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Journal articles on the topic 'Technique en phase solide'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 17 February 2022

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1

GUIGNOT, F. "Cryoconservation des embryons des espèces domestiques." INRAE Productions Animales 18, no. 1 (2005): 27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/productions-animales.2005.18.1.3507.

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Le début de la cryoconservation d’embryons de mammifères remonte aux années 70. Depuis, les techniques se sont multipliées et diversifiées pour essayer de répondre aux problèmes que posaient certaines espèces, certains stades de développement embryonnaire et les embryons fragilisés comme les embryons produits in vitro, issus de clonage ou encore les embryons biopsiés. Sont principalement utilisées, la congélation lente qui est basée sur l’équilibration progressive entre les cryoprotecteurs et le compartiment aqueux de l’embryon, la vitrification qui transforme rapidement la phase liquide du cytoplasme embryonnaire en phase solide amorphe appelée «état vitreux», et l’OPS (Open Pulled Straw) qui est une vitrification très rapide. Chaque technique a ses avantages et ses inconvénients, mais la congélation lente est actuellement la technique de référence sur le terrain en ovin, caprin et bovin avec des embryons produits in vivo. Par contre, pour les porcins, seule la technique d’OPS permet une bonne cryconservation des embryons. Dans l’espèce équine, aucune technique ne donne de très bons résultats : les poulains nés après transfert d’embryons cryoconservés sont encore rares.
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2

Kishan Rao, Kalvala Gopal, Ammiraju Sowbhagya Madhusudhan Rao, Kethireddy Narender, Nallacheruvu Gopi Krishna, and K. Ashoka Reddy. "Thermal Properties of Sb, Bi And Sn in Solid Phase by Gamma Ray Attenuation Technique." Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research 2, no. 2 (2012): 228–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22501991/feb2013/81.

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3

Charvet, R., C. Cun, and P. Leroy. "Analyse du chlorure de vinyle dans les matrices aqueuses par la technique de Microextraction sur Phase Solide (SPME)." Journal européen d’hydrologie 30, no. 2 (1999): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19993002157.

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4

Amiri, Amirhassan. "Solid-phase microextraction-based sol–gel technique." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 75 (January 2016): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2015.10.003.

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5

Ibarra, Israel S., Jose A. Rodriguez, Carlos A. Galán-Vidal, Alberto Cepeda, and Jose M. Miranda. "Magnetic Solid Phase Extraction Applied to Food Analysis." Journal of Chemistry 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/919414.

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Magnetic solid phase extraction has been used as pretreatment technique for the analysis of several compounds because of its advantages when it is compared with classic methods. This methodology is based on the use of magnetic solids as adsorbents for preconcentration of different analytes from complex matrices. Magnetic solid phase extraction minimizes the use of additional steps such as precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration which decreases the manipulation of the sample. In this review, we describe the main procedures used for synthesis, characterization, and application of this pretreatment technique which were applied in food analysis.
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6

Xu, Zhi Gang, Zhi Min Liu, and Yun Li Chen. "Mixed-Template Molecularly Imprinted Technique and its Application Research." Advanced Materials Research 787 (September 2013): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.787.99.

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Molecularly imprinted techniques have been rapidly developed in recent decade. Some novel molecularly imprinted techniques and some novel application forms of molecularly imprinted polymers have been developed. And it has been widely used in sample pretreatment. In this paper, novel mixed-template molecularly imprinted techniques are introduced. The development and applications of mixed-template molecularly imprinted techniques in recent decade are reviewed, including dual-template molecularly imprinted technique and multi-template molecularly imprinted technique, and its application in chromatographic solid phase, solid phase extraction and microsphere extraction. Moreover, the trends of mixed-template molecularly imprinted techniques in sample pretreatment are prospected.
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7

Satoskar, Anjali A., David Krugh, and Melanie S. Kennedy. "Working Experience with Solid Phase Antibody Detection Technique." Laboratory Medicine 33, no. 2 (2002): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/6ay1-hdf9-y09u-vvf2.

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8

Pionnier, E., E. Sémon, C. Chabanet, and C. Salles. "Évaluation de la technique de microextraction sur phase solide (SPME) pour l'analyse de l'air humain exhalé pendant la consommation d'aliments." Sciences des Aliments 25, no. 3 (2005): 193–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/sda.25.193-206.

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9

Zhou, Simon Ningsun, Xu Zhang, Gangfeng Ouyang, Ali Es-haghi, and Janusz Pawliszyn. "On-Fiber Standardization Technique for Solid-Coated Solid-Phase Microextraction." Analytical Chemistry 79, no. 3 (2007): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac061626w.

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10

BURKETT, BRENDAN A. "SOLID-PHASE SYNTHESIS: FROM REVOLUTION TO EVOLUTION." COSMOS 04, no. 01 (2008): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607708000275.

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Solid-phase synthesis is a technique of synthesizing compounds that was first reported by R. Bruce Merrifield in 1963. This revolutionary way of performing chemical synthesis has changed the face of synthesis — yet few people outside the halls of chemical research will ever hear about it. So, what is this technique and why is it useful? How has the technique of solid-phase synthesis changed the world? How has the solid-phase synthesis changed over time? This article aims to give a background of the area of solid-phase synthesis and answer these questions.
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11

Zhang, Cheng, Tao Tao, Wenjuan Yuan, et al. "Fluorous Solid-Phase Extraction Technique Based on Nanographite Fluoride." Analytical Chemistry 89, no. 8 (2017): 4566–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.6b05071.

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12

Otsu, Takayuki, Tetsuo Ogawa, and Tsuyoshi Yamamoto. "Solid-phase block copolymer synthesis by the iniferter technique." Macromolecules 19, no. 7 (1986): 2087–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00161a056.

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13

Wang, Yanxiang, John O’Reilly, Yong Chen, and Janusz Pawliszyn. "Equilibrium in-fibre standardisation technique for solid-phase microextraction." Journal of Chromatography A 1072, no. 1 (2005): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2004.12.084.

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14

Lasarte-Aragonés, Guillermo, Rafael Lucena, and Soledad Cárdenas. "Effervescence-Assisted Microextraction—One Decade of Developments." Molecules 25, no. 24 (2020): 6053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246053.

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Dispersive microextraction techniques are key in the analytical sample treatment context as they combine a favored thermodynamics and kinetics isolation of the target analytes from the sample matrix. The dispersion of the extractant in the form of tiny particles or drops, depending on the technique, into the sample enlarges the contact surface area between phases, thus enhancing the mass transference. This dispersion can be achieved by applying external energy sources, the use of chemicals, or the combination of both strategies. Effervescence-assisted microextraction emerged in 2011 as a new alternative in this context. The technique uses in situ-generated carbon dioxide as the disperser, and it has been successfully applied in the solid-phase and liquid-phase microextraction fields. This minireview explains the main fundamentals of the technique, its potential and the main developments reported.
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15

Suñol, Joan Josep, L. Escoda, C. García, et al. "Glass-Coated Cu-Mn-Ga Microwires Produced by Taylor-Ulitovsky Technique." Solid State Phenomena 152-153 (April 2009): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.152-153.79.

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Glass-coated Cu-Mn-Ga microwires were fabricated by Taylor-Ulitovsky technique. By means of energy dispersive spectroscopy microanalysis, an average alloy composition of Cu56Ga28Mn16 was determined. The temperature dependence of magnetization measured at a low magnetic field showed the coexistence of two ferromagnetic phases. The Curie temperature of one phase is 125 K and above room temperature for the other one. X-ray diffraction at room temperature and at 100 K reflects the presence of the same three crystalline phases corresponding to the cubic B2 Cu-Mn-Ga structure as a main phase and the minor phases of fcc Cu rich solid solution with Mn and Ga and the monoclinic CuO.
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16

Manikandan, S. G. K., D. Sivakumar, M. Kamaraj, and K. Prasad Rao. "Laves Phase Control in Inconel 718 Weldments." Materials Science Forum 710 (January 2012): 614–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.710.614.

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The detrimental laves formation in fusion zone during welding of Inconel 718 is controlled with compound current pulsing technique along with helium shielding gas. Also solid solution filler wire is used to minimize the niobium segregation. Welds were produced in 2mm thick sheets by GTA welding process and subjected to the characterization techniques. The results show, refined fusion zone microstructure, reduced amount of laves phase, minimum niobium segregation and softer fusion zone in the as welded condition.
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17

Fatima, Falil, and Bénabadji Nourddine. "Harmonic elimination by SPWM and THIPWM techniques applied in photovoltaic inverters." International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE) 10, no. 2 (2021): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v10.i2.pp159-172.

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With advances in solid-state power electronic devices, control techniques (PWM) have been devised to obtain high dynamics responses from a multilevel power conditioning converter-Photovoltaic. This work discusses the advantages and drawbacks of two different PWM techniques, the sinusoidal (SPWM) technique and the Third harmonic injection PWM (THIPWM) technique. These two methods are compared by discussing their ease of implementation and by analyzing the output harmonic spectra of various output voltage and their total harmonic distortion (THD). The focus of this paper is the simulation study of single-phase inverter, three phases, two levels and three levels inverter for application photovoltaic. Firstly, single phase is modeled with inductive load and their waveforms are observed. Secondly, a two levels inverter, and three levels inverter are leading to the high industrial performances of the drives synchronous, especially, if a high-power quality is requested.
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18

Yue, Dai, Zhao Jing, Ning Ping Tao, and Jian Cong. "Application of Ion Exchange Solid Phase Extraction Technique in Drug Residue Analysis." Applied Mechanics and Materials 333-335 (July 2013): 1907–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.333-335.1907.

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Ion exchange solid phase extraction has been applied broadly in the complex sample pretreatment in recent years. This paper has introduced the basic principle, types, influence factors and operation process of ion exchange solid phase extraction, and reviewed the application of ion exchange solid phase extraction technique to residue analysis of pesticide, veterinary drug, environment and biomedical metabolites.
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19

Islas, Gabriela, Israel S. Ibarra, Prisciliano Hernandez, Jose M. Miranda, and Alberto Cepeda. "Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction for the Analysis of Veterinary Drugs Applied to Food Samples: A Review." International Journal of Analytical Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8215271.

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To achieve analytical success, it is necessary to develop thorough clean-up procedures to extract analytes from the matrix. Dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) has been used as a pretreatment technique for the analysis of several compounds. This technique is based on the dispersion of a solid sorbent in liquid samples in the extraction isolation and clean-up of different analytes from complex matrices. DSPE has found a wide range of applications in several fields, and it is considered to be a selective, robust, and versatile technique. The applications of dispersive techniques in the analysis of veterinary drugs in different matrices involve magnetic sorbents, molecularly imprinted polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, and the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method. Techniques based on DSPE permit minimization of additional steps such as precipitation, centrifugation, and filtration, which decreases the manipulation of the sample. In this review, we describe the main procedures used for synthesis, characterization, and application of this pretreatment technique and how it has been applied to food analysis.
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20

WANG, Weiwei, Suqin LIU, Yun XUE, Yan WANG, and Chao YAN. "Research progress of aptamer application in solid phase extraction technique." Chinese Journal of Chromatography 35, no. 1 (2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1123.2016.08033.

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21

Van Bocxlaer, J. F., and A. P. De Leenheer. "Solid-phase extraction technique for gas-chromatographic profiling of acylcarnitines." Clinical Chemistry 39, no. 9 (1993): 1911–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/39.9.1911.

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Abstract We present a simple, new clean-up method for the gas-chromatographic profiling analysis of acylcarnitines. The use of a solid-phase, cation-exchange extraction combined with gas-chromatographic separation, based on the derivatization into acyloxylactones by Lowes and Rose (Analyst 1990;115:511-6), allows a selective and sensitive screening for acylcarnitines in urine. As such, a quantitative approach was developed for differential evaluation of acylcarnitines for detection of inborn errors of metabolism; the evaluation is both fast and routinely applicable in any biochemical laboratory. We validate the analysis method for acylcarnitines of various chain-lengths and present examples of its application to urine samples from diseased patients. We give special attention to the medium-chain acylcarnitines because of their association with medium-chain acylCoA dehydrogenase deficiency. Finally, the quantitative nature of the analysis allows evaluation of the acylcarnitine excretion over time.
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22

Krishnan, T. R., and I. Ibraham. "Solid-phase extraction technique for the analysis of biological samples." Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 12, no. 3 (1994): 287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0731-7085(94)90001-9.

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23

Lengauer, Walter. "The temperature gradient diffusion couple technique: An application of solid-solid phase reactions for phase diagram imaging." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 91, no. 2 (1991): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(91)90082-s.

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24

Wora-uaychai, Nawarat, Nuchthana Poolthong, and Ruangdaj Tongsri. "Effect of WC Addition on Phase Formation and Microstructure of TiC-Ni Composites." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 353–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.353.

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In this research, titanium carbide-nickel (TiC-Ni) composites, with tungsten carbide addition, were fabricated by using a powder metallurgy technique. The TiC-Ni mixtures containing between 0-15 wt. % tungsten carbide (WC), were compacted and then sintered at 1300°C and 1400°C, respectively. The phase formation and microstructure of the WC-added TiC-Ni composites have been investigated by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy techniques. Mechanical properties of these composites were assessed by an indentation technique. The X-ray diffraction patterns showed no evidence of tungsten rich phases in the sintered WC-added cermets. This indicates that during the sintering process, tungsten carbide particles were dissolved in metallic binder phase (Ni phase) via dissolution/re-precipitation process during liquid phase sintering. The liquid phase formed during sintering process could improve sinterability of TiC-based cermets i.e., it could lower sintering temperatures. The TiC-Ni composites typically exhibited a core-rim structure. The cores consisted of undissolved TiC particles enveloped by rims of (Ti, W)C solid solution phase. Hardness of TiC-Ni composites increased with WC content. Sintering temperature also had a slight effect on hardness values.
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25

Shaffer, O. L., V. Dimonie, M. S. El-Aasser, and J. W. Vanderhoff. "A Polymer Thin-Film Technique to Study Phase Separation." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 43 (August 1985): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100117480.

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There is a great deal of interest in the morphology of polymers. Polymer systems such as physical blends, copolymers and latexes of the core-shell type have become increasingly important in “designing properties”. of the final polymer. Phase separation examination is an excellent method of studying the morphology in these polymer systems.Normally phase separation in polymers has been studied by TEM. The standard sample preparation is to embed the solid polymer in epoxy and then microtome. Microtoming can create artifacts such as distortion due to the knife, cutting difficulty with a rubber phase and possible polymer-epoxy interaction. Because of the above mentioned problems a thin film technique has been developed to circumvent the microtoming procedure. A ruthenium tetrox-ide (RUO4) stain was also used to increase contrast.
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26

McCarthy, J. F. "One-Dimensional Phase Field Models With Adaptive Grids." Journal of Heat Transfer 120, no. 4 (1998): 956–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2825915.

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The phase field method has been demonstrated to hold promise for enabling the physics at the microscale to be incorporated in macroscopic models of solidification. However, for quantitatively accurate simulations to be performed, it will be necessary to develop algorithms which enable the interface width to be made very small. Adaptive grid techniques offer a means of achieving this within practical computational limits. This paper investigates the solution of one-dimensional phase field models using an adaptive grid technique. Three problems are considered: (1) the classical Stefan model, (2) the case of a solid sphere in equilibrium with its melt, and (3) a modified Stefan model with a generalized kinetic undercooling term. The numerical results are compared with those obtained using a fixed grid algorithm. In general, the adaptive grid technique is shown to be far more efficient, but it requires some care in its implementation.
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27

Ngamjarurojana, Athipong, Rattikorn Yimnirun, and Supon Ananta. "Effect of Vibro-Milling Time on Phase Formation and Particle Size of ZnNbO6 Nano-Powders." Key Engineering Materials 421-422 (December 2009): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.421-422.550.

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Zinc niobate, ZnNb2O6, nanopowders was synthesized by a solid-state reaction via a rapid vibro-milling technique. The effect of milling time on the phase formation and particle size of ZnNb2O6 powder was investigated. The formation of the ZnNb2O6 phase investigated as a function of calcination conditions by DTA and XRD. The particle size distribution of the calcined powders was determined by laser diffraction technique, while morphology, crystal structure and phase composition were determined via a SEM techniques. In addition, by employing an appropriate choice of milling time, a narrow particle size distribution curve was also observed.
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28

Horbaniuc, Bogdan, Gheorghe Dumitrascu, Michel Feidt, and Andrei Dumencu. "Finite Difference Approaches for One-Dimension Solid-Liquid Phase Change in Plane and Cylindrical Geometries." Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (October 2014): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.389.

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Two finite difference methods are presented and discussed, that are applied to the phase change process (freezing) occurring in plane and cylindrical geometries. The first one involves the use of a variable space step grid for each of the time steps of the procedure. An original technique based on Lagrange polynomials is used to determine the actual nodal temperature corresponding to the old temperature field. The second technique uses a fixed grid attached to the phase change material, and the finite difference equations of the nodes neighboring the solid-liquid interface are derived in a special form that involves fractions of the space step. Both techniques are applied to a plane and a cylindrical metallic wall respectively that represents the boundary of the phase change material domain. The numerical results obtained by running the computer codes that we have written for the two techniques show an excellent agreement, the values of the interface rate and of the solid phase fraction at every time step being practically the same.
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29

Braga, Gilberto Costa, Adna Prado, Jair Sebastião da Silva Pinto, and Severino Matias de Alencar. "Volatile profile of yellow passion fruit juice by static headspace and solid phase microextraction techniques." Ciência Rural 45, no. 2 (2015): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20130777.

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The profile of volatile compounds of yellow passion fruit juice was analyzed by solid phase microextraction headspace (HS-SPME) and optimized static headspace (S-HS) extraction techniques. Time, temperature, NaCl concentration and sample volume headspace equilibrium parameters was adjusted to the S-HS technique. The gaseous phase in the headspace of samples was collected and injected into a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. In the HS-SPME technique was identified 44 volatile compounds from the yellow passion fruit juice, but with S-HS only 30 compounds were identified. Volatile esters were majority in both techniques, being identified ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, (3z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, hexyl butanoate and hexyl hexanoate. Aldehydes and ketones were not identified in S-HS, but were in HS-SPME. β-Pinene, p-cymene, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinolene and (E) -4,8-dimethyl-1, 3,7 - nonatriene terpenes were identified in both techniques. This study showed that the S-HS optimized extraction technique was effective to recovery high concentrations of the major volatile characteristics compounds in the passion fruit, such as ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate, which can be advantageous due to the simplicity of the method.
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30

Thongtha, Atthakorn, Kritsana Angsukased, and Theerachai Bongkarn. "Effects of Calcination Temperatures on Phase and Morphology Evolution of (Ba0.25Sr0.75)(Zr0.75Ti0.25)O3 Powders Synthesized via Solid-State Reaction and Combustion Technique." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.197.

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The effect of calcination temperatures (1000-1400 oC) on the phase formation and microstructure of barium strontium zirconate titanate [(Ba0.25Sr0.75)(Zr0.75Ti0.25)O3 ; BSZT] powders were investigated. BSZT powders were prepared and compared by the solid state reaction method and the combustion technique. The higher calcination temperatures increased the percentage of the perovskite phase, but decreased the lattice parameter a. The same crystallographic pure perovskite phase of BSZT powders, which were prepared via the combustion technique were detected above 1300 oC ; which was lower than the calcinations temperature of mixed oxide method by 50 oC. The TGA-DTA results corresponded to XRD investigation. The microstructure of BSZT powders, which were prepared using both techniques, exhibited an almost-spherical morphology and had a porous agglomerated form. The average particle sizes of BSZT powders prepared via the combustion technique (0.13-0.30 µm) and the solid state reaction method (0.18-0.38 µm) were increased with the increase of calcinations temperatures
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31

Kiger, K. T., and C. Pan. "PIV Technique for the Simultaneous Measurement of Dilute Two-Phase Flows." Journal of Fluids Engineering 122, no. 4 (2000): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1314864.

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A Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) image processing technique has been developed which can be applied to solid-liquid two-phase turbulent flows. The main principle of the technique is to utilize a two-dimensional median filter to generate separate images of the two phases, thus eliminating the errors induced by the distinct motion of the dispersed component. The accuracy and validity of the technique have been studied in the present research for different filter widths, f, and for 4 groups of different sized dispersed particles ranging from an effective image diameter of dp=2.9 pixels to 13 pixels in combination with tracer particles with an effective image size of dt∼2.4 pixels. The results have shown that the errors introduced by the filter are negligible, and mainly arise in regions of large velocity gradients that are sensitive to the slight loss of information incurred by the processing. The filter width f also affects the algorithm’s ability to correctly separate and identify the dispersed phase particles from the two-phase images, with the main result that above a critical particle image size ratio, dp/dt≈3.0, the particle size had no significant influence on the number of particles identified, or the accuracy of the displacement calculation. Sample results of particle-fluid interaction and cross-correlation terms which can be obtained from the method are also presented. [S0098-2202(00)01104-4]
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32

Karasová, G., E. Branšteterová, and M. Lachová. "Matrix solid phase dispersion as an effective preparation method for food samples and plants before HPLC analysis – a riview." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 21, No. 6 (2011): 219–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3501-cjfs.

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This review deals with a preparation technique – Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD) and its possibilities in the HPLC analysis for contaminants, pesticides, drug residues, and natural compounds in food samples. The main principle of MSPD is explained, the important factors influencing the effectivity and recovery of this technique are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of MSPD and other classical extraction, isolation, and purifica­tion procedures are compared. The present article provides a bibliography of MSPD applications in food sample matrices during last years for various analytes and different sample matrices.  
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33

Hughes, Colan E., P. Andrew Williams, Victoria L. Keast, Vasileios G. Charalampopoulos, Gregory R. Edwards-Gau, and Kenneth D. M. Harris. "New in situ solid-state NMR techniques for probing the evolution of crystallization processes: pre-nucleation, nucleation and growth." Faraday Discussions 179 (2015): 115–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00215f.

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The application of in situ techniques for investigating crystallization processes promises to yield significant new insights into fundamental aspects of crystallization science. With this motivation, we recently developed a new in situ solid-state NMR technique that exploits the ability of NMR to selectively detect the solid phase in heterogeneous solid–liquid systems (of the type that exist during crystallization from solution), with the liquid phase “invisible” to the measurement. As a consequence, the technique allows the first solid particles produced during crystallization to be observed and identified, and allows the evolution of different solid phases (e.g., polymorphs) present during the crystallization process to be monitored as a function of time. This in situ solid-state NMR strategy has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach for establishing the sequence of solid phases produced during crystallization and for the discovery of new polymorphs. The most recent advance of the in situ NMR methodology has been the development of a strategy (named “CLASSIC NMR”) that allows both solid-state NMR and liquid-state NMR spectra to be measured (essentially simultaneously) during the crystallization process, yielding information on the complementary changes that occur in both the solid and liquid phases as a function of time. In this article, we present new results that highlight the application of our in situ NMR techniques to successfully unravel different aspects of crystallization processes, focusing on: (i) the application of a CLASSIC NMR approach to monitor competitive inclusion processes in solid urea inclusion compounds, (ii) exploiting liquid-state NMR to gain insights into co-crystal formation between benzoic acid and pentafluorobenzoic acid, and (iii) applications of in situ solid-state NMR for the discovery of new solid forms of trimethylphosphine oxide and l-phenylalanine. Finally, the article discusses a number of important fundamental issues relating to practical aspects, the interpretation of results and the future scope of these techniques, including: (i) an assessment of the smallest size of solid particle that can be detected in in situ solid-state NMR studies of crystallization, (ii) an appraisal of whether the rapid sample spinning required by the NMR measurement technique may actually influence or perturb the crystallization behaviour, and (iii) a discussion of factors that influence the sensitivity and time-resolution of in situ solid-state NMR experiments.
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I., Mastura, Tajuddin SN, and Yusoff MM. "Characterization of Agarwood (Aquilaria Malaccensis) Incense by Solid Phase Microextraction TechniquE." Open Conference Proceedings Journal 4, no. 1 (2013): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210289201304010132.

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35

Huang, Yi-Ching, Yi-Song Su, Sarangapani Muniraj, Weibing Zhang, and Jen-Fon Jen. "New cloud vapor zone (CVZ) coupled headspace solid-phase microextraction technique." Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 388, no. 2 (2007): 377–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00216-007-1212-4.

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36

Ohsone, Y., G. Wu, J. Dryden, F. Zok, and A. Majumdar. "Optical Measurement of Thermal Contact Conductance Between Wafer-Like Thin Solid Samples." Journal of Heat Transfer 121, no. 4 (1999): 954–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826086.

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This paper presents a noncontact optical technique for measuring the thermal contact conductance between wafer-like thin solid samples. The technique is based on heating one solid surface by a modulated laser beam and monitoring the corresponding temperature modulation of the other solid surface across the interface using the reflectance of a probe laser beam. The phase lag between the two laser signals is independent of the optical properties of the samples as well as the laser intensities, and can be related to the thermal contact conductance. A detailed theoretical analysis is presented to estimate the thermal contact conductance as well as the thermophysical properties of the solids from the phase lag measured as a function of the modulation frequency. Closed-form solutions in the high-frequency limit are derived in order to provide a simple estimation procedure. The effect of misalignment of the two lasers is studied and the conditions for robust measurements are suggested. As a benchmark for this technique, the thermal conductivity of a single crystal silicon sample was measured to within two percent of reported values. The thermal contact conductance was measured for Al-Si samples, each about 0.22 mm thick, in the pressure range of 0.8–10 MPa. In contrast to traditional contact conductance measurement techniques that require steady-state operation and insertion of thermocouples in thick solid samples, the noncontact dynamic optical technique requires much less time and is particularly well suited for electronic packaging materials that are typically in the thickness range of 0.1–5 mm. In addition, localized conductance measurements are now possible with a spatial resolution of about four times the thickness of the solid and can be used to detect interfacial voids and defects.
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37

Curran, Dennis P. "Fluorous methods for synthesis and separation of organic molecules." Pure and Applied Chemistry 72, no. 9 (2000): 1649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200072091649.

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Fluorous molecules partition out of an organic phase and into a fluorous (highly fluorinated) phase in a liquid-liquid extraction. New fluorous techniques allow simple yet substantive separations of organic reaction mixtures based on the presence or absence of a fluorous tag. Fluorous-tagged molecules can also be separated from nontagged molecules by solid phase extraction over fluorous reverse-phase silica gel. This technique is ideal for solution-phase parallel synthesis because it allows simple yet substantive separations of organic reaction mixtures.
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38

Gao, Bo, Yi Hao, Ganfeng Tu, and Wenyuan Wu. "Study on Nanostructures Induced by High-Current Pulsed Electron Beam." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/480482.

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Four techniques using high-current pulsed electron beam (HCPEB) were proposed to obtain surface nanostructure of metal and alloys. The first method involves the distribution of several fine Mg nanoparticles on the top surface of treated samples by evaporation of pure Mg with low boiling point. The second technique uses superfast heating, melting, and cooling induced by HCPEB irradiation to refine the primary phase or the second phase in alloys to nanosized uniform distributed phases in the matrix, such as the quasicrystal phaseMg30Zn60Y10in the quasicrystal alloyMg67Zn30Y3. The third technique involves the refinement of eutectic silicon phase in hypereutectic Al-15Si alloys to fine particles with the size of several nanometers through solid solution and precipitation refinement. Finally, in the deformation zone induced by HCPEB irradiation, the grain size can be refined to several hundred nanometers, such as the grain size of the hypereutectic Al-15Si alloys in the deformation zone, which can reach~400 nm after HCPEB treatment for 25 pulses. Therefore, HCPEB technology is an efficient way to obtain surface nanostructure.
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39

Mergheni, Ali, Ticha Ben, Jen-Charles Sautet, Gille Godard, and Nasrallah Ben. "Measurement of phase interaction in dispersed gas-particle two-phase flow by phase-doppler anemometry." Thermal Science 12, no. 2 (2008): 59–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0802059m.

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For simultaneous measurement of size and velocity distributions of continuous and dispersed phases in a two-phase flow a technique phase-Doppler anemometry was used. Spherical glass particles with a particle diameter range from 102 up to 212 ?m were used. In this two-phase flow an experimental results are presented which indicate a significant influence of the solid particles on the flow characteristics. The height of influence of these effects depends on the local position in the jet. Near the nozzle exit high gas velocity gradients exist and therefore high turbulence production in the shear layer of the jet is observed. Here the turbulence intensity in the two-phase jet is decreased compared to the single-phase jet. In the developed zone the velocity gradient in the shear layer is lower and the turbulence intensity reduction is higher. .
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40

Ścigalski, Piotr, and Przemysław Kosobucki. "Recent Materials Developed for Dispersive Solid Phase Extraction." Molecules 25, no. 21 (2020): 4869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25214869.

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Solid phase extraction (SPE) is an analytical procedure developed with the purpose of separating a target analyte from a complex sample matrix prior to quantitative or qualitative determination. The purpose of such treatment is twofold: elimination of matrix constituents that could interfere with the detection process or even damage analytical equipment as well as enriching the analyte in the sample so that it is readily available for detection. Dispersive solid phase extraction (dSPE) is a recent development of the standard SPE technique that is attracting growing attention due to its remarkable simplicity, short extraction time and low requirement for solvent expenditure, accompanied by high effectiveness and wide applicability. This review aims to thoroughly survey recently conducted analytical studies focusing on methods utilizing novel, interesting nanomaterials as dSPE sorbents, as well as known materials that have been only recently successfully applied in dSPE techniques, and evaluate their performance and suitability based on comparison with previously reported analytical procedures.
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41

Martendal, Edmar, and Eduardo Carasek. "A new optimization strategy for gaseous phase sampling by an internally cooled solid-phase microextraction technique." Journal of Chromatography A 1218, no. 3 (2011): 367–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.041.

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42

Belardi, Robert P., and Janusz B. Pawliszyn. "The Application of Chemically Modified Fused Silica Fibers in the Extraction of Organics from Water Matrix Samples and their Rapid Transfer to Capillary Columns." Water Quality Research Journal 24, no. 1 (1989): 179–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1989.010.

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Abstract A technique for water sample analysis is presented which uses chemically modified fused silica optical fibers as micro solid phase extractors. The small size of the fibers (100 µm o. d. ) allows for direct introduction into the on column injector port of a high resolution gas chromatograph (GC), where the analytes are thermally desorbed. This eliminates the need for solvents and syringes which are used in liquid-liquid or solid phase extraction techniques. Thus, this method lowers cost and analysis time per sample, as well as eliminates possible sources of error. Results show that the efficiency and selectivity of this technique are dependent upon the thickness and polarity of the stationary phase. Initial results indicate that the limit of detection for 2-naphthol and FID detection is approximately 5 ng/g with a linear response range of 5 orders of magnitude.
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43

Gandova, V. D. "Ni-Bi-Zn ternary system investigation using diffusion couples technique." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 52, no. 1 (2016): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb141101005g.

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An investigation of Ni-Bi-Zn system was performed using a diffusion couples technique and the diffusion paths were constructed. For that purpose diffusion couples consisting of solid Ni and liquid Bi-Zn phase were annealed at 450?C. The phase and chemical compositions of the contact zone were determined by scanning electron microscope. The diffusion layers found in the Ni-Bi-Zn ternary system were Beta1, ?-Ni5Zn21 and liquid. No intermetallic compounds in Bi-Ni binary phase diagram were observed.
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Sathali, Abdul Hasan, and Ramanathan M. "FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF ORMELOXIFENE FAST DISSOLVING TABLETS." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 6, no. 3 (2018): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v6i3.373.

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The objective of the present work was to enhancedissolution and solubility of slightly water soluble ormeloxifene hydrochloride and formulate fast dissolving tablets. The research work was two-phase process, the first phase was to enhance the solubility and dissolution of ormeloxifene. For this object drugwas processed with different solid dispersion techniques like kneading, co precipitation, melting and solvent evaporation technique with
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45

Liu, Xueyan, Hongwei Li, and Mei Zhan. "A review on the modeling and simulations of solid-state diffusional phase transformations in metals and alloys." Manufacturing Review 5 (2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2018008.

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Solid-state diffusional phase transformations are vital approaches for controlling of the material microstructure and thus tailoring the properties of metals and alloys. To exploit this mean to a full extent, much effort is paid on the reliable and efficient modeling and simulation of the phase transformations. This work gives an overview of the developments in theoretical research of solid-state diffusional phase transformations and the current status of various numerical simulation techniques such as empirical and analytical models, phase field, cellular automaton methods, Monte Carlo models and molecular dynamics methods. In terms of underlying assumptions, physical relevance, implementation and computational efficiency for the simulation of phase transformations, the advantages and disadvantages of each numerical technique are discussed. Finally, trends or future directions of the quantitative simulation of solid-state diffusional phase transformation are provided.
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46

Harris, Kenneth D. M., Colan E. Hughes, P. Andrew Williams, and Gregory R. Edwards-Gau. "`NMR Crystallization': in-situ NMR techniques for time-resolved monitoring of crystallization processes." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 73, no. 3 (2017): 137–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229616019811.

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Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a well-established and versatile technique for studying the structural and dynamic properties of solids, and there is considerable potential to exploit the power and versatility of solid-state NMR for in-situ studies of chemical processes. However, a number of technical challenges are associated with adapting this technique for in-situ studies, depending on the process of interest. Recently, an in-situ solid-state NMR strategy for monitoring the evolution of crystallization processes has been developed and has proven to be a promising approach for identifying the sequence of distinct solid forms present as a function of time during crystallization from solution, and for the discovery of new polymorphs. The latest development of this technique, called `CLASSIC' NMR, allows the simultaneous measurement of both liquid-state and solid-state NMR spectra as a function of time, thus yielding complementary information on the evolution of both the liquid phase and the solid phase during crystallization from solution. This article gives an overview of the range of NMR strategies that are currently available for in-situ studies of crystallization processes, with examples of applications that highlight the potential of these strategies to deepen our understanding of crystallization phenomena.
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47

Packard, Vernal S., Roy E. Ginn, and Dick T. Metzger. "Automated Technique for Sampling Milk from Farm Bulk Tanks: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 76, no. 2 (1993): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/76.2.297.

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Abstract An automated, in-line, mechanical technique for sampling milk from farm bulk tanks was evaluated in a collaborative study. The automated sampling device, which is mounted on the milk intake line, contains an electronically controlled peristaltic pump. The device takes a representative sample of the entire volume pumped through the system. Samples taken can be analyzed for both composition and microbiological quality. The study was performed in 3 phases. In the first 2 phases, samples taken by manual and automated methods were compared in analyses for somatic cell count, antibiotics, fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat. The third phase, using a modified procedure, was designed to compare sampling methods in analyses for total bacteria count (standard plate count), psychrotrophic bacteria count, and coliform count. Evaluation of the data by a nested ANOVA indicated no difference between results for samples taken by the automated and manual methods (P = 0.05) in Phases 1 and 2, irrespective of whether the bulk milk was agitated before sampling. By introducing a sanitizing step between farms in Phase 3, the automated method also provided samples comparable with those taken manually for microbial analyses. The automated method has been adopted first action by AOAC International.
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48

Rudman, Murray. "One-field equations for two-phase flows." Journal of the Australian Mathematical Society. Series B. Applied Mathematics 39, no. 2 (1997): 149–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s033427000000878x.

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AbstractA new derivation of the averaged heat and mass transport equations for two-phase flows is presented. A volume averaging technique is used in which averaging is perform over both phases simultaneously in order to derive equations that describe transport the mixture, rather than transport in each phase. The derivation is particularly applicable to incompressible liquid/solid systems in which the two phases are tightly coupled. An example of the numerical solution of the equations is then presented in which a thermally convecting suspension is modelled. It is seen that large-scale instability can result from the interaction of thermal and compositional density gradients.
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49

Lee, So Yeon, Yong Kul Lee, S. Ted Oyama, Seok Hee Lee, and Hee Chul Woo. "Preparation of Silica-Supported Nickel Molybdenum Phosphides by Temperature-Programmed Reduction Technique." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 1765–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.1765.

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Silica supported nickel molybdenum phosphides (NiMoP/SiO2) were successfully prepared by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) reaction of phosphorous-impregnated nickel molybdenum oxides (NiMoO4) precursors with hydrogen at relatively low temperatures (530 – 590 oC) and characterized by Fourier transform-Infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and Temperature-programmed reduction reaction (TPR). The process of solid transformation and properties of materials prepared from ammonium hydrogen phosphate (AMP)-impregnated samples were compared with those of phosphide made from phosphoric acid (PAC)-impregnated samples. Results show that the formation of a single NiMoP phase on silica significantly depends on reduction rates, phosphorous sources and phosphorous loadings. A single phase of NiMoP on SiO2 was particularly promoted at a below 5 oC/min of reduction rate and the starting molar ratio of Ni/Mo/P=1/1/1. A single phase of crystalline NiMoP on silica was produced from AMP-impregnated samples, while other phases of MoP, Ni2P, or NiMoP2 were appeared from PAC-impregnated samples with loading. The new phase of NiMoP2 was occurred with increasing phosphorous loading (above Ni/Mo/P=1/1/2.5) as a result of facilitated contact on the surface between the Ni-Mo bimetallic component and the phosphorous reagent
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50

Humphrey, C. D., T. L. Cromeans, E. H. Cook, and D. W. Bradley. "Identification of hepatitis a virus in cell cultures by solid phase immune electron microscopy." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 44 (August 1986): 238–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100142815.

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There is a variety of methods available for the rapid detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy as described in several reviews. The predominant techniques are classified as direct electron microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM), liquid phase immune electron microscopy (LPIEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses. However, in recent years, the most progress for identifying viruses has been realized by the utilization of SPIEM.
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