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1
Mindell, Jennifer S. "Road travel casualties." Journal of Transport & Health 6 (September 2017): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2017.08.004.
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Yusra, Cut liliiza, Muhammad Isya, and Renni Anggraini. "ANALISIS PENGARUH KERUSAKAN JALAN TERHADAP KECEPATAN PERJALANAN." Jurnal Arsip Rekayasa Sipil dan Perencanaan 1, no. 3 (September 11, 2018): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jarsp.v1i3.11761.
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Road damage that occurs in some road segments that cause huge losses, especially for road users. It is worth noting that there is no decrease in road quality due to road surface damage. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of the rate of damage with the speed of travel. This research took place on Lueng Mane - Tadu Raya Road segment, Kuala Tadu Sub-District, Nagan Raya District over 2000 meters divided into 20 segments with a segment length of 100 meters. Primary data were collected by actual field survey that is road geometric data, extensive damage to roads and travel speed. The results show that road damage is very influential to the speed of travel, as seen in segment 11 with the value of 18 very ugly road conditions with travel speed reached 28,324 km/h, while in segment 6 PCI value of 100 perfect road conditions (Excellent) travel speed reaches 59,90 km/h, so the equation Y = 0,3202x + 21,264. This shows that the higher the level of damage the lower the speed of travel, the lower the level of damage the higher the speed of travel.
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Chen, Peng, Rui Tong, Guangquan Lu, and Yunpeng Wang. "Exploring Travel Time Distribution and Variability Patterns Using Probe Vehicle Data: Case Study in Beijing." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3747632.
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Exploring travel time distribution and variability patterns is essential for reliable route choices and sophisticated traffic management and control. State-of-the-art studies tend to treat different types of roads equally, which fails to provide more detailed analysis of travel time characteristics for each specific road type. In this study, based on a vast amount of probe vehicle data, 200 links inside the Third Ring Road of Beijing, China, were investigated. Four types of roads were covered including urban expressways, auxiliary roads of urban expressways, major roads, and secondary roads. The day-of-week distributions of unit distance travel time were first analyzed. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Anderson-Darling test, and chi-squared test were employed to test the goodness-of-fit of different distributions and the results showed lognormal distribution was best-fitted for different time periods and road types compared with normal, gamma, and Weibull distribution. In addition, four reliability measures, that is, unit distance travel time, coefficient of variation, buffer time index, and punctuality rate, were used to explore the day-of-week travel time variability patterns. The results indicated that urban expressways, auxiliary roads of urban expressways, and major roads have regular and distinct morning and afternoon peaks on weekdays. It is noteworthy that in daytime the travel times on auxiliary roads of urban expressways and major roads share similar variability patterns and appear relatively stable and reliable, while urban expressways have most reliable travel times at night. The results of analysis help enable a better understanding of the volatile travel time characteristics of each road type in urban network.
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Roni, T. S., M. I. Ramli, and S. A. Adisasmitha. "Selection Model of Use of the Elevated Toll Road Route in Makassar City." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1117, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1117/1/012076.
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Abstract This study aims to analyze the selection of the A.P. Pettarani Elevated Toll Road route. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires and reviewing respondents to describe the travel characteristics of A.P. Pettarani Elevated Toll Road respondents using Ms. Excel to process the data. The results showed that in the selection of A.P. Pettarani elevated toll road to the airport, and the dominant respondents entered the toll road through the Bakti road where the traveler was aged 50-59 years old, with the last education being a bachelor’s degree, working as an officer, with an income of IDR 4.5M-5.5M. The travel costs incurred are IDR20-30K, travel distance of 7-11 km, travel time of 10-20 minutes, and travel frequency of 15-20 times a month to travel for work/business. In the selection of travel routes using the A.P. Pettarani elevated toll road to the port, the dominant respondents entered the overpass toll road through the Rappocini road, where the traveler was aged 20-29 years old, with the last education being a bachelor’s degree, working as an officer, with an income of IDR 4.5M-5.5M. The travel costs incurred are IDR20-30K, travel distance of 7-11 km, travel time of 20-30 minutes, and travel frequency of 15-20 times to travel for work/business.
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Koryagin, Mark, and Vladimir Katargin. "OPTIMIZATION OF AN URBAN TRANSPORT SYSTEM ON THE CONDITION OF DIFFERENT GOALS OF MUNICIPAL AUTHORITIES, OPERATORS AND PASSENGERS." TRANSPORT 31, no. 1 (March 22, 2016): 63–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2016.1125946.
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A control system of urban passenger transport is considered. The system participants are a passenger flow, a transport operator and municipal authorities. The participants’ strategies include a travel mode choice, a frequency of public transport service, and a road capacity. Objective functions are transport costs, public transport profit, road costs, and travel time. The passenger flow heterogeneity is based on the value of time that has an exponential distribution. The total costs of passenger flow depend on the probability of the travel mode choice. The dependence between travel time, roads capacity, and traffic is based on Greenshields model. The authorities’ objective consists of travel time and road costs, which can be changed by the road capacity. The game theoretic approach is applied to describe the control system. The existence of Nash equilibrium for coalition-free games for two (the passenger flow and the authorities and three (with addition of public transport) players is proved. The characteristics of urban passenger transport were studied based on a numerical example.
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Nyaki, Prosper S., Hannibal Bwire, and Nurdin K. Mushule. "Travel Time Reliability of Bus Operation in Heterogeneous Traffic Conditions of Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania." LOGI – Scientific Journal on Transport and Logistics 11, no. 2 (November 1, 2020): 44–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/logi-2020-0014.
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AbstractThe assessment of travel time reliability enables precise prediction of travel times, better activity scheduling and decisions for all users of the road network. Furthermore, it helps to monitor traffic flow as a crucial strategy for reducing traffic congestion and ensuring high-quality service in urban roads. Travel time reliability is a useful reference tool for evaluating transport service quality, operating costs and system efficiency. However, many analyses of travel time reliability do not provide true travel variation under heterogeneous traffic flow conditions where traffic flow is a mixture of motorized and non-motorized transport. This study analysed travel time reliability under heterogeneous traffic conditions. The travel reliabilities focused on passenger waiting time at bus stops, in-vehicle travel time, and delay time at intersections which were analysed using buffer time, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, and planning time. The data used were obtained from five main bus routes in Dar es Salaam. The results indicate low service reliability in the outbound directions compared to inbound directions. They also intend to raise awareness of policy-makers about the situation and to make them shift from expanding road networks towards optimising road operations.
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Nian, Guangyue, Jian Sun, and Jianyun Huang. "Exploring the Effects of Urban Built Environment on Road Travel Speed Variability with a Spatial Panel Data Model." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 12 (December 10, 2021): 829. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10120829.
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Road traffic congestion is a common problem in most large cities, and exploring the root causes is essential to alleviate traffic congestion. Travel behavior is closely related to the built environment, and affects road travel speed. This paper investigated the direct effect of built environment on the average travel speed of road traffic. Taxi trajectories were divided into 30 min time slot (48 time slots throughout the day) and matched to the road network to obtain the average travel speed of road segments. The Points of Interest (POIs) in the buffer zone on both sides of the road segment were used to calculate the built environment indicators corresponding to the road segment, and then a spatial panel data model was proposed to assess the influence of the built environment adjacent to the road segment on the average travel speed of the road segment. The results demonstrated that the bus stop density, healthcare service density, sports and leisure service density, and parking entrance and exit density are the key factors that positively affect the average road travel speed. The residential community density and business building density are the key factors that negatively affect the average travel speed. Built environments have spatial correlation and spatial heterogeneity in their influence on the average travel speed of road segments. Findings of this study may provide useful insights for understanding the correlation between road travel speed and built environment, which would have important implications for urban planning and governance, traffic demand forecasting and traffic system optimization.
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Intiruk, Narong, Sukree Sinthupinyo, and Wasan Pattara-Atikom. "Travel Time Estimation on a Link without Real-Time Data by Correlated Links." Advanced Materials Research 931-932 (May 2014): 531–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.931-932.531.
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This paper presents a novel method to estimate travel time on a road segment using information from other road segments. This method is useful especially in the case that real-time traffic on such road segment is not available. The proposed method is based on the correlation between the road segment itself and the most related road segment. We measure the relation between road segments by dynamic time warping algorithm and apply the K-Nearest-Neighbor algorithm to select the best neighbor segment to estimate the travel time on the target road segment. We found that the best attributes set that can measure the correlation between road sections consists of location of the road segments, day of the week, and current time. The link correlation results can be used as reference data to determine the travel time on the roads that are related.
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Zong, Ping, Yao Han, and Chenbo Xu. "Research on Optimal Route Planning for Self-Driving Tour Based on Road Network Structure." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (September 29, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6588288.
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Today’s social and economic development continues to improve people’s quality of life, and private cars are widely popularized, and self-driving tours have developed. The rapid development of self-driving travel has played an important role in the development of the national economy, and self-driving travel has become popular. Because the development of self-driving tours has caused some problems, the road network structure has become more and more complex, and the roads have become very congested. Especially during the holidays, there are more private cars in tourist attractions and the roads are more congested. How to use the information of roads and attractions and then choose the optimal travel route becomes particularly important. In response to this problem, we first analyze the topology of the road network, then analyze the accessibility of scenic spots and related factors that affect self-driving travel, and use the A∗ algorithm, Dijkstra algorithm, and other calculation methods to calculate the optimal path. The experiment found that there are many influencing factors of self-driving travel, and the road network structure has the greatest influence on it. The A∗ algorithm has obvious advantages over the Dijkstra algorithm.
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Roddis, S. M., A. J. Richardson, and C. D. Mcpherson. "Obtaining Travel Intensity Profiles from Household Travel Survey Data." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1625, no. 1 (January 1998): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1625-12.
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Innovative ways to examine the spatiotemporal variations in road traffic, by using data from the Victorian Activity and Travel Survey (VATS), are presented. The approach is shown to offer significant advantages over traditional methods of analysis, such as observational surveys or roadside traffic counts. By linking the complete vehicle travel paths reported in VATS with the detailed demographic data of the respondents, a comprehensive understanding of travel and driver behavior is developed. The general methodology described is shown to be applicable to any travel data obtained from household travel surveys, especially where the origins and destinations of the recorded trips have been geocoded and stored in a geographic information system.
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Ahmad, Anees, Jamal Ahmed Khan, and Azeem Ullah Shah. "Factors Impacting Serviceability of Bypass Road." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 9 (September 30, 2022): 948–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.46725.
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Abstract: Urban traffic congestion is one of the major problems of the developing countries. Growing volumes of through traffic are often attributed to traffic flow challenges. Bypass roads are constructed to reduce congestion in the city center. Bypass diverts through traffic away from town centers leaving local streets to local traffic. Often these bypasses are built to accommodate increasing volumes of traffic particularly truck traffic. The aim of this research is how to improve travel time on bypass roads and to study various traffic congestion management approaches in big cities. Traffic volume, travel time, vehicle specifications and geometric parameters were determined in the field as input for the microsimulation model. Different facilities were incorporated on bypass road to improve travel time. Calibration and validation of the model were done, and results of traffic volume and travel time were compared with actual field data. The results obtained shows that in most of the cases congestion was found near the intersections. The options of a flyover, bus bays, pedestrian overhead bridge and slip lines were assumed in the analysis; in result highest travel time decrease on bypass road due to provision of slip lines
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Zihang, Hu, Liu Guolong, and Mi Yuan. "One Way Travel Restriction Device." International Journal of Advanced Network, Monitoring and Controls 6, no. 3 (January 1, 2021): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/ijanmc-2021-029.
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Abstract A one-way travel restriction device is proposed. This device can be used on the road to limit the one-way traffic of vehicles, avoid retrograde, private car parking space will be occupied sometimes, and the unsafe factors such as occupying the road at the construction site or road in dangerous state. At present, the one-way traffic restriction on the road mainly depends on the use of traffic police, which is not only inefficient, but also wastes a lot of human resources. One way travel restriction device can solve the above problems. The one-way travel restriction device has complete functions and works efficiently, quickly and conveniently, which conforms to the requirements of the times. So how to meet the needs of modern people in the development of intelligence, mechanical and electronic information integration of the control operation structure provides the possibility of practicality, has a very large development value and broad market prospects.
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Li, Yongyi, Shiqi Wang, Xiaorui Zhang, and Mengxing Lv. "Estimation and Reliability Research of Post-Earthquake Traffic Travel Time Distribution Based on Floating Car Data." Applied Sciences 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 9129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12189129.
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To carry out the estimation and reliability research of post-earthquake traffic travel time, which has the great influence for efficient allocation of relief materials. By analyzing the relationship among floating vehicle trajectory, target path and road network path, the intermediate parameters of converting floating vehicle trajectory data into target path travel time were defined and improved. In addition, the road damage identification method relying on lane detection is applied for evaluating the damage of road after the earthquake through the image information. Then, Bayesian average adaptive kernel density estimation method was used to estimate the distribution of post-earthquake road travel time, and a new formula for calculating the reliability of road travel time after earthquake was proposed. According to the example simulation and analysis, the proposed post-earthquake road travel time distribution estimation and its reliability are verified. The results show that when the threshold value is determined, the travel time of the path before the earthquake is the most dependable, and with the increase in the earthquake damage index, the travel time of this road section becomes increasingly unreliable. However, after the earthquake, the peak probability density of road travel time distribution weakens, and the overall probability shifts to the direction of long time.
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Yu-qin, Feng, Leng Jun-qiang, Xie Zhong-Yu, Zhang Gui-e, and He Yi. "Route Choice Model Considering Generalized Travel Cost Based on Game Theory." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/464038.
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This paper aims at testing the influence of emission factors on travelers’ behavior of route choice. The generalized travel cost is defined as the linear weighted sum of emission factors, travel time, and travel time reliability. The relational model of exhaust volume and traffic volume is established using the BPR (Bureau of Public Road) function to calculate the cost of travel regarding emission. The BPR function is used to measure the road segment travel time, while the reliability is used to quantify the cost of travel time fluctuation. At last, the route choice model considering the generalized travel cost is established based on the game theory. The calculating and analyzing of results under a miniature road network show that the weight coefficient of travel cost influences the travelers’ behavior of route choice remarkably and the route choice model which takes emission into account can reduce the exhaust of road network effectively, approximately 11.4% in this case.
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Abe, Ryosuke, and Kay W. Axhausen. "Impact of Major Road Supply on Individual Travel Time Expenditure: An Exploration with a 30-Year Variation of Infrastructure and Travel." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2672, no. 3 (August 25, 2018): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118791866.
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This study estimates the impact of major road supply on individual travel time expenditures (TTEs) using data that cover 30-year variations in transportation infrastructure and travel behavior. The impacts of the supply of road and rail infrastructure are estimated with a data set that combines records of large-scale household travel surveys in the Tokyo metropolitan area conducted in 1978, 1988, 1998, and 2008. Linear and Tobit models of individual TTEs are estimated by following the behavior of birth cohorts over the 30-year period. The models incorporate the changes in transportation infrastructure, measured as lane kilometers of two levels of major road stock and vehicle kilometers of urban rail service. The results show significant negative effects of lane kilometers for higher-level and lower-level major roads on the TTEs for all travel purposes and for commuting, after controlling for socioeconomic backgrounds and generations of individuals. This study discusses that, in Tokyo, the estimated effect is more likely to reflect the effect of a major road network per se on individual TTEs than the (indirect) effect of major road supply on individual TTEs working through land development activities (i.e., induced car travel demand). For example, the caveat is that actual road investment decisions still need to consider the induced component of road traffic in addition to the (direct) effect that is estimated in this study.
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Moss, Chris. "Travel Journalism: The road to nowhere." British Journalism Review 19, no. 1 (March 2008): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956474808090193.
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Prokhorov, George, and Sergey Saveliev. "Narrating and mapping Russia: From Terra Incognita to a charted space on the road to Cathay." Frontiers of Narrative Studies 4, no. 2 (November 26, 2018): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fns-2018-0023.
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AbstractIn the 16th century most of Russia is still a terra incognita with a highly dubious and mostly mythologized geography, anthropology, and sociology. In this article we look at some texts of the Early Modern period – Sir Thomas Smithes Voiage and Entertainment in Rushia (1605), Peter Mundy’s Travel Writings of 1640–1641, and The Voiages and Travels of John Struys (1676–1683) – and try to uncover the transformation of the obscure country into a more or less charted space, filled with narratives of adventures and travels in an enigmatic land on the verge of Europe, where exotic cultures are drawn together in a flamboyant mix. It is travel narrative that actually charts the territory and provides an explanation from which stems a partial understanding, physical and cultural, of the “Land of the Unpredictable.”
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Ma, Zhen-Liang, Luis Ferreira, Mahmoud Mesbah, and Ahmad Tavassoli Hojati. "Modeling Bus Travel Time Reliability with Supply and Demand Data from Automatic Vehicle Location and Smart Card Systems." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2533, no. 1 (January 2015): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2533-03.
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Travel time reliability is an important aspect of bus service quality. Despite a significant body of research on private vehicle reliability, little attention has been paid to bus travel time reliability at the stop-to-stop link level on different types of roads. This study aims to identify and quantify the underlying determinants of bus travel time reliability on links of different road types with the use of supply and demand data from automatic vehicle location and smart card systems collected in Brisbane, Australia. Three general bus-related models were developed with respect to the main concerns of travelers and planners: average travel time, buffer time, and coefficient of variation of travel time. Five groups of alternative models were developed to account for variations caused by different road types, including arterial road, motorway, busway, and central business district. Seemingly unrelated regression equations estimation were applied to account for cross-equation correlations across regression models in each group. Three main categories of unreliability contributory factors were identified and tested in this study, namely, planning, operational, and environmental. Model results provided insights into these factors that affect bus travel time and its variability. The most important predictors were found to be the recurrent congestion index, traffic signals, and passenger demand at stops. Results could be used to target specific strategies aimed at reducing unreliability on different types of roads.
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Wan, Neng, Jian Xiong, and Feng Xiang Guo. "Influence Mechanism of Travel Information Service Level for Drivers' Travel Time Prediction Error." Applied Mechanics and Materials 505-506 (January 2014): 1183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.505-506.1183.
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In order to reveal the effect mechanism of travel information service level for drivers travel time prediction error, defined the concept of travel information service level and travel time prediction error. Utilize the conceptual model, described the various influence factors of travel information service level and interaction relations. Discussed the relationship between the drivers travel information receiving preference habits and the road selection, analyzed the effect of the influence factors on drivers' road selection and travel time prediction, based on Bayesian methods analyzed the effect of different travel information service level for travel time prediction error. The calculation shows that the higher travel information service level can improve the drivers travel time prediction, increase the travel information service level play an important role for the efficiency of drivers travel, and provide theoretical support for planning and construction of travel information system on the future.
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Karami, Muhammad, Dwi Herianto, Siti A. Ofrial, and Ning Yulianti. "Empirical Analysis for Measuring Travel Time Reliability on Road Network." Civil Engineering Dimension 23, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.23.2.100-107.
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This research analyses the characteristics of travel time reliability for the road network in Kota Bandar Lampung. Therefore, travel time consists of access, wait and interchange time, while its reliability deals with variations of in-passenger/private cars time. Survey of travel time on each road was carried out for 12 hours (from 06.00 to 18.00) for five working days. Furthermore, the buffer time method was used to measure the characteristics of time travel reliability consisting of five measuring tools, namely planning time, planning time index, buffer time, buffer time index and travel time index. This research found that the temporal effects are the main factor that tends to affect travel time, whereas network effects are the second factor that tends to affect travel time. Furthermore, the regression equation was developed to express the effect of planning time (TPlan) and free-flow travel time on average travel time .
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Karami, Muhammad, Dwi Herianto, Siti A. Ofrial, and Ning Yulianti. "Empirical Analysis for Measuring Travel Time Reliability on Road Network." Civil Engineering Dimension 23, no. 2 (October 4, 2021): 100–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.9744/ced.23.2.100-107.
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This research analyses the characteristics of travel time reliability for the road network in Kota Bandar Lampung. Therefore, travel time consists of access, wait and interchange time, while its reliability deals with variations of in-passenger/private cars time. Survey of travel time on each road was carried out for 12 hours (from 06.00 to 18.00) for five working days. Furthermore, the buffer time method was used to measure the characteristics of time travel reliability consisting of five measuring tools, namely planning time, planning time index, buffer time, buffer time index and travel time index. This research found that the temporal effects are the main factor that tends to affect travel time, whereas network effects are the second factor that tends to affect travel time. Furthermore, the regression equation was developed to express the effect of planning time (TPlan) and free-flow travel time on average travel time .
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Mei, Zhenyu, Dianhai Wang, and Jun Chen. "Investigation with Bluetooth Sensors of Bicycle Travel Time Estimation on a Short Corridor." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 303521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/303521.
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Accurate travel time information acquisition is essential to the effective planning and management of bicycle travel conditions. Traditionally, video camera data have been used as the primary source for measuring the quality of bicycle travel time. This paper deals with an investigation of bicycle travel time estimation on a short corridor, using Bluetooth sensors, based on field survey of travel time at one arterial road in Hangzhou. Usually bicycle travel time estimates with Bluetooth sensors contain three types of errors: spatial error, temporal error, and sampling error. To avoid these, we introduced filters to “purify” the time series. A median filtering algorithm is used to eliminate the outlier observations. The filtering scheme has been applied on Genshan East Road and Moganshan Road. Test data are used to measure the quality of bicycle travel time data collected by the Bluetooth sensors, and the results show that the new technology is a promising method for collecting high-quality travel time data that can be used as ground truth for evaluating other sources of travel time and other intelligent transportation system applications.
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Migranova, Elza V., and Leisan Kh Shangaraeva. "К вопросу о традиционных путешествиях и дорожной культуре башкир." Oriental Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 961–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-961-975.
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Introduction. The rules of road culture developed over centuries have always occupied an important place in the traditional worldview and everyday life of Bashkirs. The phenomenon of road culture and travel among Bashkirs has remained understudied, and this article serves to eliminate the existing gap to some extent and introduce new data into scientific discourse. Goals. The paper seeks to systematize materials dealing with the Bashkir traditional road culture and consider its functional / semiotic components believed instrumental in overcoming travel-related obstacles. Materials and Methods. The study focuses on reports and materials by participants of 18th-century academic expeditions (I. I. Lepekhin, P. S. Pallas, etc.), subsequent ethnographic works, Bashkir folklore narratives, and recent field materials collected in various regions of Bashkortostan. Chronologically, the study covers the period between the 18th and early 20th centuries. Results. The paper shows that movement through space — travel — among the Bashkirs had not only practical but also metaphysical properties, since the traveler is believed to be simultaneously advancing both across the real and the other worlds. So, security is suggested to depend on both physical and magical actions, as well as sympathies of spirits or ‘masters’ of various natural objects. The traditional Bashkir society has developed a specific road culture that aimed to resist, avert diverse threats. In olden days, travels were seen as a male domain (hunting, military service, fishing, study, trade trips, pilgrimages, etc.). The article discusses the traditional pre-travel and farewell practices, customs that were to be observed en route, rituals supposed to guarantee a traveler’s return, etc. Conclusions. The Bashkir road culture is a complex, open, and evolving system. ‘Path’ and ‘road’ in traditional representations of Bashkirs were essentially sacral symbols.
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Juhász, Mattias, Tamás Mátrai, and Csaba Koren. "Forecasting travel time reliability in urban road transpo." Archives of Transport 43, no. 3 (September 13, 2017): 53–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.4227.
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Assessment of travel time reliability as a fundamental factor in travel behaviour has become a very important aspect in both transport modelling and economic appraisal. Improved reliability could provide a significant economic benefit if it is adequately calculated in cost-benefit analyses for which the theoretical background has already been set. However, methods to forecast travel time reliability as well as travel behaviour models including its effects are rather scarce and there is a need for development in this field. Another important aspect could be the influencing factor of reliability in travel demand management and related policy-making. Therefore, this paper intends to further analyse reliability focusing exclusively on urban road transport based on automatic measurements of journey times and traffic volumes from a dataset of the city of Budapest. The main finding and the novelty of the study is a model which can forecast the standard deviation of travel times based on the volume-capacity ratio and the free-flow travel time. The paper also provides a real-life numerical experiment in which the proposed model has been compared with other, existing ones. It proves that besides existing mean-delay-based models, travel time reliability can be forecasted based on the volume-capacity ratio with an adequate accuracy.
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Yao, En Jian, Zhi Qiang Yang, Hong Na Dai, and Ting Zuo. "Estimation of Electric Vehicle's Crusing Range Based on Real-Time Links Average Speed." Applied Mechanics and Materials 361-363 (August 2013): 2100–2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.361-363.2100.
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For the reasons of relative short cruising range and insufficient charging facilities, the use and promotion of electric vehicles (EV) is restricted. The estimation of cruising range is important for the EV drivers when selecting the travel route. Energy consumption for different running status is the prerequisite for estimation of cruising range. In this study, an energy consumption factor model is established, which is characterized with reflecting the impact of frequent acceleration and deceleration of urban road, and the input parameter is easily obtained from usual road traffic information system. The results show that the proposed model can predict energy consumption with high accuracy. Then based on real-time links average travel speed, this paper proposes a method of estimating the cruising range when EV travels on a planned route according to drivers demand.
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Li, Ruimin, Huajun Chai, and Jin Tang. "Empirical Study of Travel Time Estimation and Reliability." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/504579.
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This paper explores the travel time distribution of different types of urban roads, the link and path average travel time, and variance estimation methods by analyzing the large-scale travel time dataset detected from automatic number plate readers installed throughout Beijing. The results show that the best-fitting travel time distribution for different road links in 15 min time intervals differs for different traffic congestion levels. The average travel time for all links on all days can be estimated with acceptable precision by using normal distribution. However, this distribution is not suitable to estimate travel time variance under some types of traffic conditions. Path travel time can be estimated with high precision by summing the travel time of the links that constitute the path. In addition, the path travel time variance can be estimated by the travel time variance of the links, provided that the travel times on all the links along a given path are generated by statistically independent distributions. These findings can be used to develop and validate microscopic simulations or online travel time estimation and prediction systems.
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Ostrowski, Krzysztof, and Marcin Budzynski. "Measures of Functional Reliability of Two-Lane Highways." Energies 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 4577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14154577.
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Rural two-lane highways are the most common road type both in Poland and globally. In terms of kilometres, their length is by far greater than that of motorways and expressways. They are roads of one carriageway for each direction, which makes the overtaking of slower vehicles possible only when there is a gap in the stream of traffic moving from the opposite direction. Motorways and express roads are dual carriageways that are expected to support high speed travel mainly over long distances. Express roads have somewhat lower technical parameters and a lower speed limit than motorways. Two-lane highways are used for both short- and long-distance travel. The paper presents selected studies conducted in Poland in 2016–2018 on rural two-lane highways and focuses on the context of the need for their reliability. The research was carried out on selected short and longer road sections located in various surroundings, grouped in terms of curvature change rate CCR, longitudinal slopes and cross-sections (width of lanes and shoulders). The studies of traffic volumes, travel time and travel speed, as well as traffic density, will be used to analyze traffic performance and identify measures of travel time reliability. The analyzed roads were characterized by good technical parameters and significant variability of traffic volume throughout the day, week and year. Some roads experience congestion, i.e., situations in which traffic volume Q is close to or above respective road capacity C. In order to determine the form of the suitable reliability measures, it will be important to determine the extent to which a road’s geometric and traffic characteristics impact travel speed and time. The paper presents well-known reliability measures for dual carriageways and proposes new measures, along with an evaluation of their usefulness in the assessment of the functioning of two-lane highways.
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Xue-qin, Long, Wang Jian-jun, and Guan Hong-zhi. "Travel Distance on Each Grade Road of Urban City Based on Reliability." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/803961.
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In order to reflect influence of travel time reliability on route choosing, considering traffic accidents’ influence under random state, we analyzed travel distance distribution regularity of each grade road, through traffic assignment. Travel time reliability model was produced and modified, considering the randomness of accidents, delay time, and capacity. The maximum preponderant travel range of each grade road was defined, and stochastic user equilibrium assignment was adopted to get travel turnover and distance, based on the corrected model. And then regulation of distance distribution was analyzed. Conclusion shows that reasonable travel distance of local way, distribution way, and primary way is 1 km, 2.28 km, and 3.54 km, respectively.
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Berta, Tamas, and Ádám Török. "Travel Time Reduction Due to Infrastructure Development in Hungary." PROMET - Traffic&Transportation 22, no. 1 (January 27, 2012): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v22i1.161.
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The main scope of this paper is to present the formulation and visualization of shortening travel time in road transport due to the improvement of road network in Hungary. The formulation of the travel time based model has been developed by the authors. The paper also presents the demonstration of the results. The approach followed is quite innovatory in terms of visualization. The travel times were taken into account as opposed to geographical distances. Also, graph theory is used in order to calculate the matrix of “travel time” distances. The data from more than 30 cities were included in the model so as to make it quite representative for Hungary. KEYWORDS: road transportation, reduction of travel time, positive external effect
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Wouters, Jacorien A. A., Kin-Fai Chan, Joost Kolkman, and Rutger W. Kock. "Customized Pretrip Prediction of Freeway Travel Times for Road Users." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1917, no. 1 (January 2005): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105191700104.
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One objective of the Department of Transport (DoT) in the Netherlands is to provide better information to road users about the traffic situation on Dutch freeways. The idea was put forward to use existing historical freeway inductive loop data to predict a customized pretrip travel time for road users. To investigate the feasibility and usefulness of that idea, DoT launched the AIDA project. A prototype database was constructed; it contained almost 2 years of travel time data for all Dutch freeway road sections with inductive loops. A statistical algorithm was designed to compute the average travel time for any freeway journey on any future date and time. An Internet trial application was built to test the database and algorithm. Accuracy of the travel time predictions was evaluated with independent loop data. The usefulness for road users was investigated with an online survey. Results show a good match between the predicted and actual travel times. Only in 10% of analyzed cases did the actual travel time exceed the predicted travel time by more than 5 min. Of 161 respondents, 50% indicated that they found the information useful. Furthermore, 22% indicated that they would consider a different departure time on the basis of AIDA information. Thus the project has shown convincingly that the AIDA concept is not only feasible but also useful to road users. Presently DoT is looking into the uses of the concept for road users and possibly also for traffic operators.
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Hu, Yue, William Barbour, Kun Qian, Christian Claudel, Samitha Samaranayake, and Daniel B. Work. "Estimating road traffic impacts of commute mode shifts." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): e0279738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0279738.
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This work considers the sensitivity of commute travel times in US metro areas due to potential changes in commute patterns, for example caused by events such as pandemics. Permanent shifts away from transit and carpooling can add vehicles to congested road networks, increasing travel times. Growth in the number of workers who avoid commuting and work from home instead can offset travel time increases. To estimate these potential impacts, 6-9 years of American Community Survey commute data for 118 metropolitan statistical areas are investigated. For 74 of the metro areas, the average commute travel time is shown to be explainable using only the number of passenger vehicles used for commuting. A universal Bureau of Public Roads model characterizes the sensitivity of each metro area with respect to additional vehicles. The resulting models are then used to determine the change in average travel time for each metro area in scenarios when 25% or 50% of transit and carpool users switch to single occupancy vehicles. Under a 25% mode shift, areas such as San Francisco and New York that are already congested and have high transit ridership may experience round trip travel time increases of 12 minutes (New York) to 20 minutes (San Francisco), costing individual commuters $1065 and $1601 annually in lost time. The travel time increases and corresponding costs can be avoided with an increase in working from home. The main contribution of this work is to provide a model to quantify the potential increase in commute travel times under various behavior changes, that can aid policy making for more efficient commuting.
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Kang, Leilei, Guojing Hu, Hao Huang, Weike Lu, and Lan Liu. "Urban Traffic Travel Time Short-Term Prediction Model Based on Spatio-Temporal Feature Extraction." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2020 (August 14, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3247847.
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In order to improve the accuracy of short-term travel time prediction in an urban road network, a hybrid model for spatio-temporal feature extraction and prediction of urban road network travel time is proposed in this research, which combines empirical dynamic modeling (EDM) and complex networks (CN) with an XGBoost prediction model. Due to the highly nonlinear and dynamic nature of travel time series, it is necessary to consider time dependence and the spatial reliance of travel time series for predicting the travel time of road networks. The dynamic feature of the travel time series can be revealed by the EDM method, a nonlinear approach based on Chaos theory. Further, the spatial characteristic of urban traffic topology can be reflected from the perspective of complex networks. To fully guarantee the reasonability and validity of spatio-temporal features, which are dug by empirical dynamic modeling and complex networks (EDMCN), for urban traffic travel time prediction, an XGBoost prediction model is established for those characteristics. Through the in-depth exploration of the travel time and topology of a particular road network in Guiyang, the EDMCN-XGBoost prediction model’s performance is verified. The results show that, compared with the single XGBoost, autoregressive moving average, artificial neural network, support vector machine, and other models, the proposed EDMCN-XGBoost prediction model presents a better performance in forecasting.
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Mubarok, Fajar, Dewi Handayani, and Syafi’i. "A study of CO2 emission reduction due to transportation activities in Brebes district through road repair." MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 04022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819504022.
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Global climate change has prompted the Government of the Republic of Indonesia to commit to an active role and participation in the attempt of reducing Greenhouse Gas (GRK) emission through a national action program. One of the biggest sectors contributing in the production of GRK is transportation. Meanwhile, the condition of roads also affect the speed of vehicles. This study analyzed the relationship between road condition and travel speed, and the resulting CO2 emission. This research was conducted by taking some class III roads in Brebes as samples. The stages of this study include assessing the road condition by using the PCI method, calculating the average speed of vehicle on each sample road, and from the data of travel speed, the value of CO2 emission was then calculated using IPCC method. The result of this study indicated that the road condition is the factor that affects the travel speed. Increasing the value of PCI by 10 points from the lowest value will reduce CO2 emissions by 3.36% for gasoline-fueled vehicles. This research suggests improving the road condition in Brebes district in order to support Local Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction.
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Li, Qiuping, Haowen Luo, and Xuechen Luan. "Multistage Impacts of the Heavy Rain Process on the Travel Speeds of Urban Roads." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 8 (August 17, 2021): 557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10080557.
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Heavy rain causes the highest drop in travel speeds compared with light and moderate rain because it can easily induce flooding on road surfaces, which can continue to hinder urban transportation even after the rainfall is over. However, very few studies have specialized in researching the multistage impacts of the heavy rain process on urban roads, and the cumulative effects of heavy rain in road networks are often overlooked. In this study, the heavy rain process is divided into three consecutive stages, i.e., prepeak, peak, and postpeak. The impact of heavy rain on a road is represented by a three-dimensional traffic speed change ratio vector. Then, the k-means clustering method is implemented to reveal the distinct patterns of speed change ratio vectors. Finally, the characteristics of the links in each cluster are analyzed. An empirical study of Shenzhen, China suggests that there are three major impact patterns in links. The differences among links associated with the three impact patterns are related to the road category, travel speeds in no rain days, and the number of transportation facilities. The findings in this research can contribute to a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between the heavy rain process and the travel speeds of urban roads and provide valuable information for traffic management and personal travel in heavy rain weather.
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Wang, Wei. "Construction Technology and Safety Monitoring Measures of Road and Bridge Engineering." Journal of Architectural Research and Development 5, no. 5 (September 28, 2021): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v5i5.2542.
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With the acceleration of urbanization and the continuous improvement of urban infrastructure construction, roads and bridges, as an important infrastructure content in China, directly affect people’s daily travel. Therefore, the construction and management of roads and bridges must be improved to ensure the quality and safety of roads and bridges and effectively prevent safety accidents. Strengthen the management of road and bridge construction through safety monitoring, improve the safety factor of the project and ensure people’s travel safety. This paper mainly analyzes the common diseases and construction technology of road and bridge engineering construction, and puts forward safety monitoring measures.
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Mahmudah, Amirotul M. H., A. Budiarto, and S. J. Legowo. "Travel Time Estimation Based on Spot Speed with Instantaneous and Time Slice Model." Applied Mechanics and Materials 776 (July 2015): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.776.80.
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In off-line applications, travel time is the main parameter of road performance which can be the main consideration for evaluation and planning of transportation policy, and also to assess the accuracy of transportation modeling. While in on-line application travel time is main information for road users to define their travel behavior. Due to the important of travel time, therefore accurate estimation/prediction of travel time is essential. In order to fulfill it, this research analyzed the accuracy of Instantaneous and Time Slice model, and also evaluate the validity of Time mean speed and Space mean speed in mixed traffic condition. There is not much difference in travel time estimation error between models. The travel time estimation was larger than the actual travel time by floating car. It was also found that the error occurred on time mean speed are less than the space mean speed.
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LI, Qiang, Qian GE, and Lixin MIAO. "Property Analysis of Urban Road Travel Time." Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 5 (October 2011): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1570-6672(10)60146-8.
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Anderson, Jessica. "Travel Time Prediction in Urban Road Networks." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 30, no. 8 (June 1997): 1109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)43969-3.
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Bower, Bruce. "Dementia May Travel Lonely Road in Elderly." Science News 157, no. 17 (April 22, 2000): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4012316.
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Mayou, R. A., and B. M. Bryant. "Effects of road traffic accidents on travel." Injury 25, no. 7 (September 1994): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(94)90272-0.
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Ram, Balasubramanian, and Waleed Al-Awadhi. "An efficient navigational aid for road travel." Computers & Industrial Engineering 17, no. 1-4 (January 1989): 561–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-8352(89)90124-1.
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Bai, Cong, Zhong-Ren Peng, Qing-Chang Lu, and Jian Sun. "Dynamic Bus Travel Time Prediction Models on Road with Multiple Bus Routes." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/432389.
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Accurate and real-time travel time information for buses can help passengers better plan their trips and minimize waiting times. A dynamic travel time prediction model for buses addressing the cases on road with multiple bus routes is proposed in this paper, based on support vector machines (SVMs) and Kalman filtering-based algorithm. In the proposed model, the well-trained SVM model predicts the baseline bus travel times from the historical bus trip data; the Kalman filtering-based dynamic algorithm can adjust bus travel times with the latest bus operation information and the estimated baseline travel times. The performance of the proposed dynamic model is validated with the real-world data on road with multiple bus routes in Shenzhen, China. The results show that the proposed dynamic model is feasible and applicable for bus travel time prediction and has the best prediction performance among all the five models proposed in the study in terms of prediction accuracy on road with multiple bus routes.
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Al-Bahr, Tareq M., Sitti Asmah Hassan, Othman Che Puan, Nordiana Mashros, and Nur Sabahiah Abdul Sukor. "Speed-Flow-Geometric Relationship for Urban Roads Network." Applied Sciences 12, no. 9 (April 22, 2022): 4231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12094231.
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Speed on the urban roads is significantly affected by the surrounding geometric and traffic parameters. Based on this fact, we ascertained the impact of the geometric and traffic parameters on the average travel speed of the urban roads network. Herein, 197 urban road segments in Johor (Malaysia) with diverse features were randomly selected. The average travel speed and volume of the traffic on these road segments were measured using the moving observer method (MOM). Meanwhile, these roads’ features were recorded via the direct visual inspection. Various geometric (density of the traffic calming speed, right-turn driveway, access, and right-turn) and cross-sectional (median, number of lanes, and side friction) parameters were considered. First, 14 multilinear models constructed via multilinear regression analysis were developed for traffic volume scenarios (in veh/h and pcu/h). Then, 10 models were adopted to evaluate the geometric parameters’ influence on the average travel speed for the selected roads. The results revealed a considerable impact of some geometric and traffic parameters on the average travel speed for the studied urban roads. Furthermore, the density of traffic calming speed, driveway, and intersection per 1 km of urban road segment one for each parameter was found to reduce the speed of the vehicles from 1.3 to 0.22 km/h. The combination of the road cross-section features such as median, number of lanes, and side friction strongly affected the observed speed variation. It is asserted that the developed model may facilitate the Malaysian urban roads network management to provide better traffic performance with higher mobility and safer roads design and planning, thereby offering a gateway toward sustainability.
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Zhong, Shaopeng, Lihui Zhang, and Max Bushell. "Reliability-Based Marginal Cost Pricing Problem Case with Both Demand Uncertainty and Travelers’ Perception Errors." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/695307.
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Focusing on the first-best marginal cost pricing (MCP) in a stochastic network with both travel demand uncertainty and stochastic perception errors within the travelers’ route choice decision processes, this paper develops a perceived risk-based stochastic network marginal cost pricing (PRSN-MCP) model. Numerical examples based on an integrated method combining the moment analysis approach, the fitting distribution method, and the reliability measures are also provided to demonstrate the importance and properties of the proposed model. The main finding is that ignoring the effect of travel time reliability and travelers’ perception errors may significantly reduce the performance of the first-best MCP tolls, especially under high travelers’ confidence and network congestion levels. The analysis result could also enhance our understanding of (1) the effect of stochastic perception error (SPE) on the perceived travel time distribution and the components of road toll; (2) the effect of road toll on the actual travel time distribution and its reliability measures; (3) the effect of road toll on the total network travel time distribution and its statistics; and (4) the effect of travel demand level and the value of reliability (VoR) level on the components of road toll.
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Rukman, Rukman, Yogi Oktopianto, Iqbal Maulana, Anton Budiharjo, and Sutardjo Sutardjo. "Risk Journey Management on Travel Routes in Indonesia." RSF Conference Series: Engineering and Technology 2, no. 2 (November 29, 2022): 99–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/cset.v2i2.563.
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In the last three years (2018 – 2020), on the tourist route of the Subang - Lembang road section, West Java, there have been 193 traffic accidents that caused a death toll of 28 people. The geographical condition of the Subang - Lembang road section is mountainous and gorge, so there are many climbs, descents, and bends. The purpose of this study is 1) to find out accident-prone points (blackspots), 2) to know the safety defense of road infrastructure and road equipment, and 3) to know the characteristics of vehicles involved in traffic accidents. This study used the method of several parameters of the number (rate) of accidents with data representing the condition, potential, and characteristics of accidents, road geometrics, and harmonization of the road equipment. The results showed three (3) points prone to traffic accidents (blackspots), namely on the Tangkuban Perahu - Cicenang, Ciater, and Cijambe - Gunungtua road segments. The highest infrastructure safety deficiency in the Ciater and Tangkuban Perahu – Cicenang segments (climbs and derivatives of emen) gradient conditions exceed the technical standard of 70%-100% with a gradient measurement result of 15.48% with a risk value of 500 and a Very Dangerous Risk (SB) category. Bend radius aspect with a measuring result of 19.45% with a risk value of 180 risk categories Quite Dangerous (CB). Meanwhile, other aspects are curve visibility, lane width and shoulder of the road, warning and prohibition signs, and inadequate guardrails or road user safety fences so that they have the potential for traffic accidents at these road points with a risk value of 320 and are in the Hazard category (B). Vehicles involved in traffic accidents are heavy and common types of vehicles.
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Cadar, Rodica Dorina, and Rozalia Melania Boitor. "GPS-Based Study on an Interurban Road Connection." Advanced Engineering Forum 21 (March 2017): 564–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/aef.21.564.
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The paper presents an extensive theoretical background related to the travel time and the studies that were conducted during the recent years on the subject. As a concept, travel time is related to the period of time spent in travelling between two different points in space. The analysis focuses on several aspects related to the travel time concept such as its usefulness, its influencing factors, and data collection methods for its determination. In order to also provide a practical outcome, the main interurban road connection between Cluj-Napoca and Tîrgu-Mureş was studied. The road trespasses both urban and rural localities in the North-Western of Romania. For the data collection process, a GPS-based equipment was placed on a test vehicle to run the route for multiple times, at different days and hours. The collected data were studied by means of statistical analysis in order to establish the most relevant aspects of the travel time. The research goal of the paper was to evaluate the influence exerted by demographics and type of locality on travel time by means of eventual delays. The main findings were employed to analyze the traffic conditions as well as the parameters that have a major impact on them. According to the results of the analysis, the traffic flow on the interurban route is best described by the travel time and consequently the delays registered due to multiple obstructive elements such as railway level crossings, pedestrian crossings within the localities, and level intersections between different roads category. However, according to the study, it can also be concluded that travel time and therefore the eventual delays are not influenced to a great extent by neither the type of transited localities - urban or rural, nor the demographics.
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Wu, Yi-Hwa, and Ming-Chih Hung. "Non-Connective Linear Cartograms for Mapping Traffic Conditions." Cartographic Perspectives, no. 65 (March 1, 2010): 33–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14714/cp65.128.
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Cartograms have the advantage of bringing a greater visual impact to map readers. Geographic locations or spatial relationships of objects are intentionally modified to suit the attributes pertaining to objects. In area cartograms, it is the size of the object that is intentionally modified, while in linear cartograms it is the length or direction that is intentionally modified. Traffic conditions in urban transportation networks are very dynamic phenomenon as they change through time. During highly congested hours, travel speeds are low, and travel times are long, and vice versa. In previous studies, traffic conditions were visualized by color and width of road segments. In this paper, non-connective linear cartograms are introduced as a way to represent traffic conditions. Non-connective linear cartograms are linear cartograms that do not show the connectivity between line segments. Lengths of road segments are modified to represent a specific theme in traffic conditions. When the length of road segments represents the congestion level, longer segments indicate higher congestion levels, meaning near road maximum capacity. When the length of the segments represents the travel speed, longer segments indicate higher travel speed and, therefore, shorter travel time. When the length of the segments represents the travel time, longer segments indicate longer travel time, and therefore lower travel speed. In the non-connective linear cartograms, lengths of line segments are not limited to the physical length of represented road segments. The flexibility of adjusting it makes length of line segment a visual variable just like color and width of line segment. All three visual variables work together to create dramatic visual effects and attract greater attention from readers.
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Rajabi, Mohammad Sadra, Mahdi Habibpour, Sarah Bakhtiari, Faeze Momeni Rad, and Sina Aghakhani. "The development of BPR models in smart cities using loop detectors and license plate recognition technologies: A case study." Journal of Future Sustainability 3, no. 2 (2023): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.jfs.2022.11.007.
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The trend toward sustainable city development is associated with intelligent transportation systems (ITS). Automation, efficiency, safety, security, and cost-effectiveness are critical factors in establishing each aspect of a smart city. Real-time data obtained from ITS play an essential role in improving the level of service of road segments, enhancing road safety, and supporting road users with road circumstances information. Travel time information is applicable in travel time maps, decision makings for traffic congestion, dynamic pricing of the network, emergency relief services, traffic flow monitoring, traffic jams management, and air quality analysis. Travel time on a road segment highly depends on geometrical specifications, environmental and weather conditions, traffic flow, and driving behavior. Due to specific driving behavior and road conditions, the above parameters are not essentially applicable in another region. The present research uses the data collected from loop detectors and License Plate Recognition (LPR) systems to develop a Bureau of Public Roads (BPR) model for Iran’s freeway network (Tehran-Qom Freeway). Because of the large amount of data, the SQL server program was used for creating and organizing the database and the BPR model was calibrated using SPSS statistical software. The results of the BPR model were evaluated with an ANOVA test, indicating that the derived model can estimate the travel time at freeway sections with a %5.2 error for the volume-to-capacity ratio (V/C) of less than 0.8.
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Uchida, Kenetsu. "Estimating the value of travel time and of travel time reliability in road networks." Transportation Research Part B: Methodological 66 (August 2014): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trb.2014.01.002.
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Fosgerau, Mogens, and Daisuke Fukuda. "Valuing travel time variability: Characteristics of the travel time distribution on an urban road." Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 24 (October 2012): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2012.02.008.
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