Relevant bibliographies by topics / The circular flow of income

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'The circular flow of income'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 5 June 2025
Last updated: 15 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "The circular flow of income"

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Ali, Dr Umar Mohammed. "THE STRUCTURES OF NIGERIA INDUSTRIAL ECONOMY AND CIRCULAR FLOW INCOME." American Journal of Management and Economics Innovations 5, no. 7 (2023): 20–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajmei/volume05issue07-03.

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The paper focus on the structures of Nigeria industrial economy , Nigerian MSEs are more developed than the SSE, with production techniques characterized by organised factory–type processing of more complex goods. They dominate in textiles, readymade garments, metal products, footwear as well as pharmaceutical products, and cater for a wide market. They employ relatively high technology, but unlike large scale enterprises (LSEs), are less capital intensive. In a number of cases, they represent backward integration from trading activities. Access to technology is not a major constraint; they are able to employ technical specialists to install equipment and train employees. The LSEs comprises the modern factories, often with multi-national linkages, using the state-of-the-art technologies and mass-producing for both domestic and export markets. The analysis of industrial structure by size, in 2006, showed that SSEs constituted 65.5 per cent, while the MSEs and LSEs constituted 32.0 and 2.5 per cent respectively.
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Khreis, Najeeb, Abdalla Al Badarin, and Mefleh Al-Jarrah. "Introducing Zakat to National Income Accounts." Jordan Journal of Islamic Studies 20, no. 4 (2024): 321–35. https://doi.org/10.59759/jjis.v20i4.614.

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The study aimed to demonstrate the importance of economic zakat and its impact on macroeconomic variables such as land development, increased aggregate demand and supply, heightened overall consumption and investment, and the reduction of unemployment and inflation rates. It also sought to clarify the position of zakat within the circular flow of income and national income accounts. To the best of the researchers' knowledge, no study has addressed this issue. The study concluded that it is crucial to include zakat in national income accounts and the circular flow as a separate element. Additionally, the study highlighted the positive effects of zakat on three sectors: household, institutional, and governmental, as well as on national and personal income.
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TRIGG, ANDREW B., and JONQUIL T. LOWE. "Comparing Pension Systems in the Circular Flow of Income." American Journal of Economics and Sociology 70, no. 5 (2011): 1248–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1536-7150.2011.00811.x.

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Murphy, Antoin E. "John Law and Richard Cantillon on the circular flow of income." European Journal of the History of Economic Thought 1, no. 1 (1993): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10427719300000062.

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Marks, Melanie, and Gemma Kotula. "Using the Circular Flow of Income Model to Teach Economics in the Middle School Classroom." Social Studies 100, no. 5 (2009): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00377990903221939.

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Llop, Maria. "Comparing Multipliers in the Social Accounting Matrix Framework: The Case of Catalonia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 8 (2007): 2020–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a3891.

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Structural decomposition analysis, which is usually used within an input-output framework, allows changes in economic variables to be broken down into their determinants. Structural decomposition techniques can also be applied in social accounting matrix (SAM) models, which provide a complete representation of circular flow by adding factor-income generation and household-income distribution to the intersectorial transactions. The author uses structural decomposition analysis to reveal the factors that contribute to the changes in SAM multipliers over time. In particular, she analyses how modifying the patterns of intermediate demand, private consumption, and factor-income distribution modifies the income-generation process. Two SAMs are used, one for 1990 and one for 1994, in an empirical application for the Catalan economy. The results show that the regional multipliers in 1994 were smaller than in 1990, mainly because of a reduction in the structural coefficients of the model.
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Vargas-Terranova, Camilo-A., Javier Rodrigo-Ilarri, María-Elena Rodrigo-Clavero, and Alejandro Parra-Saad. "Implementing Circular Economy Techniques for the Optimal Management of Recyclable Solid Waste Using the M-GRCT Decision Support Model." Applied Sciences 12, no. 16 (2022): 8072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12168072.

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This article analyzes the implementation of a circular economy model for the management of reusable solid waste in the Colombian municipalities of Arbeláez (province of Cundinamarca) and Tibasosa (province of Boyacá). The analysis is conducted using M-GRCT, a circular economy decision support model for the design of recyclable waste management systems in low-income municipalities. The model allows for performing calculations on a set of two scenarios integrating a sociocultural dynamics assessment—this being a characteristic feature of this type of municipalities. Results show that both the linear and circular models of waste management are economically viable. However, the particular conditions of each municipality, the tariff system, the number of subscribers and the variations in costs and inflation in each municipality affect the results of economic viability. In addition, the waste production scale and the volumes of recoverable waste also affect the results. All these factors are reflected in the scenarios analyzed. In terms of economic viability, the circular model presents better results in Arbeláez, while in the municipality of Tibasosa, the best results are obtained with a linear economy approach.
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Zhang, Jiankang. "Analysis on the development direction of circular economy theory in automobile industry market and economic and technical conditions." BCP Business & Management 20 (June 28, 2022): 529–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v20i.1028.

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With regard to the analysis of China's automobile industry market and development direction, we should not only consider the pulling effect of domestic economic growth, changes in consumption structure and industrial structure on automobile demand, but also the international experience of the relationship between per capita income level and automobile ownership rate, and more importantly, we should reflect on the traditional economic development model and find a new development model that effectively balances the relationship among economy, society, environment and resources. It is an inevitable trend for the development of automobile industry to take the circular economy mode, and it is the general trend of implementing the sustainable development strategy. In this situation, all kinds of technical ways to deal with the problems of resources and environment have their advantages and cannot be replaced. However, the research on circular economy of automobile industry in China has just started, and the basic material flow table and data analysis model of automobile products have not been established. This paper analyzes the traditional development mode of automobile industry, discusses the economic development direction of automobile industry and the development mode of circular economy in automobile industry, so as to keep up with the general trend of China's sustainable development strategy.
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James, Abraham O., Abayomi O. Bankole, Caroline M. E. Pompei, Gustavo A. S. A. Dantas, Graziele Ruas, and Gustavo H. R. Silva. "Exploration of Microalgae-Activated Sludge Growth Performance in Lab-Scale Photobioreactors under Outdoor Environmental Conditions for Wastewater Biotreatment." Phycology 3, no. 4 (2023): 484–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/phycology3040033.

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Increasing the volume of untreated and inadequately treated municipal wastewater undermines the circular economy potential of wastewater resources, particularly in low-income regions. This present study focused on and evaluated the performance of native microalgae-activated sludge (MAS) growth for tertiary treatment of anaerobically digested wastewater from an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) in an outdoor lab-scale photobioreactor (2.2 L). Three conditions with distinct MAS inoculum concentrations alongside three controls were operated in batch mode for 5 days hydraulic retention time (HRT) at 11.5:12.5 photo-hours. The MAS inoculum concentration influenced the treatment outcome. The best performance was observed when the MAS concentration was 0.10/0.20 g L−1, and the cell density was 1.60 × 107 cells mL−1, total biomass productivity of 0.10 g TSS L−1 d−1, total phosphorus uptake of 85.1%, and total nitrogen uptake of 66.1%. Logarithmic removal (Log-Re) of bacterial pathogens (water quality indicators) showed Log-Re 3.4 for total coliforms (1.37 × 102 CFU 100 mL−1) and 4.7 for Escherichia coli (0.00 × 100 CFU 100 mL−1). The results revealed optimum remediation performance and nutrient recovery potential with appropriate inoculum concentration, in admiration to advancing the science of circular economy.
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Cohen, S. I. "Modelling the Prospects of Economic Growth and Social Development: Results of Circular Flow Planning Models Applied to Pakistan1980-1993." Pakistan Development Review 26, no. 4 (1987): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v26i4pp.609-626.

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This paper presents for Pakistan an analysis of the country's recent economic growth and social development, and medium term prospects covering the period of the Seventh Plan. The meaning of economic growth is self-evident. In contrast, by social development we shall mean the pace of progress as regards the distribution of income, the satisfaction of essential needs, balanced development and employment of human resources. The paper has two purposes (i) to provide valuable information for policy making in the area of growth and development, and (ii) to demonstrate the attractiveness and usefulness of working with the models we have developed. We shall rely exclusively on the results obtained from the planning models which were developed in collaboration with the Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, Islamabad and Erasmus University, Rotterdam Netherlands. Most of the past models which were developed for Pakistan served analytical purposes, were demonstrative in nature or were not updated. As a result, they are practically irrelevant for today's appraisal of future prospects. More recently, since 1980, a few models which have been updated regularly may turn out to have a future. In particular, among the macro models, PIDE's econometric model is the most widely publicised, cf. Naqvi et aL (1983). In the category of activity models one simple but handy model is available in Cohen, Havinga and Saleem (1985).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "The circular flow of income"

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Sumner, David. "Circular cylinders in cross-flow." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0027/NQ50265.pdf.

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Sumner, David 1969. "Circular cylinders in cross-flow." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35947.

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Small groups of circular cylinders of equal diameter, in tandem, side-by-side and staggered configurations, were investigated in steady mean cross-flow, and under conditions of an impulsive start, for Reynolds numbers from 500 to 6000. Experiments were conducted in water in three facilities, using flow visualization, hot-film anemometry and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The emphasis was on acquiring an improved physical understanding of the fluid behaviour, and the dynamics of the vortical structures in the flow, as the number of cylinders, the spacing between the cylinders, and the angle of incidence with respect to the oncoming flow, were varied.<br>For tandem cylinders in impulsively started flow, the development showed constrained streamwise growth and lateral expansion of the gap recirculation zones at small and intermediate pitch ratios. Under steady cross-flow conditions, reattachment of the free shear layers from the upstream cylinder, onto the surface of the downstream cylinder, was found to occur in an alternating, non-continuous, and non-simultaneous fashion, in a process synchronized with Karman vortex shedding from the downstream cylinder. Within the gap between the cylinders, bounded on either side by the reattaching shear layers, was found weakly rotating or stagnant fluid, with vorticity concentrations only near the points of reattachment.<br>The temporal development of the side-by-side configuration was dominated by strong flow through the gaps between the cylinders, rapid breakup of the recirculation zones behind the outer cylinders, gap vortex shedding, and the formation of a counter-rotating vortex pair in the combined wake. Under steady mean cross-flow conditions, the PIV vorticity data showed instantaneous variation in the base-bleed flows, the gap flow deflection angles and the vortex formation lengths. In the three-cylinder side-by-side configuration, vortex shedding frequency measurements were sensitive to the measurement location.<br>For the two-cylinder staggered configuration in steady cross-flow, nine flow patterns were identified, and processes of vortex pairing, enveloping, impingement and induced separation were observed. Some new insight was gained into previously published force coefficient and Strouhal number data, by considering the flow patterns responsible. The study revealed that vortex shedding frequencies are more properly associated with the individual shear layers, rather than with the individual cylinders.
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Hayder, Mir Mohammad Abu 1976. "Cross-flow past oscillating circular cylinders." Thesis, McGill University, 2008. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=115685.

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The cross-flow past a pair of equal-diameter circular cylinders, arranged in a staggered configuration, was investigated experimentally in a closed-circuit water tunnel at Reynolds numbers, based on the mean-flow velocity and the cylinder diameter, within the lower subcritical range. The wake formation process was studied employing dye-injection flow visualization and hot-film measurements. The main emphasis was placed on acquiring a physical understanding of the mechanisms leading to vortex shedding, and particularly on the effect of a forced oscillation transverse to the flow direction of either of the two cylinders. For comparison purposes, investigations were also carried out with both cylinders stationary.<br>Experimental results showed that, for a reasonably large angle of incidence, the flow in the wake of a stationary cylinder pair could be characterized by two distinct periodicities, each of which was dominant on one side of the wake. Furthermore, for lower Reynolds numbers (Re &lt; 1.0x10 4), there was an integral relationship between the two Strouhal numbers, but this integral relationship was no longer maintained for Re > 1.0x10 4. On the other hand, the flow around stationary cylinders for a small angle of incidence was characterized by a single Strouhal number, which remained approximately constant over the entire Reynolds number range.<br>For all the cylinder configurations investigated the wake flow patterns remained essentially the same as those of the corresponding static cases, when either of the two cylinders was forced to oscillate with a nondimensional forcing frequency less than approximately 0.10. However, beyond this value, the wake underwent considerable modification vis-a-vis when the cylinders were stationary, and the flow pattern within the wake was strongly dependent on the value of the forcing frequency. In particular, there were distinct regions of synchronization between the dominant wake periodicities and the cylinder oscillation; these synchronization regions involved sub- and superharmonics as well as fundamental synchronizations. With either upstream or downstream cylinder oscillation, the wake on the mean-flow side of the downstream cylinder synchronized with the shear layers separated from its outer surface, whereas synchronizations on the mean-flow side of the upstream cylinder were caused by the periodicities formed from the interaction of the other three shear layers.<br>The flow phenomena associated with the synchronizations were described in detail via flow visualization. The organization of the wake was strongly dependent on whether it was the upstream or downstream cylinder which was oscillating. The synchronized wake on the mean-flow side of the downstream cylinder at both lower and higher oscillation frequencies for upstream cylinder oscillation was observed to form either by the shedding of independent vortices or by the coalescence of two or more vortices. However, for downstream cylinder oscillation, although the synchronizations on this side of the wake at lower oscillation frequencies were caused by the shedding of independent vortices or by the coalescence of vortices, those at higher oscillation frequencies were the consequence of the coalescence of vortices only. For large incidence angles, the number of shear layers separated from the downstream cylinder which interacted with those separated from the upstream cylinder was critical in causing the synchronizations on the mean-flow side of the upstream cylinder.<br>In most cases, the flow for all the cylinder configurations traversed between the same patterns as those obtained when the cylinders were placed stationary at their minimum and maximum transverse spacings; but there were also some situations where the oscillation of either cylinder pushed the flow outside the regimes associated with the stationary configurations. The synchronization ranges obtained when the upstream or downstream cylinder was oscillating were different from each other, and these ranges were much wider than the corresponding synchronization ranges for a single oscillating cylinder. For two cylinders, an analysis of the fundamental synchronization showed that the frequency range over which this occurred was much broader for upstream cylinder oscillation than for downstream cylinder oscillation. Also, the fundamental synchronization ranges for downstream cylinder oscillation were closer to those for single cylinder oscillation in comparison to those for upstream cylinder oscillation.
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Gordon, David R. "Computational unsteady flow dynamics : oscillating flow about a circular cylinder." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/28053.

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Levold, Pål. "Viscous Flow Around Finite Lenght Circular Cylinder." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for marin teknikk, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-18641.

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Viscous flow around circular cylinders is a classical research topic in fluid dynamics with a vast amount of practical applications in the field of offshore marine technology. In the flow around cylinders of finite length, complex wake behaviours and coherent structures occur even at relatively low Reynolds numbers. An understanding of the nature and dynamics behind such behaviour could form a basis for improved designs and innovative solutions for offshore and subsea constructions.In the present study, flow around long finite cylinders at Re = 100 is investigated numerically using the incompressible Navier-Stokes Equations solver MGLET. To study the isolated flow near the free end, a cylinder with aspect ratio L/D = 50 is chosen. The flow over the free end gives rise to a wake consisting of two vortex shedding cells with different shedding frequencies; one small near the free end and one larger in the central region of the span. It is found that each vortex shed in the end cell bends horizontally and connects with the upstream vortex shed from the opposite side of the cylinder. The horizontal vortex shedding is found to give rise to a pair of trailing vortices in the time averaged flow.When a vortex is shed with a large phase difference between the two cells, the vortex is split and connects with other surrounding vortices. This phenomena is commonly referred to as vortex dislocations and occurs with the beat frequency, i.e. the difference between the two vortex shedding frequencies. It is found that this frequency can be detected in time histories of $u$ in the wake at the spanwise centre.A second configuration, consisting of a wall mounted cylinder with aspect ratio L/D = 25 is simulated in order to study the effect of introducing a no-slip surface. The effect on the end cell is found to be minimal, while the central cell shedding frequency is reduced. Comparisons with published data on a cylinder with aspect ratio L/D = 25 and two free ends shows that both the reduction of aspect ratio and the introduction of the no-slip boundary condition contributes to the reduced shedding frequency.
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Matko, T. I. R. "Two-phase flow in circular secondary sedimentation tanks." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1997. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/3920.

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The main objective of this work was to optimise a numerical model to predict the flow in circular secondary sedimentation tanks. The numerical models in the literature were reviewed and the new opportunities for research were identified. Single-phase flow characteristics of two circular sedimentation tanks were investigated using the CFD program, CFX-F3D. The flow in the circular clarifiers were modelled in two dimensions (axial and radial) and using the standard k-E turbulence model. Results indicated that a vertical inlet instead of a horizontal inlet did not improve the correlation with the experimental data in a pilot-scale tank. Modelling the diurnal variation in flow to a full-scale tank significantly improved the correlation with experimental data. The 'Eulerian multi-fluid' model in the program, CFX-F3D was modified to predict the flow in circular secondary sedimentation tanks. The model compared quite closely with the measured residence time of the effluent and return activated sludge (RAS) in a conventional secondary clarifier. The residence time of the effluent in another secondary clarifier with a turbulent jet, was over-predicted. The mean particle diameter in the model was found by comparing the numerical predictions with experimental data. The particle diameter was between 100 to 190 μm for the secondary clarifiers, which was in agreement with the experimental data in the literature. The flow patterns in the conventional secondary clarifier were affected by the particle density, particle diameter, axial slip velocity, colloids settling parameter, axial turbulent Prandtl number, inlet flow rate and inlet solids concentration. A 3-D simulation of the conventional secondary clarifier was in agreement with a 2-D simulation. Recommended values were given for all these parameters. However, the drag force between the phases was not formulated correctly and the water surface was modelled as a symmetry plane. Therefore, some more work is still required to make suitable modifications to the model.
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Fung, Ka Shuen. "Separated and reattaching flow on a circular cylinder." Thesis, Imperial College London, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339118.

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盧建弘 and Kin-wang Lo. "The flow dynamics of an asymmetric circular cylinder." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31235116.

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AlRefaie, Abdulaziz M. "Flow Control Around Circular Cylinder: Ventilation holes Method." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1260201547.

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Lo, Kin-wang. "The flow dynamics of an asymmetric circular cylinder /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17490741.

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Books on the topic "The circular flow of income"

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Pidd, M. Asymmetric vortex flow over circular cones. HMSO, 1991.

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Gordon, David R. Computational unsteady flow dynamics: Oscillating flow about a circular cylinder. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991.

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King, M. A. The cash flow corporate income tax. Economic and Research Council, Taxation, Incentives andthe Distribution of Income Programme, 1986.

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Lotshaw, John E. Numerical analysis of oscillating flow about a circular cylinder. Naval Postgraduate School, 1992.

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Falge, Eva. Circular flow: On the global economy of inequality : reader. Edited by Öffentliche Kunstsammlung Basel. Kunstmuseum Basel, 2019.

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David, Gottlieb, and Langley Research Center, eds. Spectral simulation of unsteady compressible flow past a circular cylinder. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Research Center, 1990.

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Hachette, Dominique. Flujo circular y cuentas nacionales. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Instituto de Economía, Oficina de Publicaciones, 1985.

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Hachette, Dominique. Flujo circular y cuentas nacionales. Pontifícia Universidad Católica de Chile, Instituto de Economía, Oficina de Publicaciones, 1994.

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Meade, Andrew J. Semidiscrete Galerkin modelling of compressible viscous flow past a circular cone at incidence. University of California, 1989.

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Pakistan. Circulars of income tax: Circular letters, notifications & departmental instructions. Mansoor Book House, 1987.

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Book chapters on the topic "The circular flow of income"

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Gilibert, Giorgio. "Circular Flow." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_477.

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Gilibert, Giorgio. "Circular Flow." In General Equilibrium. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19802-3_6.

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Gilibert, Giorgio. "Circular Flow." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_477-1.

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Gilibert, Giorgio. "Circular Flow." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_477-2.

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Reisman, David. "The Circular Flow." In Thomas Robert Malthus. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01956-3_8.

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Kuwajima, Kunihiro. "Stopped-Flow Circular Dichroism." In Circular Dichroism and the Conformational Analysis of Biomolecules. Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-2508-7_5.

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Wray, L. Randall. "Money in the Circular Flow." In Money in Motion. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24525-3_17.

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Zhang, Zhengji. "Flow Measurements in Circular Pipes." In LDA Application Methods. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13514-9_15.

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Reisman, David. "Circular Flow and Social Class." In Thomas Robert Malthus. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01956-3_9.

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Yang, Wenming. "Laminar Circular Flow of Ferrofluids." In Non-Equilibrium Ferrohydrodynamics. CRC Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003540342-8.

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Conference papers on the topic "The circular flow of income"

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Gebhardt, Marc, Eric Glende, and Martin Wolter. "Detection of Transformer Circular Flow Effects." In 2024 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies - Asia (ISGT Asia). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/isgtasia61245.2024.10876324.

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Di´az, M. Cortina, H. Boye, I. Hapke, J. Schmidt, Y. Staate, and Z. Zhekov. "Flow Boiling in Mini and Microchannels." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2004-2367.

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Flow boiling heat transfer characteristics of water and hydrocarbons in mini and microchannels are experimentally studied. Two different test section geometries are employed; a circular channel with a hydraulic diameter of 1500 μm, and rectangular channels with height values of 300–700 μm and a width of 10mm. In both facilities the fluid flows upwards and the test sections, made of the nickel alloy Inconel 600, are directly electrically heated. Thus the evaporation takes place under the defined boundary condition of constant heat flux. Mass fluxes between 25 and 350 kg/(m2s) and heat fluxes from 20 to 350 kW/m2 at an inlet pressure of 0.3 MPa are examined. Infrared thermography is applied to scan the outer wall temperatures. These allow the identification of different boiling regions, boiling mechanisms and the determination of the local heat transfer coefficients. Measurements are carried out in initial, saturated and post-dryout boiling regions. The experimental results in the region of saturated boiling are compared with available correlations and with a physically founded model developed for convective boiling.
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Cocchi, Lorenzo, Alessio Picchi, Bruno Facchini, et al. "Effect of Jet-to-Jet Distance and Pipe Position on Flow and Heat Transfer Features of Active Clearance Control Systems." In ASME Turbo Expo 2021: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2021-59158.

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Abstract The goal of the present work is to investigate the effect of supply pipe position on the heat transfer features of various active clearance control (ACC) geometries, characterized by different jet-to-jet distances. All geometries present 0.8 mm circular impingement holes arranged in a single row. The jets generated by such holes cool a flat target surface, which is replicated by a metal plate in the experimental setup. Measurements are performed using the steady-state technique, obtained by heating up the target plate thanks to an electrically heated Inconel foil applied on the side of the target opposite to the jets. Temperature is also measured on this side by means of an IR camera. Heat transfer is then evaluated thanks to a custom designed finite difference procedure, capable of solving the inverse conduction problem on the target plate. The effect of pipe positioning is studied in terms of pipe-to-target distance (from 3 to 11 jet diameters) and pipe orientation (i.e. rotation around its axis, from 0° to 40° with respect to target normal direction), while the investigated jet Reynolds numbers range from 6000 to 10000. The obtained results reveal that heat transfer is maximized for a given pipe-to-target distance, dependent on both jet-to-jet distance and target surface extension. Pipe rotation also affects the cooling features in a non-monotonic way, suggesting the existence of different flow regimes related to jet inclination.
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Andreini, Antonio, Riccardo Becchi, Bruno Facchini, Alessio Picchi, and Fabio Turrini. "Effect of Slot Injection and Effusion Array on the Liner Heat Transfer Coefficient of a Scaled Lean Burn Combustor With Representative Swirling Flow." In ASME Turbo Expo 2015: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2015-42587.

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International standards regarding polluting emissions from civil aircraft engines are becoming gradually even more stringent. Nowadays, the most prominent way to meet the target of reducing NOx emissions in modern aero-engine combustors is represented by lean burn technology. Swirl injectors are usually employed to provide the dominant flame stabilization mechanism coupled to high efficiency fuel atomization solutions. These systems generate very complex flow structures such as recirculations, vortex breakdown and processing vortex core, that affect the distribution and therefore the estimation of heat loads on the gas side of the liner as well as the interaction with the cooling system flows. The main purpose of the present work is to provide detailed measurements of Heat Transfer Coefficient (HTC) on the gas side of a scaled combustor liner highlighting the impact of the cooling flows injected through a slot system and an effusion array. Furthermore, for a deeper understanding of the interaction phenomena between gas and cooling flows, a standard 2D PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique has been employed to characterize the combustor flow field. The experimental arrangement has been developed within EU project LEMCOTEC and consists of a non-reactive three sectors planar rig installed in an open loop wind tunnel. Three swirlers, replicating the real geometry of a GE Avio PERM (Partially Evaporated and Rapid Mixing) injector technology, are used to achieve representative swirled flow conditions in the test section. The effusion geometry is composed by a staggered array of 1236 circular holes with an inclination of 30deg, while the slot exit has a constant height of 5mm. The experimental campaign has been carried out using a TLC (Thermochromic Liquid Crystals) steady state technique with a thin Inconel heating foil and imposing several cooling flow conditions in terms of slot coolant consumption and effusion pressure drop. A data reduction procedure has been developed to take into account the non-uniform heat generation and the heat loss across the liner plate. Results, in terms of 2D maps and averaged distributions of HTC have been supported by flow field measurements with 2D PIV technique focussed on the corner recirculation region.
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MA, Jianqi. "Research on income inequality and income flow based on mathematical statistics model." In Second International Conference on Statistics, Applied Mathematics, and Computing Science (CSAMCS 2022), edited by Shi Jin and Wanyang Dai. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2672776.

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ARUNIMA, R. S. "Leveraging life cycle assessment to enhance MSME supply chain sustainability: A case-based analysis on coir industry." In Mechanical Engineering for Sustainable Development. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21741/9781644903438-23.

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Abstract. Life cycle assessment (LCA) provides a comprehensive methodology for evaluating the environmental impacts of products and processes across their entire life cycle. This research applies LCA techniques to assess the sustainability of supply chain practices in coir (coconut fiber) industry. The coir industry in India is dominated by micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs), which account for over 90% of production units. Coir MSMEs provide livelihoods and income opportunities for millions engaged in the extraction, curing, spinning and weaving of coir fiber from coconut husks. However, the industry faces environmental challenges around energy and water use, emissions, and waste generation. The study utilizes a case study approach employing primary interviews, direct observations, archival records, and secondary LCA data to analyze the supply chains of coir product manufacturers. The key impact measures examined are carbon footprint, water consumption, energy use, and solid waste generation. The findings reveal several positive sustainability attributes including localized raw material sourcing under 50 km and existing adoption of renewables like biomass and solar energy for 30% of production needs. However, substantial hotspots are also identified such as reliance on freshwater extraction up to 50 liters per kg of finished product, predominant use of road transportation emitting up to 178 kg CO2 per day, and resource-intensive packaging materials like plastics and cardboard. The study demonstrates that while the coir industry supply chain has several sustainability strengths to build upon, considerable potential exists to improve environmental performance through greater adoption of renewables, energy and water efficiency, alternative transport modes, and circular resource flows. The LCA evidence can guide policy and managerial choices to transform coir production in India toward energy, water and emissions neutrality in line with national sustainable development objectives.
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Ferber, Uwe. "Circular flow land use management." In Virtual cities and territories. Department of Civil Engineering of the University of Coimbra and e-GEO, Research Center in Geography and Regional Planning of the Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities of the Nova University of Lisbon, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7829.

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Nakamura, Tomomichi, Hiroshi Haruguchi, Hiroyuki Nakajima, Toyohiro Sawada, and Kozo Sugiyama. "In-Flow Oscillation of Circular Cylinders in Cross-Flow." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26103.

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The importance of the in-flow oscillation of a single cylinder in cross-flow has been highlighted since an accident in a FBR-type reactor. In-flow oscillations have also been observed in tube arrays. This report is an experimental study on this phenomenon using totally nine cylinders in a water tunnel. Six cases, one single cylinder, two &amp; three cylinders in parallel &amp; in tandem, and a nine cylinder bundle, are examined. Every cylinder can move only in in-flow direction. The motion of cylinders is measured by the strain gages and by a high-speed digital video camera. The results are compared with the visualized vortex motion.
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Zhang, Ling, and Ramesh K. Agarwal. "Numerical Simulation of Flow past a Circular Arc and a Truncated Circular Cylinder in Transitional Flow." In 2018 AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-0820.

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Gutmark, E., and E. Gutmark. "Mixing enhancement in non-circular jets." In 4th Shear Flow Control Conference. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1997-1876.

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Reports on the topic "The circular flow of income"

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King, Mervyn. The Cash Flow Corporate Income Tax. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w1993.

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Chen, Shoei-Sheng. Flow-Induced Vibration of Circular Cylindrical Structures. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6331788.

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Welch, James F., James A. Hurley, Michael P. Glover, Ryan D. Nassimbene, and Marilyn R. Yetzbacher. Unsteady laminar flow in a circular tube :. National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.3963.

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Wogan, David, Mari Luomi, and Fatih Yilmaz. Southeast Asia and the Circular Carbon Economy: A Rapidly Developing Region. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2024-dp35.

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This KAPSARC Discussion Paper examines six major Southeast Asian economies’ progress and potential on the road to net-zero emissions, or carbon circularity. It does so by using the technology-neutral approach of the circular carbon economy (CCE) and the CCE Index, developed at KAPSARC to operationalize this concept for use in country comparisons. Analyzing the 2023 CCE Index, the paper shows how, overall, the region scores slightly higher than the global average and much higher than the middle-income average on combined CCE Performance and Enablers scores. The region’s countries rank in the middle third of countries. Singapore, the only high-income country in the group, consistently scores well across dimensions. The region generally scores low on the more costly or less accessible CCE technologies, namely carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS), clean hydrogen and nuclear energy, and there is a need for increased access to sustainable finance, technology, and knowledge to supplement the lack of domestic creation through universities, the private sector, and R&amp;D activities.
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Zeeuw van der Laan, Anouk, and Marco Aurisicchio. The Flow Mapper: A Tool to Model Solutions for the Circular Economy and Put Systems Thinking into Action. University of Limerick, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/10166.

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Southgate, Douglas. Alternatives for Habitat Protection and Rural Income Generation. Inter-American Development Bank, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008857.

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The key question the research in this paper tries to answer is whether those four activities truly represent a viable economic alternative in Latin America's environmentally fragile hinterlands. Several cases in each line of activity are analyzed to determine the level and distribution of the net financial returns they generate. Special attention was devoted to examining the degree to which net returns flow to local populations, as opposed to other economic agents. In general, examination of the rewards local populations can expect to derive from ecotourism and the harvesting of nontimber forest products suggests that allocating time and effort to those activities is unlikely to be very remunerative since unskilled labor is not particularly scarce in rural areas. In addition, little is to be gained by controlling access to natural resources, which for the most part are abundant. Moreover, making the sector-specific human capital and other investments needed for forest dwellers to capture more of the net returns from ecotourism, genetic prospecting, and so forth would probably not benefit them very much. Instead, furnishing them with education and training
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Yoon, SuJong. ECAR-5067 Computational Evaluation on Effect of Edge-rounding in Circular to Annular Flow Transitions within a Hexagonal Duct. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1735739.

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Muñoz Chávez, Anyi Milena, Lina Marcela Cárdenas Cleves, Luis Fernando Marmolejo Rebellón, and Ángela María Franco Calderón. Policy Brief No. 6. Community-based solid waste management as an income source in popular neighbourhoods. Universidad del Valle, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/policy-briefs.pb.06-eng.

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Traditionally, comprehensive habitat upgrading programmes have focused on building basic service infrastructure, but have neglected key aspects such as income generation based on solidarity processes, which are typical of self-built popular neighbourhoods. This Policy Brief argues that community-based solid waste management based on Zero Waste strategies may become a significant livelihood opportunity in popular neighbourhoods and proposes a series of recommendations in this regard. It should be highlighted that Zero Waste is not only understood as a strategy to improve income but also as a means to reduce health and environmental impacts associated with inappropriate waste management. This approach also allows contributions aimed at promoting the transition towards circular economy models that contribute to strengthening the social fabric in neighbourhoods where solidarity and mutual support have been key to advancing individual and collective projects.
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Aguila, Emma, and Raquel Fonseca. How Do Basic Income for Elderly Affect Health of Self-employed? CIRANO, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/zkrn4888.

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This study explores how basic income for elderly (non-contributory pension program) affects the health of self-employed and salaried workers differently, which is particularly interesting given the greater social protection and lower income volatility of the latter. The study uses a cluster-randomized controlled trial that provides supplemental incomes to adults aged 70 or older in two towns in Yucatan, Mexico, and compares the effects of supplemental income over two waves for Valladolid (where eligible individuals received a monthly income supplement throughout the analysis period) and Motul (a demographically matched control town). The results indicate that self-employed workers experience a decrease in anemia, an improvement in peak expiratory flow, and better health care use and well-being. In contrast, salaried workers' health outcomes show no significant effect from the program. The program improves food availability for both self-employed and salaried workers, but its impact on food availability is stronger for self-employed workers.
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Rivera, John Paolo, Mark Gerald Ruiz, and Ramona Maria Miral. Macroeconomic Prospects of the Philippines in 2024–2025: Toward Upper Middle-Income Status. Philippine Institute for Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.62986/dp2024.18.

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This is the lead chapter of the 2023–2024 Economic Policy Monitor (EPM) of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies. It examines the economic performance of the Philippines for 2023 and, at most, the third quarter of 2024. It presents the conditions driving global, regional, and national outlooks, projections on growth, consumer prices, and prospects coming into 2025—all of which are relevant to making informed household, enterprise, and policy decisions. As the economy moves towards a better normal, it faces challenges from persistent headwinds stemming from both internal and external factors. According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the economy grew by 5.6 percent in 2023, driven by growth in major sectors such as industry and services, while year-to-date headline inflation was recorded at 6.0 percent. Like previous EPM publications, this report also includes projected growth and inflation estimates for 2024 and 2025. It also considers the flow of funds from abroad, employment, financial conditions, use of public funds, and expected consumer and business expectations regarding the economy’s state of health. Building on the issues mentioned in previous macroeconomic prospects, this report underscores risks related to inflation, exchange rate movements, fiscal position, and the impact of external factors on national economic growth and development.
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