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1

Gallistel, C. R., Andrew R. Craig, and Timothy A. Shahan. "Temporal contingency." Behavioural Processes 101 (January 2014): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2013.08.012.

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2

Pascucci, Matteo. "Two Temporal Logics of Contingency." Australasian Journal of Logic 12, no. 2 (2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/ajl.v12i2.4140.

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This work concerns the use of operators for past and future con-tingency in Priorean temporal logic. We will develop a system namedCt, whose language includes a propositional constant and prove that(i) Ct is complete with respect to a certain class of general frames and(ii) the usual operators for past and future necessity are denable insuch system. Furthermore, we will introduce the extension Ctlin thatcan be interpreted on linear and transitive general frames. The theo-retical result of the current work is that contingency can be treatedas a primitive notion in reasoning about temporal modalities.
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3

Heisz, Jennifer J., Samuel Hannah, Judith M. Shedden, and Lorraine G. Allan. "Neural temporal dynamics of contingency judgement." Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 64, no. 4 (2011): 792–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2010.517322.

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4

Lee, Hanju, Yasuhiro Kanakogi, and Kazuo Hiraki. "Building a responsive teacher: how temporal contingency of gaze interaction influences word learning with virtual tutors." Royal Society Open Science 2, no. 1 (2015): 140361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.140361.

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Animated pedagogical agents are lifelike virtual characters designed to augment learning. A review of developmental psychology literature led to the hypothesis that the temporal contingency of such agents would promote human learning. We developed a Pedagogical Agent with Gaze Interaction (PAGI), an experimental animated pedagogical agent that engages in gaze interaction with students. In this study, university students learned words of a foreign language, with temporally contingent PAGI (live group) or recorded version of PAGI (recorded group), which played pre-recorded sequences from live sessions. The result revealed that students in the live group scored considerably better than those in the recorded group. The finding indicates that incorporating temporal contingency of gaze interaction from a pedagogical agent has positive effect on learning.
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Georg, Karsten, and Markus Lappe. "Spatio-temporal contingency of saccade-induced chronostasis." Experimental Brain Research 180, no. 3 (2007): 535–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00221-007-0876-5.

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6

Mazur, Gabriel J., and Federico Sanabria. "Spatial serial conditioning maintained with minimal temporal contingency." Behavioural Processes 87, no. 1 (2011): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2011.01.004.

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7

Allan, Lorraine G., Jason M. Tangen, Robert Wood, and Taral Shah. "Temporal contiguity and contingency judgments: A Pavlovian analogue." Integrative Physiological & Behavioral Science 38, no. 3 (2003): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02688855.

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8

Su, Yinsheng, Jiyu Huang, Haicheng Yao, Lin Guan, Mengxuan Guo, and Zhi Zhong. "Multi-task Transient Contingency Screening with Temporal Graph Convolutional Network in Power Systems." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2095, no. 1 (2021): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2095/1/012027.

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Abstract Rapid transient stability assessment (TSA) is an essential requirement for power system security. In real-world applications, transient contingency screening (TCS) applies TSA approaches to address the pre-defined contingency sets under online operation conditions. TSA by time domain simulation (TDS) is time-consuming, hence we propose a high-speed temporal graph convolutional network (TGCN) that achieves TSA decisions such that a large-scale contingency set can be scanned quickly with enough precision. Based on multi-graph inputs to reflect the transient process, the TGCN utilizes the graph convolutional network (GCN) to extract topology representations and temporal convolution (TC) layers to encode temporal relations. After above graph embedding, two downstream networks are designed for stability classification and critical generator prediction, respectively. Test results on IEEE 39 Bus system demonstrate its superiority over existing models under different operation topologies, fault locations and clearing modes.
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Shriyam, Shaurya, and Satyandra K. Gupta. "Modeling and verification of contingency resolution strategies for multi-robot missions using temporal logic." International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems 16, no. 6 (2019): 172988141988569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1729881419885697.

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This article presents an approach for assessing contingency resolution strategies using temporal logic. We present a framework for nominal mission modeling, then specifying contingency resolution strategies and evaluating their effectiveness for the mission. Our approach focuses on leveraging the use of model checkers to the domain of multi-robot missions to assess the adequacy of contingency resolution strategies that minimize the adverse effects of contingencies on the mission execution. We consider missions with deterministic as well as probabilistic transitions. We demonstrate our approach using two case studies. We consider the escorting of a ship in a port where multiple contingencies may occur concurrently and assess the adequacy of the proposed contingency resolution strategies. We also consider a manufacturing scenario where multiple assembly stations collaborate to create a product. In this case, assembly operations may fail, and human intervention is needed to complete the assembly process. We investigate several different strategies and assess their effectiveness based on mission characteristics.
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Rini, James Fraser, and Juan Ochoa. "Behavioral implications of temporal lobe epilepsy on social contingency." Epilepsy & Behavior 110 (September 2020): 107101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107101.

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11

Ward, Kevin G., and Martin Jones. "Researching local elites: reflexivity, ‘situatedness’ and political-temporal contingency." Geoforum 30, no. 4 (1999): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7185(99)00022-6.

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12

Keller, Heidi, Arnold Lohaus, Susanne Volker, Martina Cappenberg, and Athanasios Chasiotis. "Temporal Contingency as an Independent Component of Parenting Behavior." Child Development 70, no. 2 (1999): 474–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00034.

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13

Black, Jack, and Jim Cherrington. "Temporal Ontology in Ecology." Environmental Philosophy 18, no. 1 (2021): 41–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/envirophil202135102.

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Theoretical applications of time and temporality remain a key consideration for both climate scientists and the humanities. By way of extending this importance, we critically examine Timothy Morton’s proposed “ecological awareness” alongside Slavoj Žižek’s “parallax view.” In doing so, the article introduces a “past-present parallax” in order to contest that, while conceptions of the past are marked by “lack,” equally, our conceptions of and relations to Nature remain grounded in an ontological incompleteness, marked by contingency. This novel approach presents an ecological awareness that remains temporally attuned to the impasses and inconsistencies which frame our relations in/with Nature.
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14

Bodie, Graham D., Christopher C. Gearhart, Jonathan P. Denham, and Andrea J. Vickery. "The Temporal Stability and Situational Contingency of Active-Empathic Listening." Western Journal of Communication 77, no. 2 (2013): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10570314.2012.656216.

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15

Chang, Bau-Jung, and I. Han. "Spatial and Temporal Contingency on Coopetition and Corporate Social Responsibility." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (2015): 12289. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.12289abstract.

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16

Kunihama, Tsuyoshi, and David B. Dunson. "Bayesian Modeling of Temporal Dependence in Large Sparse Contingency Tables." Journal of the American Statistical Association 108, no. 504 (2013): 1324–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01621459.2013.823866.

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17

VIDAL, THIERRY. "Handling contingency in temporal constraint networks: from consistency to controllabilities." Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 11, no. 1 (1999): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/095281399146607.

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18

Freestone, David M., Mika L. M. MacInnis, and Russell M. Church. "Response Rates Are Governed More by Time Cues Than Contingency." Timing & Time Perception 1, no. 1 (2013): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134468-00002006.

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Classical conditioning is normally thought to strengthen associations between stimuli, and instrumental conditioning is thought to select responses. This difference has been used to account for the usual result that instrumental conditioning produces higher response rates than classical conditioning. The present experiment suggests that the comparison of instrumental and classical tasks has overlooked temporal cues that are often confounded with response contingency, and that the time cues exert a critical influence on response rate. When the two tasks are equated for temporal cues, the response rate of rats is similar in classical and instrumental tasks.
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19

Ndofor, Hermann Achidi, and Jude A. Rathburn. "EXECUTIVE SUCCESSION AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE: TEMPORAL PACING AND THE EXPERIENCE CONTINGENCY." Academy of Management Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (2003): K1—K6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2003.13793237.

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20

Kamijo, Junka, Masataka Ueno, and Tadahiro Kanazawa. "Does temporal contingency affects mirror self-recognition in children with ASD?" Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the Japanese Psychological Association 84 (September 8, 2020): PO—039—PO—039. http://dx.doi.org/10.4992/pacjpa.84.0_po-039.

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21

Schmidt, James R., and Jan De Houwer. "Does Temporal Contiguity Moderate Contingency Learning in a Speeded Performance Task?" Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 65, no. 3 (2012): 408–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.632486.

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22

Bendixen, Alexandra, Michael Schwartze, and Sonja A. Kotz. "Temporal dynamics of contingency extraction from tonal and verbal auditory sequences." Brain and Language 148 (September 2015): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2014.11.009.

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23

Mitropoulos, Angela. "The Time of the Contract: Insurance, Contingency, and the Arrangement of Risk." South Atlantic Quarterly 111, no. 4 (2012): 763–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00382876-1724174.

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This essay contends that the contractual is a technique for the reinstatement of a specifically capitalist determinism in the midst of uncertain circumstances and in the face of an indefinite future. Taking the indistinction between the time of life and that of work that characterizes post-Fordism and contingent labor as a point of departure, I note that this marks a traversal of the classically contractarian boundary between the temporally circumscribed sale of “one’s own labor” and life construed as property. Yet, rather than follow theories of the biopolitical in positing an ethics of life assumed to be prior to capitalism and that might furnish “natural limits” to it, or those of governmentality, which suggest that the amplified logics of risk and insurance have displaced right and its temporally delimited conditions, I present an analysis of the contractual through a critique of oikonomia (the law of the household). Focusing on the history of debates around insurance, the family wage and slavery, the actuarial and inoculation, I underline Locke’s reworkings of Aristotle, Pascal, and the Thomist transformation of contingency into necessity through the delineation of divine and temporal orders. Locke’s three temporal orders (divine providence, prudential self-management, and the naturalized, heritable properties of servitude) are not only recapitulated as assumption in ostensibly critical theory, but they have also—in the wake of a contested politics of the household that precipitated neoliberalism—been reconstituted as the neocontractualism of infinite and unbreakable contracts, interminable preparedness, and the displacement of capitalist incertitude onto the uninsurable risks of contingent labor.
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24

Lu, Jiazheng, Jun Guo, Zhou Jian, Yihao Yang, and Wenhu Tang. "Resilience Assessment and Its Enhancement in Tackling Adverse Impact of Ice Disasters for Power Transmission Systems." Energies 11, no. 9 (2018): 2272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11092272.

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Ice disasters have frequently occurred worldwide in recent years, which seriously affected power transmission system operations. To improve the resilience of power grids and minimize economic losses, this paper proposes a framework for assessing the influence of ice disasters on the resilience of power transmission systems. This method considers the spatial–temporal impact of ice disasters on the resilience of power transmission systems, and the contingence set for risk assessment is established according to contingency probabilities. Based on meteorological data, the outage models of power transmission components are developed in the form of generic fragility curves, and the ice load is given by a simplified freezing rain ice model. A cell partition method is adopted to analyze the way ice disasters affect the operation of power transmission systems. The sequential Monte Carlo simulation method is used to assess resilience for capturing the stochastic impact of ice disasters and deriving the contingency set. Finally, the IEEE RTS-79 system is employed to investigate the impact of ice disasters by two case studies, which demonstrate the viability and effectiveness of the proposed framework. In turn, the results help recognize the resilience of the system under such disasters and the effects of different resilience enhancement measures.
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25

De Massis, Alfredo, Francesco Chirico, Josip Kotlar, and Lucia Naldi. "The Temporal Evolution of Proactiveness in Family Firms." Family Business Review 27, no. 1 (2013): 35–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0894486513506114.

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We extend prior work on proactiveness in family firms by examining the relationship between firm age and proactiveness. Specifically, we propose an S-shaped effect of aging of family firms on proactiveness. Additionally, we provide a contingency perspective by considering the moderating role of the dispersion of managerial control among family members. Using a sample of Swiss family firms, we find that proactiveness first declines, then increases, and finally decreases again as the family firm ages, and that this relationship is steeper when the managerial control is dispersed among multiple family members.
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26

Deng, Chaoping, Liyu Dai, Wujie Chao, et al. "An Advanced Spatio-Temporal Graph Neural Network Framework for the Concurrent Prediction of Transient and Voltage Stability." Energies 18, no. 3 (2025): 672. https://doi.org/10.3390/en18030672.

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Power system stability prediction leveraging deep learning has gained significant attention due to the extensive deployment of phasor measurement units. However, most existing methods focus on predicting either transient or voltage stability independently. In real-world scenarios, these two types of instability often co-occur, necessitating distinct and coordinated control strategies. This paper presents a novel concurrent prediction framework for transient and voltage stability using a spatio-temporal embedding graph neural network (STEGNN). The proposed framework utilizes a graph neural network to extract topological features of the power system from adjacency matrices and temporal data graphs. In contrast, a temporal convolutional network captures the system’s dynamic behavior over time. A weighted loss function is introduced during training to enhance the model’s ability to handle instability cases. Experimental validation on the IEEE 118-bus system demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method compared to single stability prediction approaches. The STEGNN model is further evaluated for its prediction efficiency and robustness to measurement noise. Moreover, results highlight the model’s strong transfer learning capability, successfully transferring knowledge from an N-1 contingency dataset to an N-2 contingency dataset.
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27

Cravo, André M., Gustavo Rohenkohl, Karin Moreira Santos, and Anna C. Nobre. "Temporal Anticipation Based on Memory." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 29, no. 12 (2017): 2081–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_01172.

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The fundamental role that our long-term memories play in guiding perception is increasingly recognized, but the functional and neural mechanisms are just beginning to be explored. Although experimental approaches are being developed to investigate the influence of long-term memories on perception, these remain mostly static and neglect their temporal and dynamic nature. Here, we show that our long-term memories can guide attention proactively and dynamically based on learned temporal associations. Across two experiments, we found that detection and discrimination of targets appearing within previously learned contexts are enhanced when the timing of target appearance matches the learned temporal contingency. Neural markers of temporal preparation revealed that the learned temporal associations trigger specific temporal predictions. Our findings emphasize the ecological role that memories play in predicting and preparing perception of anticipated events, calling for revision of the usual conceptualization of contextual associative memory as a reflective and retroactive function.
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28

Maar, Alexander. "A Metafísica de Copleston e o Debate com Russell." Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia 76, no. 4 (2021): 1331–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17990/rpf/2020_76_4_1331.

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Father Frederick Copleston is best known for his carefully crafted works History of Philosophy and Thomas Aquinas. Copleston’s most notable metaphysical thesis is his interpretation of the argument from contingency, which he sees as the superior choice for theists. He draws on Aquinas and distinguishes between causa fieri and causa esse to argue that God is a higher order (vertical) cause of contingent causal series (horizontal). Copleston presents God not as a temporal first cause, but an ontologically ultimate cause necessary to explain a contingent universe. His contribution changed the way we read Aquinas. Copleston’s willingness to debate his thesis with different philosophical perspectives is illustrated by his acceptance to discuss God’s existence with Bertrand Russell, in 1948. This BBC radio debate epitomises the dispute between theists and atheists from the 1940s onwards. I undertake to expound and comment Copleston’s contribution to metaphysics, present relevant parts of the debate and provide criticism.
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Thompson, Helen. "Inevitability and contingency: The political economy of Brexit." British Journal of Politics and International Relations 19, no. 3 (2017): 434–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369148117710431.

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Placing Britain’s vote on 23 June 2016 to leave the European Union (EU) in historical time raises an immediate analytical problem. What was clearly the result of a number of contingencies, starting with the 2015 general election where we can see how events could readily have turned out otherwise, the result might also represent the inevitable end of Britain’s membership of the EU seen from the distant future. This article seeks to take both temporal perspectives seriously. It aims to provide an explanation of the turn to Brexit that recognises the referendum result as politically contingent and also argues that the political economy of Britain generated by Britain’s position as non-euro member of the EU while possessing the offshore financial centre of the euro-zone and Britain’s eschewal in 2004 of transition arrangements on freedom of movement for that year’s accession states made Brexit an eventual inevitability, saving a prior collapse of the euro-zone.
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Fatima Noreen, Ayesha Rathore, and Dr. Hafiz Muhammad Qasim. "THE ROLE OF CIRCUMSTANTIAL ELEMENTS IN REPRESENTING PARTITION: A SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF TOBA TEK SINGH." Journal of Applied Linguistics and TESOL (JALT) 8, no. 2 (2025): 1580–94. https://doi.org/10.63878/jalt814.

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This study examines how Khalid Hasan's English translation of Saadat Hasan Manto's beloved short story, Toba Tek Singh, uses the circumstantial elements of Time, Place, Manner, Cause, and Contingency to depict the trauma of the 1947 Indian Partition. To investigate how these grammatical features relate to the story's main themes of madness, identity crisis, and spatial displacement, the study employs a Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) framework and qualitatively analyzes the translated text at the clause level. The analysis shows a high frequency of temporal and spatial circumstances, which anchor the story in the fractured post- Partition landscape, using the UAM Corpus Tool for systematic annotation and categorization. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the conditions of Manner, Cause, and Contingency improve the representation of political absurdity and psychological trauma. Data analysis was done using the UAM Corpus Tool. To ascertain the function of circumstantial elements in the narrative representation of Partition, the results were qualitatively interpreted. According to the study's findings, the most common circumstantial element is spatial location (28.9%), which is followed by temporal location (23.6%), extent (distance, duration, and frequency combined at 30.2%), manner (9.2%), means (6.6%), cause (3.9%), contingency (2.6%), matter (2.6%), accompaniment (1.3%), and role (1.3%). By showing how language mediates historical trauma, this study advances both SFL and Partition studies. This study emphasizes the crucial role of functional linguistic analysis in understanding how a translator’s grammatical choices affect the reader’s experience.
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31

Fielder, Klaus, and Walter Stroehm. "The use of statistical, spatial-temporal, and intensional information in judgments of contingency." European Journal of Social Psychology 16, no. 4 (1986): 385–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2420160406.

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32

Palacios Conde, Hilda, Raúl Ávila Santibáñez, Andrea Juárez Segura, and Patricia Miranda Hernández. "Temporal parameters of self-controlled behavior in humans." International Journal of Psychological Research 4, no. 1 (2011): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21500/20112084.790.

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Self-controlled behavior, defined as refraining from taking a reward until an external criterion is reached, was study with 36 participants that were exposed to pairs of TV videos which were available according to the following contingency. An attempt to play the first video (SR1) turned off it and cancelled the second video (SR2) presentation, otherwise SR2 could be played. Four SR1 durations were programmed according to three repetitive time cycles (T cycle) of different length each one. The obtained duration of SR1 de percentage of SR2 delivered per session were lower as SR1 duration was lengthened and this effect was higher with longer T cycles. These findings show the viability of this type of procedure to study self-controlled behavior.
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33

Domański, Juliusz. "Kilka refleksji nie tylko etycznych o tradycji, recepcji i renesansie jako atrybutach kondycji człowieczej." Etyka 29 (December 1, 1996): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.14394/etyka.637.

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Taking as a background the Plato’s model of two worlds (the “ontic” and the “gignetic” one) and some categories closely associated with it (contingency, variability and freedom), the author describes three paradigms: Tradition, Reception and Renaissance. They are linked with the human condition as means by which humans, or rather: human communities try to overcome their changeable and temporal existence.
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Mazzi, Maria Angela, Lidia Del Piccolo, and Christa Zimmermann. "Event-based categorical sequential analyses of the medical interview: a review." Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale 12, no. 2 (2003): 81–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1121189x00006126.

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SUMMARYWhen the doctor-patient interaction is viewed as a series of utterances, the temporal position of utterances becomes a central information in understanding the nature of interaction. Important concepts are interdependence and serial dependence which account for the fact that two partners influence each other in their talk and that each partner influences him/herself. Lag sequential analysis studies the associations between doctor and patient utterances in a two-way contingency table (lag one sequences) and is used for exploratory purposes. Log-linear modelling, based on multi-way contingency tables, is used as an extension of lag-sequential analysis to study longer sequences.Markov chains test sequences in terms of processes with the aim to find predictive models and require a theory driven approach. Pattern recognition aims to discover regularities in the temporal evolution of the utterance sequences. Theory driven applications analyse manifest patterns in terms of their conditional probability distribution while empirically driven applications are used to detect “hidden” patterns. These different approaches to sequential data can be regarded as complementary tools to describe the doctor patient consultations at various levels of complexity.Declaration of Interest: none.
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35

Picker, Marion. "Figures of Chance and Contingency in Albert Kahn's Planetary Project." Synthesis: an Anglophone Journal of Comparative Literary Studies, no. 11 (October 18, 2019): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/syn.20891.

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The Archives de la Planète is a collection of visual material – about 100 hours of film, 72000 autochromes and 4000 stereoscopic images – established between 1908 androughly 1932. While the project was of Kahn’s inspiration (and also financed by him),the human geographer Jean Brunhes served as its scientific director. Its purpose was to document the diversity, but even more so, the underlying unity of human life and activity all over the globe. It seems thus fitting that Brunhes used a cartographic logicin mapping the “positive facts” of his science, relying on visual documentation. Thisarticle examines some of the temporal complexities and contingencies of representation inherent in the autochrome part of the collections. As archives within the archive, they upset the cartographic logic of the project.
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DE WIT, ASTRID, and FRANK BRISARD. "A Cognitive Grammar account of the semantics of the English present progressive." Journal of Linguistics 50, no. 1 (2013): 49–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226713000169.

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In this paper, we propose a unified account of the semantics of the English present progressive in the form of a semantic network, basing ourselves on the theoretical principles and analytical tools offered by the theory of Cognitive Grammar, as laid out by Langacker (1987, 1991). The core meaning of the English present progressive, we claim, is to indicateepistemic contingencyin the speaker's immediate reality. It thus contrasts with the simple present, which is associated with situations that are construed asstructurallybelonging to reality. On the basis of a study of the Santa Barbara Corpus of spoken American English, an inventory has been made of the more specific uses of the present progressive, temporal as well as modal. It is shown that each of these uses can be derived from this basic meaning of contingency in immediate reality via a set of conceptual branching principles, in interaction with elements in the context.
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37

Masataka, Nobuo. "Effects of contingent and noncontingent maternal stimulation on the vocal behaviour of three- to four-month-old Japanese infants." Journal of Child Language 20, no. 2 (1993): 303–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000900008291.

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ABSTRACTA total of 48 male infants experienced either conversational turn-taking or random responsiveness of their mothers when aged 0;3 and 0;4. In both periods, the infant's rate of vocalizing was not significantly influenced by the contingency of the mother's response, but contingency altered the temporal parameters of the infant's vocal pattern. Infants tended to produce more bursts or packets of vocalizations when the mother talked to the infant in a random pattern. When the infants were aged 0;3 such bursts occurred most often at intervals of 0·5–1·5 sec whereas when they were aged 0;4 they took place most frequently at significantly longer intervals, of 1·0–2·0. The difference corresponded to the difference between intervals with which the mother responded contingently to vocalizations of the infant at 0;3 and at 0;4. While the intervals (between the onset of the infant's vocalization and the onset of the mother's vocalization) rarely exceeded 0·5 sec when the infant was aged 0;3, they were mostly distributed between 0·5 and 1·0 sec when he was aged 0;4. After vocalizing spontaneously, the infant tended to pause as if to listen for a possible vocal response from the mother. In the absence of a response, he vocalized repeatedly. The intervals between the two consecutive vocalizations were changed flexibly by the infant according to his recent experience of turn-taking with the mother.
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Brandi, Marie-Luise, Daniela Kaifel, Juha M. Lahnakoski, and Leonhard Schilbach. "A naturalistic paradigm simulating gaze-based social interactions for the investigation of social agency." Behavior Research Methods 52, no. 3 (2019): 1044–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13428-019-01299-x.

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Abstract Sense of agency describes the experience of being the cause of one’s own actions and the resulting effects. In a social interaction, one’s actions may also have a perceivable effect on the actions of others. In this article, we refer to the experience of being responsible for the behavior of others as social agency, which has important implications for the success or failure of social interactions. Gaze-contingent eyetracking paradigms provide a useful tool to analyze social agency in an experimentally controlled manner, but the current methods are lacking in terms of their ecological validity. We applied this technique in a novel task using video stimuli of real gaze behavior to simulate a gaze-based social interaction. This enabled us to create the impression of a live interaction with another person while being able to manipulate the gaze contingency and congruency shown by the simulated interaction partner in a continuous manner. Behavioral data demonstrated that participants believed they were interacting with a real person and that systematic changes in the responsiveness of the simulated partner modulated the experience of social agency. More specifically, gaze contingency (temporal relatedness) and gaze congruency (gaze direction relative to the participant’s gaze) influenced the explicit sense of being responsible for the behavior of the other. In general, our study introduces a new naturalistic task to simulate gaze-based social interactions and demonstrates that it is suitable to studying the explicit experience of social agency.
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39

Wasserman, Edward A., and Danny J. Neunaber. "COLLEGE STUDENTS' RESPONDING TO AND RATING OF CONTINGENCY RELATIONS: THE ROLE OF TEMPORAL CONTIGUITY." Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 46, no. 1 (1986): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1901/jeab.1986.46-15.

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Cheng, Wen, Mankirat Singh, Edward Clay, et al. "Exploring temporal interactions of crash counts in California using distinct log-linear contingency table models." International Journal of Injury Control and Safety Promotion 28, no. 3 (2021): 360–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17457300.2021.1928231.

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41

Hoogendoorn, Gijsbert, and Gustav Visser. "Stumbling over researcher positionality and political-temporal contingency in South African second-home tourism research." Critical Arts 26, no. 3 (2012): 254–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02560046.2012.705456.

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42

Adelaar, Samuel. "A World in the Making: Contingency and Time in James Benning's BNSF." Film-Philosophy 21, no. 1 (2017): 60–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/film.2017.0031.

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This article presents an analysis of James Benning's film, BNSF (2013). It argues that the film comprises a landscape rendered in such a way that the temporal aspects of the processes, both cultural and natural, of which it is composed are brought forth. The article also asserts that, by relating a world that unfolds with a measure of contingency, the film not only manifests the inherent inadequacy of representation, but also it draws attention to the efficacy of the world in the making of its moving image. Finally, the article demonstrates that the qualities of the world delimited by the film impel the viewer to attempt to envision facts of nature that greatly outsize the horizon of her human point of view.
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Anthonissen, Lynn, Astrid De Wit, and Tanja Mortelmans. "Aspect Meets Modality: A Semantic Analysis of the GermanAm-Progressive." Journal of Germanic Linguistics 28, no. 1 (2016): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1470542715000185.

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This paper presents a corpus-based analysis of the semantics of the GermanamV-infseinconstruction, oram-progressive. Like its English counterpart and many other progressive constructions in the world's languages, theam-progressive is shown to convey not only a variety of aspecto-temporal meanings, but also a range of (inter)subjective qualifications, such as intensification, irritation, and evasiveness. These (inter)subjective connotations are argued to reflect theam-progressive's core meaning of epistemic contingency, which we believe is instantiated in all of its uses.*
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Xing, Bohan, Mark D. Morrissey, and Kaori Takehara-Nishiuchi. "Distributed representations of temporal stimulus associations across regular-firing and fast-spiking neurons in rat medial prefrontal cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 123, no. 1 (2020): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00565.2019.

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The prefrontal cortex has been implicated in various cognitive processes, including working memory, executive control, decision making, and relational learning. One core computational requirement underlying all these processes is the integration of information across time. When rodents and rabbits associate two temporally discontiguous stimuli, some neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) change firing rates in response to the preceding stimulus and sustain the firing rate during the subsequent temporal interval. These firing patterns are thought to serve as a mechanism to buffer the previously presented stimuli and signal the upcoming stimuli; however, how these critical properties are distributed across different neuron types remains unknown. We investigated the firing selectivity of regular-firing, burst-firing, and fast-spiking neurons in the prelimbic region of the mPFC while rats associated two neutral conditioned stimuli (CS) with one aversive stimulus (US). Analyses of firing patterns of individual neurons and neuron ensembles revealed that regular-firing neurons maintained rich information about CS identity and CS-US contingency during intervals separating the CS and US. Moreover, they further strengthened the latter selectivity with repeated conditioning sessions over a month. The selectivity of burst-firing neurons for both stimulus features was weaker than that of regular-firing neurons, indicating the difference in task engagement between two subpopulations of putative excitatory neurons. In contrast, putative inhibitory, fast-spiking neurons showed a stronger selectivity for CS identity than for CS-US contingency, suggesting their potential role in sensory discrimination. These results reveal a fine-scaled functional organization in the prefrontal network supporting the formation of temporal stimulus associations. NEW & NOTEWORTHY To associate stimuli that occurred separately in time, the brain needs to bridge the temporal gap by maintaining what was presented and predicting what would follow. We show that in rat medial prefrontal cortex, the former function is associated with a subpopulation of putative inhibitory neurons, whereas the latter is supported by a subpopulation of putative excitatory neurons. Our results reveal a distinct contribution of these microcircuit components to neural representations of temporal stimulus associations.
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Боравова, А. И. "ВЛИЯНИЕ ТЕМПЕРАМЕНТА НА УСПЕВАЕМОСТЬ УЧАЩИХСЯ В РАННЕМ ПОДРОСТКОВОМ ВОЗРАСТЕ". Асимметрия 18, № 3 (2024): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.25692/asy.2024.18.3.001.

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В работе проведен сравнительный анализ успеваемости и психоэмоциональных особенностей учащихся средней школы в зависимости от темперамента (тест Г. Айзенка) и пола подростков. Обнаружено значимое взаимодействие факторов пола и темперамента в правой височной области, измеряемой методом регистрации уровня постоянных потенциалов (УПП). Установлена статистически значимая сопряженность характеристик УПП со средними групповыми показателями итоговой успеваемости, оцениваемой суммарно по всем дисциплинам In the present study comparative analysis of score of progress and psycho - emotional properties schoolchild at the age of 11-14 years in relation to temperament (Eysenk scale) and gender differences is performed. Significant relationship between factor of sex and temperament as for direct current potential (DCP) of the right temporal cortical area were demonstrated. Statistical validity contingency values of cerebral DC potentials of the right temporal region with relative education achievement were found
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Chang, Cynthia, and Janneke HilleRisLambers. "Integrating succession and community assembly perspectives." F1000Research 5 (September 12, 2016): 2294. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.8973.1.

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Succession and community assembly research overlap in many respects, such as through their focus on how ecological processes like dispersal, environmental filters, and biotic interactions influence community structure. Indeed, many recent advances have been made by successional studies that draw on modern analytical techniques introduced by contemporary community assembly studies. However, community assembly studies generally lack a temporal perspective, both on how the forces structuring communities might change over time and on how historical contingency (e.g. priority effects and legacy effects) and complex transitions (e.g. threshold effects) might alter community trajectories. We believe a full understanding of the complex interacting processes that shape community dynamics across large temporal scales can best be achieved by combining concepts, tools, and study systems into an integrated conceptual framework that draws upon both succession and community assembly theory.
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47

Chidester, David. "Beyond Religious Studies? The Future of the Study of Religion in a Multidisciplinary Perspective." NTT Journal for Theology and the Study of Religion 71, no. 1 (2017): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/ntt2017.71.074.chid.

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Abstract Looking beyond religious studies, not in a temporal but in a spatial sense, this brief essay identifies openings for multidisciplinary research and reflection in the study of material religion. The discussion focuses on categories, formations, and circulations—the historical contingency of basic categories of religion, the colonial and imperial forces in formations of religion, and the mobility of materiality in circulations of religion. By attending to these dynamics and highlighting recent publications in the field, this essay indicates some of the ways in which the ‘beyond’ is already present in the study of religion.
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Spinelli, Giacomo, Jason R. Perry, and Stephen J. Lupker. "Adaptation to conflict frequency without contingency and temporal learning: Evidence from the picture–word interference task." Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 45, no. 8 (2019): 995–1014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000656.

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Zhou, Zhongyun, Taotao Pan, and Xixi Li. "Restricted use of social media: A temporal view of overload change and the contingency of prominence." International Journal of Information Management 78 (October 2024): 102807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2024.102807.

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50

Horváth, János, Burkhard Maess, Pamela Baess, and Annamária Tóth. "Action–Sound Coincidences Suppress Evoked Responses of the Human Auditory Cortex in EEG and MEG." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 24, no. 9 (2012): 1919–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00215.

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The N1 auditory ERP and its magnetic counterpart (N1[m]) are suppressed when elicited by self-induced sounds. Because the N1(m) is a correlate of auditory event detection, this N1 suppression effect is generally interpreted as a reflection of the workings of an internal forward model: The forward model captures the contingency (causal relationship) between the action and the sound, and this is used to cancel the predictable sensory reafference when the action is initiated. In this study, we demonstrated in three experiments using a novel coincidence paradigm that actual contingency between actions and sounds is not a necessary condition for N1 suppression. Participants performed time interval production tasks: They pressed a key to set the boundaries of time intervals. Concurrently, but independently of keypresses, a sequence of pure tones with random onset-to-onset intervals was presented. Tones coinciding with keypresses elicited suppressed N1(m) and P2(m), suggesting that action–stimulus contiguity (temporal proximity) is sufficient to suppress sensory processing related to the detection of auditory events.
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