Academic literature on the topic 'Thy Urwin'

In this article I examine Rokkan-Urwin centre-periphery model, which is used to analysis of interstate relations. This model, developed in the 70s has been used to describe and explain interregional differences and inequalities. Point of departure of Rokkan and Urwin was the analysis of regional potential. Final aim was to focus on political mobilization in different regions in the context of the local policies. My paper changes the level of analysis into interstate relations. My aim is to identify the processes of peripheralization of regions and states in Europe and to answer the question of ability to overcome peripheral status in the international system.

Abstract: Diabetic mellitus is a metabolic disease, with type I and II. Diabetic mellitus is chronic and caused many organs complication. Diabetic nephrophathy is one of the manifestation of kidney complicattion that can caused the end stage of renal disease, and would need dyalisys therapy. The simple laboratory examination are urinay glucose test and protein urin test.The aim of this study to determine the purpose proteinuria and glucose urine of diabetic mellitus patient in Persadia of RSU St. Antonius. This is a cross sectional study, with purposive sampling. The proteinuria test and urine glucose by strip rapid test. This study was on Mei-November 2016. The 40 diabetic mellitus patient had participated. This study found 8 (20%) urin samples were protein urine positive 1, and 32 were negative. Urine glucose examination results 31 people negative, positive 1 in 5 people and positive 4 on 4 people. In type II DM patients found proteinuria and glucose in the urine, so patients with positive proteinuria should check again in 3-6 months to monitor kidney functionAbstrak: Diabetes mellitus (DM) adalah penyakit metabolik, yang terdiri atas tipe I dan II. Penyakit DM adalah penyakit kronik dengan banyak komplikasi. Komplikasi pada ginjal berupa nefropati diabetik merupakan salah satu penyebab end stage of renal disease, dan memerlukan terapi dialysis. Pemeriksaan yang sederhana dan cukup efektif untuk mengetahui fungsi ginjal adalah pemeriksaan glukosa urin dan protein urin.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran protein urin dan glukosa urin pada penderita DM tipe II di Persadia RSU St.Antonius Pontianak. Penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dan sampel diambil secara purposive sampling dari anggota Persadia yang hadir dan bersedia berpartisipasi. Pemeriksaan protein urin dan glukosa urin menggunakan carik celup. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Mei-November 2016. Hasil penelitian pada 40 sampel urin penderita DM tipe II anggota Persadia terdapat 8 orang (20%) dengan hasil protein urin positif 1, sedangkan 32 orang lainnya negatif. Hasil pemeriksaan glukosa urin 31 orang negatif, positif 1 pada 5 orang dan positif 4 pada 4 orang. Pada penderita DM tipe II ditemukan proteinuria dan glukosa dalam urin, sehingga penderita dengan proteinuria positip harus periksa ulang dalam 3-6 bulan untuk memantau fungsi ginjalnya.

I thank Dr. Ursin for providing a firm foundation to what was essentially a numerical study. I find Dr. Ursin’s comments on interface waves particularly interesting and appreciate his remarks on what happens when the denominator of the reflection coefficient expression becomes zero.

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil pengaruh perendaman benih pada berbagai jenis larutan urin terhadap daya tumbuh kecambah kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus). Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah benih kaliandra sebanyak 100 gr, urin sapi, kambing dan domba sebanyak @1 liter. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah eksperimental lapang berdasarkan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang terdiri atas 5 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan penelitian terdiri dari P0 (perlakuan kontrol/tanpa perendaman), P1 (perendaman pada air) dan perlakuan eksperimental dengan perendaman pada berbagai jenis urin dengan konsentrasi 10%, yakni, P2 (larutan urin sapi), P3(larutan urin kambing) dan P4 (larutan urin domba). Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini yaitu daya tumbuh kecambah kaliandra yang meliputi persentase perkecambahan, tinggi bibit, persentase benih mati, dan persentase kecambah normal. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis sidik ragam anova tunggal dengan bantuan aplikasi SPSS for Windows,apabila terdapat pengaruh maka dilanjutkan dengan uji. Perendaman pada urin sapi memberikan nilai terbaik pada persentase kecambah (88,33%), tinggi bibit (5,67±0,57)cm, persentase benih mati terendah (11,67±3,51%), dan persentase kecambah normal (91,67±1,52%). Kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian yaitu perendaman benih pada urin sapi memberikan pengaruh terbaik terhadap daya tumbuh kecambah kaliandara (Calliandra calothyrsus). Abstract This study aims to determine the effect of seed immersion on various types of urine solution on the growth of Calliandra calothyrsus. The material used in this study was 100 grams of calliandra seed, cow urine, goat urine and sheep urine. The method used in this study was a field experiment based on a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments and 3 replications. The treatment consisted of P0 (control / no soaking treatment), P1 (immersion in water) and experimental treatment with soaking in various types of urine with a concentration of 10%, namely, P2 (cow urine solution), P3 (goat urine solution) and P4 (sheep urine solution). The variables observed in this study were the growth of kaliandra sprouts which included germination percentage, seed height, percentage of dead seeds, and the percentage of normal sprouts. The data obtained were analyzed using a single ANOVA variance analysis with the help of the SPSS for Windows application, if there was an influence then proceed with the test. Immersion in cow urine gave the best value in the percentage of sprouts (88.33%), seedling height (5.67 ± 0.57) cm, the lowest percentage of dead seeds (11.67 ± 3.51%), and the percentage of normal sprouts ( 91.67 ± 1.52%). The conclusion of the research results is that the immersion of seeds in cow urine gives the best effect on the power of kaliandara sprouts (Calliandra calothyrsus).

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menigkatkan kualitas hara biourin dari ternak sapi yang mendapat perlakuan trychoderma harzianum.Penelitian ini menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan. Perlakuan penelitian adalah P0 = 95% urin sapi + 5% empon-empon, P1= 94 % urin + 5% empon-empon +1% trychoderma Harzianum, P2 = 93%urin + 5 % empon-empon + 2% trychoderma Harzianum, P3 = 92% urin + 5 % empon-empon + 3% trychoderma Harzianum. Satu liter urin dicampurkan dengan empon-empon, urea dan trychoderma harzianum sesuai perlakuan. Semua bahan diaduk dan dimasukkan kedalam botol untuk difermentasi selama 21 hari. Setiap hari dilakukan pengadukan sebanyak 3 kali (jam 7.00, jam 13.0 dan jam 18,00). Setelah proses fermentasi berlangsung selama 21 hari, dilakukan pengamatan pH, bau , dan warna biourine, analisis kandungan C, N,P,K dilakukan di laboratorium BLHD kota Jambi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan trychoderma harzianumdapat merubah warna biourine yang dihasilkan. P0 berwarna coklat kehijauan 100%, P1 dan P2 coklat dan P3 berwarna coklat pekat (100%). Bau biourine dari perlakuan trychoderma harzianum berkurang dari sangat menyengat (100%) pada P0, menyengat pada P1, P2 dan P3 (100%). Perlakuan trychoderma harzianum nyata menurunkan pH biourine. Rataan pH 6,70 ± 2,49 dengan kisaran 5,2 – 9. perlakuan trychoderma harzianum sangat nyata (P<0.01) meningkatkan kandungan P biourin. Rataan P biourine 0,0803 ± 0,44 kisaran antara 0,027- 0,144 %. Perlakuan trychoderma harzianum tidak berpengaruh (P>0,05) terhadap kalium biourine,rataan kalium adalah sebesar 0,01445 ± 0,0459 mg/l dengan kisaran 0,01303 –0,01602 %. perlakuan trychoderma harzianum berpengaruh nyata (P<0,015) terhadap kandungan nitrogen (N) biourin yan dihasilkan,rataan nitrogen biourin sebesar 0,0245 ± 0,019 dengan, kisaran antara 0,0213 – 0,0177. Kesimpulan penelitian adalahperlakuan terbaik dalam menghasilkan kualias biourine adalah trychoderma harzianum 3% (P3) Kata kunci : Biourin, trychoderma harzianum, hara

ABSTRAK Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi larutan urin sapi yang berbeda terhadap persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan produksi hijauan segar pada hidroponik fodder jagung (Zea mays). Materi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah jagung kuning sebanyak 6.250 biji, urin dan air. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah percobaan lapang dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 5 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan. Adapun perlakuan yang di gunakan adalah P0 (100ml air), P1 (5% urin), P2 (10% urin), P3 (15% urin), P4 (20% urin). Variabel yang diamati dalam penelitian ini adalah persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan produksi hijauan segar. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis sidik ragam (ANOVA), apabila terdapat perbedaan dilakukan uji lanjut dengan menggunakan Uji BNT (Beda Nyata Terkecil).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas fodder jagung (Zea mays) dengan perlakuan penyiraman menngunakan konsentrasi larutan urin sapi yang berbeda memberi pengaruh yang sangat nyata (P<0,01) terhadap persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan produksi hijauan segar. Persentase perkecambahan tertinggi pada P1 (70,48%), persentase kecambah normal tertinggi P1 (94,63%) dan produksi hijauan segar tertinggi pada P1 (138 gram). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan konsentrasi larutan urin 5% sebagai media penyiraman dan pupuk organik memberikan nilai terbaik terhadap persentase perkecambahan, persentase kecambah normal dan hijauan segar pada hidroponik fodder jagung (Zea mays). ABSTRACT The aim of this research were to know of the effect of different concentrations of cow urine solution on the effect of urine cow solution concentration for watering media and organic fertilizer on percentage of gemination, percentage normal germination and plant production on corn fodder (Zea mays) with a hydroponic system of corn fodder (zea mays) with hydroponic systems. The material of this research were corn, urine and water. The method used was experimental field using Completely Randomized Design (CDR) with 5 treatmens and 5 replications. The treatment used is P0 (0% urine solution), P1 (5% urine solution), P2 (10% urine solution), P3 (15% urine solution), P3 (20% urine solution). The variables observed in this study were Percentage of Germination, Percentage of Normal Germination and Plant Production. Based on the results of the study, it shown that watering treatment using different concentrations of cow solution had a very significant effect (P <0.01) on germination percentage, normal germination percentage and plant production. The highest percentage of germination was P1 (70.48%), the highest percentage of normal germination was P1 (94.63%) and the highest plant production was P1 (138 grams). Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the treatment by giving 5% urine cow solution concentration for watering media and organic give the best value to fertilizer on percentage of gemination, percentage normal germination and plant production on corn fodder (Zea mays) with a hydroponic system.

The interpretation of Soft–Gamma–Repeaters (SGRs) and Anomalous X–Ray Pulsars (AXPs) as Magnetars (Thompson &amp; Duncan 1996) raises again the issue of the generation of the ultra–strong magnetic fields (MFs) in neutron stars (NSs) and the related question of where these fields are anchored: in the core, penetrating the whole star, or confined to the crust. Recently, Heyl &amp; Kulkarni (1998) considered the magneto–thermal evolution of magnetars with a core field. Since the assumption of a crustal field is at least not in disagreement with the observations of isolated pulsars (Urpin &amp; Konenkov 1997) and of NSs in binary systems (Urpin, Geppert &amp; Konenkov 1998, Urpin, Konenkov &amp; Geppert 1998), here we would like to address the question whether the observations of SGRs and AXPs can be interpreted as magnetars having a crustal MF. Given the strength of the MF in magnetars we take into account, in an approximate manner, the strongly non–linear Hall effect on its decay. We intend to provide a contribution to an unified picture of NS MF evolution based on the crustal field hypothesis.

Accretion heats the neutron star crust thereby decreasing the electric conductivity in the solid region. This leads to a rapid field decay when the currents supporting the field are concentrated in the solid crust (Geppert &amp; Urpin 1994, Urpin &amp; Geppert 1995). Depending on the duration of the accretion phase and on the total mass accreted the field can be decreased by 3 − 4 orders of magnitude after 106− 107years. This mechanism explains the low magnetic fields of many pulsars entering binary systems.However, there exist both low–mass (e.g. Her X–1, 4U 1626–67) and high–mass (e.g. Cen X–3, SMC X–1) systems, where the neutron star deserves strong accretion and the magnetic field is still large.

In the planting program of lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), healthy and vigorous seedlings are needed, therefore, it is necessary to apply fertilizer at the nursery stage. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of tofu's liquid waste and cow's urine on the growth of lamtoro seedlings at aged 6 weeks until 14 weeks. The treatments consisted of control, tofu’s liquid waste (30% and 40%), and cow’s urine (50%, 60% and 70%). Treatment was given every 2 weeks. Parameters observed were height, diameter, number of leaves, biomass, toughness, shoot root ratio, seedling quality index and chlorophyll content. The results showed that 30% and 40% of tofu’s liquid waste had a significant effect on increasing the height growth at 6 weeks and 8 weeks old seedling. The 70% cow’s urine has a significant effect on increasing the height growth at 6 weeks until 12 weeks old seedling. The 60% cow’s urine had a significant effect on increasing the number of leaves.

Abstrak. Aplikasi rhizobium dan urin manusia merupakan teknologi alternatif untuk meningkatkan produktivitas tanah. Inceptisol yang memiliki kendala ketersediaan hara nitrogen (N), fosfor (P) dan kalium (K). Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang terdiri atas dua faktor (rhizobium dan urin manusia) dengan pola 2 x 4 dan tiga kali ulangan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahawa interaksi rhizobium dan urin manusia berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap total mikroorganisme. Inokulasi rhizobium berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap K-tersedia namun tidak nyata terhadap parameter total mikroorganisme, pH, C-organik, N-total dan P-tersedia. Perlakuan urin manusia berpengaruh sangat nyata terhadap respirasi tanah dan nyata terhadap total mikroorganisme dan pH, namun tidak nyata terhadap C-organik, N-total, K-tersedia dan P-tersedia.. Perlakuan terbaik yaitu tanpa inokulasi dan pemberian 25 mL urin manusia.Effects of Rhizobium and Human Urine on Soil Biological and Chemical Characteristics of Soybean Rezosphere at InceptisolAbstract. The application of rhizobium and human urine is an alternative technology to increase soil productivity. Inceptisol which has constraints on the availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K). This study used Randomized Block Design consisting of two factors (rhizobium and human urine) with 2 x 4 pattern and three replications. The results of this study indicate that the interaction of rhizobium and human urine has a very significant effect on soil respiration and real to total microorganisms. Rhizobium inoculation had a very significant effect on soil respiration and was apparent to K-available but not significant on the total parameters of microorganisms, pH, C-organic, N-total and P-available. Aplication of Human urine had a very significant effect on soil respiration and was apparent to total microorganisms and pH, but not significant for C-organic, N-total, K-available and P-available. The best aplication was without inoculation and 25 mL of human urine.

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Urinary incontinence (UI) is a geriatric syndrome that is especially prevalent in institutionalized individuals, and that causes economic and social impacts derived from treatment costs and overload of caregiver. UI also entails physical consequences to the health of the elderly, such as urinary tract infections or pressure ulcers, among other health problems. However, the existing national research on this condition is still scarce and comprises serious methodological biases. Therefore, the objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of urinary incontinence and associated factors in institutionalized elderly. A cross-sectional study is presented herein, conducted between October and December, 2013 and carried out in 10 nursing homes in the city of Natal (Northeast Brazil). UI was verified through the program Minimum Data Set version 3.0, which was also used to assess fecal incontinence, urinary devices and UI control programs. Data collection included sociodemographic information, UI characterization, as well as variables related to the institution itself and to health conditions (comorbidities, medication, pelvic floor surgery, Barthel Index for functional capacity and Pfeiffer test for cognitive status). Bivariate analysis was performed using the Chi-Square Test (or Fisher?s Exact Test) and the Linear Chi-Square Test, calculating the prevalence ratio with 95% confidence interval. Variables with p value under 0.20 were included in the multivariate analysis, which was performed using the Stepwise Forward logistic regression. The inclusion of variables in the final model depended on the likelihood ratio test, absence of multicollinearity and on the Hosmer-Lemeshow test. A statistical significance level of 0.05 was considered. Six (1.8%) hospitalized elderly, one individual in palliative care (0.3%) and one (0.3%) individual under the age of 60 were excluded from the study. The final sample consisted of 321 elderly, mostly females, with a mean age of 81.5 years. The prevalence of UI was 59.43% and the final model revealed statistically a significant association between UI and white race, physical inactivity, stroke, mobility constraints and cognitive decline. The most frequent UI type was functional UI due to physical or cognitive disability, and incontinence control measures were applied only to a minority of residents (approximately 8%). It is concluded that UI is a health issue that affects more than half of the institutionalized elderly, and is associated with white race, physical inactivity, stroke and other geriatric syndromes such as immobility and cognitive disability. Most of these associated factors are modifiable and therefore the findings of this study highlight the importance of UI prevention and treatment in nursing homes, which include general measures, such as physical and psychosocial activities, and specific measures, such as prompted voiding
A incontin?ncia urin?ria (IU) ? uma s?ndrome geri?trica especialmente prevalente em indiv?duos institucionalizados, que gera um forte impacto econ?mico e social derivado principalmente dos custos de tratamento e da sobrecarga dos cuidadores. Al?m disso, acarreta consequ?ncias f?sicas ? sa?de do idoso, como infec??o urin?ria ou ?lceras por press?o, entre outros agravos ? sa?de. No entanto, os trabalhos realizados no pa?s sobre este agravo ? sa?de s?o escassos e cont?m s?rios vieses metodol?gicos. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho ? verificar a preval?ncia da incontin?ncia urin?ria e fatores associados nos idosos institucionalizados. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado entre outubro e dezembro de 2013 e desenvolvido em 10 institui??es de longa perman?ncia para idosos da cidade do Natal. A IU foi aferida mediante o Minimum Data Set vers?o 3.0, que tamb?m se utilizou para avaliar a incontin?ncia fecal, os dispositivos urin?rios e as medidas de controle da IU. Foram coletadas vari?veis sociodemogr?ficas, de caracteriza??o da IU e relacionadas ? institui??o e ?s condi??es de sa?de (comorbidades, medica??o, cirurgias do assoalho p?lvico, ?ndice de Barthel de capacidade funcional e Teste de Pfeiffer de capacidade cognitiva). Foi realizada a an?lise bivariada mediante os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson (ou teste de Fisher) e o teste qui-quadrado de tend?ncia linear, calculando a raz?o de preval?ncia com intervalo de confian?a de 95%. Por fim, as vari?veis com valor de p menor que 0,20, foram inclu?das na an?lise m?ltipla, que foi realizada mediante regress?o log?stica do tipo Stepwise Forward. A perman?ncia das vari?veis no modelo final deu-se segundo o teste da raz?o de verossimilhan?a, aus?ncia de multicolinearidade e teste de Hosmer and Lemeshow. Foi considerado o n?vel de signific?ncia estat?stica de 0,05. Foram exclu?dos 6 (1,8%) indiv?duos hospitalizados, 1 (0,3%) em fase terminal e 1 (0,3%) menor de 60 anos. A amostra foi composta por 321 idosos, a maioria do sexo feminino e com m?dia de idade de 81,5 anos. A preval?ncia de IU foi de 59,43% e o modelo multivariado mostrou associa??o estatisticamente significativa da IU com a ra?a branca, inatividade f?sica, acidente cerebrovascular, restri??o da mobilidade e decl?nio cognitivo. O tipo mais frequente foi a IU funcional por incapacidade f?sica ou cognitiva, e as medidas de controle da incontin?ncia foram aplicadas apenas em uma minoria dos residentes (aproximadamente 8%). Pode-se concluir que a IU ? um agravo ? sa?de que afeta a mais da metade dos idosos institucionalizados, e que est? associado ? ra?a branca, inatividade f?sica, acidente vasculocerebral e outras s?ndromes geri?tricas como a imobilidade e incapacidade cognitiva. A maior parte destes fatores associados s?o modific?veis e, portanto, os achados deste estudo alertam para a import?ncia de a??es de preven??o e tratamento da IU no ?mbito das institui??es, que incluam medidas gerais, como atividades f?sicas e psicossociais, e espec?ficas, como a evacua??o precoce

Don’t eat the yellow snow—Urine in art: events of interpretationUrine seams to evoke feelings. Through four different lenses, this bachelor’s thesisexamines urine in four different works of art. The works of art are Three Grazes bySally Mann, Manneken Pis by Hieronymus Duquesnoy the younger, Fideicommissumby Ann-Sofie Sidén and Bad Bad Boy by Tommi Toija, all of which in some waycontains urine as part of their motif. The four perspectives are The body as abject, Thebody as observed, The body as communication and The body as phenomenon. Thethesis reaches the conclusion that urine must be regarded as part of a syntagm and thissyntagm is interpreted in the light of a culturally conditioned resonance, part of amake-believe culture that can and, as it were, also interpret water as urine. To interpretwater as urine depends on where the water is pouring from in an overall body syntagm.Furthermore, depending on what gender the body is interpreted as (male or female) theurine will carry different value connotations. Interpreting art is thus reverberating aMake-Believe regime as a recursive process. A Make-believe regime in itself containsa phenomenological intention.

This thesis analyses individual and societal relations to human excrement by looking at historical and contemporary examples of symbolics and management systems of human shit and piss. It furthermore connects urban culture to a particular type of perception of the meaning of human waste. End-of-pipe, large scale sewerage solutions for densely populated areas and cities are analysed for their historical origins and contemporary ramifications, and contrasted with examples of classical, mediaeval, early modern and contemporary times in different regions of Europe and India. The cases were presented in a non-chronological order to avoid simple narratives of progress. The focus is on questions of agricultural recycling of excrement and the relevance of human waste for public health issues. Analytical tools during the cross-temporal and cross-cultural case comparison are the categorisations of human excrement as e.g. waste, threat or resource, the technique of dualism-deterritorialisation and occasionally the Entanglement approach. Main results are that the large-scale introduction of sewerage systems in European cities around the world coincides with urbanisation and industrialisation, that pre-industrial dense settlement faced essentially the same excrement management challenges as modern cities do and that the stability of certain management systems has been severely influenced by factors such as power structures, paradigms of purity and piety as well as economic developments. The future relevance of this topic is seen in the predicted rise of urban regions worldwide, but especially in the developing world, a development which is expected to complicate human excrement management issues considerably.

博士
國立臺灣大學
流行病學研究所
89
（1） Epidemiological Characteristics of Urinary Transitional Cell Carcinoma （TCC） in Taiwan and the Blackfoot Disease（BFD）-endemic Area In order to compare the epidemiological characteristics, including secular trend, histological pattern and age-period-cohort effect, of TCC in Taiwan and the BFD-endemic area, we analyzed the data from the national death certification system （1971-1998）and cancer registration system（1979-1996）. The incidence of TCC has been increasing in both Taiwan and the BFD-endemic area. The mortality of TCC in Taiwan has been rather stable, but it started to decrease after 1980s in the BFD-endemic area. In Taiwan, the peak age at diagnosis of TCC was among 60-69 and 70-79 age groups, with 30% and 30% of total TCC cases respectively. The peak age was among 50-59 and 60-69 age groups in the BFD-endemic area, with percentage of 34 and 42 respectively . The major histological type of urinary bladder cancers was transitional cell carcinoma in Taiwan and the BFD-endemic area, and the percentage of TCC remained increasing. The major histological types of kidney cancer were TCC and renal cell carcinoma in Taiwan, but the only major histological type was transitional cell carcinoma in the BFD-endemic area with a dominant location of renal pelvis. The age-period-cohort analysis showed a significant age effect on the incidence of TCC and the mortality of bladder cancer in Taiwan and the BFD-endemic area. There was a significant period effect but not cohort effect on the incidence of TCC. In the BFD-endemic area, the period effect on TCC incidence was not significant with cohort effect increasing slowly. Neither the period nor the cohort effects on the mortality of bladder was significant in Taiwan and the BFD-endemic area. The indirect standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of TCC of the BFD-endemic area was 540.4 in male and 630.8 in female during 1991-1996, and the ratios remained quite stable during the followed years. The indirect standardized mortality ratio (SMR) of bladder was 952.7 in male and 1152.2 in female during 1996-1998, and the ratios were decreasing. （2） Long-term Follow-up Study on Incidence of All Cancer Sites combined and Urinary Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Cohorts of BFD-endemic and Non-BFD endemic Areas In order to overcome the unavoidable ecological fallacy in the ecological studies, and further to control disease-related risk factors such as cigarette smoking and educational level, we followed the cohorts both from non-BFD endemic area (40642) and BFD-endemic area (2933) to evaluate the relative risk of all cancers and urinary TCC after 12-year follow-up. Among the cohort of BFD-endemic area, the dominant cancer sites were skin, bladder, lung, liver and kidney; among the cohort of non-BFD endemic area the dominant sites were liver, lung, colonrectum, stomach and cervical. In BFD-endemic area, the cumulative incidence (30+) of all cancers and urinary TCC were 0.70 and 0.15 in male, 0.48 and 0.08 in female. In non-BFD endemic area the cumulative incidence were 0.33 and 0.011 in male, 0.27 and 0.0058 in female respectively. The cohort of non-BFD endemic area as a reference group, the relative risk of all cancers and urinary TCC were as high as 3.95 and 27.23 after adjusting for age, sex, habit of cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking, and educational level. （3） Cohort Study on Second Primary Cancers among Skin Cancer Patients in BFD and non-BFD endemic Areas In order to elucidate the increased cancer incidence of the skin cancer patients in BFD-endemic area, and also to determine whether a history of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) in non-BFD area predicts cancer incidence, we draw the data from the cohort of BFD-endemic area and from the data linkage of profile of national cancer registration. A total of 10621 subjects were recruited and followed to 31, December, 1996. Among the groups of the skin cancer in Taiwan (7430), non-skin cancer in BFD-endemic area (2590), and the skin cancer in BFD-endemic area (601), the cumulative incidence (30+) of all cancer sites except skin were 0.30, 0.35 and 0.63 respectively; the cumulative incidence of bladder were 0.0078, 0.0200 and 0.0812 respectively; the cumulative incidence of kidney were 0.0149, 0.0457 and 0.0654 respectively. The NMSC in Taiwan as a reference group, the relative risk of all cancers except skin, bladder, kidney, lung, liver and colonrectum were 0.98, 4.83, 2.33, 0.90, 1.88 and 0.78 among the non skin cancer patients in BFD area; and 3.06, 16.59, 7.19, 4.28, 3.95 and 1.50 among then skin cancer patients in BFD-endemic area. In the cohort of BFD-endemic area, the significant association between skin cancer and the increased risk of all cancers except skin, lung, bladder and urinary TCC was shown after adjusting for cumulative arsenic exposure and years of drinking deep-well water, implied that arsenic-induced skin cancer was a significant predictive marker for second primary cancer incidence. （4） Case-control Study on genetic polymorphism of Glutathione S-transferase (GSTs), N-acetyl transferase 2 (NAT2) and p53 and Risk of Urinary Transitional Cell Carcinoma To evaluate the relationship between GSTM1, GSTT1, GSTP1, NAT2 and p53 gene polymorphism and the risk of urinary TCC, we proposed the case control study in Chi-Mei Hospital from 1998. It was shown that among the subjects with arsenic exposure, all the markers described above were not related to the risk of urinary TCC. Among the subjects with neither arsenic exposure nor habit of cigarette smoking, the persons with GSTM1 null type had increased TCC risk ( OR: 1.6~1.8). The odd ratio of disease in the subjects with habit of cigarette smoking and with GSTT1 null type, the odd was 2.0. Among the smoking subjects with at least one null type among GSTM1, GSTT1 or with non-GSTP1a*1a genotype, the odd ratio of disease increased to 2.4. If the smoking subjects had both GSTM1 and GSTT1 null type and non-GSTP1a*1a genotype, the OR increased as high as 4.6. The result confirmed the significant modification of GSTs to cigarette-induced urinary TCC. On the other hand, NAT2 and p53 were not associated with risk of urinary TCC no matter the exposure of cigarette or arsenic. （5） Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) Study on Bladder Transitional Cell Carcinoma in Arsenic-endemic and Non-endemic Areas In order to realize the carcinogenesis of bladder TCC in Taiwan, and to compare the differences of chromosomal abnormality between arsenic and non-arsenic related TCC, we analyzed 24 arsenic-related TCC tumors and 25 non-arsenic related tumors from Chi-Mei Hospital by CGH. The principle of CGH is to conjugate the tumor and normal DNA with different fluorescence by nick translation, and hybridize to the metaphase chromosome for 72 hours. According to the fluorescence ratio we decide the location of gene losses and gains. Our result showed that in the arsenic-related group, the percentage of tumor samples with at least one chromosomal abnormality（100﹪vs. 72﹪）, as well as the average numbers of abnormal locus in one sample（5.71 vs. 2.88）, were significantly higher than those of non-arsenic related tumors. The linear regression showed the strongest association between arsenic exposure and the average numbers of abnormal locus in one sample. The stage of tumor also showed the significant association, but not cigarette smoking and tumor grade. The significant difference between arsenic and non-arsenic related tumors were DNA gains of 1p, 3q, 4q, 7q and 8p; DNA losses of 10q, 16p, 17p. The most frequent sites for DNA losses in non-arsenic related group were 9q（28.0﹪） and 10q（16.0﹪），in arsenic related group were 9p（25.0﹪）, 9q（33.3﹪）, 10q（29.2﹪）, 16p（25.0﹪）, 17p（41.7﹪）。The most frequent sites for DNA gains in non-arsenic related group were 1p, 5q and 7q（12.0﹪），in arsenic related group were 1p（33.3﹪）, 3q（20.8﹪）, 4q（29.2﹪）, 7q（20.8﹪） and 8q（20.8﹪）。

This chapter outlines the realist neo-Bulpittian conceptual framework, which provides both the categories for analysis that will guide the book's narrative, and the theoretical propositions that guide its analysis. The chapter proceeds in three sections. The first deals with Bulpitt's original approach and theory of UK territorial politics and centre territorial management and how they could be applied to studying territorial politics and the centre's approach to devolution in the 1990s and 2000s. The second section readdresses Rokkan and Urwin (1982) and key themes in the comparative literature to construct a framework for analysing the periphery that is consistent with Bulpitt's approach; it also considers how this framework might be applied to UK territorial politics and territorial movements for change in relation to devolution. The third section then addresses the constitutional policy literature, picking out Benz (2016). He shares Bulpitt's pessimistic assumptions of how solvable state territorial problems really are, while also providing the most clearly elaborated framework for studying the territorial constitutional policy process that we currently have. The conclusion summarises the resulting overall framework and theoretical propositions that will guide the book's analysis.

The paper analyses the history of missionary work of Russian Orthodox church in Mongolia. The research is centered around the public work of Milij Chefranov, senior priest of Urgin church. The author briefly outlines all the major elements of his work that lead to the low Russian Orthodox mission efficiency in the neighbor country.