tanning ability, but also a certain relation between tanning ability on one hand and total tannins-TAI on the other. There is a good correlation between gustatory astringency, the gelatine index and tanning ability, and the latter measurement, being the most rapid (only 45 mn), turns out to be interesting for sorting wines before fine tasting sessions.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Different techniques of pre-fermentation (cold or hot maceration, bleeding), fermentation (submerged cap) or postfermentation (final hot maceration, maturing on the lees) are tested. The results are very variable according to the wines and their age. Favourable results with young wines are not always confirmed after a few months’ maturing. The choice of each technique should be made according to the characteristics of the grapes and the probable consumption dates.</p>
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Santos, R. M., M. S. Oliveira, P. H. Ferri, and S. C. Santos. "Seasonal variation in the phenol content of Eugenia uniflora L. leaves." Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais 13, no. 1 (2011): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-05722011000100013.
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Hydrolysable tannins, total phenols and flavonoids in Eugenia uniflora leaves were monthly analysed for one year. The results were correlated with climate conditions (rainfall, humidity, cloudiness and mean temperature) through chemometric methods. Principal component analysis revealed high levels of hydrolysable tannins in the rainy season, whereas flavonoids were mainly produced in the dry season. These facts suggest that climatic changes may be one of the factors affecting phenol levels in Eugenia uniflora.
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Hashida, Koh, Seiji Ohara, and Rei Makino. "Improvement of formaldehyde-scavenging ability of condensed tannins by ammonia treatment." Holzforschung 60, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 178–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.029.
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Abstract Condensed tannins have formaldehyde gas-scavenging ability. Tannins consisting of phloroglucinol-type A-rings, such as prodelphinidin and procyanidin, had higher formaldehyde-scavenging ability than those consisting of resorcinol-type A-rings, such as prorobietinidin and profisetinidin. This ability was markedly improved by ammonia treatment. The increase in formaldehyde-scavenging ability was especially notable in the case of condensed tannins with a high ratio of pyrogallol-type B-rings, such as prorobietinidin and prodelphinidin. To clarify the factors affecting improvement of the formaldehyde-scavenging ability by ammonia treatment, the reaction behavior of condensed tannins during ammonia treatment was studied. Analyses using 13C-NMR and on-line methylation pyrolysis/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry revealed that on treatment of condensed tannins with ammonia, amino-substitution at C-4′ of the pyrogallol-type B-ring occurred to form a 4′-amino-3′,5′-dihydroxybenzene-type B-ring. It can be assumed that the introduction of a 4′-amino-3′,5′-dihydroxybenzene-type B-ring into the tannin molecule results in improved formaldehyde-scavenging ability.
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Miller, Perry R., and Nancy J. Ehlke. "Inheritance of condensed tannins in birdsfoot trefoil." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 77, no. 4 (October 1, 1997): 587–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-081.
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Neither the inheritance of condensed tannins (CT) in tannin-positive birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), nor the quantitative genetic analysis of CT concentration in a forage legume have been previously reported. The objective of this study was to determine the inheritance of CT concentration in tannin-positive birdsfoot trefoil. High-, medium-, and low-tannin parents were selected from NC-83 birdsfoot trefoil germplasm and intercrossed in two independent six-parent diallel sets to generate progenies for quantitative genetic analyses. Maturity, herbage yield, leaf fraction (LF) and CT concentration were analyzed for 1067 individual F1 plants from 30 progenies in both diallel sets. Mean CT concentrations of the 30 progenies ranged from 6.1 to 93.4 g catechin equivalent (CE) kg−1 DM. General combining ability (GCA):specific combining ability (SCA) ratios of 0.93 and 1.0 were observed for CT concentration in both diallel sets, at or near the theoretical maximum of unity, indicating a predominance of additive genetic effects for CT concentration. Specific combining ability effects were detected in one diallel set where 3 of 15 progenies exhibited significant SCA effects. The evidence from this study indicated that CT concentration in birdsfoot trefoil was controlled primarily by additive genetic effects. Key words: Birdsfoot trefoil, condensed tannins, forage legume, inheritance, Lotus corniculatus, quantitative genetics
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Gagic, Tanja, Zeljko Knez, and Mojca Skerget. "Hydrothermal hydrolysis of sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa) tannins." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 85, no. 7 (2020): 869–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc190711108g.
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Sweet chestnut tannins were treated with subcritical water at temperatures from 120 to 300 ?C for reaction times of 15, 30 and 60 min. A great influence of temperature and reaction time on the product yield was noticed. Spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the total tannins, phenols and carbohydrates contents and antioxidant activity. Furthermore, vescalin, castalin, vescalagin, castalagin, 1-O-galloyl castalagin, gallic, ellagic and ferulic acids were analysed by HPLC. The results obtained from hydrothermal hydrolysis were compared to results from acid hydrolysis. Finally, the reaction parameters of the hydrothermal hydrolysis process were optimized aimed at obtaining a product with a high concentration of ellagic acid. The optimal conditions for obtaining the highest concentration of ellagic acid of 29.55 % were 250 ?C and 5 min. The concentration of ellagic acid in tannin extract obtained by acid hydrolysis was 8.19 %.
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Vilardell Vallés, Joan Miquel. "Análisis estructural y criterios de diseño de depósitos cilíndricos de hormigón pretensado." Informes de la Construcción 47, no. 440 (December 30, 1995): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/ic.1995.v47.i440.1047.
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Drèze, Jacques H., and Charles R. Bean. "Le chômage en Europe : conclusions d’une analyse économétrique multinationale." L'Actualité économique 68, no. 1-2 (March 10, 2009): 357–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/602071ar.
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RÉSUMÉ Cet article résume les principales conclusions empiriques du European Unemployment Program. Il se base sur dix études nationales qui utilisent le cadre macroéconomique développé par Sneessens et Drèze (1986). Les principales conclusions sont les suivantes : (i) un problème majeur de l’Europe résulte de ce que les gains de productivité sont absorbés rapidement dans les salaires tandis que l’incidence du chômage sur les accords salariaux est généralement faible; (ii) la spirale salaires-prix-productivité rend les économies européennes vulnérables à l’inflation; (iii) la tension de la demande se résorbe par la balance des paiements plutôt que par des hausses de prix; (iv) le principal déterminant immédiat de l’emploi dans les années quatre-vingt est le niveau de la demande effective.
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Dewaele, Jean-Marc. "Une distinction mesurable: corpus oraux et écrits sur le continuum de la deixis." Journal of French Language Studies 11, no. 2 (September 2001): 179–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269501000229.
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L'opposition oral/écrit est analysée à travers la variation dans les proportions des catégories grammaticales dans vingt-et-un corpus oraux et écrits italiens, néerlandais, français et d'interlangue française. Une analyse factorielle permet d'extraire une dimension unique sur laquelle s'opposent deux groupes de catégories grammaticales. Les substantifs, les articles, les adjectifs et les prépositions se situent près du pôle négatif tandis que les pronoms, les verbes, les adverbes, les interjections et les conjonctions se situent près du pôle positif de cette dimension qui reflète le continuum de la deixis. Les corpus oraux se situent près du pôle déictique/implicite et s'opposent aux corpus écrits qui se rapprochent du pôle explicite du continuum. Les énoncés oraux sont davantage ancrés dans le contexte spatio-temporel du locuteur tandis que le discours écrit est généralement plus indépendant du contexte spatio-temporel, ce qui explique son caractère plus nominal et sa proportion plus importante de mots essentiellement non-déictiques ou explicites.
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DUC, G., P. MARGET, R. ESNAULT, J. LE GUEN, and D. BASTIANELLI. "Genetic variability for feeding value of faba bean seeds (Vicia faba): Comparative chemical composition of isogenics involving zero-tannin and zero-vicine genes." Journal of Agricultural Science 133, no. 2 (September 1999): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699006905.
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In a preliminary experiment, 74 faba bean genotypes including winter genotypes (autumn-sown) and spring genotypes (spring-sown) and isogenic population pairs (tannin-containing v. tannin-free and vicine/convicine-high v. vicine/convicine-low), were analysed for the chemical composition of their seeds. A large variability was found for the main constituents (starch, protein and fibre). Autumn-sown genotypes contained 2·3% less proteins but 2·5% more starch in the seed dry matter (DM) than spring-sown genotypes. The vc− gene, which lowers the vicine and convicine contents, did not significantly modify the main seed components in the isogenic comparisons. The zt1 and zt2 genes, which eliminate condensed tannins in the seed coats, lowered by 2·1% the proportion of the seed coat in the DM. In the isogenic comparisons, the zt2 gene had a stronger effect than zt1 in reducing the total seed fibre and increasing the protein content.In a second experiment, from the original 74 genotypes, 12 contrasted genotypes were selected and multiplied for animal nutrition trials. Their chemical analysis confirmed the variability between the faba bean categories observed in Expt 1, but detailed chemical analyses illustrated the variability in amino acid, fatty acid, amylose and oligosaccharide composition, trypsin inhibitory activity, condensed tannins, lectins and phytic phosphorus contents.
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Manongko, Paricia Syaron, Meiske Sientje Sangi, and Lidya Irma Momuat. "Uji Senyawa Fitokimia dan Aktivitas Antioksidan Tanaman Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.)." Jurnal MIPA 9, no. 2 (May 29, 2020): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/jmuo.9.2.2020.28725.
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Telah dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui senyawa fitokimia dan aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak etanol tanaman patah tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) menggunakan metode 1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil (DPPH). Ekstrak etanol diperoleh dengan metode maserasi kemudian diuji fitokimia untuk dilihat kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder diantaranya alkaloid, fenolik, flavonoid, tanin, saponin, triterpenoid/steroid. Senyawa fenolik sangat berpotensi sebagai antioksidan karenanya dilakukan uji kandungan total fenolik menggunakan metode spektrofotometri dengan pereaksi Folin-Ciocalteu. Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan menggunakan metode DPPH. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yaitu fenolik ditunjukkan dengan terbentuknya warna hijau kehitaman, senyawa saponin dengan terbentuknya busa stabil, dan senyawa tanin dengan terbentuknya warna hijau kehitaman. Hasil pengujian kandungan total fenolik ekstrak etanol memiliki nilai sebesar 60,270 mg GAE/g. Kekuatan antioksidan ditentukan oleh nilai IC50 yang didasarkan pada persen perendaman radikal bebas oleh sampel uji. Untuk ekstrak etanol memiliki IC50 sebesar 82,152 µg/mL. Berdasarkan hasil yang diperoleh ekstrak etanol tanaman patah tulang memiliki potensi yang kuat sebagai antioksidan.This research was conducted to determine the phytochemical compound and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Patah Tulang (Euphorbia tirucalli L.) plant using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. The ethanol extract was obtained by maceration and then was analysed for phytochemical compound to see the secondary metabolite contents including alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, triterpenoids / steroids. The phenolic compounds have high potential as antioxidant, therefore the total fenolic content was tested using spectrophotometric method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagents. Antioxidant activity was determined using DPPH method. he results showed that the ethanol extract contain secondary metabolite compounds. Penolic compounds weredetected by the formation of blackish green color, saponin compounds showed stable foam formation, and tannin compounds with a blackish green formation. Total phenolic content of the extract was60,270 mg GAE/g. Antioxidant activity was determined by IC50 value based on the percentage of free radicals taken by the sample. And ethanol extract had IC50 value of 82.152 µg /mL. Based on the results obtained, ethanol extract of Patah Tulang plants had a strong potential as an antioxidant.
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Singh, Vineeta, Anita Rao, Shipra Pandey, Vaibhav Sharan Pandey, Vageshwari Vageshwari, Neha Tiwari, and V. N. Pandey. "Qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemicals from flowers of Spanish Cherry tree." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8, no. 6-s (December 15, 2018): 182–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i6-s.2108.
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The present enquiry was intended to analyze the phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively from flowers of Spanish cherry tree. Flower powder was extracted using polar and nonpolar solvent by soxhlet apparatus. Percentage yield of crude extracts was determined and further the extracts were subjected to analyze the phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively by standard procedure. Qualitative analysis showed the absence of alkaloids while presences of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, steroids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols. Quantitative estimation of phytochemicals was determined using standard curve. Result revealed that the tannin content was 4.3±0.01 (mgTAE /gm), flavanols content was 0.28±0.05 (mgQE/gm). Saponins content was 3.6±0.7 % and terpenoids content was 1.47±0.37 %. A well conducted studies on phytochemicals revealed that they are vital for humans because they provide protection against a variety of ailments. Therefore, the present study is aimed to analyze phytochemicals qualitatively and quantitatively.
Keywords: Phytochemicals, Tannins, Saponins, Flavanols, Terpenoids
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Sulborska, Aneta, Agata Konarska, Anna Matysik-Woźniak, Marta Dmitruk, Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska, Agnieszka Skalska-Kamińska, and Robert Rejdak. "Phenolic Constituents of Lamium album L. subsp. album Flowers: Anatomical, Histochemical, and Phytochemical Study." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 19, 2020): 6025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246025.
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Flos Lamii albi has a high biological activity and is widely used in herbal medicine. The aim of the study was to characterize the secretory structures present in Lamium album subsp. album corolla and the location of phenolic compounds. Additionally, we carried out qualitative phytochemical analyses of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the structure of the floral organs. The main classes of phenolic compounds and their localization were determined histochemically. Phytochemical analyses were performed with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Six types of glandular trichomes were found which contained flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. The phytochemical studies demonstrated the presence of caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, gentisic, and vanillic phenolic acids as well as rutoside, isoquercetin, and quercetin flavonoids. The corolla in L. album subsp. album has antioxidant properties due to the presence of various polyphenols, as shown by the histo- and phytochemical analyses. The distribution and morphology of trichomes and the content of phenolic compounds in the corolla have taxonomic, pharmacognostic, and practical importance, facilitating the identification of the raw material.
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Romani, Annalisa, Margherita Campo, and Patrizia Pinelli. "HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS analyses and anti-radical activity of hydrolyzable tannins from different vegetal species." Food Chemistry 130, no. 1 (January 2012): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.07.009.
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Perwitosari, Dian. "ANALYSE DE L’ECRANISATION ET L’APPROCHE CULTURELLE DE LA BANDE DESSINEE AU FILM ASTERIX: LE DOMAINE DES DIEUX." Lingua Litteratia Journal 6, no. 1 (June 12, 2019): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ll.v6i1.30841.
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Astérix : Le Domaine des dieux est le dix-septième album de la série de bande dessinée « Astérix » de René Goscinny et Albert Uderzo, publié le 29 juillet 1971. Cette série raconte les aventures du guerrier gaulois s’opposer aux Romains. Cette bande dessinée a pour fond la région de l’empire romain vers 50 av. J.-C. avec l’histoire humoristique. Cette recherche vise à analyser la transformation dans la bande dessinée au film « Astérix : Le Domaine des dieux » en utilisant la théorie d’écranisation de Pamusuk Eneste. Cette théorie comprend la réduction, l’addition, et les changements variés de scène dans le déroulement, le personnage, et le fond. La chercheuse analyse aussi les éléments culturels en utilisant l’approche culturelle de Koentjaraningrat avec les trois formes culturelles. Ce sont la forme culturelle comme un complexe des idées, d’activité, et des objets d’œuvres humaines. Dans cette recherche, la bande dessinée et le film « Astérix : Le Domaine des dieux » sont choisis comme les objets matériels, tandis que l’objet formel est la théorie d’écranisation et l’approche culturelle. La chercheuse utilise l’approche qualitative avec la méthode d'analyse descriptive. La méthode de cette recherche est « la comparaison de référence », tandis que la technique de cette recherche est Pilah Unsur Penentu (PUP). Dans l’écranisation du déroulement, il y a seize réductions, quarante-six additions, et onze variations. En autre, dans l’écranisation du personnage, il y a deux réductions, cinq additions, et deux variations. Alors, dans l’écranisation du fond, il y a deux réductions, cinq additions, et deux variations. Dans l’approche culturelle, parmi les trois formes culturelles que la chercheuse a analysé, on peut voir la troisième forme culturelle est fidèle aux faits de l'histoire. La troisième forme culturelle de cette bande dessinée décrite les faits historiques vers 50 av. J.C.
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Ignat, Gabriela, Cintia Colibaba, Carmen Luiza Costuleanu, Ioan Moraru, Catalin Razvan Vintu, George Ungureanu, and Costica Bejinariu. "Studies Regarding the Efficiency of Grape Tannins Greening Plastics." Materiale Plastice 54, no. 3 (September 30, 2017): 586–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.17.3.4902.
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Grape marc, also known as grape pomace, is one of the most investigated bio-wastes derived mainly from grape skin and seeds, which is produced as a by-product of winemaking on the million-ton scale annually. Presently, the most important high-value use of grape pomace is in the production of oenological tannins, widely-used additives in the food and beverage industry. This article studies the possible use of grape waste in the plastic industry, as request of the consumer for green plastics with regards to environmental impact, and in the case of packaging, to improve the shelf-life and safety of the products contained. 4 white grape varieties and 4 red grape varieties (most cultivated grape varieties in Romania) were taken into study, processed using different technological methods and the spent material (grape skins and seeds) were analysed regarding their total phenolic compounds and total tannins.
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BOICHARD, D., L. MAIGNEL, and E. VERRIER. "Analyse généalogique des races bovines laitières françaises." INRAE Productions Animales 9, no. 5 (October 20, 2016): 323–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.1996.9.5.4071.
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Cet article présente un bilan de la variabilité génétique dans les huit principales races bovines laitières françaises établi à partir de l’information généalogique. La stratégie d’ouverture diffère entre populations, les races Normande et Tarentaise étant fermées, les races Prim’Holstein, Pie Rouge des Plaines, Brune et Simmental Française faisant largement appel à des gènes extérieurs, tandis que les races Montbéliarde et Abondance ont procédé à une légère infusion de gènes Holstein rouge. Lorsque la qualité des généalogies et la structure de la population permet de le calculer correctement, le niveau de consanguinité est faible mais il s’accroît assez rapidement, de l’ordre de 1 % par génération, ce qui correspond à un effectif génétique réalisé de quelques dizaines de reproducteurs. Le nombre d’ancêtres efficace, dérivé des probabilités d’origine de gènes, est compris entre 17 et 64 et n’est pas corrélé avec le nombre de femelles dans la population. Les races bovines laitières, du fait de l’efficacité de l’insémination artificielle, sont donc des populations extrêmement réduites en terme d’origines génétiques. Des études plus approfondies devront rapidement proposer des solutions visant à préserver la variabilité génétique, mais restant compatibles avec les programmes de sélection actuels. Sans préjuger des réponses à apporter, il semble cependant nécessaire, d’une part, de maintenir toutes les populations existantes et, d’autre part, d’augmenter le nombre de pères à taureaux.
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Edem, B. E., M. E. Khan, and N. U. Ibok. "QUALITATIVE & QUANTITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF BOMBAX BUONOPOZENSE (RED SILK COTTON TREE) STEM-BACK." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN NATURAL SCIENCES 3, no. 3 (December 19, 2016): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jns.v3i3.3970.
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Qualitative & quantitative phytochemical screening and proximate composition of Bombax buonopozense stem was investigated. Nine phytochemicals viz: - alkaloid, carbohydrate, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, protein, terpenoids, and oxalates were observed. Steroids and glycosides were below detectable limits. Quantitative phytochemical analysis indicated that alkaloid, flavonoid, phenols, tannins and saponins had values of 0.68 g, 0.09 g, 2.35 g, 1.41 g and 1.15 g respectively. The proximate analysis gave high percentage moisture content (55.30%). Carbohydrate and protein were of low values (1.04 % and 6.0% respectively). Ash content was found to be 15.30%, fiber (16.80%)All analyses wereper100g of crude sample.
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Camacho-Gahona, Yazmin Isabel, Oscar Rodrigo Ordoñez-Gutiérrez, and Wilson Rolando Chalco-Sandoval. "Determinación del contenido de taninos extraído de la vaina de la tara (Caesalpinia spinosa)proveniente del barrio el portete, cantón Gonzanamá de la provincia de Loja." Revista Investigación Agraria. 2, no. 3 (December 31, 2020): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47840/reina20216.
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The tara (Caesalpinia spinosa)is a forest species native to South America, which presents a great potential in the world industry in the field of agro-export and agribusiness, for the use of its derivatives as tannins, which has anunmet demand in the market to be used in tanning and food industries; the present thesis project had the purpose of determining the amount of tannins present in the fruits collected in El Portete neighborhood, for this purpose, aqueous extracts were elaborated by maceration and heating, to which were make organoleptic (color and smell) and physical-chemical (p H and density) analyses, and, the quantification of tannins to each extract, considering two concentrations ofpotassium permanganate solution (0.025and 0.1 N). The results show that the organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of the extracts obtained by heating and maceration did not present significant differences between them, except fo r the pH that ranges from moderately (3,7) to slightlyacid (4,3); as regards the quantification of tannins, there is a similarity between the values obtained with th e tw o extraction methods; however, there were differences between the value s re a ch e d w ith the two concentrations of potassium permanganate, obtaining the best yields (52,5 %) at the concentration of KMnO4at 0,1 N. Keywords:Potentiality, Quantification of tannins, Concentrations and Yield
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Simard, Yanik, Clermont Gauthier, and Mario Richard. "L’efficacité de la formation à distance au niveau postsecondaire : une méga-analyse." Canadian Journal of Higher Education 49, no. 2 (August 24, 2019): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47678/cjhe.v49i2.188292.
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Au Canada, la formation à distance (FAD) est présente dans la majorité des institutions d’enseignement postsecondaires. Cependant, une polémique revient constamment dans la communauté scientifique quant à l’incidence des avancées technologiques sur l’efficacité de ce type de formation. Certains auteurs mettent en relief l’apport positif de ces avancées tandis que d’autres insistent sur les nombreuses déceptions causées par l’utilisation des technologies plus récentes. Devant ces positions discordantes, plusieurs chercheurs conviennent que les études concernant l’efficacité de la FAD selon les avancées technologiques n’en seraient encore qu’à leurs débuts. Pour combler cette carence, l’objectif de la présente recherche est de vérifier l’efficacité de la FAD selon les avancées technologiques à l’aide d’une méga-analyse. Les résultatspositifs obtenus à l’issue de notre méga-analyse, réalisée à partir d’une synthèse de 16 méta-analyses comprenant 862 études primaires auxquelles ont pris part au-delà de 200 000 participants, soutiendraient le recours aux technologies plus récentes pour favoriser l’apprentissage à distance.
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Bizzoni-Prévieux, Caroline, Corinne Mérini, Joanne Otis, Didier Jourdan, and Johanne Grenier. "Les partenariats en éducation à la santé au primaire : analyse comparée." Nouveaux cahiers de la recherche en éducation 14, no. 2 (April 24, 2012): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008911ar.
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L’objectif de cet article est de décrire et de comparer les partenariats au Québec et en France à travers le filtre des réseaux d’ouverture et de collaboration et des ressources mobilisées à l’école primaire pour mettre en oeuvre l’éducation à la santé. Points communs aux deux contextes, la formation des élèves est la raison principale du travail en partenariat à l’école et, pour ce faire, elle trouve ses ressources à l’intérieur même de sa structure. Des particularités apparaissent toutefois. En France, les actions sont souvent sous-traitées, les enseignants considèrent les spécialistes plus compétents qu’eux-mêmes et les intervenants extérieurs à l’école sont différents. On y retrouve surtout des « préventologues » tandis qu’au Québec, ce sont des parents ou des associations qui s’engagent dans les actions.
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De Oliveira, Juliane Barreto, Olga Laureano, Rogério Castro, Giuliano Elias Pereira, and Jorge Manuel Ricardo-da-Silva. "Rootstock and harvest season affect the chemical composition and sensory analysis of grapes and wines of the Alicante Bouschet (Vitis vinifera L.) grown in a tropical semi-arid climate in Brazil." OENO One 54, no. 4 (November 16, 2020): 1021–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2020.54.4.2553.
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Aim: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the composition of grapes and wines of the Alicante Bouschet variety from a tropical semi-arid area in Brazil, by studying two rootstocks and harvests in different semesters (climates) of the same year.Methods, Results: Vines of Vitis vinifera L., Alicante Bouschet, a teinturier variety, were grown in a tropical semi-arid climate in Brazil. The phenolic composition of the grapes and wines was measured to assess how they had been affected by two rootstocks (IAC 572 and 1103P) and two harvest seasons, Semester 1 and Semester 2 (in this region, a grapevine produces two harvests per year, with an intra-annual climate variability). The grapes and wines were subjected to the usual physicochemical analyses, as well as to spectrophotometric and chromatographic analyses. Sensory analysis was carried out by professional tasters. The results show that there is a rootstock effect and a harvest season effect for several parameters on grape composition, as well as on the resulting wines. The grapes from vines grafted onto IAC 572 rootstock contained higher titratable acidity, tartaric acid, malic acid, total anthocyanins, total proanthocyanidins in skins and seeds and polymeric tannins in skins. The grapes from vines grafted onto 1103P rootstock contained higher concentrations of total phenols and non-flavonoids, total monomeric anthocyanins, monomeric and polymeric tannins in the seeds. The second semester wines were higher in total anthocyanins, total phenols, flavonoids and non-flavonoids, condensed tannins and low molecular weight flavanols, astringency potential, colour intensity, titratable acidity, total dry extract and alcohol content.Conclusions: The results demonstrate an influence of rootstock and harvest season (semester/climate) on grape and wine composition. Some of the grape and wine phenolic compounds analysed individually (some monomeric anthocyanins and low molecular weight flavanols) were higher in the first semester than in the second. The overall phenolic parameters determined in grapes and wines from the second semester were higher than those from the first. According to the sensory analyses, the semester (climate) effect was stronger than the rootstock effect, and the wines from the second semester received the highest scoring than those from the first semester, mainly for olfactory and gustatory attributes.Significance and impact of the study: This study uses a holistic methodology, mainly with respect to the phenolic compounds, to examine the combined effects of rootstocks and intra-annual climate variability on grape and wine composition. The results of this study may contribute to future research, as well as help the producers and wine companies of tropical regions to tailor viticultural and oenological parameters, in order to improve the quality and typicality of the products.
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Asmah, Nurul, Halimatussakdiah Halimatussakdiah, and Ulil Amna. "Analisa Kandungan Senyawa Metabolit Sekunder Ekstrak Daun Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) dari Bireum Bayeun, Aceh Timur." QUIMICA: Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Terapan 2, no. 2 (October 6, 2020): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.33059/jq.v2i2.2646.
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Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) banyak ditemukan di dalam hutan hujan tropika yang memiliki sekitar 1.260 spesies. Tumbuhan ini merupakan salah satu objek utama yang penting bagi para ilmuan untuk pengobatan infeksi dan kanker. Selain itu, daun ketepeng cina juga mempunyai peranan yang sangat besar dalam bidang kesehatan karena menghasilkan zat-zat kimia yang memiliki kegunaan yang potensial dalam pengobatan hepatitis, ganguan kulit, penyakit kuning, dan eksema. Namun, tumbuhan ini sudah sangat jarang digunakan untuk kehidupan sehari-hari sehingga tanaman ini sering sekali dibasmi oleh masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi senyawa metabolit sekunder pada daun segar dan daun kering Ketepeng Cina (C. alata L.) yang diambil dari kecamatan Birem Bayeun kabupaten Aceh Timur. Pada daun segar menunjukkan adanya alkaloid, steroid, terpenoid, saponin, flavonoid, fenol dan dan tanin. Sedangkan pada daun kering menunjukkan adanya alkaloid, fenol dan tanin.
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Muncaciu, Maria Laura, Fernando Zamora Marin, Nastasia Pop, Anca Cristina Babes, Claudiu Ioan Bunea, Stefania Silvia Balea, and Anamaria Calugar. "Functional Tannins in Grape Pomace Flours of Feteasca Neagra and Italian Riesling." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 9 (October 15, 2018): 2372–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.9.6536.
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The aim of this study was to analyze the content of functional tannins in grape pomace skin, seed, and mixed flour, from Feteasca Neagra and Italian Riesling varieties. Results showed that all compounds were present in the highest concentration in grape pomace seed flours and the lowest in skin flours. The concentration of total tannins and total flavan-3-ol monomers in all flour samples ranged from 37.34 to 72.28 mg epicatechin/g dry weight and 0.57 to 3.13 mg/g dry weight, respectively. Among monomers, (+)-catechin was found in the highest concentration, except in Italian Riesling seed flours, where (-)-epicatechin was predominant. The mDP of proanthocyanidins in seed flour (7.15 to 8.07) is lower than that of skin flours (10.83 to 18.43) while the opposite was observed for %G. As a result, all Feteasca Neagra and Italian Riesling grape pomace flours, especially seed flour, could be used as sources of functional tannins in alimentary or pharmaceutical industry.
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Kchaou, Wissal, Fatma Abbès, Hamadi Attia, and Souhail Besbes. "In Vitro Antioxidant Activities of Three Selected Dates from Tunisia (Phoenix dactyliferaL.)." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/367681.
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Second-grade dates (Phoenix dactyliferaL.), with hard texture, from three selected Tunisian cultivars (Allig, Deglet Nour, and Bejo) were analysed from their antioxidant activities using DPPH radical scavenging activity, FRAP assay, H2O2scavenging activity, and metal chelating activity. Date extracts showed strong and concentration-dependant activity in all tested methods. The results showed that the best antioxidant activity was obtained in Allig, followed by Bejo and Deglet Nour. Total phenolics, total flavonoids, carotenoids, and tannins were determined spectrophotometrically in three date extracts. Results indicated that date contained significantly different amounts of these compounds. In fact, Allig presented the highest antioxidant compounds, followed by Bejo and Deglet Nour. Correlation analyses indicated a positive linear relationship between antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid content of date. This study demonstrates the potential antioxidant activity with Tunisian date, where we can use these natural extracts as food additives in replacement of synthetic compounds.
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Dentinho, Maria Teresa P., Olga C. Moreira, and Rui J. B. Bessa. "The use of polyethylene glycol to reduce the anti-nutritional effects of tannins in Cistus ladanifer L." Forest Systems 27, no. 1 (May 22, 2018): e04S. http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/fs/2018271-11991.
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Aim of study: To evaluate the impact of Cistus ladanifer L. (rockrose) tannins on ruminal degradability and fermentation characteristics and the use of polyethylene glycol (PEG), as feed additive, to mitigate the anti-nutritional effects of rockrose tannins.Material and methods: Aerial parts of rockrose plants were harvested in March, freeze dried and divided in 4 subsamples which were treated with 0, 25, 50 and 75 g of PEG/kg of dry matter (DM). The mixtures were analysed for chemical composition including total phenolics, total tannins and condensed tannins. In situ rumen organic matter (OM) and N rumen degradability was evaluated using three rumen-cannulated rams and ruminal fermentation pattern (volatile fatty acids (VFA), gas production) was evaluated in vitro using a Rumen Simulation Technique (RUSITEC) apparatus.Main results: In situ experiment indicated that the effective degradability of the OM and N increased linearly (p<0.05) with PEG inclusion due to an increase of the degradation rate (p<0.05). RUSITEC data indicated that substrate disappearance and gas and VFA production increased linearly (p<0.05) with PEG inclusion. Research highlights: Inclusion of PEG to C. ladanifer feed was effective to prevent the anti-nutritive effects of tannins. Thus, the use of PEG as feed additive can promote a better utilization of this shrub by ruminants.
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Jean-Amans, Carole, and Mahamat Abdellatif. "Modes d’implantation des PME à l’étranger : le choix entre filiale 100 % et coentreprise internationale." Management international 18, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 195–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1024203ar.
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Cette contribution vise à analyser le choix de s’engager sur les marchés étrangers sous la forme d’entreprises conjointes ou de filiales totalement détenues dans le contexte des PME. Cette recherche s’appuie sur une série d’entretiens semi-directifs conduits sur la période de juillet 2010 à septembre 2010 auprès de 10 PME françaises internationalisées. Nous avons adopté une analyse quali-quantitative comparée (AQQC), méthode initiée par Ragin (1987) et bien adaptée pour étudier un petit nombre de cas, particulièrement dans une démarche comparative. Nous montrons que l’implantation d’une filiale industrielle dans un pays culturellement perçu éloigné de la France se fait par recours à un partenariat local, tandis que les filiales totalement détenues sont le fait de PME s’inscrivant dans un modèle d’internationalisation rapide.
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Gancel, Anne-Laure, Adeline Vignault, Etienne Pilard, Clément Miramont, Michaël Jourdes, Marc Fermaud, Jean Roudet, Fernando Zamora, and Pierre-Louis Teissedre. "Impacts of added oenological tannins on red wine quality to counteract Botrytis infection in Merlot grapes." OENO One 55, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 381–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2021.55.2.4623.
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The contamination of grape berries by Botrytis cinerea can drastically damage wine quality, in particular causing colour degradation. In musts obtained from botrytised grapes, SO2 addition is the main means of avoiding oxidation damage due to laccases excreted by the pathogen. However, consumers are becoming increasingly reluctant to accept SO2 addition to wine. Oenological tannins are used for fining wines because of their colloidal properties, and for wine colour stabilisation due to their ability to condense with anthocyanins. They are also known for their antioxidant and antioxidasic properties. They were thus investigated in the present study for their potential as an alternative to SO2 against laccase oxidation.The impact of various types of oenological tannins on musts and wines was studied once added to musts obtained from the Merlot cultivar, comprising 20 % and 50 % botrytised grapes. Laccase activity, antioxidant capacity, composition of phenolic compounds, spectrophotometric and CIELAB colour parameters were assessed in the musts and wines. Sensory analyses were also performed on 3-month-old wines to evaluate the visual, olfactory and gustative consequences of tannin addition. At a 50 % botrytisation rate, the addition of any type of oenological tannins (at a concentration of 100 g/hL) had no effect on laccase activity and did not protect phenolic compounds. However, at the same concentration and at a 20 % botrytisation rate, proanthocyanidin tannins from grape skin were found to be the most promising tannins with simultaneous protective effects, such as an inhibitory effect on laccase enzymes, protection of colour from complete degradation and preservation of some procyanidin compounds.Oenological tannins are promising candidates for protecting wines from Botrytis damage and they induce a differential effect according to their origin and structure. They could be used to reduce the amount of SO2 that is added during vatting. More research is needed to confirm and better understand the mode of action of various tannins at levels lower than the 20 % botrytised rate tested in the present study.
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Nwokike, Angela. "MICROBIOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SOME SELECTED HERBAL MIXTURES SOLD IN NIGERIA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/12722.
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Over the years, medicinal plants have played significant role in traditional medicine practice. The rise in health-related problems, and the search for potential treatments and possible cures has led to the increased patronage of herbal drugs in Nigeria. there is an overwhelming increase in the production and distribution of herbal drugs and the trend has called for concern on the quality of the products been sold in Nigeria. thus, the primary purpose of the present study is to analyze the microbiological and phytochemical constituents of Okanga powder, Goko cleanser and Deep root herbal mixtures popularly sold in Nigeria. The phytochemical tests conducted on the herbal products revealed that the herbal products contain alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, anthraquinones, tannins, and saponins. The result of the microbial count indicates the presence of varying microorganisms such as S. aureus, E. coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella sppin the herbal products. The study concludes that the herbal products possess active phytochemicals, however, the presence of pathogenic organisms were discovered in the herbal drugs.
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López-Andrés, Patricia, Giuseppe Luciano, Valentina Vasta, Trevor M. Gibson, Luisa Biondi, Alessandro Priolo, and Irene Mueller-Harvey. "Dietary quebracho tannins are not absorbed, but increase the antioxidant capacity of liver and plasma in sheep." British Journal of Nutrition 110, no. 4 (January 14, 2013): 632–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512005703.
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A total of sixteen lambs were divided into two groups and fed two different diets. Of these, eight lambs were fed a control diet (C) and eight lambs were fed the C diet supplemented with quebracho tannins (C+T). The objective of the present study was to assess whether dietary quebracho tannins can improve the antioxidant capacity of lamb liver and plasma and if such improvement is due to a direct transfer of phenolic compounds or their metabolites, to the animal tissues. Feed, liver and plasma samples were purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analysed by liquid chromatography–MS for phenolic compounds. Profisitinidin compounds were identified in the C+T diet. However, no phenolic compounds were found in lamb tissues. The liver and the plasma from lambs fed the C+T diet displayed a greater antioxidant capacity than tissues from lambs fed the C diet, but only when samples were not purified with SPE. Profisetinidin tannins from quebracho seem not to be degraded or absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. However, they induced antioxidant effects in animal tissues.
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Yin, Jun, Hong-Tao Zhu, Man Zhang, Dong Wang, Chong-Ren Yang, and Ying-Jun Zhang. "Termitomenins F and G, Two New Lignan Glucosides from Terminalia chebula var. tomentella (Kurz) C. B. Clarke." Natural Products and Bioprospecting 11, no. 5 (June 10, 2021): 565–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13659-021-00314-z.
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AbstractThe extensive chemical investigation on the branches and leaves of Terminalia chebula var. tomentella (Combretaceae) led to the isolation of two new lignan glucosides with a furofuran skeleton, termitomenins F (1) and G (2). In addition, 19 known compounds including five lignan glucosides (3–7), six hydrolyzable tannins (8–13) and eight simple phenolics (14–21) were also identified. Their structures were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic analyses. It is noted that 8 and 9 were C-glycosidic hydrolyzable tannins with one hexahydroxydiphenoyl and one gallagyl group linked to an open-chain glucosyl C-1/O-2/O-3 and O-4/O-6, respectively, which were rarely found in plants. Nine known compounds, 6–9, 13, and 18–21, were procured from the titled plant for the first time, while 3–5, 10–12 and 14–17 were also found in the fruits. Notably, the known hydrolyzable tannins 8–13 exhibited stronger α-glucosidase inhibitory activities with IC50 values ranging from 0.10 to 3.12 μM, than the positive control, quercetin (IC50 = 9.38 ± 0.33 μM). Graphic abstract
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Paul, Sujata, Biswajit Dash, Aditya Jyoti Bora, and Bikash Gupta. "PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND IN VITRO ANTI-MICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF FRUITS OF ANNONA RETICULATA AGAINST STANDARD PATHOGENIC STRAINS." International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research 10, no. 4 (July 16, 2018): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2018v10i4.28466.
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Objective: To evaluate the anti-microbial activity of ethanolic extract of fruits of Annona reticulata (family-Annonaceae) in conjugation with phytochemical analysis.Methods: The ethanolic extract of fruits of Annona reticulata (family-Annonaceae) was prepared by Soxhlet extraction and analysed for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. The anti-microbial activity of the plant extract was examined against bacterial strains and fungal strains using disc diffusion method.Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis, anti-microbial activity of the ethanolic extract of the plant Annona reticulata. Various phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponin, flavonoids, carbohydrates, glycosides, steroids, proteins and amino acids and tannins. The anti-microbial activity of the ethanolic extract of the plant showed significant result against all the of the test organisms.Conclusion: The present study concluded that ethanolic extract of fruits of the Annona reticulata contain high presence of phytochemicals. The ethanolic extract of the plant was found to possess promising anti-microbial activity when compared with the standards.
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Geoffron, Patrice. "Une analyse du processus de structuration des industries du capital-risque." Notes de recherche 4, no. 3 (February 16, 2012): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1008072ar.
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Le capital-risque est une innovation dïntermédiation dédiée au financement des PME. L’article propose une analyse de la formation de cette innovation. Cette analyse est fondée sur une grille qui articule les deux schémas dominants (et complémentaires) des théories de l'innovation financière : la théorie de l’innovation financière induite par la « demande de nouvelles caractéristiques » et de l’innovation financière induite par les « contraintes des institutions». Ces schémas permettent, respectivement, de mettre en exergue la nouvelle fonction productive des PME (et les besoins qui en résultent) et l’action d’institutions (publiques, grandes entreprises et banques) comme déterminants principaux de l’innovation « capital-risque ». La pertinence de ces relations est ensuite testée sur deux modèles de formation du capital-risque : il apparaît que le modèle américain, matrice du capital-risque, s’inspire d’une induction par la demande de caractéristiques de l’innovation privée, tandis que le modèle français se base sur une induction par les contraintes des institutions selon une logique d’innovation publique.
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Bastianelli, D., F. Grosjean, C. Peyronnet, M. Duparque, and J. M. Régnier. "Feeding value of pea (Pisum sativum, L.) 1. Chemical composition of different categories of pea." Animal Science 67, no. 3 (December 1998): 609–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357729800033051.
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AbstractLines of peas (no. = 213) grown in the same location were analysed for 1000 seed weight, protein, starch, fat, sugars, ashes and fibre content. Some 54 lines of peas out of the total 213 were grown in large amounts and analysed for the same criteria and also for amino acids, legumin, vicilin, lectins, trypsin inhibitor activity, carbohydrates, fatty acids, tannins, saponins. The lines have been arranged into four categories according to the shape, colour, weight, chemical composition and end uses of the seeds. Feed peas and garden peas are round and have similar composition in terms of protein, starch and fibre contents; they are tannin-free and have variable trypsin inhibitor activity. Coloured peas have also a round shape but differ from the feed and garden peas principally by tannins and also by lower starch, higher protein, higher fibre contents. Wrinkled peas differ from the feed and garden peas by lower starch, higher protein, higher fibre, higher lipid contents and their starch is characterized by a higher amylose/amylopectine ratio.