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Journal articles on the topic 'The externalization of environmental costs'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 May 2022

Last updated: 18 July 2025

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1

Muñoz, Lucio. "Sustainability thoughts 191: How to link cost externalization theory with Marxism threat theory to point out all possible types of Marxism threats to pure capitalism?" International Journal of Management Studies and Social Science Research 06, no. 02 (2024): 254–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.56293/ijmsssr.2024.4923.

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It can be said that liberal capitalism is the model that externalizes the social and environmental costs associated with economic market activity as it is an economy only model since traditional market thinking a la Adam Smith assumes externality neutrality assumptions when at work. It can be said that red Marxism is the model that externalizes the economic and environmental costs linked to social market activity as it is a socially only model since red socialism a la Karl Marx assumes too externality neutrality assumptions when functioning. The same way we can envision the cost externalization structures of green Marxism and of yellow Marxism as one model is the environment only model and the other model is the society and environment only model. Hence, the different Marxism threats to liberal capitalism are linked to specific cost externalization structures, which when effective they become the point of entry that lead to a flip from liberal market pricing structures to specific Marxism market pricing structures as this goes one to one with the flip in paradigm structures from liberal capitalism to different forms of Marxism. And this raises the question: How to link cost externalization theory with Marxism threat theory to point out all possible types of Marxism threats to pure capitalism? What are the implications of this? The goal of this paper is to provide answers to those questions.

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O'Bannon, C., J. Carr, D. A. Seekell, and P. D'Odorico. "Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, no. 2 (2014): 503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-503-2014.

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Abstract. Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water-scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce nitrogen concentrations from fertilizers and pesticides released into streams and aquifers to allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on international trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries, and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.

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O'Bannon, C., J. Carr, D. A. Seekell, and P. D'Odorico. "Globalization of agricultural pollution due to international trade." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 8 (2013): 11221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11221-2013.

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Abstract. Almost 90% of freshwater resources consumed globally are used to produce plant and animal commodities. Water scarce countries can balance their water needs by importing food from other countries. This process, known as virtual water transfer, represents the externalization of water use. The volume and geographic reach of virtual water transfers is increasing, but little is known about how these transfers redistribute the environmental costs of agricultural production. The grey water footprint quantifies the environmental costs of virtual water transfers. The grey water footprint is calculated as the amount of water necessary to reduce the concentrations of fertilizers and pesticides released in streams and aquifers to the allowed standards. We reconstructed the global network of virtual grey water transfers for the period 1986–2010 based on global trade data and grey water footprints for 309 commodities. We tracked changes in the structure of the grey water transfer network with network and inequality statistics. Pollution is increasing and is becoming more strongly concentrated in only a handful of countries. The global external grey water footprint, the pollution created by countries outside of their borders, increased 136% during the period. The extent of externalization of pollution is highly unequal between countries and most of this inequality is due to differences in social development status. Our results demonstrate a growing globalization of pollution due to virtual water transfers.

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Christians, Allison. "Policy Forum: Cross-Border and Multijurisdictional Issues in Carbon Taxation—Carbon Pricing and the Income Tax." Canadian Tax Journal/Revue fiscale canadienne 70, no. 1 (2022): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.32721/ctj.2022.70.1.pf.christians.

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Canada's federal carbon-pricing scheme and its subnational counterparts might not be sufficient to meet the target of net zero by 2050. In the meantime, carbon dioxide (CO<e3>2) emitters are allowed to profit by externalizing environmental costs and risks on to present and future taxpayers. When the income tax ignores these externalities, it implicitly subsidizes CO<e3>2-intensive activities relative to less harmful alternatives. In examining our carbon tax policy options, we ought to consider whether the externalization problem could be addressed within the income tax to ensure that the income tax system assists, rather than undermines, the net zero pledge.

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Robbins, Alicia S. T., and Stevan Harrell. "Paradoxes and Challenges for China's Forests in the Reform Era." China Quarterly 218 (April 7, 2014): 381–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014000344.

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AbstractChina's relatively recent dramatic increase in forest area has been hailed domestically and globally as one of the world's few environmental success stories, but significant problems remain in China's reforestation efforts. We describe the challenges that China still faces if it is to meet its laudable – but sometimes contradictory – goals for its forest sector: improving rural livelihoods, sustaining and restoring ecosystem services, and increasing output of the forest product-dependent manufacturing and construction sectors. We do so while pointing out the unintended consequences of implementing these policy goals: overstatement of the quantity and quality of the forest recovery, domestic human and ecological costs of the reforestation, and externalization of China's continually growing demand for timber and forest products in the form of increased imports from vulnerable forests in other parts of the world.

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6

Folkens, Lukas, Volker Wiedemer, and Petra Schneider. "Monetary Valuation and Internalization of Externalities in German Agriculture Using the Example of Nitrate Pollution: A Case-Study." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (2020): 6681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166681.

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Plants are dependent on nitrogen for their growth. However, if more plant nutrients are deposited than the plant can absorb, the excess nitrogen seeps into the soil where it accumulates as nitrate. About 74% of the drinking water produced in Germany comes from groundwater. The legal limit of 50 milligrams of nitrate per liter of fresh water is exceeded frequently in Germany, especially in agricultural areas. High levels of nitrate in drinking water can quickly lead to health issues, under certain conditions. The nitrate problem is omnipresent in Germany. However, studies which determine the externalized costs of nitrogen eutrophication are mostly missing. The present study closes this gap by combining the results of a transdisciplinary investigation from hydrological analyses and environmental-economic calculations. Water samples were taken from a deep well in Hauneck, which is a municipality in Hesse (Germany). Afterwards, an isotope analysis was carried out to determine the groundwater residence time and possible sources of nitrate. Thus, in addition to the sources of pollution, concrete social costs were determined, using a damage cost approach as well as an avoidance cost approach. For Hauneck, it was found that about 54% of the drinking water price is directly linked to the externalization of costs. These are borne via the principle of the common burden. In addition, the isotope investigations have shown that the removal of excess nitrate will continue for decades, which will lead to long term external costs. The paper reveals how the internalization of these costs can contribute to the conservation of water resources.

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7

Mwanza, Rosemary Mutheu. "Harnessing the transformative potential of the constitutional human right to a clean and healthy environment in the context of corporate environmental damage in Kenya: a critical perspective." Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 10, no. 2 (2019): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2019.02.04.

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Corporate environmental damage in Kenya manifests as a complex mix of humanitarian and ecological harms superimposed over serious environmental governance challenges. The existing legal framework is neither a sufficient deterrent to prevent the occurrence of harm, nor does it offer optimal remedies whenever harm occurs. The limitations inherent in law are primarily because laws are designed to reflect an economic rationality that prioritizes economic growth and profit maximization above all else. Even in cases where a causal relationship between such a rationality and the design of law cannot be ascertained, the limitations of law ultimately inure to the benefit of corporate perpetrators of harm. As a result, the law facilitates the externalization of the costs of environmental damage to the advantage of corporate perpetrators. The constitutional human right to a clean and healthy environment stands as law's response to this problem. Drawing on insights from critical theories of human rights, this article argues that the right can be an effective instrument against corporate environmental damage if it is construed in a manner that prioritizes maximum protection of the well-being of humans and ecosystems. Constructing the right in this way assumes that the new norm is itself a reflection of a new rationality, constituted by a set of values different from those that have played a predominant role in shaping legal and institutional responses to environmental damage so far. These values should guide courts, administrators and legislators in the exercise of their respective environmental protection duties.

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Pe'er, Guy, Jean-Baptiste Mihoub, Claudia Dislich, and Yiannis Matsinos. "Towards a different attitude to uncertainty." Nature Conservation 8 (October 9, 2014): 95–114. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.8.8388.

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The ecological literature deals with uncertainty primarily from the perspective of how to reduce it to acceptable levels. However, the current rapid and ubiquitous environmental changes, as well as anticipated rates of change, pose novel conditions and complex dynamics due to which many sources of uncertainty are difficult or even impossible to reduce. These include both uncertainty in knowledge (epistemic uncertainty) and societal responses to it. Under these conditions, an increasing number of studies ask how one can deal with uncertainty as it is. Here, we explore the question how to adopt an overall alternative attitude to uncertainty, which accepts or even embraces it. First, we show that seeking to reduce uncertainty may be counterproductive under some circumstances. It may yield overconfidence, ignoring early warning signs, policy- and societal stagnation, or irresponsible behaviour if personal certainty is offered by externalization of environmental costs. We then demonstrate that uncertainty can have positive impacts by driving improvements in knowledge, promoting cautious action, contributing to keeping societies flexible and adaptable, enhancing awareness, support and involvement of the public in nature conservation, and enhancing cooperation and communication. We discuss the risks of employing a certainty paradigm on uncertain knowledge, the potential benefits of adopting an alternative attitude to uncertainty, and the need to implement such an attitude across scales – from adaptive management at the local scale, to the evolving Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) at the global level.

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BROWN, CHRISTOPHER. "Economy as instituted process: the case of hard rock mining in the United States." Journal of Institutional Economics 14, no. 4 (2017): 579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174413741700025x.

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AbstractI examine the origin and development of institutions that assign and enforce rights to hard rock minerals located on federal lands in the United States. Hard rock mining gives a prime example of the ‘artificial selection’ of settled customs or working rules by jurists and legislators. The evolving structure of the industry, conditioned by technological and market factors, produced a parallel shift in the locus and control of sovereignty. In the early days sovereignty vested in the mining clubs. The enlarging scale and complexity of mining catalysed a change in both the uses and location of sovereignty. With the transition from prospecting to large-scale industrial mining, the ‘right to use’ mineral deposits obtained through patents became contingent on the cooperation of labour. At this stage, the capture of the state's monopoly on legitimate violence to protect the right to use became a crucial dimension of property. Mining companies have also enjoyed liberties with respect to the externalization of environmental costs. The emergent structure of rights, duties, capacities and exposures was instrumental in bringing forth a quantum increase in the mining of hard rock minerals necessary for industrial expansion. There is, however, an urgent need for reform of the mineral patent system.

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Rodrigues, Miguel, and António F. Tavares. "The same deep water as you? The impact of alternative governance arrangements of water service delivery on efficiency." Journal of Strategic Contracting and Negotiation 3, no. 2 (2017): 78–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2055563617728744.

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This work contributes to the literature on water governance by attempting to provide an answer to the question of what are the differences in efficiency of alternative governance arrangements of water utilities. We test hypotheses derived from property rights, principal–agent, and transaction costs theories using a comprehensive database of 260 water utility systems provided by the Portuguese Regulatory Authority of Water and Waste Services. Using endogenous switching regression models estimated through maximum likelihood, the study is designed in two steps. First, we investigate differences in efficiency between in-house options and externalization and find that in-house solutions as a set (direct provision and municipal companies) are more efficient than externalization options (mixed companies and concessions). Second, we test differences in efficiency within both in-house and externalization solutions, and fail to find statistically significant differences in efficiency between in-house bureaucracies and municipal companies and between mixed companies and concessions.

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11

Payaro, Andrea, and Anna Rita Papa. "Logistics Outsourcing: Why Do Not Some Italian SMEs Adopt the Externalization?" Asian Business Research 2, no. 2 (2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20849/abr.v2i2.164.

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Logistics is a one of the common function that companies usually outsourced. The decision to keep this function in-house or contract with one or many third-party logistics (3PL) companies is entirely strategic and can dramatically impact any organization's bottom line. 3PL users report an average of 44% of their total logistics expenditures are related to outsourcing. 72% of firms are increasing their use of outsourced logistics services in 2015, which is up slightly from the average reported in recent years. Most developed outsourcing logistics market belongs to the U.S. with 88%. It is followed by Asia 48%, and Europe – 46% (O’Reilly, 2010). In Italy some industries can reach the 70%, in particular food, groceries and fashion (Osservatorio Contract Logistics del Politecnico di Milano). There are many researches about logistics and large enterprises. There are less studies about Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and logistics outsourcing. SMEs play a major role in the Italian economic system. Their business activities have become an important component of the Italian economy.This paper aims to depict the adoption level of outsourcing by Italian SMEs. By direct interviews to 28 companies’ representatives we investigate which services or processes are outsourced. We investigate the reasons why companies adopt or don’t adopt the externalization. Moreover, for every company we calculate the logistics costs of simple logistics processes. In effect, we wish to compare the logistics costs communicated by the firms and the same costs calculated with ABC (Activity Based Cost) model. This research demonstrate that SMEs adopt 3PLs only for transportation. SMEs do not know all the logistics services offered by 3PLs and SMEs think the services are dedicated only to large enterprises. Finally, many companies are not able to calculate logistics costs, then they cannot compare a 3PL offer with their real costs.

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PAKSOY, H. Mustafa, and Gümrah Can BAŞDAĞ. "The Neccessity of Externalization of Costs of Syrian Refugees (The Case of Turkey)." Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences 18, no. 3 (2019): 1113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21547/jss.410881.

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13

Min, Aram, and Ji-Hyun Lee. "A Conceptual Framework for the Externalization of Ecological Wisdom: The Case of Traditional Korean Gardens." Sustainability 11, no. 19 (2019): 5298. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11195298.

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With the continuous effort for a harmonious coexistence with nature in human settlement, theories for ecological design and urban sustainability are proposed and developed. However, in 2014, a new concept called ‘ecological wisdom’ was proposed with the baseline that knowledge of ecological design should be gained from past sustained examples as ecological design problem spaces are unbounded. How can ecological wisdom from designs be acquired for reuse? The purpose of this research is to propose a conceptual framework for the acquisition of ecological wisdom and develop a detailed externalization methodology (a process of making tacit knowledge into explicit knowledge). Then, to see if it works or not, the methodology is applied to private Korean gardens of the Joseon Dynasty, which are renowned for being ‘naturalistic’. First, references from knowledge management (KM) are reviewed to claim that externalization step is necessary for the knowledge cycle of ecological wisdom. Then, for externalization, four steps are presented: (1) Case definition; (2) case deconstruction into geometric data and environmental data; (3) similarity calculation for each data types; and (4) matrix correlation between similarity matrices from geometric data and similarity matrices from environmental data. When the above externalization method is applied to 35 cases of private Korean gardens, yearly average temperature and proximity to the nearest river were the most correlated natural factors in terms of architectural spatial relationship in Korean gardens.

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DeLisi, Matt, Dennis E. Reidy, Mark H. Heirigs, Jennifer J. Tostlebe, and Michael G. Vaughn. "Psychopathic costs: a monetization study of the fiscal toll of psychopathy features among institutionalized delinquents." Journal of Criminal Psychology 8, no. 2 (2018): 112–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-07-2017-0031.

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Purpose That psychopathy imposes substantial societal costs and economic burden is axiomatic, but monetization studies have overlooked cost estimates of the disorder. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach Drawing on a near census of institutionalized delinquents from Missouri, the current study devised new crime cost measures for self-reported offending. Findings Youth imposed $30 million in total costs annually in large part due to extensive involvement in robbery, theft, and assault. The most criminally active youth imposed costs in excess of $700 million. Psychopathy features were differentially correlated with crime costs. APSD-SR callous-unemotional traits, mPPI-SF Blame Externalization, mPPI-SF Machiavellian Egocentricity, and mPPI-SF Social Potency were significantly associated with between four and five crime costs. Psychopathic traits associated with ruthless self-interest, callousness, and expectations to control and dominate others manifest in diverse ways including serious violence and repeated property crime. Other features such as mPPI-SF Impulsive Nonconformity, mPPI-SF Stress Immunity, mPPI-SF Coldheartedness, mPPI-SF Carefree Nonplanfulness, mPPI-SF Fearlessness, APSD-SR Impulsivity, and APSD-SR Narcissism had limited associations with crime costs. Originality/value To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first monetization study to quantify the effects of assorted psychopathy features on crime costs.

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Dawson, Jaz. "The externalization of Australian refugee policy and the costs for queer asylum seekers and refugees." Australian Journal of International Affairs 74, no. 3 (2020): 322–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2020.1744519.

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Kim, Hyoung Joo, and Ju Lie Lee. "Problem behaviors of Early Childhood, health of mother's family of origin, differentiation of self, Marital Conflict structural relationship between." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 12 (2022): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.12.83.

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Objectives The purpose of this study is to reveal the structure and influence between the mother's role in the family-of-origin health, mother's differentiation of self, marital conflict, and problem behavior of early childhood. Methods For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed to 435 children attending early childhood education institutions located in S and G to measure the variables of childhood child problem behavior, mother's family-of-Origin health, mother's differentiation of self, and marital conflict. In the structural equation model, the independent variable was the mother's family-of-Origin health as the mediating variable, differentiation of self and marital conflict dependent variables were selected as the externalization problem behavior and internalization problem behavior of early children. Results Mothers’ family-of-Origin health had a positive effect on the level of mother’s differentiation of self, and mother’s differentiation of self had a negative effect on children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Couple conflict had a positive effect on the externalization and internalization problem behaviors of children in early childhood. Mothers' family-of-Origin health fully mediated the level of mother's differentiation of self in the externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors of children in early childhood. In addition, it was found that marital conflict and mother differentiation of self between the and the externalization and internalization problem behaviors of the infant children had an indirect effect on the externalization and internalization problem behavior of early childhood. Conclusions For this reason, it was verified that differentiation of self in the mother is an important factor in preventing and reducing problem behavior of early childhood, Based on the results of this study, various measures were sought to prevent and reduce problem behavior of early childhood. 

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Kim, Hyoung Joo, and Ju Lie Lee. "Problem behaviors of Early Childhood, health of mother's family of origin, differentiation of self, Marital Conflict structural relationship between." Korean Association For Learner-Centered Curriculum And Instruction 22, no. 12 (2022): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22251/jlcci.2022.22.12.85.

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Objectives The purpose of this study is to reveal the structure and influence between the mother's role in the family-of-origin health, mother's differentiation of self, marital conflict, and problem behavior of early childhood. Methods For this purpose, a questionnaire was distributed to 435 children attending early childhood education institutions located in S and G to measure the variables of childhood child problem behavior, mother's family-of-Origin health, mother's differentiation of self, and marital conflict. In the structural equation model, the independent variable was the mother's family-of-Origin health as the mediating variable, differentiation of self and marital conflict dependent variables were selected as the externalization problem behavior and internalization problem behavior of early children. Results Mothers’ family-of-Origin health had a positive effect on the level of mother’s differentiation of self, and mother’s differentiation of self had a negative effect on children’s externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors. Couple conflict had a positive effect on the externalization and internalization problem behaviors of children in early childhood. Mothers' family-of-Origin health fully mediated the level of mother's differentiation of self in the externalizing and internalizing problem behaviors of children in early childhood. In addition, it was found that marital conflict and mother differentiation of self between the and the externalization and internalization problem behaviors of the infant children had an indirect effect on the externalization and internalization problem behavior of early childhood. Conclusions For this reason, it was verified that differentiation of self in the mother is an important factor in preventing and reducing problem behavior of early childhood, Based on the results of this study, various measures were sought to prevent and reduce problem behavior of early childhood. 

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18

Aspan, Nikoletta, Peter Vida, Julia Gadoros, and Jozsef Halasz. "Conduct Symptoms and Emotion Recognition in Adolescent Boys with Externalization Problems." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/826108.

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Background. In adults with antisocial personality disorder, marked alterations in the recognition of facial affect were described. Less consistent data are available on the emotion recognition in adolescents with externalization problems. The aim of the present study was to assess the relation between the recognition of emotions and conduct symptoms in adolescent boys with externalization problems.Methods. Adolescent boys with externalization problems referred to Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital participated in the study after informed consent (N=114, 11–17 years, mean = 13.4). The conduct problems scale of the strengths and difficulties questionnaire (parent and self-report) was used. The performance in a facial emotion recognition test was assessed.Results. Conduct problems score (parent and self-report) was inversely correlated with the overall emotion recognition. In the self-report, conduct problems score was inversely correlated with the recognition of anger, fear, and sadness. Adolescents with high conduct problems scores were significantly worse in the recognition of fear, sadness, and overall recognition than adolescents with low conduct scores, irrespective of age and IQ.Conclusions.Our results suggest that impaired emotion recognition is dimensionally related to conduct problems and might have importance in the development of antisocial behavior.

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19

Bickel, Peter, Stephan Schmid, and Rainer Friedrich. "Environmental Costs." Research in Transportation Economics 14 (January 2005): 185–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0739-8859(05)14007-4.

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20

Lee, JungEun, Heontae Shin, and Yeonseob Ha. "Effectiveness of Bill Cost Estimates: Focusing on the Externalization of Legislative Costs and the Incompleteness of Information." Korean Public Administration Review 58, no. 4 (2024): 141–67. https://doi.org/10.18333/kpar.58.4.141.

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21

Loehr, Dirk. "The hidden rent-seeking capacity of corporations." International Journal of Social Economics 41, no. 9 (2014): 820–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-02-2013-0048.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to develop the hypothesis that corporations are a particularly suitable instrument for rent seeking. Benefits are reaped by powerful companies, whereas a great deal of the costs is passed on to weakly organized groups. Design/methodology/approach – The paper develops and substantiates the hypothesis theoretically and gives some indications. Moreover, a case study is added which refers to the German electricity market. Findings – Equity seems to be indispensable to get access to land and other assets with similar characteristics as land. At the same time, profits appear to reflect the rent-earning capacity of the company's assets. High land rents stimulate investment intensity, and corporations can collect the necessary funds. The flip-side of rents is often the externalization of costs. Also, due to their limited liability, corporations externalize risks. Originality/value – The paper provides a rationale for the common criticism of corporations, which is based on the reflection of equity as the key to land (in a broad sense) and (land) rents as the core of profits. If the findings hold true, corporations should be subject to particular regulatory observation. In particular, the corporate constitution of corporations and the taxation framework should try to get a better coupling of benefits and costs.

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Shifrin, Neil S., Bryan S. Pitts, and Aaron C. Chow. "Estimating Environmental Costs." Environmental Claims Journal 27, no. 1 (2015): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2014.986404.

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Cai, Guo Min. "Research on Impact of Medical People Based on Cloud SECI Accounting Theory." Advanced Materials Research 971-973 (June 2014): 2368–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.971-973.2368.

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Mode cloud accounting environment will have a profound impact on people's psychological and behavioral accounting. Introduction of SECI theory, respectively, from the grouping, externalization, integration, within the perspective of the impact of the four cloud accounting person in the organization of social ability, initiative, collaboration capabilities and strategic thinking ability, constructed based on SECI cloud accounting theory impact analysis model accounting people and provide suggestions and strategies to build good environmental accounting under cloud accounting behavior.

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Tariq, Saima, Syed Ali Raza Naqvi, Sumaira Naz, et al. "Dose-Dependent Internalization and Externalization Integrity Study of Newly Synthesized 99mTc-Thymoquinone Radiopharmaceutical as Cancer Theranostic Agent." Dose-Response 18, no. 2 (2020): 155932582091418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820914189.

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Thymoquinone (TQ) is a bioactive phytochemical isolated from Nigella sativa and has been investigated for biochemical and biological activities in both in vitro and in vivo models. It is best known for its anticancer activities. Thymoquinone accomplishes anticancer activities through targeting multiple cancer markers including PPAR-γ, PTEN, P53, P73, STAT3, and generation of reactive oxygen species at the cancer cell surface. The radiolabeling of TQ with γ- and β-emitter radionuclide could be used as cancer diagnostic or therapeutic radiopharmaceutical, respectively. In this study, we are reporting the radiolabeling of TQ with technetium-99m (99mTc), stability in saline and blood serum, internalization and externalization of 99mTc-TQ using rhabdomyosarcoma cancer cells line. The quality control study revealed more than 95% labeling yield and stable in blood serum up to 4 hours. In vitro internalization rate was recorded 27.08% ± 0.95% at 1 hour post 2 hours internalization period and comparatively slow externalization. The results of this study are quite encourging and could be investigated for further key preclinical parameters to enter phase I clinical trials.

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Seifert, Franz. "MEASURING THE EUROPEANIZATION OF THE ANTI-GM MOVEMENT: EVIDENCE FROM FIVE EU COUNTRIES*." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 22, no. 3 (2017): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/1086-671x-20-3-363.

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This study investigates the Europeanization of the anti-GM movement. Drawing on a quantitative protest event analysis that covers the period from 1995 to 2009 in Austria, France, Germany, Spain, and the UK, as well as in the sub-, supra- and transnational spheres (N = 1,865), it compares four pathways to Europeanization: domestication, externalization, supranationalization, and transnational pressure. It explains the relative prominence of these pathways through a general theory of movement behavior that is based on transaction costs and contextual opportunities and on the specifics of the EU's GM policy domain. It then examines alternatives to these standard predictions. While Europeanization is a multilevel process entailing national, sub-, supra- and transnational arenas, nation states remain the key arenas of movement for Europeanization, which is reinforced by the contentious nature of the GM policy domain. While grassroots actors show a certain tendency towards transnational activism, only well-resourced, professional actors exploit opportunities at all levels.

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Podolskaya, T., G. V. Kravchenko, and Kh Shatila. "Environmental crisis effect on environmental costs." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 937, no. 2 (2021): 022036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/937/2/022036.

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Abstract Environmental management accounting is a mechanism for determining and evaluating, and incorporating these cost and benefit in the day-to-day business decision making, the full spectrum of environmental costs of current production processes and the economic benefits of contamination prevention, or cleaner processes. In practice, the past 10 years have acquired significance from corporate accounting, which is the most prominent part of cost accounting. Limits were widely acknowledged of conventional financial and cost accounting techniques reflecting companies’ sustainability efforts and providing management with necessary information for sustainable business choices. Information on companies’ environmental performance may be somewhat accessible, but both domestic decision makers and those at the level of public authorities are seldom able to connect environmental information with economic variables and are essentially deprived of environmental cost information. Decision makers do thus not recognize the economic worth of natural resources as asset and the commercial and financial benefit of excellent environmental performance. Beyond ‘goodwill’ efforts, there are a number of market-based incentives for integration with decision making of environmental issues. This article provides an outline of environmental management methods and we evaluate environmental costs in terms of current economic crisis.

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Indriani, Risma, Yessy Yanitasari, and Dedih Dedih. "KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH MENGGUNAKAN SOCIALIZATION, EXTERNALIZATION, COMBINATION, INTERNALIZATION MODEL." INTI Nusa Mandiri 19, no. 1 (2024): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33480/inti.v19i1.4251.

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Garbage is an environmental problem that cannot be avoided, changes in human lifestyles cause an increase in the volume of waste, various ways are carried out to overcome the increase in the volume of waste, one of which is the Reduce, Reuse, Recycle (3R) technique which plays an important role in waste processing and can change waste. to be artistic and economical, to share knowledge about waste management requires a container that can accommodate and share knowledge. In this study, a Knowledge Management System (KMS) was developed using the Knowledge Management Life Cycle (KMSLC) method and capturing knowledge using the Sosialization Externalization Combination Internalization (SECI) model. The results of this study are web-based applications that can accommodate, add and share knowledge in the form of tacit and explicit and change the knowledge formed from the results of individual interactions into documented knowledge which is expected to help organizations manage all knowledge and develop it so that it can improve the abilities and knowledge of members organization for waste management.

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Müller, Simone M. "Hidden Externalities: The Globalization of Hazardous Waste." Business History Review 93, no. 1 (2019): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007680519000357.

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This article focuses on chemical retailers Jack and Charles Colbert to, first, show the externalization processes linked to the greening of U.S. industry through stricter consumer and environmental protection regulations and, second, illustrate the limitations of nationally framed environmentalism targeting businesses in a global market. Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, the Colberts traded chemicals that the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency had banned for use in the United States. They exported them legally to countries where the material was still a permitted commodity—primarily in the global South. Rare interview material illustrates how the exporters justified their unequal business deals by misappropriating the meaning of recycling.

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29

Hill, R., and A. E. Baumann. "Environmental costs of photovoltaics." IEE Proceedings A Science, Measurement and Technology 140, no. 1 (1993): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-a-3.1993.0013.

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30

Jasch, Christine. "What are environmental costs?" Social and Environmental Accountability Journal 20, no. 1 (2000): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0969160x.2000.9651624.

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31

Ahmed Hussein, Muawya. "Costs of environmental degradation." Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal 19, no. 3 (2008): 305–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777830810866437.

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32

Mlinarić, Martin, Michael Schreuders, Laura Graen, and Stephan Lessenich. "Transnational tobacco companies and the mechanism of externalization: A realist synthesis." Health & Place 61 (January 2020): 102240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102240.

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33

Beyers, William B., and David P. Lindahl. "EXPLAINING THE DEMAND FOR PRODUCER SERVICES: IS COST-DRIVEN EXTERNALIZATION THE MAJOR FACTOR?" Papers in Regional Science 75, no. 3 (2005): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1996.tb00669.x.

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34

Danial, Ahmad, Lidya Primta Surbakti, and Ali Tafriji Biswan. "Environmental cost analysis to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental activity control." Jurnalku 5, no. 2 (2025): 134–47. https://doi.org/10.54957/jurnalku.v5i2.1546.

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This study aims to analyze the environmental costs incurred by PT Perusahaan Gas Negara Tbk. in controlling environmental activities from 2019 to 2023 and assess the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental cost control. The environmental costs analyzed consist of prevention costs, detection costs, internal failure costs, and external failure costs. The research method used is a qualitative analysis with a content analysis approach to the sustainability reports published by the company. The results show that although the company has implemented environmental activity control, the effectiveness of this control is still suboptimal, especially in 2022, where there was a significant increase in costs related to environmental management to comply with the PROPER policy. However, in overall, environmental cost control has been efficient, as indicated by the relatively small ratio of environmental costs to total operational costs. This study provides insights for the company to improve the effectiveness of environmental cost management, focusing on enhancing preventive activities to reduce failure costs that could harm the company in the future.

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35

Lovegrove, B. G. "Cool sperm: why some placental mammals have a scrotum." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, no. 5 (2014): 801–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13450823.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Throughout the Cenozoic, the fitness benefits of the scrotum in placental mammals presumably outweighed the fitness costs through damage, yet a definitive hypothesis for its evolution remains elusive. Here, I present an hypothesis (Endothermic Pulses Hypothesis) which argues that the evolution of the scrotum was driven by Cenozoic pulses in endothermy, that is, increases in normothermic body temperature, which occurred in Boreotheria (rodents, primates, lagomorphs, carnivores, bats, lipotyphylans and ungulates) in response to factors such as cursoriality and climate adaptation. The model argues that stabilizing selection maintained an optimum temperature for spermatogenesis and sperm storage throughout the Cenozoic at the lower plesiomorphic levels of body temperature that prevailed in ancestral mammals for at least 163 million years. Evolutionary stasis may have been driven by reduced rates of germ-cell mutations at lower body temperatures. Following the extinction of the dinosaurs at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary 65.5 mya, immediate pulses in endothermy occurred associated with the dramatic radiation of the modern placental mammal orders. The fitness advantages of an optimum temperature of spermatogenesis outweighed the potential costs of testes externalization and paved the way for the evolution of the scrotum. The scrotum evolved within several hundred thousand years of the K-Pg extinction, probably associated initially with the evolution of cursoriality, and arguably facilitated mid- and late Cenozoic metabolic adaptations to factors such as climate, flight in bats and sociality in primates.

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36

Lovegrove, B. G. "Cool sperm: why some placental mammals have a scrotum." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, no. 5 (2014): 801–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13450823.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Throughout the Cenozoic, the fitness benefits of the scrotum in placental mammals presumably outweighed the fitness costs through damage, yet a definitive hypothesis for its evolution remains elusive. Here, I present an hypothesis (Endothermic Pulses Hypothesis) which argues that the evolution of the scrotum was driven by Cenozoic pulses in endothermy, that is, increases in normothermic body temperature, which occurred in Boreotheria (rodents, primates, lagomorphs, carnivores, bats, lipotyphylans and ungulates) in response to factors such as cursoriality and climate adaptation. The model argues that stabilizing selection maintained an optimum temperature for spermatogenesis and sperm storage throughout the Cenozoic at the lower plesiomorphic levels of body temperature that prevailed in ancestral mammals for at least 163 million years. Evolutionary stasis may have been driven by reduced rates of germ-cell mutations at lower body temperatures. Following the extinction of the dinosaurs at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary 65.5 mya, immediate pulses in endothermy occurred associated with the dramatic radiation of the modern placental mammal orders. The fitness advantages of an optimum temperature of spermatogenesis outweighed the potential costs of testes externalization and paved the way for the evolution of the scrotum. The scrotum evolved within several hundred thousand years of the K-Pg extinction, probably associated initially with the evolution of cursoriality, and arguably facilitated mid- and late Cenozoic metabolic adaptations to factors such as climate, flight in bats and sociality in primates.

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37

Lovegrove, B. G. "Cool sperm: why some placental mammals have a scrotum." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, no. 5 (2014): 801–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13450823.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Throughout the Cenozoic, the fitness benefits of the scrotum in placental mammals presumably outweighed the fitness costs through damage, yet a definitive hypothesis for its evolution remains elusive. Here, I present an hypothesis (Endothermic Pulses Hypothesis) which argues that the evolution of the scrotum was driven by Cenozoic pulses in endothermy, that is, increases in normothermic body temperature, which occurred in Boreotheria (rodents, primates, lagomorphs, carnivores, bats, lipotyphylans and ungulates) in response to factors such as cursoriality and climate adaptation. The model argues that stabilizing selection maintained an optimum temperature for spermatogenesis and sperm storage throughout the Cenozoic at the lower plesiomorphic levels of body temperature that prevailed in ancestral mammals for at least 163 million years. Evolutionary stasis may have been driven by reduced rates of germ-cell mutations at lower body temperatures. Following the extinction of the dinosaurs at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary 65.5 mya, immediate pulses in endothermy occurred associated with the dramatic radiation of the modern placental mammal orders. The fitness advantages of an optimum temperature of spermatogenesis outweighed the potential costs of testes externalization and paved the way for the evolution of the scrotum. The scrotum evolved within several hundred thousand years of the K-Pg extinction, probably associated initially with the evolution of cursoriality, and arguably facilitated mid- and late Cenozoic metabolic adaptations to factors such as climate, flight in bats and sociality in primates.

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38

Lovegrove, B. G. "Cool sperm: why some placental mammals have a scrotum." Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27, no. 5 (2014): 801–14. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13450823.

Full text

Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Throughout the Cenozoic, the fitness benefits of the scrotum in placental mammals presumably outweighed the fitness costs through damage, yet a definitive hypothesis for its evolution remains elusive. Here, I present an hypothesis (Endothermic Pulses Hypothesis) which argues that the evolution of the scrotum was driven by Cenozoic pulses in endothermy, that is, increases in normothermic body temperature, which occurred in Boreotheria (rodents, primates, lagomorphs, carnivores, bats, lipotyphylans and ungulates) in response to factors such as cursoriality and climate adaptation. The model argues that stabilizing selection maintained an optimum temperature for spermatogenesis and sperm storage throughout the Cenozoic at the lower plesiomorphic levels of body temperature that prevailed in ancestral mammals for at least 163 million years. Evolutionary stasis may have been driven by reduced rates of germ-cell mutations at lower body temperatures. Following the extinction of the dinosaurs at the Cretaceous–Palaeogene boundary 65.5 mya, immediate pulses in endothermy occurred associated with the dramatic radiation of the modern placental mammal orders. The fitness advantages of an optimum temperature of spermatogenesis outweighed the potential costs of testes externalization and paved the way for the evolution of the scrotum. The scrotum evolved within several hundred thousand years of the K-Pg extinction, probably associated initially with the evolution of cursoriality, and arguably facilitated mid- and late Cenozoic metabolic adaptations to factors such as climate, flight in bats and sociality in primates.

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39

Hariwibowo, Ignatius Novianto. "Uncovering the hidden costs by evaluating ecological costs." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 24, no. 1 (2021): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24914/jeb.v24i1.3362.

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This study aims to calculate the environmental costs of a sugar cane producer. Worsening environmental problems have required the company to implement environmental management practices. Nevertheless, the results of these environmental management practices need to be evaluated by comparing its ecological costs (eco-costs) as the external costs with costs allocated by the company to manage the environment. Accordingly, this study employs the case study at a cane sugar producing company located in Yogyakarta Specific Region Province. Furthermore, we combine two environmental cost calculation methods, namely the Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. The EMA approach seeks to identify prevention and compensation costs. Meanwhile, the LCA approach is used to calculate eco-costs. We convert the eco-cost values based on the values from the table of ecological cost values at www.ecocostsvalue.com. The results of this study show that the company incur environmental impact costs much greater than its prevention and compensation costs. These findings indicate that the company has not incorporated hidden environmental costs in its environmental management.

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40

TUNCEZ, Hacı Arif, and Bilal ERDEM. "ENVIRONMENT ACCOUNTING AND ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS." INTERNATIONAL REFEREED JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ECONOMICS MANAGEMENT, no. 10 (December 30, 2016): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17373/uheyad.20161024414.

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41

Bradbury, Jane. "Environmental Costs of Personal Computers." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, no. 3 (2004): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868227.

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42

Bowman, Carly. "The environmental costs of femininity." Ekistics and The New Habitat 71, no. 424-426 (2004): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.53910/26531313-e200471424-426226.

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The author graduated in 2004 with an Honours Bachelor of Arts from the University of Toronto. Specializing in "Environment and Society" in the Division of the Environment, her senior thesis constituted the foundation for the present paper reflecting her interests in sustainability, feminism, history, politics and popular culture. She is currently preparing for graduate study in the field of urban planning. The text that follows is an edited and revised version of her paper presented at the international symposion on "The Natural City, " Toronto, 23-25 June, 2004, sponsored by the University of Toronto's Division of the Environment, Institute for Environmental Studies, and the World Society for Ekistics.

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43

de Boo, Abram J. "Costs of integrated environmental control." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 10, no. 1 (1993): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-1993-10103.

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44

Weidman, Stephanie M., Carol N. Welsh, and Lawrence N. Bonino. "Accounting for Environmental Remediation Costs." Business and Professional Ethics Journal 13, no. 1 (1994): 147–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/bpej1994131/23.

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45

Darmstadter, Joel. "Environmental costs of subsidies oversimplified." Nature 393, no. 6686 (1998): 618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/31327.

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46

Gentry, Bradford S., and Alan P. Vollmann. "Environmental Costs: Making Lenders Liable." Review of European Community and International Environmental Law 1, no. 4 (1992): 422–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9388.1992.tb00069.x.

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47

Imbrecht, C. "Procedures for internalizing environmental costs." IEEE Power Engineering Review 13, no. 4 (1993): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mper.1993.207004.

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48

Jo, Hoje, Hakkon Kim, and Kwangwoo Park. "Environmental Costs and Firm Value." Asia-Pacific Journal of Financial Studies 45, no. 6 (2016): 813–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajfs.12153.

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49

KOMATSU, Toshio, and Mitsuo TAKEZAWA. "ENVIRONMENTAL COSTS OF HYDROPOWER PLANTS." Proceedings of the Symposium on Global Environment 14 (2006): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proge.14.41.

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50

Davidar;, P., and N. K. Mondal. "Indian Neutrino Detector: Environmental Costs." Science 323, no. 5920 (2009): 1427b—1429b. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.323.5920.1427b.

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