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Journal articles on the topic 'Transitivity/intransitivity'
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ROCHE, WILLIAM. "TRANSITIVITY AND INTRANSITIVITY IN EVIDENTIAL SUPPORT: SOME FURTHER RESULTS." Review of Symbolic Logic 5, no. 2 (2012): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755020311000414.
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Igor Douven establishes several new intransitivity results concerning evidential support. I add to Douven’s very instructive discussion by establishing two further intransitivity results and a transitivity result.
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PIOTROWSKI, EDWARD W., and MARCIN MAKOWSKI. "CAT'S DILEMMA — TRANSITIVITY VS. INTRANSITIVITY." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 05, no. 01 (2005): L85—L95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477505002434.
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We study a simple example of a sequential game illustrating problems connected with making rational decisions that are universal for social sciences. The set of chooser's optimal decisions that manifest his preferences in case of a constant strategy of the adversary (the offering player), is investigated. It turns out that the order imposed by the player's rational preferences can be intransitive. The presented quantitative results imply a revision of the "common sense" opinions stating that preferences showing intransitivity are paradoxical and undesired.
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Al-Shujairi, Yasir Bdaiwi Jasim, Ahlam Muhammed, and Yazan Shaker Okla Almahammed. "Transitivity and Intransitivity in English and Arabic: A Comparative Study." International Journal of Linguistics 7, no. 6 (2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ijl.v7i6.8744.
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<p>English and Arabic are two major languages which have many differences and similarities in grammar. One of the issues which is of great importance in the two languages is transitivity and intransitivity. Therefore, this study compares and contrasts transitivity and intransitivity in English and Arabic. This study reports the results of the analysis of transitivity and intransitivity in the two respective languages. The current study is a qualitative one; in nature, a descriptive study. The findings showed that English and Arabic are similar in having transitive and intransitive verbs, and in having verbs which can go transitive or intransitive according to context. By contrast Arabic is different from English in its ability to change intransitive verbs into transitive ones by applying inflections on the main verb. Additionally, Arabic is different from English in the fact that some Arabic transitive verbs can take up to three objects.</p>
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Stolz, Thomas. "The naked truth about the Chamorro dual." Studies in Language 43, no. 3 (2019): 533–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.17063.sto.
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Abstract It is argued that the traditional belief that the formal expression of the dual in Chamorro is restricted to intransitivity / low transitivity is inadequate since it precludes the possibility of accounting constructions in which the dual is also expressed in combination with transitive verbs. In the empirical part of the study, evidence of the recurrent violations of the intransitivity-based restrictions is discussed. It is shown that the dual is not excluded from transitive predicates. The dual is also firmly established in the realm of transitivity albeit only in the third person. In addition, the dual also exists in areas of Chamorro grammar for which it has hitherto been ignored. The hypothesis is put forward that the dual in the domain of transitivity is a diachronic innovation. The Chamorro facts are compared to those of Numic languages in North America.
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Wang, Ying, Ruyu Xia, Tina Poklepovic Pericic, et al. "How do network meta-analyses address intransitivity when assessing certainty of evidence: a systematic survey." BMJ Open 13, no. 11 (2023): e075212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-075212.
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ObjectivesTo describe how systematic reviews with network meta-analyses (NMAs) that used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) NMA approach addressed intransitivity when assessing certainty of evidence.DesignSystematic survey.Data sourcesMedline, Embase and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from September 2014 to October 2022.Eligibility criteriaSystematic reviews of randomised controlled trials with aggregate data NMAs that used the GRADE NMA approach for assessing certainty of evidence.Data extraction and synthesisWe documented how reviewers described methods for addressing intransitivity when assessing certainty of evidence, how often they rated down for intransitivity and their explanations for rating down.ResultsOf the 268 eligible systematic reviews, 44.8% (120/268) mentioned intransitivity when describing methods for assessing the certainty of evidence. Of these, 28.3% (34/120) considered effect modifiers and from this subset, 67.6% (23/34) specified the effect modifiers; however, no systematic review noted how they chose the effect modifiers. 15.0% (18/120) mentioned looking for differences between the direct comparisons that inform the indirect estimate. No review specified a threshold for difference in effect modifiers between the direct comparisons that would lead to rating down for intransitivity. Reviewers noted rating down indirect evidence for intransitivity in 33.1% of systematic reviews, and noted intransitivity for network estimates in 23.0% of reviews. Authors provided an explanation for rating down for intransitivity in 59.6% (31/52) of the cases in which they rated down. Of the 31 in which they provided an explanation, 74.2% (23/31) noted they detected differences in effect modifiers and 67.7% (21/31) specified in what effect modifiers they detected differences.ConclusionsA third of systematic reviews with NMAs using the GRADE approach rated down for intransitivity. Limitations in reporting of methods to address intransitivity proved considerable. Whether the problem is that reviewers neglected to address rating down for transitivity at all, or whether they did consider but not report, is not clear. At minimum systematic reviews with NMAs need to improve their reporting practices regarding intransitivity; it may well be that they need to improve their practice in transitivity assessment. How to best address intransitivity may remain unclear for many reviewers thus additional GRADE guidance providing practical instructions for addressing intransitivity may be desirable.
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ÜSTÜNOVA, Kerime. "May Be Variable Features of Transitivity-Intransitivity." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 7 Issue 2, no. 7 (2012): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.3111.
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Donohue, Mark. "Transitivity in Tukang Besi." Studies in Language 22, no. 1 (1998): 83–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.22.1.04don.
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The Tukang Besi language does not appear to display a clear distinction between transitive and intransitive clauses, as transitive verbs are freely able to appear without any overt object and degrees of intransitivity are to be found in the language. The ground between transitive and intransitive contains several points of interest in that eight different degrees of transitivity can be morphologically defined in the one language, allowing us to test the relative rankings of Hopper and Thompson's criteria for transitivity.
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Abdulaeva, Indira Akhmedovna. "ON TRANSITIVITY AND INTRANSITIVITY IN THE AKHVAKH LANGUAGE." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem, no. 9 (November 15, 2015): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2218-7405-2015-9-22.
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Zúñiga, Fernando. "Selected semitransitive constructions in Algonquian." Lingua Posnaniensis 58, no. 2 (2016): 207–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/linpo-2016-0015.
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AbstractThe present paper surveys a number of selected constructions in Algonquian languages that fall between those expressing transitivity and those expressing intransitivity (Hopper & Thompson 1980; Dryer 2007). Socalled passives are mostly agentless and show different kinds of allomorphy in the particular languages. Antipassives are not fully understood yet but seem to be more idiosyncratic than passives, and are not found everywhere in the family. Lastly, systematic mismatches between morphological and syntactic valency (similar to constructions found in Oceanic and other languages) seem to play an important role in the inventory of constructions used to express less than full transitivity in Algonquian.
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Ranyard, Rob, Henry Montgomery, Emmanouil Konstantinidis, and Andrea Louise Taylor. "Intransitivity and transitivity of preferences: Dimensional processing in decision making." Decision 7, no. 4 (2020): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dec0000139.
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Perry, Samuel L. "Whitewashing Evangelical Scripture: The Case of Slavery and Antisemitism in the English Standard Version." Journal of the American Academy of Religion 89, no. 2 (2021): 612–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfab054.
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Abstract Religious communities in pluralistic societies often hold in tension the task of reinforcing core identities and ideals within the community while negotiating public relations among those outside the community. Christian communities have sought to accomplish both projects materially through Bible modification, with most historically working to establish transitivity (congruence between the text and their own interpretive tradition), whereas others more recently have emphasized establishing what I call intransitivity (incongruence between the text and negative social interpretations from outsiders). This study examines the ways evangelical translation teams seek to accomplish both agendas simultaneously, creating a materialized instantiation of engaged orthodoxy. Drawing on the case of the English Standard Version (ESV)—a contemporary evangelical revision of the Revised Standard Version (RSV)—I show how the ESV editors, while modifying certain RSV renderings to establish transitivity for their text among complementarian/biblicist Christians, sought to establish intransitivity between the text and more pejorative social interpretations by progressively re-translating lexically ambiguous terms and introducing footnotes to obviate the Bible’s ostensible promotion of slavery and antisemitism. Findings elucidate how a conservative religious subculture, confronted with increasing pluralism, negotiates gaining legitimacy for their text within their sectarian subculture while also whitewashing “the Text” for public relations outside that subculture.
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Kratochvíl, František. "Transitivity in Abui." Studies in Transitivity 35, no. 3 (2011): 588–635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.35.3.04kra.
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This paper explores transitivity-related features in Abui, a language with fluid semantic alignment (after Donohue and Wichmann 2008). Many known semantically aligned languages distinguish between two argument roles: actor and undergoer (e.g. Merlan 1985; Durie 1987; Mithun 1991, Donohue and Wichmann 2008 and papers therein). Abui system is unusual; it offers seven coding options for both single-argument and two-argument clauses. A rich set of semantic features (specificity, animacy, individuation, instigation, control, volition, affectedness, change, and change of state) drive the differential realisation of arguments. These features are known to be relevant to transitivity, differential argument marking, and split intransitivity. The paper presents a detailed analysis of these features, and explores their ranking, correlations, and clustering. Based on the Abui system, the paper characterises transitivity as a scalar and constructional phenomenon (refining Hopper and Thompson 1980; Rozwadowska 1988; and Næss 2007) applying only to a subset of two-argument clauses because there is no clear default two-argument construction that contains both actor and undergoer arguments.
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Dekydtspotter, Laurent, and Hyun-Kyoung Seo. "TRANSITIVITY IN THE PROCESSING OF INTRANSITIVE CLAUSES." Studies in Second Language Acquisition 39, no. 3 (2016): 527–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263116000188.
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We document weak garden paths after intransitive verbs, modulated by intransitivity type, in the treatment of DP1 Vintransitive DP2 V2 sequences as in As the journalist arrived the editor postponed the meeting in first language (L1) and second language (L2) sentence processing. In a noncumulative moving-window experiment, 25 English native speakers and 22 low-intermediate Korean learners of English with no naturalistic exposure read critical items in which a subordinate clause was either headed by an intransitive verb (unaccusative vs. unergative) or by a copular predicate. A linear mixed model revealed greater processing loads evidenced in longer reading times on V2 after intransitive verbs than after copular predicates. This finding echoes post hoc observations in Juffs (2004). These asymmetries were driven by significantly greater loads after unaccusative verbs than after copular predicates and unergative verbs. These asymmetries, found in both L1 and L2, are unexpected on the basis of valence information only, as one-place predicates should rule out a second argument. However, we argue that they receive an explanation if parsing involves the interaction of lexically encoded intransitivity information with a transitivity prediction.
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Zuhera, Delia. "Transitivity Shift in Experiential Function of Texts in Official Website of Kementerian Kesehatan." Edu-Ling: Journal of English Education and Linguistics 5, no. 2 (2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.32663/edu-ling.v5i2.1791.
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The objectives of this research are to depict the shift of transitivity that happen brought about by applying interpretation strategies in the translation on the site of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. This research is Transitivity Shift In Experiential Function Of Texts In Official Website Of Kementrian Kesehatan. The sample of this research was clauses under the classification of experiential capacity that experience a shift intransitivity. The data were gathered by using the observation strategy, to be specific choosing the articles managing the Covid-19 and the English interpretation, perusing cautiously every one of the provisions in the source language, that is the Indonesian language, discovering the transitivity shift by grouping the sentences as per the experiential capacity function and were analyzed by qualitative descriptive method. The findings showed that there is a few transitivity shifts in the articles. In conclusion, the transitivity shift in two articles, there are one clause on the material to verbal, three clauses on the material to relational, two clauses on verbal to material, one clause on verbal to relational, and one clause on the material to existential. Nonetheless, there is no shift involving mental process in the two articles.
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Главацька Ю. Л. "PHRASAL VERBS: PEDAGOGICAL ASPECT (SOME USEFUL TIPS FOR TEACHERS AND STUDENTS)." ПЕДАГОГІЧНИЙ АЛЬМАНАХ, no. 51 (February 9, 2022): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.37915/pa.vi51.354.
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Phrasal verbs and units derived from them make up a significant part of the vocabulary of modern native speaker. Since they are expressive and informative, they allow us to express the thoughts more accurately, convey many shades of meanings. In spite of the valid status of phrasal verbs in both written and spoken discourse, it is evident that students learning English as a second language commonly have serious problems in accepting and usingthese linguistic units due to numerous reasons.A short survey is made as for various aspects phrasal verbs have been discussed: their definition, classifications, structural peculiarities, semantic schemes, their idiomacity. A number of features of phrasal verbs determining the difficulties of their assimilation are outlined.The investigation of phrasal verbs within pedagogical approach is mainly presented in two vectors: how to teach students using effective means of teaching phrasal verbs and how to learn these linguistic units for further active usage in oral and written speech.The theoretical part of the paper is highlighted through the thorough analysis of phrasal verbs frequency in school textbooks made by foreign authors. Among the surprising findings such ones are examined: unclear and inexact definitions of phrasal verbs, absence of transitivity / intransitivity and separability / inseparability as dominant features of phrasal verbs, etc. The main focus is on ten recommendations of teaching and learning phrasal verbs. The following tips are presented: transitivity / intransitivity of phrasal verbs, their separability / inseparability, the list of phrasal verbs learned by heart, a list of phrasal verbs and the situation, the context, finding synonyms, postposition meaning, lyrics, news, and the Quizlet.
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Rusnak, Natalia, and Yulia Rusnak. "Specificity of non-finite verb forms in modern Ukrainian language." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 2 (June 13, 2025): 108–12. https://doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.2.2024.441.
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The purpose of the article is to compare finite and non-finite verb forms; to characterize non-finite verbs in the modern Ukrainian language. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in Ukrainian studies, non-finite forms have an ambiguous interpretation. In this morphological class of words, there are aspects that require philosophical justification. In addition, they illustrate the instability of verb boundaries, the emergence of verb forms into other parts of speech. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic methods – descriptive and observation methods. Conclusions. Non-finite forms are a numerous and diverse class of verb forms that have both common and specific features. All non-finite forms are united by: 1) they have general verb categories of aspect, transitivity-intransitivity and voice (moreover transitivity-intransitivity only influences the formation of participle forms); the category of voice is an important category for participle and impersonal forms in -no, -to, the last one always belong to the passive voice); 2) they have grammatical features of two parts of speech; 3) the dynamic feature is transformed into a static one. Specific features include: the infinitive has syntactic features of a verb and a noun, like a noun, it can be any member of a sentence; the participle and adverb can be considered according to the criteria of parts of speech, and creation of grammatical forms is an important aspect in this class of words; the impersonal form in –no. –to has constant grammatical (morphological) features. Participles and adverbs go beyond the verb
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Jonghoon Choi. "A Contrastive Study of Transitivity/Intransitivity of 'Moving verbs' Between Japanese and Korean." Japanese Language and Literature Association of Daehan ll, no. 36 (2007): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.18631/jalali.2007..36.006.
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Makowski, Marcin. "Transitivity vs. intransitivity in decision making process – an example in quantum game theory." Physics Letters A 373, no. 25 (2009): 2125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2009.04.028.
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Alcántara, Julio M., Manuel Pulgar, and Pedro J. Rey. "Dissecting the role of transitivity and intransitivity on coexistence in competing species networks." Theoretical Ecology 10, no. 2 (2016): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12080-016-0323-y.
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Isgandarova, Vusala Fazl. "TO THE QUESTION ON THE RESEARCH OF CONSTRUCTIONS OF VERBS (TRANSITIVITY AND INTRANSITIVITY)." Theoretical & Applied Science 77, no. 09 (2019): 354–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2019.09.77.63.
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RABOVYANOVA, TEODORA. "ВСИЧКО Е НАРЕД С ГЛАГОЛА (ИНОВАЦИОННИТЕ ПРОЦЕСИ ТРАНЗИТИВАЦИЯ И ДЕРЕФЛЕКТИВАЦИЯ С ЦЕЛ ПРИПИСВАНЕ НА КАУЗАТИВНОСТ) / EVERYTHING IS FINE WITH THE VERB (INNOVATION PROCESSES OF TRANSITIVIZATION AND DEREFLEXIVIZATION AS A MEANS OF ATTRIBUTING CAUSATIVITY)". Journal of Bulgarian Language 68, PR (2021): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.47810/bl.68.21.pr.11.
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The paper presents a summary of the observations on the tranisitivization and dereflexivization of Bulgarian verbs as a means of attributing causativity. The majority of the newly formed verbs that we analyze are causative while others may, under certain conditions and in particular sentences, exemplify the causative rule. The lability of morphological identification regarding the transitivity – intransitivity distinction is the reason to examine the excerpted verbs as being either A- or Р-labile. The following tendency can be observed: P-lability has to do with causativity, while A-labile verbs are not-causative. In such cases the subject does not undergo changes neither in their intransitive nor in their transitive use. With P-labile verbs, the subject of the intransitive verb becomes the object of the transitive verb. There are some ambiva-lent verbs, such as minavam (pass), premina (pass over), svetna (light up), spomagam (facilitate), stigna (reach), treniram (train). Although the second group contains 40 causatives and the third group has 3 verbs, the lability procedure is not applicable because of the difference between the reflexive with the se- (се) marker and the transitive verb, i.e. the mismatch in form also means non-lability. The examples in the third group can also be viewed as the absolute use of the transitive verb meaning. The changes in the verbs indicate a change in the way contemporary Bulgarians think – the causative verbs serve as an expression of an active position, while the interplay between transitive and intransitive and/or reflexive and non-reflexive verbs has mostly pragmatic purposes, such as achieving a certain communicative effect, attractiveness, informality. Keywords: labile verbs, A-lability, P-lability, the lexico-grammatical category of transitivity ‒ intransitivity, causativity, Bulgarian language
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Isgandarova, V. "The Research of Constructions of Verbs and Their Translations in French (Transitivity and Intransitivity)." Bulletin of Science and Practice 10, no. 1 (2024): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/98/61.
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The distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs is important for the choice of the auxiliary verb in the formation of the compound tenses, for the formation of the passive voice and indeed for the learners of the FLE for their good translations.
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Ginzburg, Mykhailo. "Terminological problems of sia-verbs usage in Ukrainian special texts." Terminological Bulletin, no. 4 (2017): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-11.
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In next years, it is necessary to draft and adopt thousands of standards and other normative documents identical to the European ones. This makes it important to formulate and adopt clear and unambiguous rules for drafting these documents. These rules should fully meet the norms of the modern Ukrainian language. One of the problems is related to the usage rules for verbs with affixes -sia (hereinafter referred to as the sia-verbs), which represent about a third (33%) of the total number of Ukrainian verbs. The essence of the problem with these verbs is that under the influence of the Russian language sia-verbs are widely used in passive constructions, which, according to leading Ukrainian linguists, don’t meet the norms of the modern Ukrainian language. The problem with these verbs is that under the influence of the Russian language sia-verbs are still widely used in passive constructions, which, according to leading Ukrainian linguists, don’t meet the norms of the modern Ukrainian language. The purpose of this article is to suggest consistent terms and definitions of basic concepts, which are needed to draft these rules, and clear criteria that would allow clearly distinguish inherent Ukrainian constructions from intruded ones. In the article, the terms for denoting verbs with affixes –sia are analysed and the advantages of the term “sia-verb” over other terms are shown. The confusion behind the usage of the terms “process” and “action”, which are very important for the formulation of rules, is investigated. It is suggested to use the term “process” as a generic term denoting the categorical meaning of the verb as parts of speech, regardless of the specific lexical meanings of an individual verb, and to use the term “action” as specific term denoting the kind of process, which is generated and directly stimulated by a logical subject. It is noted that using these terms for denotation of other concepts is inappropriate, because it can lead to confusion. The difference is shown between the transitivity/intransitivity of a process as a semantic concept and the transitivity/intransitivity of verbs that name these processes. In semantics, the criterion of process transitivity is the direction of the process and its extension to a logical object other that the logical subject. Classification of verbs by transitivity is solely based on a formally morphological criterion associated with a grammatical object, which may or may not be required by the verb used in a certain meaning. Examples are given, which demonstrate that the semantic and grammatical approaches to transitivity do not always match. It is shown that for sia-verbs, the main and primary meaning is the reflexive one (broadly speaking, this is the meaning of an intransitive process, which is focused, looped within the realm of the logical subject that, at the same time, can be the logical object). There have been selected nine sub-meanings of the reflexive meaning, that convey different shades of reflexivety – from processes focused on the logical subject to the processes having a very wide general relation to it, including ones that convey permanent and defining intransitive possessive abilities (properties). The names for these sub-meanings present in the literature have been analyzed and a consistent system of Ukrainian terms is suggested for them. These terms are built based on a pattern, which, on the one hand, makes these specific concepts’ relation with the generic concept “reverse meaning” obvious thanks to the generic characteristic, and, on the other hand, explicitly shows the difference of every specific concept from other subordinate concepts via their delimiting characteristics. Five of these terms are generally accepted, one is chosen from the options available in the literature, but three more terms are suggested from the scratch to meet the requirement of being systematic. Thereby, the Ukrainian language naturally uses the sia-verb in the situations, where the speaker treats the process as intransitive one, i.e. there is no logical subject separated from the logical object. Therefore intransitivity / transitivity of processes is the criterion that makes it possible to distinguish inherent Ukrainian reflexive and impersonal constructions from intruded ones.
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Mallaeva, Zulaikhat Magomedovna. "TO THE QUESTION OF THE CORRELATION OF LABILITY AND CAUSATIVE IN THE AVAR LANGUAGE." Herald of the G. Tsadasa Institute of Language, Literature and Art, no. 25 (April 30, 2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31029/vestiyali25/1.
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The article establishes that one or another form of a labile verb can be transitive or intransitive, even when it implements the same semantics. Historically, the opposition transitivity ~ intransitivity was preceded by opposition on the basis of static ~ dynamic, which led to the emergence of two syntactic constructions – the absolutive and the ergative. Opposition on the basis of static ~ dynamic determines the specificity of the entire grammatical structure of the Avar language, including the formation of the causative. The specificity of the formation of the causative by labile verbs in the Avar language is that only a form repre-senting the semantics of an action is capable of expressing direct or intentional causation, and a form repre-senting the semantics of a state expresses only an unintentional causation.
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Abdukadyrova, Tumisha, and Marina Khasieva. "Lexico - Semantic Interpretation of Transitive And Intransitive Constructions in The Grammar of The German Language." SHS Web of Conferences 172 (2023): 03009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317203009.
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The article is devoted to the description of studies of transitivity-intransitivity categories as a grammatical category of the German language.The author pays special attention to the question of the function and place of the accusative in a German sentence. It should be noted that the interpretation of the accusative is directly related to the interpretation of the nominative. Many scientists, emphasizing the crucial role of the accusative not only in the content, but also in the structure of the sentence. However, they deny him the right to be called a case, since this case is controlled. From the standpoint of generative grammar, an accusative cannot be included in the number of nuclear components, since a verbal phrase is split into a verb and an object only at a later stage.
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Shcherbii, Nataliia, Oleksii Vorobets, Dariia Mytsan, Oksana Korpalo, and Nataliia Kuravska. "The debate on the nature of verbal nouns in Slavic languages: nominal or verbal?" Eduweb 18, no. 2 (2024): 238–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.46502/issn.1856-7576/2024.18.02.17.
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The article defines the status of verbal nouns in Slavic linguistics, focusing in particular on the diverse terminological apparatus in each of the Slavic languages and determining its verbal or nominal nature. The verbal nature of such constructions is analyzed based on the following features: regular and systemic nature of formation; retained aspectual correlation; constructions with the agent in the instrumental case, which are characteristic of the passive voice; retained reflexive formants; expressed uncountable actions, which makes it impossible to use a plural form; expressed categories of transitivity/intransitivity and nullified categories of tense, mood, and person. It is emphasized that the productivity of the usage of these forms in Slavic languages depends on the nominal (Russian, Polish) or verbal (Ukrainian, Slovak) nature of the language. The article also analyzes the usage of reflexive verbal nouns in modern texts.
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Friedman, Alex. "Intransitive Ethics." Journal of Moral Philosophy 6, no. 3 (2009): 277–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/174552409x433391.
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AbstractThis article addresses the question of whether the relation of moral preference is transitive. I argue, following Larry Temkin and Stuart Rachels, that any ethical theory complex enough to be even minimally plausible allows us to generate intransitive sets of preferences. Even act utilitarianism cannot avoid this predicament unless we accept its least plausible version. We must reevaluate the assumption that an ethical theory must be transitive in order to be rational. This problem amounts to a foundational crisis in ethics. However, it has not been taken seriously for two reasons—the belief that the problem has limited scope; and the claim that arguments against transitivity are 'merely' Sorites arguments. This article responds to both of these objections. I also point out some connections between intransitivity and the debate surrounding skepticism about the moral significance of numbers.
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Peña Arce, Jaime, and Alexandra Duttenhofer. "Variación meridional en el pluscuamperfecto de subjuntivo: situación en la comunidad de habla de la ciudad de Almería." Anuario de Letras. Lingüística y Filología 10, no. 1 (2022): 81–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.19130/iifl.adel.2022.10.1.2877x33.
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The aim of this paper is to prove the presence of a subjunctive pluperfect using ser as an auxiliary verb in the speech community of the city of Almería, Spain. In order to do this a sample of 50 survey respondents was obtained, considering certain social variables such as gender, age and socio-educational level as well as several types of linguistic factors, like semantic features of the verb, its transitivity or its intransitivity, its grammar both person and number concerning verb conjugation and the syntactic-semantic context of occurrence. The results show the predominant usage of this construction over the form haber + participle; its homogeneity (the speaker who uses the verb ser does it so in all cases, he doesn’t alternate with haber); and the gradual extension of usage of the verb ser ending in -se compared to the traditional ending in -ra among younger speakers.
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Donason, Addy D. "Transitive and Intransitive Selection Processes and Their Effects." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 68, no. 1 (2023): 9–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/slgr-2023-0001.
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Abstract Karen Neander’s (1991a, b) Selected Effects (SE) theory of biological proper functions argues that the function of a trait is the action for which it was “caused” to be selected by natural selection. Her life’s work has already left a lasting impact, however SE theory has yet to be more properly formalized as a conceptual analysis of biological functions. Although other SE theories have sought to build upon Neander’s work (e.g., Garson, 2017), there remains an ambiguity in the theory’s use of causal descriptors. For the success of her successors, delineating the function of causality for SE theory is of utmost importance. Here, I systematize Neander’s theory according to the different senses of causation inherent to it. I argue that structuring SE theory in terms of causal transitivity and intransitivity reveals that Neander’s analysis not only supersedes her detractors but likely exposes areas of vulnerability in others’ SE theory derivatives.
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Mobarakeh, Mamon. "The Synache Implicature and Rhetoric in the poetry of Abu Mutanabi." Al-Balqa Journal for Research and Studies 23, no. 1 (2020): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.35875/1105-023-001-014.
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The study examines the phenomenon of grammatical inclusion, which means that the verb implies the meaning of another act; it takes its judgment on Intransitivity and transitivity , a phenomenon seen by a group of grammarians, linguists and commentators, The research seeks to prove the occurrence of the phenomenon of grammatical inclusion in the poetry of Abu al-Tayyib al-Mutanabi, based on the origin of the linguistic use of Arabic works. The research also presents an empirical study of a set of signs of grammatical inclusion in al-Mutanabbi poetry. It shows the rhetorical rhetoric of inclusion in the poetic context. To conclude the research to prove the genius of al-Mutanabi in the use of this phenomenon, and improve that the poetry of Abu al- Tayyib is deserve to study through the phenomena of language and contextual unconventional reveal new macaroni on the linguistic and monetary studies
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Kirilova, Veska. "Functional transformations in the dispersive field of the ‘intransitivity-transitivity’ continuum in the use of verbs in spoken French." Proglas 33, no. 2 (2024): 115–23. https://doi.org/10.54664/fbsr2509.
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The subject of the present study is the functional transformation in the object-argument orientation of certain verbs in spoken French. The process under consideration leads to three types of changes: (1) a change in the type of the object argument within transitivity, (2) the adoption of an object argument by intransitive verbs, and (3) the loss of an object argument by transitive verbs. The article analyzes the reasons for these processes.
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Поддьяков, Александр Николаевич, and Alexander Poddiakov. "Intransitively winning chess players' positions." Mathematical Game Theory and Applications 14, no. 3 (2023): 75–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17076/mgta_2022_3_57.
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Chess players' positions in intransitive (rock-paper-scissors) relations are considered. Namely, position $A$ of White is preferable (it should be chosen if choice is possible) to position $B$ of Black, position $B$ of Black is preferable to position $C$ of White, position $C$ of White is preferable to position $D$ of Black, but position $D$ of Black is preferable to position $A$ of White. Intransitivity of winningness of chess players' positions is considered to be a consequence of complexity of the chess environment - in contrast with simpler games with transitive positions only. Perfect values of chess players' positions are impossible. Euclidian metric cannot be used to describe chess players' positions in space of winningness relations. The Zermelo-von Neumann theorem is complemented by statements about possibility vs. impossibility of building pure winning strategies based on the assumption of transitivity of players' positions. Questions about the possibility of intransitive players' positions in other positional games are raised.
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Kyzlasova, Inga L. "Reflexive in the Khakass language: structure and semantics." Sibirskiy filologicheskiy zhurnal, no. 2 (2023): 235–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/18137083/83/18.
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This study determines the structural and semantic features of the reflexive (reflexive voice) in Khakass, taking into account the peculiarities of the Turkic conceptualization of the reflexivity semantics in the language. The paper considers the aspects of the study of the voice category in the theory of linguistics and presents the discussion of linguists regarding the nature of the reflexive. It is indicated that a reflexive verb in the Khakass language denotes the active action of its agent, i.e., the source and the object of the action. It is shown that reflexive is formed from transitive and intransitive verbs with agentive semantics. The following basic signs of reflexivity are defined: agentivity, abstractness, intransitivity, and semi-transitivity. The main semantic types of reflexive in the Khakass language have been revealed, including the medial, partitive-reflexive, total, benefactive, autocausative, and decausative. The study results are as follows: 1) the meaning of the reflexive in the Khakass language does not go beyond its semantic limits in other languages; 2) modification of active verbs into the reflexive causes a full or partial generalization of action; 3) a partial generalization maintains the action transitivity to the object that is in a possessive relationship with the subject, creating a reflexive verb of activity; 4) a complete generalization makes the action intransitive, forming a reflexive verb of quality; 5) the reflexive meaning can be supplemented with active one. The work was performed with data from the Electronic Corpus of the Khakass language and personal fieldwork data.
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Holvoet, Axel. "Control alternations. On control properties in infinitival goal adjuncts in Baltic." Baltic Linguistics 6 (December 31, 2015): 45–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.395.
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This article deals with control phenomena in a particular type of infinitival adjuncts in Baltic, viz. in goal adjuncts with transitive verbs of motion. It has already been noted in the literature that, though infinitival adjuncts are often assumed to have implicit subjects controlled by the matrix clause subject, certain subtypes select a matrix clause object as a controller. This is also often the case with goal adjuncts: individual languages may choose either the matrix clause subject or the matrix clause object as a controller. As shown in this article, Lithuanian and Latvian have grammaticalized both types of control, i.e. for most verbs occurring in infinitival goal adjuncts alternative constructions with the two patterns of control (subject and object control) are available. The alternative control patterns correlate with transitivity vs. intransitivity marking on the infinitive in the goal adjunct. The article reflects on the syntactic interpretation of the observed facts, examines the distribution of the two control patterns over lexical classes of verbs occurring in the goal adjuncts, and looks at the implications of the facts for the theory of control.
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Pellikaan, Huib. "The Impact of Religion on the Space of Competition: The Dutch Case." Politics and Religion 3, no. 3 (2010): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048310000143.
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AbstractThe political practice of consociational democracies to take religion off the political agenda has led to the idea that religious issues only play a marginal role in the left-right ideological framework. This study demonstrates that religion has more than a marginal effect on the left-right placement of parties and thus on the space of competition. The analysis shows that voters for secular parties and voters for religious parties have different motives and beliefs on which they base the orderings of parties on the left-right scale. In other words, each group of voters defines its own left-right scale. These different left-right scales are individually single-peaked but there is no collective transitivity of orderings of parties. The intransitivity is a clear violation of Downs' condition for placing all parties on a single line in a manner agreed upon by all voters. Instead of having one left-right dimension as some sort of “super issue,” there are at least two left-right scales, one for voters for secular parties and one for voters for religious parties.
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李東哲. "A Study on the Usage of ‘をWakaru’ ─ Focus on the Verb Usage ‘をワカル“ from Intransitivity to Transitivity ─". Journal of Japanese Studies 50 (31 січня 2017): 395–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.18841/2017.50.17.
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Rusnak, Natalia, and Yulia Rusnak. "Debatability of the Ukrainian verb’s grammatical categories." Current issues of social sciences and history of medicine, no. 1 (December 30, 2024): 97–100. https://doi.org/10.24061/2411-6181.12.024.423.
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The central concept of the morphological terminology is a grammatical category. The verb has an extensive system of grammatical categories: aspect, transitivity- intransitivity, voice, mood, tense, person, number, gender etc. The relevance of the research determines the need for a new understanding of the terminology of morphology, taking into account the priority cognitive approach of analysis, the need for new searches for the description of the central part of the language in the morphological system – the Ukrainian verb. The purpose of the article is to propose a description scheme of the grammatical categories of the verb, which will illustrate the debatable points of the grammatical categories of the Ukrainian verb. Research methods. In the article as the main general scientifi c methods of analysis and synthesis are used, as well as linguistic – descriptive, structural methods and method of component analysis. Conclusions. The category of aspect has features of word-infl ected and non-infl ected categories. In the class of adverbs, aspect and transitivity- intransitiveness infl uence the creation of adverbial forms. Scholarly discussions arise around a number of key issues of the voice category. Regarding the content of the voice category, some linguists believe that the content of the voice category is the relation of the action to the subject, others – the relation of the action to the subject and the object. In science, the question regarding the quantitative manifestation of the voice category is undefi ned. In Ukrainian linguistics, the prevailing opinion is that the voice category is a two-membered grammatical category, but some scientists consider the state category to be three- membered.
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N.O., Shcherbii. "CASE GOVERNMENT OF VERBAL NOUNS IN POLISH AND UKRAINIAN." South archive (philological sciences), no. 85 (April 12, 2021): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-85-8.
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The purpose of the article is to perform the comparative analysis of case government (rekcja) of Polish and Ukrainian verbal nouns. The fulfilment of this purpose requires describing the status of verbal nouns in linguistics, clarifying the terminological apparatus, proving the verbal nature of these formations, comparing case government in Polish and Ukrainian, in particular, due to the existence of categories of transitivity and valence as well as establishing common and distinctive features.Methods. The application of the comparative and typological method allows to compare the semantic and syntactic features of verbal nouns of two related languages. Methods of deduction and induction were used to systematize, describe and generalize the identified features and differences.Results. Verb nouns ending with -nie, -cie // -ння, ття possess a pronounced verbal nature, as evidenced by the preservation of the case government, namely: the form of the governed noun dependent on the verbal noun denotes the object to express certain syntactic relations like the one dependent on the verb. The case government of verb nouns ending with -nie, -cie // -ння, ття is expressed by the categories of transitivity and valence. At the level of syntagmatics, the semantics of transitive / intransitive action of verbal nouns affects their compatibility and becomes a defining feature for distinguishing components of the semantic paradigm of a polysemous verbal noun. VNs generally have the same valence as the root verb (with or without a preposition), but there are a number of differences, particularly in prepositional government. In contrast to Ukrainian, a number of Polish verbs can be used with an object in the form of a verbal noun due to the fact that Poles perceive the world more ‘object-based’, and Ukrainians have an organic ability to see life in dynamics, movement and convey it using verbs.Conclusions. Hybrid parts of language are a little-studied and relevant aspect in modern linguistic research, in particular in the context of structural and semantic differences against the background of Slavic languages. Verbal nouns are a clear example of hybridity as they combine categories typical for different classes of words, such as verbal grammatical categories of aspect, voice, mood, and transitivity / intransitivity as opposed to noun categories of gender and case.Key words: valence, transitivity / intransitivity, case government, semantics. Метою статті є зіставний аналіз сполучуваності (рекції) польських та українських дієслівних іменників. Реалізація поставленої мети передбачає опис статусу дієслівних іменників у мовознавстві, вияснення термінологічного апарату, дове-дення дієслівного характеру цих утворень, порівняння дієслівної рекції у польській та українській мові, зокрема завдяки наявності категорій перехідності та валентності, встановленню спільних та відмінних ознак.Методи. Застосування зіставно-типологічного методу дало змогу порівняти семантико-синтаксичні особливості дієслів-них іменників двох споріднених мов. З метою систематизації, опису та узагальнення виявлених особливостей та відмінностей використовувалися методи дедукції та індукції.Результати. Дієслівні іменники на -nie, -cie // -ння, ття мають виражений дієслівний характер, про що свідчить зокрема і збереження дієслівної рекції, а саме: залежна від дієслівного іменника форма керованого іменника позначає об’єкт, як і при дієслові для вираження певних синтаксичних відношень. Рекція дієслівних іменників на -nie, -cie // -ння, ття виражається за допомогою категорії перехідності та валентності. Семантика перехідності / неперехідності дії віддієслівних іменників на рівні синтагматики впливає на їх сполучуваність і стає диференційною ознакою розрізнення компонентів семантичної парадигми багатозначного віддієслівного іменника. ДІ здебільшого мають таку саму валентність, як і твірне дієслово (з прийменником чи без), проте є ряд відмінностей, зокрема в прийменниковому керуванні. Низка польських дієслів може вживатися з додатком у формі дієслівного іменника, на відміну від української мови, що пов’язане з тим, що поляки сприймають світ більш ‘опред-мечено’, а українці мають органічну здатність бачити життя в динаміці, русі й передавати це дієсловом.Висновки. Малодослідженим та актуальним аспектом у сучасних мовознавчих дослідженнях є гібридні частини мови, зокрема в контексті структурно-семантичних відмінностей на тлі слов'янських мов. Дієслівні іменники є яскравим прикладом гібридності, оскільки поєднують у собі категорії, характерні різним класам слів, як наприклад, дієслівні граматичні категорії виду, стану та способу протиставляються іменниковим категоріям роду та відмінка.Ключові слова: валентність, перехідність / неперехідність, дієслівне керування, семантика.
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Shvalb, Nir, Mark Frenkel, Shraga Shoval, and Edward Bormashenko. "Universe as a Graph (Ramsey Approach to Analysis of Physical Systems)." World journal of physics 01, no. 01 (2023): 01–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.56439/wjp/2023.1101.
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Ramsey theory is implemented to the analysis of physical systems. Physical interactions may be very generally classified as attractive and repulsive. This classification creates the premises for the application of the Ramsey theory to the analysis of physical systems. The basic notions of mathematical logic, such as transitivity and intransitivity, become key ones for understanding of physical systems. The Ramsey theory explains why nature prefers cubic lattices over hexagonal ones for systems built of electric or magnetic dipoles. The Ramsey approach may be applied to the analysis of mechanical systems when actual and virtual paths between the states in the configurational space are considered. Irreversible mechanical and thermodynamic processes are seen as directed graphs (digraphs). Chains of irreversible processes appear as transitive tournaments. These digraphs are acyclic; the transitive digraphs necessarily contain the Hamiltonian (or traceable) path. The set of states in the phase space of the physical system, between which irreversible processes are possible, is considered. The Hamiltonian path of the digraph arising from the graph uniting these states is a relativistic invariant. Applications of the Ramsey theory to the general relativity are possible. Reconsideration of the concept of “simultaneity” within the Ramsey approach is reported.
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TILEV, Encho. "VOICE PROBLEMS: VOICE AS A GRAMMATICAL ABSTRACTION (A RUSSIANBULGARIAN JUXTAPOSITION)." Ezikov Svyat volume 18 issue 3, ezs.swu.v18i3 (2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/ezs.swu.bg.v18i3.8.
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It is well-known that voice as a grammatical abstraction is one of the oldest verb categories that can be found in languages around the globe. Even in Egyptian (from 3200 BC) and Akkadian (from 3000 BC) one can find grammatical expressions of this abstract notion which signifies its coming before the separation of tense from aspect. One could also observe a reflection of classical models over time on Russian and Bulgarian grammatical systems in the 19th century. Closely related to the category of voice in Russian and Bulgarian is the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive. The presented opposition is inherent to many language families but it can function and be expressed differently in various languages. In this study the opposition is not understood as a phenomenon of categorical nature – they are not categories but oppositions based on different signs or properties. Additionally, a mention is made of the opinion held by some linguists that the opposition transitivity ~ intransitivity is justified by certain lexico-semantic word-forming and grammatical peculiarities of verbs. Voice as a grammatical category in Russian, just like case, occupies an intermediate position between morphology and syntax which makes it necessary for a wider investigation.
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Rebrina, Larisa N. "LEXICAL-SEMANTIC REPRESENTATION OF SOLIDARITY THROUGH COLLOCATIONS IN THE RUSSIAN AND GERMAN LANGUAGES." Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 14, no. 2 (2022): 168–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2022-14-2-168-190.
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Purpose. The study is aimed at determining the general and linguocultural specific characteristics of the lexico-semantic representation of the phenomenon of solidarity in the Russian and German linguocultures through a multi-aspect analysis of verb collocations.
 Methodology. Collocations are considered as statistically stable phrases that reflect the language usage as well as the native speakers’ concept of solidarity. The structure, internal and external transitivity / intransitivity, objectivity, subjectivity, seriality, structural-semantic models, thematic codes, pragmatic component of the meaning of collocations are described. The established characteristics of the lexical-semantic representation of solidarity in two linguistic cultures are compared. The descriptive, comparative method, structural-semantic modeling, semantic, distributive analysis, classification method, quantitative calculations are used.
 Results. The vector nature of the keywords interlingual correspondence, the predominance of a positive presentation of solidarity in both languages are established; differences in the presentation of solidarity situations as initiated by the subject / involuntary, in frequency subject codes and a tendency to form a series of collocations, in lexical-semantic differentiation of various solidarity situations and grounds for a negative assessment of solidarity are identified.
 Practical implications. The results can be used in lexicographic practice, in research on related topics; in university courses on lexicology and semantics.
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Veit, Walter. "Rationality and Intransitivity." Croatian journal of philosophy 24, no. 71 (2024): 273–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.52685/cjp.24.71.9.
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The axiom of transitivity has been challenged in economic theorizing for over seventy years. Yet, there does not seem to be any movement in economics towards removing classical rational choice models from introductory microeconomics books. The concept of rationality has similarly been employed in the cognitive sciences and biology, and yet, transitivity has here not only been shown to be violated, but also rationally so. Some economists have thus responded with attempts to develop alternative theories that give up on the axiom of transitivity. In this paper, I argue that there is a conceptual confusion in this debate that rests on the mistaken idea that there is something like the “one true theory of rationality” that can determine axioms like transitivity to be true or false. Instead, I defend a shift towards a pluralism of concepts of rationality as well as models in which transitivity should play a role depending on the purposes of the model at hand.
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С., Л. Попов. "КОГНИТИВНО-ЭВОЛЮЦИОННАЯ ИНТЕРПРЕТАЦИЯ СИНТАКСИЧЕСКОЙ БЕЗЛИЧНОСТИ: ПРИЧИНЫ ВОЗНИКНОВЕНИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ НЕАКТИВНОСТИ АГЕНСА (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА)". Російська філологія. Вісник Харківського національного педагогічного університету імені Г.С. Сковороди, № 3(58) (8 листопада 2016): 10–16. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.165204.
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The article presents the cognitive and evolutionary interpretation of syntactic impersonality in the Russian language. The target of research selection is conditioned by the next considerations. Many Indo-European languages and languages of other families evolved from agential inactive ergativity to agential active nominativity. Having developed activity of agent in nominative constructions, these languages communicative comfortably kept the possibility to express inactivity of agent in impersonal constructions of sphere of existence. The Russian language on the whole evolved in line with this tendency, but in two aspects it showed evolutional lag and even anti-evolutionism. Firstly, Russian syntax saved impersonality in spheres of natural phenomena, of organism and modality of type “it is Necessary”, where, in particular, in German and Romance grammars only nominativity is preferred. Secondly, as researchers note, in the last decades in Russian syntax there are high frequency and expansion of impersonal constructions of sphere of existence application, including the conceptualisation of situations that require the active presence of agent. The cognitive and evolutionary approach to study of language phenomena is supposed to exposure language phenomena reasons. While studying the reasons of agent inactivity in Russian impersonal constructions the data of subjects allied with linguistics (evolutional epistomology, age-related psychology, ethnic psychology, history and other allied with linguistics anthropo-sciences – about perception) are used. The perception quality influence on the quality of logic as building thinking is grounded. The thesis about the perceptual conditioned quality of logic influence on cognitive activity of native speakers and their spontaneous forming and changing of linguistic structures is accepted. Syncretical, surface and alternative degrees of perceptions providing corresponding quality of logic and, as a result, of linguistic structures are presented. Possibilities of native speakers evolution from one degree of perception to another are demonstrated. The reasons of different rates of cognitive evolution for different languages native speakers are explained from the position of evolutional epistomology. The data about inactive manifestation of mentality of the Russian native speakers substantiated by A. Wierzbicka are cited. The optimistic position of М. Epstein in relation to development of activity of agent in the field of transitivity of Russian verbs and the pessimistic position of Т. Radbil in relation to development of activity of agent due to unjustified wide spreading by modern Russian native speakers of application of impersonality and passive- reflexiveness are compared. Finally the conclusion is drawn that perceptive evolution of Russian native speakers must precede the evolution of agent activity in Russian grammar.
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Neill, Paula E., Nicolás Rozbaczylo, Cristóbal Villaseñor-Parada, Garen Guzmán-Rendón, Sandra Sampértegui, and Cristián E. Hernández. "Patterns of association of native and exotic boring polychaetes on the southeastern Pacific coast of Chile: the combined importance of negative, positive and random interactions." PeerJ 8 (April 24, 2020): e8560. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8560.
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Background Studies of biological invasions focus on negative interactions between exotic and native biotas, emphasizing niche overlap between species and competitive exclusion. However, the effects of positive interactions and coexistence are poorly known. In this study we evaluate the importance of positive, negative, or random species associations in explaining the coexistence of native and exotic boring polychaetes inhabiting invertebrate hosts, on the southeastern Pacific coast of Chile. We assess three hypotheses to explain the observed patterns: positive species interactions, weak competitive interactions, and competitive intransitivity. Methodology To assess the potential effect of competition between native and exotic polychaetes we analyzed patterns of co-occurrence of species pairs in northern and southern regions, using the metric of the probabilistic model. Since biotic interactions can affect not only native species, we also evaluated correlations between native and exotic polychaete abundance, using reduced major axis regression linear models. To assess the transitivity of competitive hierarchies we used metrics and analytical methods based on abundance matrices to estimate species competition and patch transition matrices. Results On average 50% of the species pairs presented significant weak negative associations, all associated with the exotic species Polydora rickettsi; the remaining 50% had random associations, and none showed positive associations. However, the relationship of abundance between native and exotic boring polychates supports a tendency towards coexistence. At local and regional scales, we observed the presence of a transitive network competition structure, where the exotic boring polychaete, P. rickettsi was generally the dominant species. Conclusions Our results support that native and exotic boring polychaete species coexist through weak competitive interactions. Nevertheless, the large number of random interactions observed indicates that species coexistence can be accounted for by stochastic processes, as proposed by neutral theory. Coexistence may be a frequent result of interactions between native and exotic species, although less apparent than competitive exclusion. Thus, the probabilistic point-of-view used here provides a statistical tool for evaluating coexistence as a result of exotic and native species’ interactions, an idea which has been proposed in invasion ecology, but largely lacks empirical support and methodologies for detecting underlying mechanisms. Finally, we found evidence that P. rickettsi is a successful invader by being competitively dominant, but not excluding other species.
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Alimova, M., D. Kosheva, N. Babajanova, S. Khusanova, I. Ismoilova, and Z. Umarova. "PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF GRAMMATICAL CAUSATIVIZATION IN THE UZBEK AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES." Slovak international scientific journal, no. 89 (November 15, 2024): 41–43. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14167053.
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In this article at the result of the pragmatic approach to the analysis of the grammatical linguistic phenomenon causativization the authors demonstrate different causal meanings expressed by one and the same form depended on the context and the situation in which the communication takes place among interlocutors. Besides, the authors distinguish between true causative and pseudo-causative usage of the same grammatical pattern depended on the definition given to the grammatical causation in this article.
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Verdú, Miguel, Julio M. Alcántara, Jose A. Navarro-Cano, and Marta Goberna. "Transitivity and intransitivity in soil bacterial networks." ISME Journal, October 19, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-023-01540-8.
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Spineli, Loukia M. "An empirical study on 209 networks of treatments revealed intransitivity to be common and multiple statistical tests suboptimal to assess transitivity." BMC Medical Research Methodology 24, no. 1 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-024-02436-7.
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Abstract Background Transitivity assumption is the cornerstone of network meta-analysis (NMA). Investigating the plausibility of transitivity can unveil the credibility of NMA results. The commonness of transitivity was examined based on study dissimilarities regarding several study-level aggregate clinical and methodological characteristics reported in the systematic reviews. The present study also demonstrated the disadvantages of using multiple statistical tests to assess transitivity and compared the conclusions drawn from multiple statistical tests with those from the approach of study dissimilarities for transitivity assessment. Methods An empirical study was conducted using 209 published systematic reviews with NMA to create a database of study-level aggregate clinical and methodological characteristics found in the tracenma R package. For each systematic review, the network of the primary outcome was considered to create a dataset with extracted study-level aggregate clinical and methodological characteristics reported in the systematic review that may act as effect modifiers. Transitivity was evaluated by calculating study dissimilarities based on the extracted characteristics to provide a measure of overall dissimilarity within and between the observed treatment comparisons. Empirically driven thresholds of low dissimilarity were employed to determine the proportion of datasets with evidence of likely intransitivity. One-way ANOVA and chi-squared test were employed for each characteristic to investigate comparison dissimilarity at a significance level of 5%. Results Study dissimilarities covered a wide range of possible values across the datasets. A ‘likely concerning’ extent of study dissimilarities, both intra-comparison and inter-comparison, dominated the analysed datasets. Using a higher dissimilarity threshold, a ‘likely concerning’ extent of study dissimilarities persisted for objective outcomes but decreased substantially for subjective outcomes. A likely intransitivity prevailed in all datasets; however, using a higher dissimilarity threshold resulted in few networks with transitivity for semi-objective and subjective outcomes. Statistical tests were feasible in 127 (61%) datasets, yielding conflicting conclusions with the approach of study dissimilarities in many datasets. Conclusions Study dissimilarity, manifested from variations in the effect modifiers’ distribution across the studies, should be expected and properly quantified. Measuring the overall study dissimilarity between observed comparisons and comparing it with a proper threshold can aid in determining whether concerns of likely intransitivity are warranted.
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Nakamura, Chie, Manabu Arai, Yuki Hirose, and Suzanne Flynn. "L2 Learners Do Not Ignore Verb’s Subcategorization Information in Real-Time Syntactic Processing." Frontiers in Psychology 12 (January 20, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689137.
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This study addressed the question of whether L2 learners are able to utilize verb’s argument structure information in online structural analysis. Previous L2 research has shown that L2 learners have difficulty in using verb’s intransitive information to guide online syntactic processing. This is true even though L2 learners have grammatical knowledge that is correct and similar to that of native speakers. In the present study, we contrasted three hypotheses, the initial inaccessibility account, the intransitivity overriding account, and the fuzzy subcategorization frame account, to investigate whether L2 learner’s knowledge of intransitive verbs is in fact ignored in L2 online structural analysis. The initial inaccessibility account and the fuzzy subcategorization frame account predicted that L2 learners cannot access intransitivity information in building syntactic structures in any situation. The intransitivity overriding account predicted that intransitivity information is accessed in L2 parsing, but this process is overridden by the strong transitivity preference when a verb is followed by a noun phrase. Importantly, the intransitivity overriding account specifically predicted that L2 learners would be able to use intransitive information in online syntactic processing when a noun phrase does not appear immediately following a verb. We tested the three accounts in an eye-tracking reading experiment using filler-gap dependency structures. We manipulated verb’s transitivity information and lexically based plausibility information and tested English native speakers as a control L1 group (N = 29) and Japanese-English L2 participants (N = 32). The results showed that L2 learners as well as native speakers processed sentences differently depending on the subcategorization information of the verb, and adopted transitive analysis only when the verb was optionally transitive, providing support for the intransitivity overriding. The results further demonstrated that L2 learners had strong expectations for the transitive structure, which is consistent with the view proposed by the hyper-active gap-filling hypothesis. In addition, the results showed that the semantic mismatch in the incorrect transitive analysis facilitated native speaker’s processing but caused difficulty for L2 learners. Together, the current study provides evidence that L2 learners use intransitive information of the verbs to guide their structural analysis when there are no overriding constraints.
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Spineli, Loukia M., Katerina Papadimitropoulou, and Chrysostomos Kalyvas. "Exploring the Transitivity Assumption in Network Meta‐Analysis: A Novel Approach and Its Implications." Statistics in Medicine 44, no. 7 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.70068.
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ABSTRACTThe feasibility of network meta‐analysis depends on several factors, one of which is the validity of the transitivity assumption that posits no systematic differences in the distribution of effect modifiers across treatment comparisons within a connected network. However, evaluating transitivity is complex for relying on epidemiological grounds. Therefore, establishing a methodological framework to evaluate this assumption is challenging. We propose a novel approach, which involves calculating dissimilarities between treatment comparisons based on study‐level aggregate participant and methodological characteristics reported across studies and applying hierarchical clustering to cluster similar comparisons. This approach detects “hot spots” of potential intransitivity in the network, enabling empirical exploration of transitivity and semi‐objective judgments. Our approach quantifies clinical and methodological (non‐statistical) heterogeneity within and between treatment comparisons by computing the dissimilarities across studies in key characteristics acting as effect modifiers. The investigated networks showed varying between‐comparison dissimilarities, indicating variability in the clinical and methodological heterogeneity of the networks. Several pairs of treatment comparisons with “likely concerning” non‐statistical heterogeneity were identified, and some studies were organized into several clusters, suggesting potential intransitivity in the networks. These findings necessitate a closer examination of the evidence base, and such scrutiny becomes pivotal in determining whether concerns about the feasibility of network meta‐analysis are justified. Similar to statistical heterogeneity, heterogeneity in clinical and methodological characteristics of the collected studies should be expected and appropriately assessed. Our proposed approach facilitates the evaluation of transitivity using well‐established methods and can be applied to newly planned and published systematic reviews.
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O'Keeffe, Michael, and Michael M. J. Treacy. "Isogonal 1-periodic polycatenanes (chains). Transitivity and intransitivity of links." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 81, no. 2 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1107/s2053273325001044.
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A systematic description of 1-periodic polycatenanes is given. The description uses piecewise-linear embeddings (straight edges) and is limited to structures with symmetry-related vertices (isogonal). Components linked are polygons, including knotted polygons and polyhedra. The structures described are generally those with the order of rotational symmetry up to 10. An account is given of transitivity and intransitivity in patterns of links.