Academic literature on the topic 'Transformational Generative Grammar (TGG)'

Neste estudo apresentamos as origens da Programação Neurolingüística (PNL), seus principais fundamentos, pressupostos teóricos e objetivos; analisamos o “metamodelo”, sua relação com a linguagem e sua exploração por meio do processo de “modelagem”, a partir do enfoque presente na obra A estrutura da magia I: um livro sobre linguagem e terapia, de Richard Bandler e John Grinder, idealizadores da PNL. Examinamos as transformações obtidas mediante o processo de derivação, com base na Gramática Gerativo-Transformacional de Noam Chomsky, objetivando verificar sua relação com o “metamodelo”. Explorando o discurso do Sujeito submetido ao processo de “modelagem”, verificamos em que medida os novos conteúdos semânticos revelados pelas transformações poderiam influenciá-lo, a ponto de mudar sua visão de mundo. Para esta análise, investigamos ainda as teorias clássicas da Argumentação, em especial os conceitos de convicção e persuasão, constatando que a “modelagem” oferece ao Sujeito recursos para ampliar seu repertório lingüístico, apreender novos significados a partir de seus próprios enunciados e, por meio da deliberação consigo mesmo, convencer-se e persuadir-se.<br>This study aims at presenting the origins of the Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP), its main ideas, theoretical presuppositions and goals. Furthermore, it will be analyzed the meta-model, its relationship with language and its exploitation through the modeling process, all based on the book The structure of magic I: a book about language and therapy, by Richard Bandler and John Grinder, the founders of NLP. Moreover, it will be examined the transformations obtained from the derivation process, based on Noam Chomsky´s Transformational-generative grammar, with the goal of verifying its relationship with the meta-model. When exploiting the subject´s discourse submitted for the process of modeling, it will be verified in which way the new semantic contents revealed by the transformations could influence that subject and made him alter his vision of the world. For this analysis, it will be investigated also the classic theories of Argumentation, especially the conviction and persuasion concepts. It will also be verified that the process of modeling can offer resources to the subject, for him to enhance his linguistic vocabulary, to learn new meanings from his own sentences and to be able to persuade and convince himself through deliberating with his inner self.

Premièrement, ce travail de recherche a pour objet d’esquisser une étude syntaxique des wh-questions, et d’analyser les aspects de la formation des wh-questions dans deux langues différentes : l’anglais et l’arabe , dans le cadre de la Grammaire Générative et de l’Approche Minimaliste. Il sera démontré et allégué que dans les deux langues respectives, le wh-mot qui se trouve au début de la phrase interrogative est déplacé vers le [Spec, CP] et que le wh-movement est visible.Deuxièmement, cette thèse tente d’examiner et d’analyser la traduction des wh-questions de l’anglais vers l’arabe par trois systèmes de traduction automatique, employant différentes méthodes de traduction selon trois méthodes d’évaluation. Nous décrirons les problèmes liés aux différences linguistiques entre les deux langues. Ces problèmes ont une grande influence sur la qualité et l’acceptabilité de l’output. L’évaluation de l’output nous permettra de présenter les informations concernant les aspects positifs à conserver et les aspects négatifs à faire évoluer des systèmes. En se basant sur l’étude syntaxique préalable des wh-questions, nous fournirons une étude comparative qui déterminera le meilleur système quant à la qualité de la traduction et à la performance de ce système. A travers l’analyse des résultats de l’évaluation, nous spécifierons les raisons pour lesquelles le système produit des traductions de mauvaise qualité. Enfin, nous proposerons quelques recommandations qui pourraient être nécessaires aux concepteurs et aux développeurs de systèmes de traduction afin de résoudre les problèmes linguistiques et opérationnels susceptibles d’entraver le processus de traduction<br>Firstly, this research aims to outline a syntactic study of the wh-questions, and analyse aspects of wh-question formation in typologically two different languages: Arabic and English within the framework of Generative Grammar and Minimalist Approach. It will be shown and argued that in both languages, the wh-phrase, which is in initial position, is moved to [Spec, CP] and that wh-movement applies overtly.Secondly, the thesis attempts to discuss and analyse the translation of English wh-questions into Arabic by three machine translation systems using different methods of translation through different methods of evaluation. We describe a set of important problems related to linguistic differences between the two languages. These problems have great influence not only on the quality of the output but also on its acceptability. The evaluation of the output will help us to present a diagnostic information about where a given system succeeds or needs improvement, relative to its intended users and use based on the syntactic study of wh-questions, to provide a comparative information which allows identifying the best system with respect to the translation quality and performance, to specify through the analysis of the results of evaluation the sources of problems that are responsible for producing ill-formed translations and inadequate systems’ performance and finally to outline some recommendations that are useful for system’s designers and developers to overcome various linguistic and operational problems that might impede the translation process

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2358.pdf: 1012731 bytes, checksum: a3f92fc9198336c4c2a785db51dfac2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07-14<br>Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais<br>One of the most interesting questions in the study of the language is its original character. Any philosophy or science that tries to explain language must account for this peculiar characteristic. Radical Behaviorism of B. F. Skinner and the theory of Generative-Transformational Grammar of N. Chomsky were very important sources of explanation of language phenomena during the 20th Century. Chomsky was one of the most famous critics of Skinnerian behaviorism. His review of Skinner s Verbal Behavior was probably more known around the world than Skinner s original book. In this review, Chomsky asserts that the operant model can not explain the original character of language. However, recent works have shown that Skinner tries to consider this characteristic when he talks about language. Within this context, the present dissertation intended to investigate Skinner s treatment of the creative processes of verbal behavior, set against Chomsky's theory. This work also tried to search the conceptual categories used by Chomsky to criticize Skinner and use this conceptual categories to improve the analysis of Skinner s text. In addition, this dissertation also attempted an internal analysis of Skinnerian concepts involved in the explanation of verbal behavior, as well as an assessment of the truth or falseness of Chomsky s critical work. We found three conceptual categories used by Chomsky in his Review of Skinner s Verbal Behavior. The survey of such categories allowed a fruitful analysis of Skinnerian account of the generative character of verbal behavior. It is argued that Chomsky committed many conceptual mistakes in his Review and because of these mistakes his work cannot prove that Skinnerian analysis of verbal generativity is impracticable. It is also argued that Skinnerian theory about verbal (and not verbal) generativity does not seem to be in any contradiction to the philosophy of science that Skinner adopts. We then conclude that, from the theoretical standpoint, the behaviorist explanation of verbal behavior and its generativity can configure an useful model.<br>Uma das questões mais intrigantes no estudo da linguagem é o seu caráter gerativo, ou seja, seu caráter de criatividade e originalidade. Qualquer filosofia ou ciência que tente lidar com a linguagem deve abordar, em algum momento, esta característica peculiar. Duas importantes vertentes de explicação dos fenômenos da linguagem do século XX foram o Behaviorismo Radical de B. F. Skinner e a teoria da Gramática Gerativa- Transformacional de N. Chomsky. Chomsky foi um dos críticos mais famosos do behaviorismo skinneriano. Uma de suas publicações, uma crítica contundente ao modelo explicativo behaviorista, ficou tão ou mais conhecida que a obra de Skinner denominada Comportamento Verbal. Nesta crítica Chomsky argumentou que o modelo operante inviabilizava qualquer possibilidade, por parte de Skinner, de explicar a geratividade da linguagem. Contudo, trabalhos recentes vêm mostrando que Skinner tenta contemplar as questões referentes à originalidade da linguagem. Dentro deste contexto este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os processos gerativos do comportamento verbal apresentados por Skinner em contraposição às críticas de Chomsky, buscando categorias conceituais utilizadas por Chomsky em sua crítica para, por meio delas, aprofundarmos as análises que vêm sendo realizadas sobre os textos de Skinner. Também foi objetivo deste trabalho uma análise interna dos conceitos skinnerianos envolvidos em sua explicação da geratividade do comportamento verbal, bem como a verificação da verdade ou falsidade das críticas de Chomsky a essa explicação. Para tal empreendimento utilizou-se dos métodos de análise conceitual e epistemológico-hermenêutico. Como resultados, levantou-se três categorias conceituais utilizadas por Chomsky na Revisão, a saber, categoria metodológica, categoria conceitual e categoria epistemológica. O levantamento de tais categorias permitiu uma análise fecunda da teoria skinneriana de explicação da geratividade verbal. Verificou-se que Chomsky cometeu muitos equívocos conceituais em sua Revisão e que, sendo assim, esta não inviabiliza a análise skinneriana da geratividade verbal. Verificou-se também, que do ponto de vista interno da teoria skinneriana não parece haver qualquer contradição em relação ao seu modelo explicativo da geratividade verbal (e não verbal) e aos pressupostos filosóficos nos quais essa teoria se filia. Conclui-se, então, que a explicação behaviorista do comportamento verbal e de sua geratividade pode configurar como um modelo útil do ponto de vista teórico.

Cette thèse se situe à l’intersection des domaines de la recherche en linguistique et du traitement automatique de la langue. Ces deux domaines se croisent pour la construction d’outils de traitement de texte, et des applications industrielles intégrant des solutions de désambiguïsation et d’interprétation de la langue.Une tâche difficile et très peu abordée et appliqué est arrivée sur les travaux de l’entreprise Techlimed, celle de l’analyse automatique des textes écrits en arabe. De nouvelles ressources sont apparues comme les lexiques de langues et les réseaux sémantiques permettant à la création de grammaires formelles d’accomplir cette tâche.Une métadonnée importante pour l’analyse de texte est de savoir « qu’est-ce qui est dit, et que signifie-t-il ? ». Le domaine de linguistique computationnelle propose des méthodes très diverses et souvent partielle pour permettre à l’ordinateur de répondre à de telles questions.L’introduction et l’application des règles de grammaire descriptives de langues dans les langages formels spécifiques au traitement de langues par ordinateur est l’objet principal de cette thèse.Au-delà de la réalisation d’un système de traitement et d’interprétation de textes en langue arabe, basé aussi sur la modélisation informatique, notre intérêt s’est porté sur l’évaluation des phénomènes linguistiques relevés par la littérature et les méthodes de leur formalisation en informatique.Dans tous les cas, nos travaux de recherche ont été testés et validés dans un cadre expérimental rigoureux autour de plusieurs formalismes et outils informatiques.Nos expérimentations concernant l'apport de la grammaire syntaxico-sémantique, a priori, ont montré une réduction importante de l’ambiguïté linguistique dans le cas de l'utilisation d’une grammaire à état fini écrite en Java et une grammaire générativetransformationnelle écrite en Prolog, intégrant des composants morphologiques, syntaxiques et sémantiques.La mise en place de notre étude a requis la construction d’outils de traitement de texte et d’outils de recherche d’information. Ces outils ont été construits par nos soins et sont disponible en Open-source.La réussite de l’application de nos travaux à grande échelle s’est conclue par la condition d’avoir de ressources sémantiques riches et exhaustives. Nous travaux ont été redirigés vers une démarche de production de telles ressources, en termes de recherche d’informations et d’extraction de connaissances. Les tests menés pour cette nouvelle perspective ont étéfavorables à d’avantage de recherche et d’expérimentation<br>This thesis lies at the frontier of the fields of linguistic research and the automatic processing of language. These two fields intersect for the construction of natural language processing tools, and industrial applications integrating solutions for disambiguation and interpretation of texts.A challenging task, briefly approached and applied, has come to the work of the Techlimed company, that of the automatic analysis of texts written in Arabic. Novel resources have emerged as language lexicons and semantic networks allowing the creation of formal grammars to accomplish this task.An important meta-data for text analysis is "what is being said, and what does it mean". The field of computational linguistics offers very diverse and, mostly, partial methods to allow the computer to answer such questions.The main purpose of this thesis is to introduce and apply the rules of descriptive language grammar in formal languages specific to computer language processing.Beyond the realization of a system of processing and interpretation of texts in Arabic language based on computer modeling, our interest has been devoted to the evaluation of the linguistic phenomena described by the literature and the methods of their formalization in computer science.In all cases, our research was tested and validated in a rigorous experimental framework around several formalisms and computer tools.The experiments concerning the contribution of syntaxico-semantic grammar, a priori, have demonstrated a significant reduction of linguistic ambiguity in the case of the use of a finite-state grammar written in Java and a transformational generative grammarwritten in Prolog, integrating morphological, syntactic and semantic components.The implementation of our study required the construction of tools for word processing, information retrieval tools. These tools were built by us and are available in Open-source.The success of the application of our work in large scale was concluded by the requirement of having rich and comprehensive semantic resources. Our work has been redirected towards a process of production of such resources, in terms of informationretrieval and knowledge extraction. The tests for this new perspective were favorable to further research and experimentation

Subtitling is a discipline within the Audiovisual Translation (AVT) field that requires some special techniques and strategies to channel the information from a multichannel and polisemiotic document into a written text within the screen. It’s a constrained translation that demands an additional effort to convey the content and the form of the source text into the target one. The aim of this paper is to analyse whether the model of the kernel sentences and clausal ranks of the generative-transformational grammar would work as a more systematic method to extract the essential information of the audiovisual text and organize it in more concise and reduced units of text, i. e., the subtitles. We will also analyse whether this linguistic approach will be enough to meet our objective or if, on the other hand, other extralinguistic aspects intervene. The texts we will be using for our study are Roy Andersson’s commentary on three deleted scenes of his film “Songs from the second floor” and the documentary Den lilla människans storhet, a behind-the-scenes or making-of on the same feature.