Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Textes des pyramides'

Cette recherche porte sur les Textes des Pyramides gravés dans les appartements funéraires de la pyramide du roi Téti, premier pharaon de la VIe dynastie (vers 2350-2330 av. J. -C). Les appartements funéraires des pyramides à textes se composent notamment d'un couloir, d'une antichambre, d'une chambre contenant le sarcophage et d'une petite pièce anépigraphe nommée « serdab ». Les murs nord et sud de l'antichambre et de la chambre funéraire de Téti, ainsi que les murs est et ouest du couloir, ont été retrouvés complètement détruits. Le premier objectif était de procéder à la restitution au 1/5e de ces parois à partir de l’établissement des fac-similés des fragments retrouvés lors de l'ouverture de la pyramide en 1881 par Gaston Maspero, puis lors des différentes campagnes de fouille postérieures. La plupart de ces blocs sont conservés dans un magasin de fouilles, à Saqqâra. La restitution des textes s’appuie à la fois sur l’étude des blocs conservés, celle du système graphique interne à la pyramide, et sur la comparaison avec les neuf autres pyramides à textes actuellement recensées. Pour les textes encore en place sur les autres parois, relevés épigraphiques et photographiques sont nécessaires en vue d'une publication complète des textes. Le deuxième objectif de ce travail consistait à confronter le programme d’inscription de cette pyramide avec celui des autres pyramides à textes, notamment la précédente (Ounas) et la suivante (Pépy Ier). Ce second volet met en lumière un certain nombre de principes adoptés par les concepteurs égyptiens<br>This study revolves around the pyramid texts engraved in the funerary apartments of the King Teti pyramid, first pharaoh of the 6th dynasty (around 2350-2330 B. C. ). These funerary apartments of the text pyramids consist namely of a corridor, an antechamber, a sarcophagus chamber and a small anepigraphic room called “serdab”. The northern and southern walls of the antechamber and the funerary chamber of Teti, in addition to the ones to the east and west of the corridor were found completely destroyed. The primary goal was to carry out a restitution to the 1/5th of these walls through assessing the facsimiles of the fragments found during the opening of the pyramid in 1881 by Gaston Maspero, and during the various excavation campaigns carried out later on. Most of the blocks were kept in an excavation warehouse in Saqqara. The restitution of texts is based both on the study of the conserved blocks, that of the internal diagrammatic system of the pyramid, and on a comparison with the nine other pyramids with texts known today. As per the texts still present on the other walls, epigraphic and photographic surveys are necessary in sight of a complete publication of the texts. The second objective of this work consisted in comparing the inscription programme of this pyramid with that of the other text pyramids, namely the one prior to it (Unas) and the next one (Pepy I). This second section sheds the light on a number of principles adopted by the Egyptian designers

Ce travail vise à démontrer le caractère essentiel du référent de la naissance dans les croyances funéraires de l’Égypte ancienne, ainsi que les modalités de sa mise en œuvre. Les grandes compositions funéraires égyptiennes, depuis les Textes des Pyramides jusqu’aux livres royaux du Nouvel Empire, sont riches d’allusions à une destinée post-mortem envisagée comme une seconde naissance, calquée plus ou moins fidèlement sur le processus biologique de la première. Roi ou particulier, le mort est porté en gestation par une ou plusieurs mères divines, puis est remis au monde dans l’au-delà, son cordon ombilical est coupé, il est lavé, allaité et soigné à l’image d’un nouveau-né. À ces aspects pragmatiques se mêlent de nombreux éléments mythiques, le modèle biologique étant parfois largement réinterprété, ce qui témoigne de l’interpénétration du plan individuel et du domaine cosmique. Grâce à ce procédé cyclique, le défunt accède non seulement à l’autre monde, mais il y est aussi vivant éternellement<br>This work aims at demonstrating that referring to birth and its practical modalities is an essential aspect of Ancient Egypt’s funeral beliefs. From the Pyramid Texts to the royal books of New Kingdom, the great funeral writings of Egypt are full of allusions to post mortem fate viewed as a second birth, the latter copying more or less exactly the biological process of the first. Be he king or ordinary man, the dead is carried in gestation by one or several divine mothers and is born again in the other world ; there, his umbilical cord is cut, he is washed, fed and cared for like a new born child. Numerous mythical elements add to the purely practical, however, thus reinventing the biological model and showing the intermingling of both the worldly and cosmic levels. Thanks to this cyclical process, the dead not only reaches the other world but, also, accesses to eternal life

Dès les premières dynasties, le pictogramme fut dans l’écriture le prolongement des représentations figuratives naturalistes, logogrammes dans les palettes funéraires décorées protodynastiques. Ce constat nous porte à les mettre en correspondance avec l’art pariétal du néolithique nubien, le prédynastique égyptien, et celui des aires culturelles périphériques. La reconsidération des pétroglyphes en tant que symboles et idéogrammes, c’est-à-dire des mythogrammes autant que des logogrammes-phonogrammes polysémiques permet de dégager un système structurel de représentations symboliques universel dans la vallée du Nil. Essentiellement funéraire, il est organisé autour d’une nouvelle lecture en relation aux mythes fondateurs de l’Œil d’Horus/solaire, s’exprime dans des rites primitifs de revivification, de renaissance, néolithiques et prédynastiques, explicités ensuite durant les premières dynasties sur des tablettes, des sceaux-cylindres votifs, et l’onction du mort avec les sept huiles canoniques et, enfin, dans les Textes des Pyramides. Contrairement à l’idée commune d’opposition des notions de Nature-Culture, il est question de les conjuguer, de réconcilier la dualité non binaire et de voir, par exemple, les fonctions héliotrope et/ou héliophore des animaux du bestiaire soudanien, avec Sokar le faucon funéraire, les garants bienveillants des métamorphoses et de renaissance du soleil/des défunts, par ailleurs, félidés, canidés, antilopes…, investis du numineux des divinités tutélaires. À la lueur d’une nouvelle lecture du mythe “osirien” primitif de métamorphose, nous reconsidérons les conceptions sur le sacrifice animal sur des bases d’anthropologie religieuse. Loin d’une maîtrise et soumission de la nature, et d’un diffusionnisme, l’interculturalité de la pensée mythique archaïque première dans la vallée nubiano-égyptienne et des régions périphériques multiethniques implique, vis-à-vis du monde naturel et des forces spirituelles numineuses, la transculturalité des conceptions solaires et le partage pluriculturel, transhistorique des croyances résurrectionnelles polycycliques. Ainsi, les pétroglyphes d’animaux, les scènes de chasse animale, les représentations de barques, de sandales, etc., sont de nature funéraire votive, apotropaïque<br>Since the beginning of the first dynasties, the pictogram in writing was the extension of naturalistic figurative representations, logograms in the decorated funerary protodynastic palettes. This statement carry us to link them with the parietal art of Neolithic Nubia, the egyptian Predynastic, and peripheral cultural areas. We have reconsidered the petroglyphs as polysemic symbols and ideograms, i.e. mythograms as well polysemic logograms-phonograms, allowing us to draw up a structural system of symbolic representations, universal in the Nile valley. Basically funerary, the system is organised around a new reading in connection with the founding of the ‘Eye of Horus’/solar myths, and express itself in primitive Neolithic and Predynastic rites of revivification, rebirth, more explicit afterwards during the first dynasties on labels, votive cylinder-seals, and anointing the deads with the seven holy canonical oils, finally in the Pyramid Texts. Contrary to the common idea which opposite the Nature-Culture notions, there is some question to combine them, to reconcile the non-binary duality and to see, for example, the heliotrope functions and/or heliophore animals of the sub-Saharan bestiary, with Sokar the funerary hawk, the benevolent guarantors for the rebirth and metamorphosis of the sun/deads; otherwise felids, canids, antelopes…, invested by the numinous of the protecting divinities. In consequence of a new reading of the primitive ‘osirian’ myth of metamorphosis, we have reconsidered the conceptions about animal sacrifice on the basis of religious anthropology. Far from bringing under control and submission of nature, and diffusionnism, the intercultural (cross-cultural) of the first archaic mythic thought in the multi-ethnic nubian-egyptian valley and associated neighbouring areas involves, towards the natural world and the numinous spiritual strengths, the cross-cultural of solar conceptions and multicultural, trans-historic sharing of the polycyclic resurrectional believes. Thus, the animal petroglyphs, cynegetic scenes, boats and sandals representations, etc., are of funerary votive, apotropaic nature

Los Textos de las Pirámides aparecen documentados por primera vez en las paredes de las cámaras de la pirámide de Unis, último rey de la dinastía V. Desde finales del Reino Antiguo, estos textos empiezan a aparecer en las tumbas y en los ataúdes de los altos funcionarios y sacerdotes de las distintas necrópolis de Egipto. Por ello, podríamos considerar que fue un corpus “vivo” ya que fue objeto de transmisión durante toda la historia del antiguo Egipto por sus especiales características. El presente trabajo se centra en el estudio de un grupo de recitaciones que forma parte de este corpus. En concreto, las denominadas “formulas de protección contra las serpientes y otros animales dañinos” o “recitaciones apotropaicas”. Desde su primera aparición, las recitaciones apotropaicas se han transmitido durante diversos períodos. Durante el Reino Antiguo formaban parte de los programas textuales de las pirámides de los reyes y de algunas esposas reales de la dinastía VI. Durante el Reino Medio, fueron utilizadas y una parte de las mismas pasaron a formar parte de las inscripciones en el interior de las tumbas, en paredes interiores de los ataúdes en varias necrópolis de Egipto para, posteriormente, silenciarse hasta el reaparecer con fuerza durante la dinastía XXVI, de forma especial en la necrópolis menfita. El estudio de esta transmisión de estas recitaciones se realiza a través del método de la crítica textual que es el sistema utilizado en la egiptología en la investigación de la transmisión de los textos funerarios. Con este análisis podremos establecer sus rutas de transmisión, la adaptación de los textos a las especiales características de cada una de las necrópolis y sus variantes textuales. Asimismo, se realiza un análisis histórico de las implicaciones religiosas que implica la transmisión de estas recitaciones durante cerca de dos milenios.<br>The Pyramid Texts are first documented on the walls of the chambers of the pyramid of the last V Dynasty king, Unis. Since the ending of the Old Kingdom, these texts began to appear in the high officials and priests coffins and tombs of different necropolis in Egypt. Thus, it could be considered that they were an “alive” corpus because they were transmitted through all the history of the Ancient Egypt due to their special characteristics. This work focuses on the study of a group of recitations that are in this corpus. It is specifically focused on the “spells of protection against snakes and other noxious entities” or “apotropaia spells”. Since their first appearance, these “apotropaia spells” have been transmitted along different periods. During the Old Kingdom, they were part of the pyramid text programs of the kings and some wives of the VI Dynasty. During the Middle Kingdom they were also used. Some of them became part of the inscriptions inside the tombs and the inner sides of the coffins in some necropolis of Egypt. They disappeared up until the XXVI dynast, when they strongly reappeared, especially in the memphite necropolis. The study of the transmission of these recitations is done with the Textual Criticism, which is the method that is used in Egyptology to investigate the transmission of the funeral texts. With this analysis the routes of transmission can be established as well as the adaptation of these texts according to the special characteristics of every necropolis and the text variants. Moreover, an analysis of the religious implications of the transmission of these recitations for about two millennia is also done.

The 5th and 6th Dynasty Pyramid Texts are the earliest extensive Egyptian religious texts from a royal mortuary context. This is our earliest evidence for the Eye of Horus; the aim of this study is to establish exactly what can be learned about its early usage as a symbol and to seek any hints about its origins. The spells mentioning the Eye of Horus are grouped by theme in the sections in Part One (eg. offering spells, ascension spells); references to the eyes of the king and other divine eyes are included for comparative purposes. There is a translation and commentary for each text; the grammar and context are evaluated. The chapters in Part Two contain discussions of the Eye of Horus' symbolism in the thematic groups. The Eye of Horus is supreme as a ritual, symbol for offerings presented to the läng by his son, Horus. The powers that the king gains from the Eye are the restoration of his faculties, transfiguration to a blessed spirit (3b) and a god; these are the general aims of the whole mortuary scenario. The king is also involved in the mythical fate of the Eye of Horus, namely its injury and restoration, as part of his ascension and integration into the afterlife. The role of other divine eyes in the PT and the significance attached to the king's eyes suggest strongly that the symbolic singular Eye of a god could be a succinct and transferable expression of his power. The many cross-cultural parallels of the eye as a source of power support this origin of divine eye symbolism in Egypt. The royal stature of Horus suggests why his Eye, in particular, achieved such prominence

La recherche sur le photovoltaïque vise à réduire le prix par watt de puissance électrique générée. Des efforts considérables sont menés pour rechercher de nouveaux matériaux et des conceptions qui repoussent les limites des cellules solaires existantes. Le développement récent de matériaux et nanostructures complexes pour les cellules solaires nécessite des efforts plus importants pour mener à bien leur caractérisation et leur modélisation. Cette thèse porte sur la caractérisation optique, la modélisation et l'optimisation de la conception d'architectures de cellules solaires de pointe.Les mesures optiques sont utilisées pour la caractérisation rapide et non destructive des échantillons texturés pour les applications photovoltaïques. Les textures de surface améliorent le piégeage de la lumière et sont donc souhaitées pour améliorer les performances des cellules solaires. D'autre part, ces textures rendent la caractérisation optique plus difficile et des efforts plus importants sont nécessaires non seulement pour la mesure optique elle-même mais également pour la modélisation et l'interprétation ultérieure des données obtenues. Dans ce travail, nous démontrons que nous sommes en mesure d'utiliser des méthodes optiques pour étudier les textures pyramidales très répandues ainsi que les réseaux de nanofils de silicium à orientation aléatoire dont l'analyse est très difficile.Premièrement, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'étude optique de diverses surfaces pyramidales et de leur impact sur les performances des cellules silicium à hétérojonction. Nous avons constaté que les angles au sommet des pyramides, préparées à l'aide de différentes conditions de texturation, diffèrent de la valeur théorique de 70.52° attendue pour le silicium cristallin. Cette modification de l'angle au sommet est expliquée par la présence, sur les facettes pyramidales, de terrasses monoatomiques régulières, observées par microscopie électronique à transmission de résolution atomique. L'impact d'une variation de l’angle au sommet sur les épaisseurs des couches minces déposées est étudié et les conséquences sur l'efficacité des cellules solaires résultantes sont discutées. Un modèle optique développé pour le calcul de la réflectance et de l'absorption des couches minces en multicouches sur surfaces pyramidales a permis l’optimisation de la conception de la cellule solaire pour un angle au sommet pyramidal donné.L'ellipsométrie matricielle Mueller a été utilisée in-situ pour caractéiser le processus de croissance - par méthode vapeur-liquide-solide activée par plasma - des nanofils de silicium. Nous avons développé un modèle optique facile à utiliser, qui, à notre connaissance, est le premier modèle utilisant des données ellipsométriques expérimentales pour contrôler le procédé de croissance, en phase vapeur-liquide-solide assisté par plasma, des nanofils. La dépendance linéaire observée du dépôt de matériau de silicium avec le temps de dépôt nous permet de suivre le processus de fabrication in situ et de contrôler la qualité du matériau<br>Research in photovoltaics aims at lowering the price per watt of generated electrical power. Substantial efforts aim at searching for new materials and designs which can push the limits of existing solar cells. The recent development of complex materials and nanostructures for solar cells requires more effort to be put into their characterization and modeling. This thesis focuses on optical characterization, modeling, and design optimization of advanced solar cell architectures.Optical measurements are used for fast and non-destructive characterization of textured samples for photovoltaic applications. Surface textures enhance light-trapping and are thus desired to improve the solar cell performance. On the other hand, these textures make optical characterization more challenging and more effort is required for both, the optical measurement itself and subsequent modeling and interpretation of obtained data. In this work, we demonstrate that we are able to use optical methods to study the widely used pyramidal textures as well as very challenging randomly oriented silicon nanowire arrays.At first, we focused on the optical study of various pyramidal surfaces and their impact on the silicon heterojunction solar cell performance. We have found that vertex angles of pyramids prepared using various texturing conditions vary from the theoretical value of 70.52° expected from crystalline silicon. This change of the vertex angle is explained by regular monoatomic terraces, which are present on pyramid facets and are observed by atomic resolution transmission electron microscopy. The impact of a vertex angle variation on the thicknesses of deposited thin films is studied and the consequences for resulting solar cell efficiency are discussed. A developed optical model for calculation of the reflectance and absorptance of thin film multi-layers on pyramidal surfaces enabled a solar cell design optimization, with respect to a given pyramid vertex angle.In-situ Mueller matrix ellipsometry has been applied for monitoring the silicon nanowire growth process by plasma-enhanced vapor-liquid-solid method. We have developed an easy-to-use optical model, which is to our knowledge a first model fitting the experimental ellipsometric data for process control of plasma-assisted vapor-liquid-solid grown nanowires. The observed linear dependence of the silicon material deposition on the deposition time enables us to trace the fabrication process in-situ and to control material quality

This thesis investigates how the burial chamber of the 8th Dynasty pyramid of king Qakare Ibi at Saqqara in Egypt (c. 2109-2107 B.C.) was inscribed. It uses a holistic approach to focus on the textual programme and its unusual aspects in comparison to older pyramids. In doing so, it addresses issues of textual transmission and of scribal practice in the process of inscribing the walls of subterranean chambers in pyramids. The aim is to contextualise the texts of Ibi within the Memphite tradition of Pyamid Texts and the development of mortuary literature on different media from the late third millennium BCE Old Kingdom to the Middle Kingdom in the early second millennium BCE. The first chapter presents the background to this research and information on king Ibi and his pyramid. The second chapter treats research on the arrangement of the texts on the walls of subterranean chambers of royal pyramids of kings and queens and compares the layout of the texts in the pyramid of Ibi with older pyramids. It then discusses in detail one section on the east wall of Ibi, where the order of spells diverges from other transmitted sequences. The unusual combination of spells and the practice of shortening spells is investigated further in the third chapter, where two sections of texts on the south wall are analysed. The fourth chapter explores garbled texts and discusses processes of copying and inscribing the texts onto the walls of pyramids. The fifth chapter analyses the modifications of the writing system in pyramids, especially the mutilation of hieroglyphs, and how this practice relates to the tradition of altering signs in pyramids. Finally, the sixth chapter synthesises the results of the preceding chapters in two sections. The first section summarises the process of inscribing pyramids and contextualises aspects of scribal practices within it. The second section concludes the thesis with a discussion of the features of the textual programme of Ibi and of how it relates to the broader transmission of mortuary literature.

The purpose of the present work is to evaluate the role of the god Thoth in the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, a corpus of funerary literature found most prominently in the underground chambers of the pyramids of the kings and queens of the 5th and 6th dynasty. Following the division made by H. M. Hays, the topic is treated in two parts: the first is concerned with Thoth in the personal texts, where he is presented as a lunar deity and a transition figure, the second with the sacerdotal texts, studying his position in the myth of Osiris and Horus. The function of the god in both is shown to stem from his role as a mediator betwen the various elements of the divine world, mainly through a number of particular findings with regard to the individual motifs in which Thoth is found in the Pyramid Texts. The work concludes with a summary of these findings and an outline of Thoth's nature in the corpus.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>光電工程研究所<br>95<br>A simple and high efficient wet etching technique for fabricating pyramid textures on (100) Si wafer is proposed. Conventionally, pyramid textures were formed on Si wafers to reduce reflections using KOH anisotropic etching. Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) is often added to the solution to abate the bubbling effect caused by hydrogen released form the Si surfaces during reaction. In this study, a metal net with proper opening dimension was used as a shelter to trap the hydrogen from leaving the surfaces of Si, and therefore turns the hydrogen gas into a gas-type etching mask during the anisotropic etching. In this way, pyramid textures with dimensions range from 3µm to 8µm were successfully fabricated. The measured average reflectivity of the texture for incident optical wave length from 400nm to 1000nm is less than 18%.

The thesis focuses on the group of deities with solar aspects in the period of the Old Kingdom (ca. 2592-2118+25 BC). For this research, five gods were selected: Atum, Shu, Kheprer, Nefertum and Weneg. They were either linked to the sun cycle and light (Atum and Kheprer, evening and morning sun respectively, Shu), or to some particular plants (Nefertum to water lily and Weneg to the so-called wng-plant). Some of the deities under survey also represented a part of the so- called Heliopolitan cosmogony and cosmology. A number of Old Kingdom sources (Pyramid Texts, tomb decoration and burial equipment with special focus on the funerary domains and offering formulae, royal names and epithets, personal names, royal annals and administrative sources, namely seals and sealings, papyri from Wadi el-Jarf, Gebelein and Abusir, and titles) are analysed, taking into consideration the attestations for the individual gods and the information concerning the links of the deities to the sun and their solar aspects. Likewise, the roles and functions of these divinities, and their relation to other divine beings are studied. Further research questions are in which social spheres these gods appeared and where they were venerated, if exclusively in Heliopolis and its vicinity, or if there were diverse sanctuaries...

abstract: With the advent of Internet, the data being added online is increasing at enormous rate. Though search engines are using IR techniques to facilitate the search requests from users, the results are not effective towards the search query of the user. The search engine user has to go through certain webpages before getting at the webpage he/she wanted. This problem of Information Overload can be solved using Automatic Text Summarization. Summarization is a process of obtaining at abridged version of documents so that user can have a quick view to understand what exactly the document is about. Email threads from W3C are used in this system. Apart from common IR features like Term Frequency, Inverse Document Frequency, Term Rank, a variation of page rank based on graph model, which can cluster the words with respective to word ambiguity, is implemented. Term Rank also considers the possibility of co-occurrence of words with the corpus and evaluates the rank of the word accordingly. Sentences of email threads are ranked as per features and summaries are generated. System implemented the concept of pyramid evaluation in content selection. The system can be considered as a framework for Unsupervised Learning in text summarization.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Masters Thesis Computer Science 2015