Academic literature on the topic 'Tree Water Relations'
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Journal articles on the topic "Tree Water Relations"
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Kriedemann, P. E. "TREE WATER RELATIONS." Acta Horticulturae, no. 175 (March 1986): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1986.175.51.
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Measham, P. F., S. J. Wilson, A. J. Gracie, and S. A. Bound. "Tree water relations: Flow and fruit." Agricultural Water Management 137 (May 2014): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2014.02.005.
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Renquist, A. Richard, Horst W. Caspari, and David J. Chalmers. "ASIAN PEAR (NASHI) TREE WATER RELATIONS IN LYSIMETERS." HortScience 27, no. 6 (1992): 572f—572. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.572f.
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Nashi pear (Pyrus serotina Rehder, cv. Hosui) trees were planted in 12 computerized 1m-wide drainage lysimeters in September 1987. During the 1990 season tree water use was monitored via lysimeter and neutron probe readings. Diurnal leaf water relations were studied using a pressure chamber for water potential (ψ) and a porometer for leaf conductance (gs). Xylem sap trunk flow velocities were measured with an experimental heat pulse device and converted to xylem flux. Close agreement existed between 24 hr xylem flux and lysimeter water use when comparing trees with different soil water content. Xylem flux also was very sensitive to changes in evaporative demand. During 9–13 day drying cycles pre-dawn ψ became progressively lower, morning decline more rapid, and afternoon recovery slower. The diurnal gs pattern also shifted during drying cycles, such that gs of water stressed trees always decreased from time of first measurement of sunlit leaves rather than increasing during the morning as on non-stressed trees. Late afternoon was the best time to distinguish between fully irrigated and stressed trees using gs measurements.
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Kjelgren, Roger, and Brenda Cleveland. "Growth and Water Relations of Kentucky Coffee Tree and Silver Maple Following Transplanting." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 12, no. 2 (1994): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-12.2.96.
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Abstract Following transplanting we monitored growth and water relations over two years in Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica (L.) C. Koch) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.). Field-grown, well-established trees transplanted in place were compared to nontransplanted control trees. Predawn water potential was measured twice each month for two growing seasons, as well as midday stomatal conductance and water potential. Shoot elongation, leaf size, diameter growth, and total leaf area were determined both years. Less total leaf area as a result of transplanting apparently moderated total tree transpiration in both species. Reduced tree transpiration allowed stomatal conductance and predawn water potential to reach levels equal to non-transplanted trees in both species during periods of high rainfall. During low-rainfall periods water relations of transplanted Kentucky coffee tree (KCT) declined more than silver maple (MAP) relative to the control trees. Compared to non-transplanted trees, transplanting reduced growth of KCT more than that of MAP the first year. In the second year, when growing-season rainfall was less than half of the first year, the relative effect of transplanting on growth of the two species was reversed, indicating that KCT was more drought tolerant. These results suggested that deciduous balled-and-burlapped trees transplanted while dormant self-regulate water loss by reducing transpiring leaf area the following growing season.
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Junttila, Samuli, Mariana Campos, Teemu Hölttä, et al. "Tree Water Status Affects Tree Branch Position." Forests 13, no. 5 (2022): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13050728.
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Physiological processes cause movements of tree stems and branches that occur in a circadian rhythm and over longer time periods, but there is a lack of quantitative understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships. We investigated the movement of tree branches in a long-term drought experiment and at a circadian time scale using time-series of terrestrial laser scanning measurements coupled with measurements of environmental drivers and tree water status. Our results showed that movement of branches was largely explained by leaf water status measured as leaf water potential in a controlled environment for both measured trees (R2 = 0.86 and R2 = 0.75). Our hypothesis is that changes in leaf and branch water status would cause branch movements was further supported by strong relationship between vapor pressure deficit and overnight branch movement (R2 = [0.57–0.74]). Due to lower atmospheric water demand during the nighttime, tree branches settle down as the amount of water in leaves increases. The results indicate that the quantified movement of tree branches could help us to further monitor and understand the water relations of tree communities.
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Caplan, Joshua S., Russell C. Galanti, Stuart Olshevski, and Sasha W. Eisenman. "Water relations of street trees in green infrastructure tree trench systems." Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 41 (May 2019): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.03.016.
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Barij, Nadia, Jan Čermák, and Alexia Stokes. "Azimuthal variations in xylem structure and water relations in cork oak (Quercus suber)." IAWA Journal 32, no. 1 (2011): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90000040.
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Azimuthal variations in xylem conductivity and transpiration can occur in trees and may be due to heterogeneity in environmental factors. In cork oak (Quercus suber L.), it can be hypothesized that such modifications may be more pronounced because the insulating layer of bark is harvested every 9–10 years, thus cambial cells will be exposed to fluctuations in the microenvironment. To investigate whether xylem structure and water relations differed around the stems of mature cork oak, sap flow per section and xylem structure were measured on the northern (N) and southern (S) sides of nine trees during three months in Portugal, using the Trunk Sector Heat Balance method. Crown size was measured on both sides of each tree and increment wood cores were extracted from the sites where sap flow was measured in five trees. Wood moisture content, earlywood (EW) vessel size and density were measured and theoretical hydraulic conductivity for individual vessels (Lth) was calculated along the N and S stem radial profiles. No significant differences in crown size between the two sides of the tree were found, but sap flow was higher on the S side of the tree in May only. No differences in wood moisture content were observed along the length of each wood core throughout the heartwood. Significant differences in vessel size occurred, with a greater diameter and surface area on the N side of the tree, and consequently Lth was significantly greater. These conduit diameters on the S facing side of the tree may be smaller in response to a combination of signals and trade-offs due to the heterogeneous air and soil environment around the tree.
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Moravec, C. M., K. J. Bradford, and E. A. Laca. "Water relations of drumstick tree seed (Moringa oleifera): imbibition, desiccation, and sorption isotherms." Seed Science and Technology 36, no. 2 (2008): 311–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15258/sst.2008.36.2.05.
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Skov, Kjerstin R., Thomas E. Kolb, and Kimberly F. Wallin. "Tree Size and Drought Affect Ponderosa Pine Physiological Response to Thinning and Burning Treatments." Forest Science 50, no. 1 (2004): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/50.1.81.
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Abstract Thinning and burning treatments based on presettlement (prior to Euro-American settlement) stand conditions have been proposed for improving the vigor and growth of Pinus ponderosa. No study has examined effects of different levels of such thinning treatments on tree water, carbon, and nitrogen relations, or compared effects between postsettlement (trees established after Euro-American settlement) and presettlement (established before Euro-American settlement) trees. We investigated responses of presettlement and postsettlement trees to three levels of thinning and burning (unthinned/unburned control, light thinning/burning, heavy thinning/burning) over 2 yr that differed in precipitation in northern Arizona. Both thinning treatments consistently increased predawn water potential of both tree sizes compared with the control. Effects of thinning on leaf gas exchange varied between tree sizes and measurement times. Thinning increased net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance only when soil water availability was lowest, and increases were greater for postsettlement than presettlement trees. In contrast, thinning had no effect on foliar nitrogen concentration.Our results suggest greater positive effects of restoration thinning on tree water and carbon relations for postsettlement versus presettlement trees, and under drought versus nondrought conditions. Photosynthetic response to thinning in old trees may be constrained by physiological factors associated with large size such as low soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance. FOR. SCI. 50(1):81–91.
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Wolken, J. M., P. V. Blenis, and M. F. Dyck. "Whole-tree water relations of western gall rust infected lodgepole pine trees." Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 31, no. 3 (2009): 330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660909507607.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Tree Water Relations"
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Hernandez-Leos, Bertha Alicia. "Water Uptake, Water Relations, Tree Growth, and Root Distribution under Herbaceous Competition." DigitalCommons@USU, 1998. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6573.
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There are numerous situations where trees are grown together with herbaceous plants. In these situations there will be some degree of competition between their root zones, depending on the water content of the soils and crop and tree root distribution . Two studies were conducted : the first with maple (Acer platanoides) grown in turf grass, and the second with willow (Salix matsudana) grown in more deeply rooted barley . The objectives of this study were to quantify the effect of herbaceous competition of potential tree water stress under irrigation and when the soil is allowed to dry-down . Soil water uptake was measured in both studies to 1.2 m depth and outwards to 1.2-2.10 m away from the tree . In the maple-turf grass study, water content was measured in a single line away from the tree , while four lines covering a quadrant of the surface area were measured in willow . Water relations stomatal conductance and water potential, and tree growth were also monitored in both studies. Water uptake in turf plots was statistically different from mulch plots by depth and distance during three seasons. Water uptake was greatest at 0-60 cm depth in the turf treatments compared with mulch treatments. Soil water in mulched plots decreased slowly during the growing season. There were no statistical differences between bare soil and barley competition water uptake after soil surface water was depleted.
There were marked differences in tree root characteristics as a result of competition from turf or barley roots. The root systems of maples in the mulch and willow in bare soil extended laterally and fine roots were evident. Tree roots extended deeper and fine root were reduced under competition from turf and barley. Trees growing with turf and barley had fewer roots in the top 0.3 m soil surface while trees in mulch and bare soil had more and greater diameter roots at the same depth. Early in the season, when water content is high, root competition for water was not evident, and late in the season after turf roots and barley had depleted the soil water, trees exhibited more negative predawn leaf water potential and less stomatal conductance in response to water stress during a soil dry-down period. Tree growth was measured periodically during 1994, 1995, and 1996. Leaf area and stem growth comparisons showed a significant increase in size as a result of the absence of competition in both species, with mulch and bare soil treatments. Leaf area in mulched trees was twice that in turf treatments. In summary, we found that competition resulted in deeper tree root growth and less top growth in the presence of herbaceous competitors.
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Gindaba, Jiregna. "Water and nutrient relations of selected tree species of Ethiopia." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16050.
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Dissertation (PhD (Bosb))--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate and compare the water and nutrient relations of three
indigenous deciduous tree species, viz., Cordia africana Lam., Croton macrostachyus Del.,
Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker and two widely planted eucalypts, viz., Eucalyptus
camaldulensis Dehnh and Eucalyptus globulus Labill from Ethiopia. The study was organized as
glasshouse and field observations in Ethiopia. Owing to the lack of baseline studies on the water
and nutrient relations of the deciduous tree species, the glasshouse experiments involved a wide
range of water and nutrient applications. Seedlings were grown with the supply of various levels of
water and nutrients during which gas exchange, water potential, relative water content, tissue
nutrient content and biomass production were measured. The field observations were limited to the
study of surface root distribution and leaf nutrient composition of mature trees and their effects on
soil nutrient pool. The observations were made on isolated trees and mixed or pure stands of trees
in Badessa area, Eastern Ethiopia. The field site was selected because of the availability of the
study species and suitability of the trees for the study.
In the glasshouse, increased water deficit significantly reduced predawn leaf water
potential, relative water content, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic rate, whole plant water use
efficiency, plant height, diameter, leaf area and biomass production. Both of the eucalypts did not
grow faster than the deciduous species under well-watered conditions unlike under water stress
conditions. C. macrostachyus and C. africana had higher transpiration rates and tissue nutrient
accumulations than the other species. They also demonstrated higher biomass allocation to roots
than all the other species to support the intensive water and nutrient uptake rate. Due to the ability
to re-orient its leaves to avoid direct solar irradiance, M. ferruginea maintained higher tissue water
potential and relative water content than all the other species under water stress regimes.
The impact of imposed drought was quick and more damaging to the eucalypts compared
to the deciduous tree species indicating that the eucalypts may not survive extreme drought
conditions unlike the deciduous species that drop their leaves and may remain dormant for weeks.
The current study gave new experimental proof that E. globulus was more vulnerable to drought
than E. camaldulensis.
Soil N stress resulted in an overall reduction of tissue N concentration, N:P ratio,
photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic water use efficiency in all the species
studied. Pants with high foliar nitrogen concentration had higher photosynthetic capacities
indicating that N plays a key role in photosynthesis and growth of all the studied species. The
current study showed that for all the tree species, more attention has to be given to soil N than to P
as soil P had minor effects on the photosynthetic activities of plants of all species compared to N.The investigation on tissue nutrient composition confirmed that N:P ratio could be used to detect Plimitation
in plants. However, N:P ratio could not distinguish between N-limitation and combined
limitations of N and P.
The study of isolated C. africana and C. macrostachyus trees on soils in Badessa, Eastern
Ethiopia indicated improved soil N, P and K under tree canopies whereas no effects were observed
on the other soil nutrients studied. Similar to glasshouse conditions, C. macrostachyus and C.
africana produced extensive surface roots, interfering with crops grown in association. Due to their
high nutrient cycling potential the net effect on soil was positive. Comparison of E. camaldulensis
woodlot and a mixed stand composed of deciduous species indicated that the fine root biomass in
the surface soil under E. camaldulensis was about three times that under the mixed stand. The fine
root biomass of E. camaldulensis inside the stand and 10 meters away from the stand were
comparable in the surface soils showing the presence of root competition with adjacent crops.
Therefore, planting of E. camaldulensis in association or adjacent to croplands should be avoided.
Nutrient and carbon pool of soil inside the mixed stand was generally higher than that of E.
camaldulensis indicating that trees of the mixed stand recycled more nutrients to the soil.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die verskille tussen water- en voedingstofverhoudings van drie
inheemse blaarwisselemde boomsoorte te vergelyk, viz., Cordia africana Lam., Croton
macrostachyus Del., Millettia ferruginea (Hochst.) Baker en twee bekende eucalyptus spesies, viz.,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh en Eucalyptus globulus Labil van Etiopië. Die studie het bestaan
uit kweekhuis- en veldobservasies in Etiopië. As gevolg van beperkte navorsing ten opsigte van
water- en voedingstofverhoudings in bladwisselende boomsoorte, het die kweekhuis-eksperimente
bestaan uit 'n wye verkeidenheid water- en voedingstoftoetse. Saailinge is gegroei deur
verskillende vlakke van water- en voedingstowwe by te voeg. Gaswisseling, waterpotensiaal,
relatiewe hoeveelheid water, hoeveelheid voedingstowwe en produksie van biomassa is gemeet.
Die veldobservasies was beperk tot oppervlak-wortelverspreiding en blaarvoedingstof hoeveelhede
van volwasse bome, sowel as die effek op grondvoedingstowwe. Observasies was beperk tot
geïsoleerde, gemengde en een spesie opstande, in die Badessa area, Oos Etiopië. Die studiearea was
gekies op grond van die voorkoms van die gekose boomsoorte, sowel as die toepaslikheid van die
bome vir die studie.
In die kweekhuis is gevind dat die verhoogte watertekort die pre-sonop
blaarwaterpotensiaal, relatiewe hoeveelheid water, stomatiese geleiding, fotosintetiese tempo,
heelplant water-gebruikseffektiwiteit, plant hoogte, diameter, blaararea en biomassa produksie
beduidend verminder het. Nie een van die eucalyptus spesies het vinniger as die bladwisselende
spesies onder voldoende hidrasie gegroei nie. Dit was egter nie die geval onder die waterbeperkte
toestande nie. C. macrostachyus en C. africana het ‘n hoër transpirasie tempo sowel as
weefselvoedingstof waardes gehad as die ander spesies. Hierdie boomsoorte se wortelbiomassa
was ook meer as die ander spesies, om vir die tempo van water- en voedingstofopname te
akkomodeer. As gevolg van die vermoë om blare te kan oriënteer om direkte sonlig te vookom,
het M. ferruginea ‘n hoër water-weefselpotensiaal en relatiewe waterinname gehad in vergelyking
met die ander boomsoorte in beperkte water toestande.
Die impak van gëinisieerde droogte het vinnig voorgekom en het meer skade aan die
eucalyptus aangerig in vergelyking met die bladwisselende boomsoorte. Dit dui aan dat die
eucalyptus-spesie nie ekstreme droogte kan oorleef nie, waar bladwisselende spesies hul blare laat
afval en vir weke aan een dormant kan bly. Hierdie studie gee eksperimentele bewyse dat E.
globulus minder bestand is teen droogte as E. camaldulensis.
Beperkte N in die grond het veroorsaak dat daar ‘n algemene vermindering van weefsel Nkonsentrasie,
N:P ratio, fotosintetiese tempo, stomatiese geleiding en fotosintetiese watergebruiks
effektiwiteit in al die bestudeerde spesies was. Plante wat oor hoër blaar-stikstofkonsentrasiesbeskik, het hoër fotosintetiese kapasiteite wat aandui dat N ‘n belangrike rol in fotosintese en die
groei van al die bestudeerde spesies speel. Die oorhoofse bevindings van die studie was, dat daar
meer aandag gegee moet word aan grond-N as P omdat grond-P net ‘n kleiner rol speel in die
fotosintetiese aktiwiteite van plante van al die spesies in vergelyking met N. Die ondersoek na
weefselvoedingstof hoeveelhede het bewys dat die N:P ratio gebruik kan word om P-tekorte in
plante aan te dui. Die N:P ratio kan egter nie die verskil in N-tekorte en gekombineerde tekorte van
N en P aandui nie.
Die studie van die geïsoleerde C. africana en C. macrostachyus bome op grondtipes in
Badessa, Oos Etiopië het verbeterde grond-N, P en K onder kroondak gebiede getoon, daar was
egter geen verskille in die ander grondvoedingstowwe wat bestudeer is nie. In toestande
gelykstaande aan die van die kweekhuis, het C. macrostachyus en C. africana meer
oppervlaksswortels ontwikkel. Die toename aan oppervlakswortels het ingedring op gewasse wat in
assosiasie gegroei is, dit het egter ‘n positiewe effek op die grond gehad as gevolg van die hoë
voedingstof-siklus-potensiaal. Die E. camaldulensis opstand is gevergelyk met ‘n gemengde
opstand van bladwisselende spesies waar daar gevind is dat die fynwortel biomassa in die
oppervlak grond onder die E. camaldulensis ongeveer drie keer soveel was as die van onder die
gemengde opstand. Kompetisie met aangrensende gewasse is aangeui deurdat die fynwortel
biomassa van E. camaldulensis binne die opstand en 10 meter weg van die opstand vergelykbaar
was in die oppervlakgronde. Dit dui dus aan dat die plant van E. camaldulensis in assosiasie of
aangrensend aan gewasse vermy moet word. Die teenwoordigheid van voedingstowwe en koolstof
in die grond van die gemengde opstand was oor die algemeen hoër as die van die E. camaldulensis.
Dit is ‘n aanduiding dat die bome van die gemengde opstand meer voedingstowwe aan die grond
verskaf.
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Grossiord, Charlotte. "Impact of tree species diversity on water and carbon relations in European forests." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0155/document.
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La biodiversité favorise un grand nombre de fonctions et services écosystémiques des écosystèmes forestiers tels que la production de bois ou la résistance aux attaques d’insectes et aux maladies. Cependant l’impact de la diversité sur l’acquisition et l’utilisation de l’eau et du carbone reste largement méconnu dans ces écosystèmes. De plus, dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique, l’influence de la diversité sur la réponse des écosystèmes forestiers à des événements climatiques extrêmes tels que la sécheresse reste à étudier. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de déterminer l’impact de la diversité en espèces d’arbre sur d’importantes fonctions du cycle de l’eau et du carbone telles que la transpiration, la composition isotopique du carbone ou la profondeur d’extraction de l’eau à l’échelle de l’arbre et de l’écosystème sous des conditions contrastées dedisponibilité en eau du sol. Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet FunDivEUROPE sur un réseau de parcelles forestières ainsi que dans des plantations expérimentales le long d’un gradient Nord-Sud en Europe afin de couvrir une importante gamme de conditions climatiques. Nos travaux ont montré une importante variabilité de la réponse à la diversité à l’échelle de l’arbre et de l’écosystème en termes de relations hydriques et carbonées à travers l’Europe. La diversité en espèces ne semble pas influencer les relations hydriques et carbonées des espèces et des écosystèmes forestiers dans des conditions non limitantes de disponibilité en eau. Cependant, un fort effet de la diversité a été observé en conditions de sécheresse pour certains types forestiers. A partir de ces résultats, je discute des mécanismes d’interaction entre espèces qui peuvent expliquer les effets observés. Nos données ont montré que l’influence de la diversité en espèces est fortement dépendante du contexte et peut êtremodifiée par les conditions environnementales locales et les conditions climatiques. En terme de gestion forestière, je suggère que pour certaines régions en Europe, promouvoir la diversité en espèces ainsi que contrôler la densité des parcelles doit être recommandé afin d’adapter les écosystèmes forestiers aux futures conditions climatiques<br>Biodiversity is known to support and boost a wide range of forest ecosystem functions and services like productivity and resistance against insect pests and diseases. However, whether tree species diversity also promotes water and carbon acquisition and use in forest ecosystems is still unclear. Furthermore, in the current context of global warming, information on how tree species diversity can influence the response of forest ecosystems to extreme climatic events such as drought are urgently needed. In this framework, the objective of my PhD thesis was to determine how tree species diversity influences important functions of the water and carbon cycle including transpiration, carbon isotope composition and water extraction depth at the tree- and ecosystem-Scale under contrasting soil water conditions. My work was conducted within the FunDivEUROPE project in a network of permanent forest stands and tree plantations across a North-South gradient in Europecovering a wide range of climatic conditions. I found considerable variability among species or forest types in the response of transpiration and carbon isotope composition at the tree- and ecosystem-Scale across Europe. Species diversity did not affect the water and carbon relations of tree species and forest ecosystems under non-Limiting soil water conditions. However, a strong effect of species diversity was observed under drought conditions in some forest types. Based on these data, I discuss the potential mechanisms of species interactions that may explain the observed patterns. I also point out that the influence of species diversity is highly context-Dependent, and changes with local environmental and climatic conditions. In terms of forest management applications, I suggest that, at least in some regions, controlling for tree species diversity along with stand density and total basal area could be recommended to help forests adapt to drier conditions
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Hao, Guangyou. "Water Relations and Carbon Economy of Hemiepiphytic and Non-hemiepiphytic Ficus Tree Species in Southwest China." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/385.
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Hemiepiphytes are important components of tropical forests and are attractive to scientists due to their unique epiphytic growth habit during some period of their life cycle. Unique characteristics in plant water relations and carbon economy have been found in hemiepiphytic plants; however, to further understand this group of species on an evolutionary basis it is necessary to carry out comparative studies between hemiepiphytes and their close relatives. In this dissertation I conduced a comparative study in a suite of functional traits related to plant water relations and photosynthesis between hemiepiphytic and non-hemiepiphytic tree species from a single genus-Ficus. Great differentiation in functional traits has been found between species of the two growth forms both during juvenile and adult stages. Seedlings of hemiepiphytic Ficus species (H) had significantly lower xylem hydraulic conductivity, stomatal conductance, net light saturated CO2 assimilation, and higher water use efficiency than congeneric non-hemiepiphytic species (NH), which are adaptive to a drought-prone epiphytic growth conditions under natural conditions. The conservative water use adaptation in H species is likely crucial to the drought tolerance and survival in the forest canopy but is related to much lower growth rates than NH species. Species of the two growth forms both showed relatively large plasticity in responding to variation in light level as in typical light-demanding species. Surprisingly, the NH species showed characteristics related to higher light demand than H species, which is opposite from the prediction that H species are more light-demanding than NH species. Thus, although commonly accepted, it is likely that light was not the selective pressure for the evolution of hemiepiphytism in Ficus. Using adult trees grown in a common garden, I found that H species showed characteristics of more conservative water use even after they established connections to the soil. Moreover, H species showed significantly different traits in photochemistry compared to NH species due to hydraulic-photosynthetic coordination. The evolution of an epiphytic growth habit during the juvenile stage of a life cycle in the hemiepiphytic Ficus species thus involved changes in a suite of functional traits that persist during their terrestrial growth stages.
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Raffelsbauer, Volker [Verfasser], Achim [Akademischer Betreuer] Bräuning, and Achim [Gutachter] Bräuning. "Tree water relations and drought responses in contrasting neotropical forest ecosystems in southern Ecuador. / Volker Raffelsbauer ; Gutachter: Achim Bräuning ; Betreuer: Achim Bräuning." Erlangen : Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 2019. http://d-nb.info/1203374984/34.
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Khalil, Ayoub Adam Mohammed. "Water relations of young trees." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10982.
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The morphological and physiological responses of tree seedlings to water stress and the significance of the non-hydraulic influence of root on shoot behaviour of the effects of soil drying were investigated. The experiments were conducted in a glasshouse and growth chamber, using sycamore (<i>Acer pseudoplatanus</i> L.) seedlings rooted in a soil mixture with high water holding capacity. The prime objective of the project was to evaluate the morphological and physiological components of drought tolerance that could be useful for isolation of plants with seedling characteristics acceptable for afforestation in drought-prone environments. Effects of drought on water relations and root growth were studied using long soil columns. Drought resulted in active osmotic adjustment in leaves, with decreases in osmotic potential at full and zero turgor, and it increased bulk elastic modulus and leaf dry weight to turgid weight ratio. Stomatal conductance declined well before any observable change in bulk leaf water potential and was correlated with soil water status. Drought caused changes in the root distribution profile and it increased the root weight. The increase in root weight was mainly due to a substantial shift in assimilates allocated in favour of roots with total biomass being unaffected. Cyclic water stress treatment, induced major changes in sycamore seedlings, including osmotic adjustment, acclimation of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance to water stress, increased water use efficiency, and a substantial shift in biomass allocation pattern in favour of roots, with a consequent increase in root/shoot ratio. The acclimation of photosynthetic machinery was the major factor contributing to the acclimation of photosynthesis to water stress. These modifications were concluded to be important for improvement of seedling drought tolerance. Seedlings grown in soil columns and subjected to drought exhibited substantial reduction in stomatal conductance and a limitation in leaf expansion well in advance of any detectable change in shoot water relations. Root abscisic acid (ABA) concentration increased deeper in the soil profile in concert with the progressive soil drying, and it appeared to be a sensitive indicator of the soil water status around the roots.
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Damaske, Michael Andreas Christian. "Water relations in mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28875.
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Dunsiger, Zoe. "The influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on the water relations of trees." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12184.
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This study increases the body of knowledge on the drought response of plant-fungal associations. Hybrid black popular <i>Populus </i>x <i>canadensis</i>, a species commonly seen in shelter belts and small plantations, is tested on its drought response to mycorrhizal colonisation. It also suggests an alternative mechanism for the alteration of plant water relations by arbuscular mycorrhiza. The concept of chemical signalling compounds which control plant response to stress, including drought stress, is topical. This study aims to extend the concept of the plant-fungus symbiosis. The ability of the fungal hyphae to act as an integral part of the root system is tested in its contribution to signalling of drought stress to the host shoot. The response of mycorrhizal poplar to gradients in water availability was tested in two ways. First the effect of changing water availability over time, as drying and wetting cycles, was examined. Second, gradients in water availability across the root-fungal system were considered. The response of poplar to drought stress was tested when inoculated with one of four species of mycorrhizal fungi. These were <i>Glomus intraradices</i>, <i>Glomus mosseae</i>, <i>Gigaspora rosea </i>and <i>Gigaspora margarita</i>. There was no consistent improvement in plant response to drying. However there were variations in plant response over time, and with severity of drought conditions, particularly by plants colonised with <i>G. intraradices </i>and <i>Gi. rosea</i>. Changes in the host plant nutrient status were also found. The concept of hyphal to plant shoot signalling of drought was tested with poplar inoculated with <i>G. intraradices</i>, grown in a specially designed microcosm. Fungal hyphae were able to grow into a separate volume of soil from which plant roots were excluded. The soil water availability around plant roots and adjacent hyphae was altered independently. The plant response in terms of gas exchange was monitored under conditions of varying water availability in each section of the root-hyphal system. In general there were no consistent alterations in plant gas exchange with changing water availability. However during one experiment possible evidence for short-term hyphal signalling to host plants was noticed. This method is suggested as a new concept for further experimentation in plant-fungal water relations.
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Bellett-Travers, David Marcus. "Water relations and soil moisture requirements of transplanted amenity trees during establishment." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251544.
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Gibbons, James M. "Water relations, phenology and drought adaptation of understorey trees in tropical lowland rain forest." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298566.
Full textBooks on the topic "Tree Water Relations"
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Cleveland, B. R. Deep tillage effects on water relations of selected tree species on reclaimed mine-soil. s.n, 1990.
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1937-, Perttu Kurth, and Kowalik Janusz S, eds. Modelling of energy forestry: Growth, water relations and economics. Pudoc, 1989.
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Akers, J. P. Ground water in the Long Meadow area and its relation with that in the General Sherman Tree area, Sequoia National Park, California. U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1986.
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Akers, J. P. Ground water in the Long Meadow area and its relation with that in the General Sherman Tree area, Sequoia National Park, California. U.S. Geological Survey, 1986.
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M, Borghetti, Grace J. 1945-, and Raschi A, eds. Water transport in plants under climatic stress: Proceedings of an international workshop, held in Vallombrosa, Firenze, Italy. Cambridge University Press, 1993.
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Withrow-Robinson, Bradford A. Pruning young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] Franco) in a western Oregon agroforestry setting: Changes in tree water relations and effects on forage production. 1994.
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Withrow-Robinson, Bradford A. Pruning young Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [mirb.] Franco) in a western Oregon agroforestry setting: Changes in tree water relations and effects on forage production. 1994.
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Purvis, Robert Arnold. Water deficits, osmoregulation, and carbohydrate relations in sweet cherry trees. 1992.
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Montano, Jose M. Postharvest water relations and needle abscission in cut trees of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Mirb. Franco). 1985.
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Robert W. (Robert Willard) Hodgson. Some Abnormal Water Relations in Citrus Trees of the Arid Southwest and Their Possible Significance; P3(3). Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Tree Water Relations"
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Campanello, Paula I., Eric Manzané, Mariana Villagra, et al. "Carbon Allocation and Water Relations of Lianas Versus Trees." In Tree Physiology. Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27422-5_5.
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Čermák, Jan, and Nadezhda Nadezhdina. "Instrumental Approaches for Studying Tree-Water Relations Along Gradients of Tree Size and Forest Age." In Tree Physiology. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1242-3_15.
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Cermak, Jan, and Nadezhda Nadezhdina. "Field Studies of Whole-Tree Leaf and Root Distribution and Water Relations in Several European Forests." In Forest Management and the Water Cycle. Springer Netherlands, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9834-4_4.
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Ulrich, Danielle E. M., Steve Voelker, J. Renée Brooks, and Frederick C. Meinzer. "Insect and Pathogen Influences on Tree-Ring Stable Isotopes." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_25.
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AbstractUnderstanding long-term insect and pathogen effects on host tree physiology can help forest managers respond to insect and pathogen outbreaks, and understand when insect and pathogen effects on tree physiology will be exacerbated by climate change. Leaf-level physiological processes modify the carbon (C) and oxygen (O) stable isotopic composition of elements taken up from the environment, and these modifications are recorded in tree-rings (see Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_9, 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_10, 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_16 and 10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_17). Therefore, tree-ring stable isotopes are affected by both the tree’s environment and the tree’s physiological responses to the environment, including insects and pathogens. Tree-ring stable isotopes provide unique insights into the long-term effects of insects and pathogens on host tree physiology. However, insect and pathogen impacts on tree-ring stable isotopes are often overlooked, yet can substantially alter interpretations of tree-ring stable isotopes for reconstructions of climate and physiology. In this chapter, we discuss (1) the effects of insects(defoliators, wood-boring, leaf-feeding), pests (parasitic plants), and pathogens(root and foliar fungi) on hostphysiology (growth, hormonal regulation, gas exchange, water relations, and carbon and nutrient use) as they relate to signals possibly recorded by C and O stable isotopes in tree-rings, (2) how tree-ring stable isotopes reveal insect and pathogen impacts and the interacting effects of pathogens and climate on hostphysiology, and (3) the importance of considering insect and pathogen impacts for interpreting tree-ring stable isotopes to reconstruct past climate or physiology.
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Rodríguez, Humberto Gonzaález, Ratikanta Maiti, and Ch Aruna Kumari. "Water Relations." In Experimental Ecophysiology and Biochemistry of Trees and Shrubs. Apple Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429322266-16.
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Scholz, Fabian G., Nathan G. Phillips, Sandra J. Bucci, Frederick C. Meinzer, and Guillermo Goldstein. "Hydraulic Capacitance: Biophysics and Functional Significance of Internal Water Sources in Relation to Tree Size." In Tree Physiology. Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1242-3_13.
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Cernusak, Lucas A., and Nerea Ubierna. "Carbon Isotope Effects in Relation to CO2 Assimilation by Tree Canopies." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_9.
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AbstractThe carbon atoms deposited in tree rings originate from the CO2 in the atmosphere to which the tree’s canopy is exposed. Thus, the first control on the stable carbon-isotope composition of tree rings is by δ13C of atmospheric CO2. There has been an inter-annual trend of decreasing δ13C of atmospheric CO2 over the past two centuries as a result of combustion of fossil fuels and land-use change. Atmospheric CO2 is, for the most part, well mixed, but the sub-canopy air space can become depleted in 13C due to inputs from soil and plant respiration when turbulent exchange with the troposphere is hindered, for example by a high leaf area index at night. This is less likely to occur during daytime when turbulence is higher and photosynthesis takes place. Discrimination against 13C (∆13C) occurs upon assimilation of atmospheric CO2 by C3 photosynthesis. Trees using the C3 photosynthetic pathway comprise the overwhelming majority of all trees. The primary control on the extent of discrimination during C3 photosynthesis is the drawdown in CO2 concentration from the air outside the leaf to the site of carboxylation in the chloroplast. Part of this drawdown is captured by ci/ca, that is, the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO2 concentrations. The ci/ca represents the balance between the CO2 supply by stomata and its demand by photosynthesis. It can be related to water-use efficiency, the amount of CO2 taken up by photosynthesis for a given amount of water loss to the atmosphere, assuming a given evaporative demand. To predict time-averaged ci/ca from wood ∆13C, a simplified, linear model can be employed. In this linear model, the slope is determined by $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ , the effective enzymatic discrimination. The value of $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ can be estimated by comparing wood ∆13C to representative measurements of ci/ca. The $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ was originally estimated from observations of leaf tissue to have a value of 27‰. We compiled data for woody stem tissue here, and our analysis suggests that a lower $$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ should be used in the simplified model for wood ($$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ = 25.5‰) than for leaves ($$\overline{b }$$ b ¯ = 27‰). This is also consistent with widespread observations that woody tissues are enriched in 13C compared to leaves.
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Suzuki, K. "Water Relations in Trees and Responses to Infection." In Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants Against Fungi. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-01642-8_17.
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Rathgeber, Cyrille B. K., Gonzalo Pérez-de-Lis, Laura Fernández-de-Uña, et al. "Anatomical, Developmental and Physiological Bases of Tree-Ring Formation in Relation to Environmental Factors." In Stable Isotopes in Tree Rings. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92698-4_3.
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AbstractUnderstanding the process of wood formation and its dynamics over the growing season is fundamental to interpret the isotopic signature of tree rings. Indeed, the isotopic signal recorded in wood does not only depend on the conditions influencing carbon, water, and nitrogen uptake in the leaves and roots, but also on how these elements are translocated to the stem and incorporated into the developing xylem. Depending on environmental conditions, tree developmental stage, and physiological status, wood formation dynamics can vary greatly and produce tree-ring structures carrying specific isotopic signatures. In this chapter, we present the physiological processes involved in wood formation, along with their relationships with anatomical, developmental, and environmental factors, to understand when and how photosynthetic assimilates are progressively incorporated into the forming xylem, creating the final isotopic signature of a tree ring. First, we review current knowledge on the structure and functions of wood. Then we describe the xylogenesis process (how and when the new xylem cells produced by the cambium develop through successive differentiation phases), and its relationships with physiological, developmental, and environmental factors. Finally, we explain the kinetics of xylemcell differentiation and show why the knowledge recently acquired in this field allows us to better understand the isotopic signals in tree rings.
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Davies, W. J., S. Rhizopoulou, R. Sanderson, G. Taylor, J. C. Metcalfe, and Jianhua Zhang. "Water Relations and Growth of Roots and Leaves of Woody Plants." In Biomass Production by Fast-Growing Trees. Springer Netherlands, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2348-5_2.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Tree Water Relations"
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Barker, Richard, Joshua Owen, Richard C. Woollam, et al. "Unravelling Surfactant Partitioning: Part 1 – Fundamental Theory and Modelling of Single and Multi-component Surfactant Distribution Responses." In CONFERENCE 2024. AMPP, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5006/c2024-20882.
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Abstract The application of corrosion inhibitors are fundamental to the safe and reliable operation of carbon steel infrastructure, presenting one of the most cost effective methods of internal pipeline corrosion control when deployed correctly. Despite decades of application in the oil and gas industry, a number of gaps remain in relation to our fundamental understanding of the performance of inhibitors. This is particularly true in the context of partitioning, and more so when the system under consideration comprises multiple surfactants. Part 1 of this two-part paper provides a detailed insight into the fundamentals of surfactant partitioning. Initially, the role of micellization in influencing single surfactant partitioning/distribution behavior between oil and brine is discussed, providing theoretical explanations for single surfactant system responses. The complexity of the systems examined increases with consideration extending to multi-surfactant environments, accompanied by discussion of idealized theoretical behavior. Subsequently, an idealized model to predict multi-component distribution responses between oil and brine is presented. To explore the model’s capabilities, experimental partitioning and micellization data collected from previous studies for two benzyl ammonium chloride corrosion inhibitors (BAC-C12 and BAC-C16) is integrated into the model. Such integration permits investigation into the effect of surfactant concentrations, relative surfactant molar ratios and water cut on partitioning/distribution behavior.
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Friedrich, H., J. Frank, H. Gladen, and M. Stratmann. "Stress Corrosion Cracking of Low Alloy Steels under High Pressure and High Temperature Conditions." In CORROSION 1996. NACE International, 1996. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1996-96098.
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Abstract The stress corrosion behavior of fine grained, low alloy steels has been investigated using constant strain rate tensile tests. Studied materials were a A508 Class II type KS05 (German grade: 22 NiMoCr 3 7) and a A533 B Class I (German grade: 20 MnMoNi 5 5). The susceptibility to stress corrosion cracking was determined as a function of the amount of dissolved oxygen and temperature using cylindrical smooth specimen (DIN 50125) in purified water (conductivity below 0.2 μS/cm). The environment was controlled and conditioned using a closed loop refreshing apparatus. The strain rate was varied between 2·10−2 and 5·10−9 1/s. Most of the experiments have been carried out until fracture of the specimens. In addition some experiments were stopped after various exposure times and the specimens were broken in liquid nitrogen in order to observe initial stages of crack formation and crack propagation. The fracture surface of broken specimens has been examined by means of light and scanning electron microscopy. The fraction of brittle fracture mode on the rupture surface has been quantified in relation to exposure time to estimate a crack growth velocity. The results of the experiments indicate a lowest oxygen concentration in the water necessary for the appearance of stress corrosion cracking which is estimated to be 10 ppb. Brittle cracking generated by stress corrosion during exposure to high pressure high temperature conditions only appears beyond a preliminary plastic deformation. The value of this critical plastic deformation was found to be 3 % but a lower critical value cannot be excluded. Additional stress corrosion is significant only at strain rates below 10−4 1/s. Values of "true" crack propagation rates can be determined only after correcting for the slow straining time necessary to reach the critical elongation. At this stage crack initiation always starts at sulphide inclusions in or beneath the specimen surface.
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Blaya-Ros, Pedro J., Víctor Blanco, Roque Torres-Sánchez, Jaime Giménez-Gallego, Manuel Jiménez-Buendía, and Rafael Domingo. "Effects of drought stress on the water relations of sweet cherry trees." In 2023 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for Agriculture and Forestry (MetroAgriFor). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metroagrifor58484.2023.10424398.
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Wang, Yuqing, Lingzhi Li, and Dongmei Wang. "A Study of Seismic Probability Safety Assessment for a Typical Three-Loop Pressurized Water Reactor Nuclear Power Plant." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-67793.
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An introduction of the background, purpose and the methodology of seismic Probability Safety Assessment (PSA) for the typical three-loop pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant are firstly given. Seismic hazard curves for the site of the plant are developed through Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). With the input of site specific Uniform Hazard Response Spectrums (UHRSs), Soil-Structure Interaction analysis is completed using multiple time-history analysis method. After the development of the seismic equipment list, a screening process is completed with screening criteria determined on the basis of seismic hazard curves and a rough estimate of the seismic risk level. For the structures and components not screened out, seismic fragility parameters are calculated following the separation of variables approach. A seismic PSA model is developed afterwards, in which a seismic pre-tree and several seismic event trees as well as relating fault trees are built to model the accident sequence in seismic events. The quantification of the model is done on the software of RiskSpectrum and its additional code for hazard analysis, RiskSpectrum.HazardLite. According to the results, seismic induced Core Damage Frequency (CDF) of the plant is 2.69×10−6/reactor year, and the range of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) of seismic events from 0.30g to 0.45g has the most significant risk contribution. Seismic induced loss of offsite power, loss of emergency AC power and DC power are important accidents for the plant. Electrical components, auxiliary feeding water tank, diesel generators and ceiling of main control room of the plant are important contributors to seismic risk.
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Fukamachi, Norihiro, Tatsuya Hazuku, Tomoji Takamasa, Takashi Hibiki, and Mamoru Ishii. "Interfacial Area Transport of Bubbly Flow Under Microgravity Environment." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45160.
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In relation to the development of the interfacial area transport equation, axial developments of one-dimensional void fraction, bubble number density, interfacial area concentration, and Sauter mean diameter of adiabatic nitrogen-water bubbly flows in a 9 mm-diameter pipe were measured by using an image-processing method under microgravity environment. The flow measurements were performed at four axial locations (axial distance from the inlet normalized by the pipe diameter = 7, 30, 45 and 60) under various flow conditions of superficial gas velocity (0.0083 m/s ∼ 0.022 m/s) and superficial liquid velocity (0.073 m/s ∼ 0.22 m/s). The interfacial area transport mechanism under microgravity environment was discussed in detail based on the obtained data and the visual observation. These data can be used for the development of reliable constitutive relations which reflect the true transfer mechanisms in two-phase flow under microgravity environment.
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Kong, Tony X., Chunrui Deng, Ivan Vrbanic, and Ivica Basic. "PSA Conservatism Analysis and Quantification for the LOFW Accident." In 2013 21st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone21-15299.
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The conservatism was introduced in the probabilistic safety analysis (PSA) while successes criteria for the event tree were determined. The conservatism has strong relation with the uncertainty but independent with the uncertainty, and the conservatism could significantly influence the CDF results, contribution of dominant sequence, and sensitivity analysis. For methodology, the conservatism in PSA was identified, conservative numbers were defined to quantify the conservatism. Addressing the loss of feed water (LOFW) accident at the PWR, the probability distributions for the function events of the event tree were defined, and the conservatism was quantified based on the PSA insights and sensitivity analysis. The methodology and the application of the conservative numbers were discussed and conclusions were drawn.
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Phogat, V., M. A. Skewes, J. W. Cox, and M. Mahadevan. "Modelling the impact of pulsing of drip irrigation on the water and salinity dynamics in soil in relation to water uptake by an almond tree." In SUSTAINABLE IRRIGATION 2012. WIT Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/si120091.
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Songsriboonsit, Norranat, Poraneepan Tantawanich, Phuriphan Prathipasen, et al. "Forecasting Water Stress in Durian Trees Using an ARIMA Model with a Relation between Temperature Differential and VPD." In 2022 61st Annual Conference of the Society of Instrument and Control Engineers (SICE). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/sice56594.2022.9905764.
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Dumas, Antonio, Michele Trancossi, and Mauro Madonia. "Constructal Design for Efficiency: The Case of an Entropic Wall With Circulating Water." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-63466.
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This paper presents an effective analysis on the relation between the changing architecture of a flow system and the maximization of global performance under constraints. An entropic wall with circulating water based on LESP concept has been analyzed. It is a wall with good acclimatizing properties generated by circulating water, which is thermally stabilized by exchanges in the ground. The system has been considered by different levels of complexity. The thermal structure is optimized by considering the system as a sequence of building blocks with assemblies of stepwise larger sizes: an entire wall and the entire building. The optimal flow network is tree shaped. Different levels of optimization have been performed according to the different scale levels. On an elemental scale is has been optimized the properties of the single elemental block constitutive of the considered wall. On a single wall level, the system has been optimized to optimize internal fluid distribution system, maximizing the thermal uniformity and minimizing the weight of the wall. The calculation process have been improved enriching the Constructal approach by a novel calculation method which has been defined for introducing more systemic algorithmic calculations at engineering level. This method has been defined as Constructal Design for Efficiency.
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Popham, William B., and Libby Ford. "Recent and Upcoming Environmental Developments in the Optics Industry." In Optical Fabrication and Testing. Optica Publishing Group, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owc2.
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As the 1990s mature, voluntary compliance and market-based incentives are receiving increasing emphasis by state and federal agencies. This is particularly true because of the newly emerging emphasis on meeting environmental protection goals in a less than satisfactory business climate. During 1994, congressional debate on such environmental programs as the Clean Water Act (CWA) and the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (Superfund) will increasingly focus on economic issues. Because of the growing attention being paid to unfunded mandates and their effect on local resources, legislators and regulators will be addressing the issue of “who pays and how” when considering additional environmental requirements and deadlines for compliance with these new requirements. For these reasons, pollution prevention, waste minimization, energy efficiency, and total environmental quality management will become legislative and regulatory buzz words, designed, at least at the public-relations level, to encourage companies to take the lowest-cost approach to environmental improvement.
Reports on the topic "Tree Water Relations"
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Cohen, Shabtai, Melvin Tyree, Amos Naor, Alan N. Lakso, Terence L. Robinson, and Yehezkiel Cohen. Influence of hydraulic properties of rootstocks and the rootstock-scion graft on water use and productivity of apple trees. United States Department of Agriculture, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7587219.bard.
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This one year exploratory project investigated hydraulic architecture of apple dwarfing rootstocks. The hypothesis was that hydraulic conductance is correlated with rootstock vigor. A previous study of trees on three rootstocks in Israel showed that dwarfed trees used less water than un-dwarfed trees. Analysis showed that if the tree maintains leaf water potentials above minimum values, then this implies that the dwarfed trees have lower leaf conductance, which may also be the cause of dwarfing. The current project studied small 2-year old unworked rootstock trees, and full sized trees bearing commercial yields. In both cases hydraulic conductance was determined with two methods - the non-destructive evaporative flux (EF)-leaf water potential (L WP) method, and a destructive method in which water was forced through the plant at known pressure using the "high pressure flow meter" (HPFM). Detailed work allowed measurement of conductance of the rootstock-scion union. This was achieved both with the HPFM and with the EF-LWP methods, the former in the US and the latter in Israel. Direct measurements of leaf conductance were made, and carbon isotope ratios ( d ¹³ C) were determined for leaves sampled at the end of the season. The latter can indicate sustained differences in leaf conductance behavior. HPFM and EF-LWP methods did not give the same results. In the small plants results were similar in magnitude, but not significantly correlated. In large trees, EF- L WP measurements were a fraction of those obtained with the HPFM. The latter indicates that some of the xylem is not normally functional but transports water when pressurized. Additional experimental work targeted this result. Xylem was stained before and after perfusion with water at high pressure. This showed that at least for one rootstock a significant amount of xylem was blocked before perfusion. The "air method" for determining xylem vessel properties was improved and employed. Length, radius and density of xylem vessels of different rootstocks were found to be similar, and significant differences found were not clearly related to rootstock vigor. Measurements in the commercial orchard in Israel showed that the graft union in a dwarfing rootstock was a large obstacle for water transport (i.e. had a high resistance). This apparently led to low leaf conductance to water vapor, as indicated by lower d ¹³ C, which implies low internal CO ₂ concentrations. In the US orchard, d ¹³ C in 2001 was correlated with rootstock vigor, and significant differences were found in leaf conductance. However, the d ¹³ C differences were not observed in 2002, were opposite to those found in the Israeli orchard, and measurements of the graft union with the HPFM did not find large resistances. We speculate that the graft union is not necessarily a large impediment to water transport unless the scion starts to separate from the rootstock. It was concluded that significant differences in hydraulic conductance exist between different dwarfing rootstocks. These differences may be caused by differences in xylem properties and in the degree of cavitation, as well as resistance in the graft union. However, no general relationship to rootstock vigor was found. Therefore, hydraulic conductance alone cannot explain dwarfing, but may be one of two or more factors that lead to dwarfing. Future work should integrate more factors with hydraulic relations, e.g. nutrient and solute transport and production of hormones.
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Whelan, Kevin, and Wendy Wright. Protocol implementation plan for monitoring mangrove soil surface elevation tables in South Florida / Caribbean Network parks. National Park Service, 2016. https://doi.org/10.36967/2230638.
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The mangrove forest ecosystem is a critical coastal resource in South Florida’s Biscayne National Park (BISC); Salt River Bay National Historical Site and Ecological Preserve (SARI) in St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands; and the Virgin Islands National Park (VIIS) in St John, U.S. Virgin Islands. Mangrove wetlands provide flood control, storm protection, shore stabilization, water filtration (capturing soil runoff), carbon sequestration, and habitat for fish and wildlife communities. The economic value of the services derived from mangroves has been estimated as high as $200,000–$900,000 ha-1 (United States Dollar [USD]) (Wells et al. 2006, Gilman et al. 2009). There is a feedback loop between soil elevation, hydrology, and mangrove forest health. The soil elevation level in mangrove forests affects tidal inundation period, tidal inundation frequency, and overall hydroperiod, all of which affect mangrove seedling species recruitment, composition, and survival (Whelan 2009). Additionally, mangrove forest hydrology affects soil processes such as sedimentation, erosion, and the shrink and swell of soil materials. Due to the importance of soil elevation to mangroves, it is critical to understand the rate of change in soil elevation to better predict the long-term ability of mangrove forests to regenerate. Therefore, the National Park Service (NPS) South Florida / Caribbean (SFCN) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) Network is establishing a long-term soil surface elevation monitoring program in Biscayne, Salt River Bay, and Virgin Islands national parks as part of the Coastal Geomorphology Vital Sign, as part of the vital signs monitoring program. The program aims to monitor rates of soil accretion and erosion, and determine if soil processes are keeping pace with relative sea level (RSL) which has been measured at 1.1–1.9 mm yr-1 in South Florida (Maul and Martin 1993). If the RSL rate is greater than the rate at which mangrove soil elevation increases then the current mangrove forest will transgress upslope and the current areas occupied by mangrove forest will eventually convert to shallow open-water marine habitats as the trees die off and there is no recruitment to replace them. For resource managers, it will be important to understand how this process is affecting mangrove forest in their park units. Local long-term monitoring is necessary to develop this understanding. This plan outlines the means by which monitoring data will be collected, managed, and reported for the monitoring of Mangrove Soil Surface Elevation Tables in SFCN parks and park units, as described in the approved SFCN monitoring plan (Patterson et al. 2008). The South Florida / Caribbean Network is implementing the Southeast Coast Network’s (SECN) peer-reviewed and approved Protocol for Monitoring Coastal Salt Marsh Elevation and Vegetation Communities in Southeast Coast Network Parks (DeVivo et al. 2015) as it relates to soil elevation monitoring. The South Florida / Caribbean Network did not implement the soil salinity component or the marsh vegetation sampling. The modifications made to the sampling process are minor but reflect necessary changes to implement the SECN sampling protocol in the park units of our network. We deviated from the SECN peer-reviewed protocol for a few of the standard operating procedures (SOPs). For example, we drew from the Northeast Coastal and Barrier Network protocol Measuring and Understanding Wetland Elevation Change using the Surface Elevation Table (SET) and Marker Horizon Techniques (Lynch et al. 2015) because we are using their SET Microsoft® Access relational database.
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Ground water in the Long Meadow area and its relation with that in the General Sherman Tree area, Sequoia National Park, California. US Geological Survey, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri854178.
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