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Journal articles on the topic 'Trust and Validity'
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Coumas, Michael. "The true orthodoxy of trusts law." Trusts & Trustees 27, no. 3 (2021): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/ttab008.
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Abstract Trusts evolved over time in a process of cyclical development. Legal drafters have repeatedly devised new versions of existing forms to achieve their clients’ objectives. Legislatures and courts have then recognised, or rejected, the legal validity of these innovations. Their responses prompt further innovatory moves by drafters, and so the rules governing validity and drafting practices have developed hand in hand. There is nothing new about the way commercial parties have put trust structures to new uses. Opposing their innovations on the ground that these depart from trust law ‘orthodoxy’ is to misunderstand the true orthodoxy of trusts law.
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Schumm, Walter R., Margaret A. Bugaighis, Deborra L. Buckler, Donna N. Green, and Elaine D. Scanlon. "Construct Validity of the Dyadic Trust Scale." Psychological Reports 56, no. 3 (1985): 1001–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1985.56.3.1001.
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Larzelere and Huston defined trust as “the extent that a person believes another person (or persons) to be benevolent and honest” (1980), p. 596) and developed a scale alleged to have excellent construct validity as well as high reliability. An independent analysis of their Dyadic Trust Scale for a sample of 79 married couples partially supports the construct validity but suggests that the scale is measuring benevolence more than honesty or trust.
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Agung Nugroho, Indrasakti, Mohamad Rizan, and Agung Wahyu Handaru. "The Impact of Product Quality, Personal Trust, and Bank Trust for the Millennial Generation's Decision to Get a Bank Mortgage." International Journal of Research and Review 10, no. 12 (2023): 720–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.52403/ijrr.20231272.
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This study aimed to investigate the relationship between personal trust, bank trust, product quality, and purchase intention among Indonesian consumers. The study collected responses from 133 participants in Jakarta, using a questionnaire with items adapted from previous research. The data was analyzed using SmartPLS to test reliability, validity, and hypotheses. The results showed that all constructs exhibited high levels of internal consistency and convergent validity. Furthermore, the correlation coefficients between the constructs were examined to assess discriminant validity. The results showed that the correlations were lower than the square root of the AVE, indicating discriminant validity among the variables. The study also investigated the specific indirect effects of personal trust and product quality on purchase intention through bank trust. The results showed that bank trust played a significant mediating role in the relationship between personal trust or product quality and purchase intention. Keywords: Personal trust, Bank trust, Product quality, Purchase intention
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Agarwal, Vinita. "Investigating the convergent validity of organizational trust." Journal of Communication Management 17, no. 1 (2013): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13632541311300133.
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Travers, A. "Cayman Islands New Law on Trust Validity." Trusts & Trustees 4, no. 9 (1998): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tandt/4.9.17.
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Vanhala, Mika. "Trust as an organizational knowledge sharing enabler – validation of the impersonal trust scale." VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems 50, no. 2 (2019): 349–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/vjikms-12-2018-0119.
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Purpose Contemporary organizations face challenges when they have an increasing need for trust, and yet there are decreasing opportunities for the development of interpersonal trust. Thus, the organizations cannot rely only on that and there is a need for complementary forms of organizational trust. Vanhala et al. (2011) developed the scale for measuring impersonal trust. The purpose of this study is to validate the scale in terms of discriminant and nomological validity as well as to test generalizability. Design/methodology/approach The validities and generalizability is tested on two samples from two industries in Finland: a forest company (411 respondents) and ICT company (304 respondents). Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modelling are used. Findings The scale represents both discriminant and nomological validity. Furthermore, the scale is generalizable in different industries. Research limitations/implications A more holistic approach to organizational trust is proposed, and the scale for the impersonal element of the organizational trust is validated. Practical implications This paper validates the scale for the less studied impersonal element of organizational trust. To manage and develop organizational trust, all of its dimensions should be measured. The scale validated allows the measurement of the impersonal dimension, and the more refined measure also makes it possible to focus development efforts on certain operational areas. Originality/value The scale validated represents a step forward toward the reliable measurement of organizational trust. To the best of the researcher’s knowledge, this is the first study to show that previously developed scale is valid and generalizable.
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Chatzea, V.-E., D. Sifaki-Pistolla, N. Dey, and E. Melidoniotis. "Validation of the Trust Tool in a Greek Perioperative Setting." Journal of Perioperative Practice 27, no. 6 (2017): 137–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045891702700604.
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The aim of this study was to translate, culturally adapt and validate the TRUST questionnaire in a Greek perioperative setting. The TRUST questionnaire assesses the relationship between trust and performance. A bilingual translation and pre-test process was followed. Internal consistency, reproducibility (test-retest) and criterion validity were calculated (Cronbach's alpha, kappa correlation coefficient, bivariate analysis). Overall internal consistency presented very high alpha values for individual comparison (Cronbach's =0.97, 95% CI=0.95–0.99, P value<0.001). The reproducibility and construct validity (Pearson r=0.86, P value<0.001) were retained at very good levels. According to factor analysis, two factors were extracted with eigenvalues>1 (KMO=0.83, Barlett's test of sphericity P value<0.001). The study assessed the levels of trust and performance in the surgery and anaesthesiology department during a very stressful period for Greece (economic crisis) and offered a user friendly and robust assessment tool. The study concludes that the Greek version of the TRUST questionnaire is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring team performance among Greek perioperative teams.
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Almaraz, David, Jesús Saiz, Iván Sánchez-Iglesias, and David H. Rosmarin. "Validation of “Trust/Mistrust in God Scale” for Spanish Cancer Patients." Religions 12, no. 12 (2021): 1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12121077.
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Trust/Mistrust in God have turned out to be two constructs that have great relevance in the study of the relationship between religion, spirituality, and health. In Spain, there are no instruments adapted to measure trust/mistrust in God, which limits the work of researchers interested in these aspects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate the Brief Trust/Mistrust in God Scale (BTMGS) in Spanish. The scale translated into Spanish was applied in a sample of 178 oncologic patients together with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) and the significant others subscale of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support, due to the existing evidence of relationships between the variables evaluated by these measures. Internal consistency, structural validity, convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated. The Spanish adaptation of the BTMGS obtained high internal consistency, both for trust subscale (α = 0.95) and for the mistrust subscale (α = 0.86). Furthermore, the correlations found between the BTMGS and the measures of positive and negative emotions and social add evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. These results suggest that the Spanish version of the BTMGS is a valid and reliable measure to be used in research on religion, spirituality and health in Spanish-speaking contexts.
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Hupcey, Judith E. "Maintaining Validity: The Development of the Concept of Trust." International Journal of Qualitative Methods 1, no. 4 (2002): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/160940690200100406.
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Maintaining validity while moving a concept to a higher level of maturity is a dilemma that faces all qualitative researchers. In this section, research projects related to the concept of trust will be used to illustrate how new studies can be built on previous ones and then all studies integrated to develop a comprehensive model without compromising validity. The multiple stages of inquiry will be elucidated using the strategies of deconstruction, development of a skeletal framework, and scaffolding as described by in the opening section by Morse and Mitcham. The strategy of deconstruction was used in the initial project (Morse, 2000), which was a multidisciplinary concept analysis to determine the level of conceptual maturity. Once it was determined that trust was not well developed in the context of health care interactions, literature was used as data (Morse, 2000) to advance the concept further for the purposes of concept clarification. Although this began the process of identifying the structural features of the concept, these data left us with many questions, particularly since the trust literature was context bound and thus not easily applied to health care relationships. A skeletal framework was then developed to investigate trust in health care relationships using grounded theory (Hupcey, Penrod, & Morse, 2000). This project also advanced the concept further toward maturity, but some aspects still remained unclear. For example, risk as a precondition for trust as found during the concept clarification was not necessarily seen when trust was applied to health care relationships. The strategy of scaffolding was then used as data collection continued with other types of participants and in different contexts to clarify discrepancies in the data and verify the developing model of the concept of trust in health care interactions (Hupcey, Clark, Hutcheson, & Thompson, in press; Thompson, Hupcey, & Clark, in press). Here, I focus on the process of deconstruction, and briefly describe the development of a skeletal framework and the scaffolding process for this research program related to the concept of trust.
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Butler, John K. "Toward Understanding and Measuring Conditions of Trust: Evolution of a Conditions of Trust Inventory." Journal of Management 17, no. 3 (1991): 643–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700307.
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Ten conditions of trust were suggested by 84 interviews of managers, and two previous studies of managerial trust. Statements made in the interviews and the studies were used to develop a content theory of trust conditions and derive scales measuring them. The scales were generated with an iterative procedure using a total of 1531 management students. The scales were assessed for homogeneity, reliability, and validity with several samples: 180 managers and 173 of their subordinates, 111 machine operators, and four different samples of management students (n = 380, n = 129, n = 290, and n = 132). Construct validity was supported by showing that the scale measures behaved as hypothesized with respect to measures of other variables, a manipulation of expectations, and the reciprocity of trust in vertical dyads.
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DENİZ, Ünal, and Mehmet Akif ERDENER. "Development and Validation of the Trust in Higher Education Scale (THES): A Mixed-Methods Approach." Participatory Educational Research 10, no. 3 (2023): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17275/per.23.41.10.3.
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This research aims to develop and validate the Trust in Higher Education Scale (THES) by adopting a theoretical-empirical approach. In the study, the stages of the exploratory sequential design, which is one of the basic designs of mixed research methods, were followed. In this context, in the first stage, qualitative data were collected from 20 undergraduate students and analyzed by using content analysis method. In the second stage, an item pool with 21 items was created based on the data analysis results. The created items were applied to 366 and 513 undergraduate students at two separate sessions. Then, scale development procedures such as reliability, substantive validity, structural validity, external validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis were performed on this data set, which was collected in three stages. As a result of the analysis, a valid and reliable scale consisting of 14 items and one dimension emerged. It is thought that the current research is important in terms of being the first attempt to reveal a valid and reliable measurement tool for trust in higher education and reveal or confirm the potential elements of trust in higher education.
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Shashank, N. "Balancing Trust and Validity: AI Creating Content for Brands." Journal of Research and Review in Digital Marketing and Communications 2, no. 2 (2025): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14999068.
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<em>This study investigates consumer behavior on artificial intelligence created content in brand correspondences, featuring the significance of credibility and validity. Buyers incline toward content creation with human-like experience to value and trust marks that uncover artificial intelligence use. While automated intelligence is esteemed as a strong instrument for creators, over-dependence on it can cause correspondence to feel impersonal and influence trust. Regardless of its impediments, artificial intelligence demonstrates powerful for explicit applications, for example, customized proposals and information driven approach. The discoveries highlight the requirement for human oversight in artificial intelligence driven content to keep up with trust and validity in brand correspondences.</em>
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Sturgis, P., and P. Smith. "Assessing the Validity of Generalized Trust Questions: What Kind of Trust are we Measuring?" International Journal of Public Opinion Research 22, no. 1 (2010): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edq003.
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Vidotto, Giulio, Marco Vicentini, Piergiorgio Argentero, and Philip Bromiley. "Assessment of Organizational Trust: Italian Adaptation and Factorial Validity of the Organizational Trust Inventory." Social Indicators Research 88, no. 3 (2007): 563–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11205-007-9219-y.
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Milesi, Alberto, Marianna Liotti, Francesca Locati, et al. "Trust under development: The Italian validation of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire (ETMCQ) for adolescents." PLOS ONE 19, no. 8 (2024): e0307229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0307229.
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Introduction In recent years, the concept of epistemic trust has emerged as a critical factor in understanding psychopathology, particularly within the context of personality disorders. A self-report instrument, the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust, and Credulity Questionnaire (ETMCQ), has demonstrated its validity among English and Italian adult populations. However, extending its applicability to adolescents is essential for comprehending the role of epistemic trust in the development of mental disorders. The aim of this study was to validate the ETMCQ within the Italian adolescent demographic. Methods Data were gathered from a wide selection of middle and high schools across Italy. The data collection started on 01/03/2022 and ended on 30/06/2022. Besides the ETMCQ (Study 1 = 662 participants, 12–18 years old, M = 15.56, SD = 2.20; 324 females, 338 males), we also administered other self-report instruments measuring mentalization, emotional dysregulation, general levels of psychopathology, and interpersonal trust in a smaller groups (Study 2 = 417 participants, aged from 12–19 years old, M = 15.64; SD = 2.08; 249 females, 168 males). Results Our findings provide empirical validation for the theoretical framework concerning the role of epistemic trust in psychological functioning and substantiate the validity of ETMCQ as a measure to assess it among teenagers. Conclusions The ETMCQ is a valid and promising instrument for adolescent populations; its ease and brevity of administration could make it a valuable tool both in clinical and research contexts, shedding light on the role of epistemic trust in mental health.
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Vera, Juliana Ribka Lango. "Validation and Reliability of the Psychological Scale of Trust in Partners in Marriage." International Journal of Current Science Research and Review 08, no. 03 (2025): 1352–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15054672.
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Abstract : This study aims to measure the validity and reliability of the psychological scale of trust in partners in marriage. Trust is a fundamental element in interpersonal relationships that supports the emotional closeness and stability of couples, especially in long-distance relationships. Referring to Rempel’s theory (1985), this study explores three main aspects of trust: predictability, dependability, and faith. The developed measuring instrument involved 30 items and was tested on 49 married participants in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara. The results of the analysis showed that out of 30 items, 20 selected items met the validity criteria with a Cronbach’s alpha reliability of 0.935 in the first round and 0.966 in the second round. These findings indicate that the trust in partners scale can be used as a reliable research instrument to assess trust in marital relationships. This study provides important insights into the dynamics of trust that can help individuals build and maintain healthy relationships.
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Gunnarson, Carina. "From Generalized Trust to Street Smart: Secondary School Students in Stockholm on Social Trust." YOUNG 27, no. 3 (2018): 205–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1103308818788407.
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This article analyses the validity of the standard question, ‘Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted, or that you can’t be too careful in dealing with people?’. It builds on unique material, including survey responses ( N = 356) and letters ( N = 28) from students aged 18–19 years, collected by the author in seven secondary schools in Stockholm. The results suggest that the standard question is less valid as a measure on generalized trust than is commonly assumed in trust research. Rather than referring to trust in people in general, about a third of the responses expressed themes related to rational trust, that is, trust is domain-specific and person-specific. Systematic variation between different school contexts indicates that the standard question reflects social trust in a limited social sphere rather than trust in ‘most people’. The conclusion is that the standard trust question has a problem with validity among young respondents.
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Lakshmita, Agata Bella, and Yong Dirgiatmo. "The Impact of ePWOM and Social Media Marketing on Purchase Intention: the Mediating Role of Product Trust." International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 09, no. 05 (2025): 182–99. https://doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2025.9511.
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This study investigates the influence of positive electronic word-of-mouth (ePWOM) and social media marketing on purchase intention, with trust in product as a mediating variable. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected from 250 Shopee users who had never purchased rice on the platform. Validity testing involved assessing convergent validity through outer loading values and Average Variance Extracted (AVE), while the Fornell-Larcker Criterion method was employed to evaluate discriminant validity. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha and Composite Reliability, with data analyzed via SmartPLS 3. The findings reveal that online customer review ePWOM, influencer review ePWOM, and social media marketing significantly affect both purchase intention and trust in product. Moreover, trust in product plays a mediating role in the relationship between these variables and purchase intention. Theoretically, the results reinforce signaling theory by highlighting the role of trust in shaping consumer behavior. Practically, this study underscores the importance of leveraging ePWOM and social media marketing to build product trust and drive consumer purchase decisions.
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VOEVODINA, EKATERINA, PIRMAGOMED SHIHGAFIZOV, and SERGEY SHTEPA. "METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ACTIVITY-PHENOMENOLOGICAL CONCEPT IN THE STUDY OF SOCIAL MECHANISMS FOR FORMING TRUST IN TRANSFORMING ECONOMIC RELATIONS." Sociopolitical Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2022-12-4-55-62.
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The purpose of the research. The article substantiates the methodological principles of studying the social mechanisms of trust formation in transforming economic relations, synthesized in the activity-phenomenological approach. Social and political global challenges that affect trust in society, including those related to the dynamics of world economic indicators, are analyzed. As a conceptual basis for defining the concept of trust, the authors rely on the studies of E. Giddens, N. Luhmann, F. Fukuyama, P. Sztompka. The scientific novelty of the study is the clarification of the concept of social mechanisms for the formation of trust. These are reproducible stable forms of optimization of social relations, their main significance is in the integration of social practices and institutions. Results. The authors propose to analyze two types of trust models in transforming economic relations - institutional and subject-oriented trust. The authors rely on the activity-phenomenological approach in the theories of E. Husserl, A. Schutz, M. Wartofsky, G.P. Shchedrovitsky, L. Wittgenstein. Therefore, they propose the following principles for studying the social mechanisms of trust formation: ontological validity, ecological validity, representativeness and epistemological validity. The main methodological difficulties in the study of trust may arise due to insufficient attention to contextuality in trust models, including latent processes in the economy associated with such phenomena as protectionism or corruption. Therefore, attention is focused on the need to typify trust models depending on cultural historical conditions and the effects of economic and political challenges that manifest themselves in these conditions.
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Liu, Su Xia, Ying Zhou, Yao Cheng, and Gilbert Joshua Atteh Sewu. "Structure and Its Reliability and Validity of Employees’ Trust in Organizational Safety." International Journal of Business and Management 14, no. 5 (2019): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v14n5p115.
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Employees&rsquo; trust in organizational safety is conducive in enhancing employees&rsquo; safety participation behavior from a psychological perspective. This study conceptualized employees&rsquo; trust in organizational safety and divided it into 3 dimensions by reviewing the previous literature. Questionnaires were designed based on the reference and revision of relevant scales in previous studies. Data was collected from 716 frontline employees to confirm the reliability and validity of the structure of employees&rsquo; trust in organizational safety. The result indicated that employees&rsquo; trust in organizational safety can be divided into three aspects and the scale with 16-items is valid and reliable.
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구길모. "The Validity of Punishing LBO for breach of Trust." Journal of Criminal Law 25, no. 2 (2013): 159–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21795/kcla.2013.25.2.159.
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이재방. "Validity of Applying Breach of Trust to Leveraged Buyout." Journal of hongik law review 13, no. 1 (2012): 545–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.16960/jhlr.13.1.201202.545.
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Lehmann-Willenbrock, Nale, and Simone Kauffeld. "Development and Construct Validation of the German Workplace Trust Survey (G-WTS)." European Journal of Psychological Assessment 26, no. 1 (2010): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000002.
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In research on trust in the organizational context, there is some agreement evolving that trust should be measured with respect to various foci. The Workplace Trust Survey (WTS) by Ferres (2002) provides reliable assessment of coworker, supervisor, and organizational trust. By means of a functionally equivalent translation, we developed a German version of the questionnaire (G-WTS) comprising 21 items. A total of 427 employees were surveyed with the G-WTS and questionnaires concerning several work-related attitudes and behaviors and 92 of these completed the survey twice. The hypothesized three-dimensional conceptualization of organizational trust was confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. The G-WTS showed good internal consistency and retest reliability values. Concerning convergent validity, all of the three G-WTS dimensions positively predicted job satisfaction. In terms of discriminant validity, Coworker Trust enhanced group cohesion; Supervisor Trust fostered innovative behavior, while Organizational Trust was associated with affective commitment. Theoretical and practical contributions as well as opportunities for future research with the G-WTS are discussed.
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Li, BoHao (Steven). "There is no Such Thing as a Sham Trust." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 44, no. 1 (2013): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v44i1.5007.
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The Court of Appeal decision in Official Assignee v Wilson is the leading New Zealand case on "sham trusts". Obiter, O'Regan and Robertson JJ held that for a sham trust to exist, the settlor and trustee must have a common intention to not create a trust. Post-Wilson, debate continues over the precise elements that render a trust a sham. The Law Commission suggested that the sham doctrine, as a means of analysing the validity of an express trust, may not be the best approach. A better starting point would be a return to the certainty of intention requirement. In arguing that the Law Commission's recommendation is correct, this article will discuss three legal issues: whether an express trust is a unilateral or bilateral transaction; whether the excluded evidence has always been part of the objective intention requirement; and whether the legislative and policy factors have made foreign trust law distinct from New Zealand trust law. Finally, this article will expand on the test proposed by the Law Commission.
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Lubasch, Johanna Sophie, Susan Lee, Markus Antonius Wirtz, Holger Pfaff, and Lena Ansmann. "Validation of a patient-reported measure of social support provided by nurses in breast cancer care (SuPP-N): based on a cross-sectional patient survey in 83 German hospitals." BMJ Open 12, no. 4 (2022): e054015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054015.
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ObjectivesTo validate the patient-reported measure of Social Support Perceived by Patients Scale-Nurses (SuPP-N).Design/settingA secondary data analysis based on a cross-sectional breast cancer patient survey in 83 German hospitals. Patients were asked to give written informed consent before they were discharged. If they agreed to participate, the questionnaire was sent via mail to their home address after discharge.ParticipantsOf 5583 eligible patients, 4841 consented to participate in the study and 4217 returned completed questionnaires (response rate: 75.5 %). For the data analysis n=3954 respondents were included. On average, participants were 60 years old and mostly in cancer stages I and II.Primary and secondary outcome measuresPerceived social support was assessed with a three-item patient-reported scale (SuPP-N). Convergent validity and criterion-related validity were tested using the following constructs: trust in nurses, trust in the treatment team (Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale, adapted), quality of life (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire), processes organisation, availability of nurses.ResultsThe structural equation model (SEM) assuming a one-dimensional structure of the instrument showed acceptable goodness of fit (root mean square error of approximation=0.04, Comparative Fit Index=0.96 and Tucker-Lewis Index=0.96; factor loadings ≥0.83). Hypothesis–consistent correlations with trust in nurses (beta=0.615; p<0.01) and trust in the treatment team (beta=0.264; p<0.01) proved convergent validity. Criterion-related validity was proved by its association with patients’ quality of life (beta=−0.138; p<0.01), processes organisation (beta=−0.107; p<0.01) and the availability of nurses (beta=0.654; p<0.01).ConclusionThe results of the SEM identify potential important factors to foster social support by nurses in cancer care. In patient surveys, the SuPP-N can be used efficiently to measure patient-reported social support provided by nurses. The use of the scale can contribute to gain a better understanding of the relevance of social support provided by nurses for patients and to detect possible deficits and derive measures with the aim of improving the patient–nurse interaction.
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Novikov, Vladislav S. "Trusts under Civil Law Jurisdictions: Current Legislative Framework, Legal Doctrine and Case Law." Zakon 20, no. 3 (2023): 182–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.37239/0869-4400-2023-20-3-182-203.
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As of today, some civil law jurisdictions have adopted domestic trust legislation acknowledging a trust as a form of ownership. Several civil law jurisdictions have recognised foreign trusts in recent years as a regulatory and tax matter, in order to find and document the offshore assets of their taxpayers and other jurisdictions have adopted the Hague Trust Convention on the Law Applicable to Trusts and on Their Recognition 1985, simplifying the construction and recognition of foreign trusts, because the Convention imports specific conflict of law provisions into the law of the countries that have adopted it. In the other civil law jurisdictions that have not adopted the Trust Convention, the election of law made by the settlor will generally be recognised if their laws authorise an election. Notwithstanding the fact that an election of a foreign law or a foreign forum is made in the trust deed, the court is going to turn to its domestic laws and among other things to its own conflict of law provisions to determine the validity of the election made. The construction and recognition of foreign trusts will rely uniquely on case law in a jurisdiction where there is no conflict of law provisions for trusts. In all civil law jurisdictions transfers in trust are generally void to the extent they deprive an heir of her forced share or a spouse of her share in a community property, if the trust violates rule against perpetuities or any other mandatory provision of domestic legislation. In light of the aforementioned, the aim of the article is to show that сivil law jurisdictions search for new ways to afford the benefit of trusts in a variety of settings.
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Capiola, August, Sarah A. Jessup, Tyler J. Ryan, and Gene M. Alarcon. "Exploring the Unique and Shared Variance of Propensity to Trust and Suspicion Propensity." Journal of Individual Differences 40, no. 4 (2019): 213–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000294.
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Abstract. Across two studies, we explored the relationship of propensity to trust – a general willingness to trust others ( Mayer, Davis, & Schoorman, 1995 ) – and suspicion propensity – a disposition toward being suspicious ( Calhoun et al., 2017 ) – to determine if the constructs are distinct and account for unique variance in relevant outcomes. We used exploratory structural equation modeling to investigate whether propensity to trust and suspicion propensity are separate constructs. Then, we investigated the unique predictive validity of each trait on criteria of interest. We found some evidence that propensity to trust and suspicion propensity are unique, yet related, constructs with unique predictive validity. Theoretical and practical implications, as well as limitations, of this research are discussed.
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Ratnawati, Alifah, and Annisa Ayu Lestari. "PERAN BRAND TRUST DALAM MEMEDIASI BRAND EXPERIENCE, BRAND PERSONALITY DAN BRAND COMMUNITY TERHADAP BRAND LOYALTY." Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis 19, no. 2 (2018): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ekobis.19.2.185-202.
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This study aims to know and analyze the influence of brand experience, brand personalityand brand community to brand loyalty with brand trust as a variable intervening on Oriflameproducts .. The population is the consumer who ever bought the product Oriflame in Semarang,with the number of samples of 100 respondents. The sampling technique used in this researchis convenience sampling or convenience .. The analysis tool is path analysis, where previouslytested the validity and reliability as well as the classical assumption test.Test results show thatbrand experience, brand personality and brand personality proved to have a significant positiveeffect on brand trust and brand loyalty. Brand trusts have a positive influence on brand loyalty.Brand trust can be an intervening variable between brand experience and brand personalitytoward brand loyalty. Brand trust can be an intervening variable between brand communitytowards repurchase meaning higher brand community, the more consumers can strengthenthe understanding of its members due to high trust to Oriflame brand, so that will increasinglyincrease customer loyalty to the brand.Keywords: Brand experience, brand personality, brand community, brand trust brand loyalty
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Banerjee, Sanchayan, Matteo M. Galizzi, and Rafael Hortala-Vallve. "Trusting the Trust Game: An External Validity Analysis with a UK Representative Sample." Games 12, no. 3 (2021): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/g12030066.
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Using a nationally representative sample of 1052 respondents from the United Kingdom, we systematically tested the associations between the experimental trust game and a range of popular self-reported measures for trust, such as the General Social Survey (GSS) and the Rosenberg scale for self-reported trust. We find that, in our UK representative sample, the experimental trust game significantly and positively predicts generalised self-reported trust in the GSS. This association is robust across a number of alternative empirical specifications, which account for multiple hypotheses corrections and control for other social preferences as measured by the dictator game and the public good game, as well as for a broad range of individual characteristics, such as gender, age, education, and personal income. We discuss how these results generalise to nationally representative samples from six other Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries (France, Germany, Italy, Korea, Slovenia, and the US).
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Mottershead, Trixie, and Ceri Woodrow. "Practicality, utility and face-validity of the dynamic support database." Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 13, no. 5 (2019): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/amhid-04-2019-0009.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the clinical perspective of the practicality, utility and face-validity of the dynamic support database (DSD) Red, Amber, Green (RAG) rating support tool within adult learning disabilities services in a North West NHS Foundation Trust. The aim of the current project is to evaluate the practicality, utility and face-validity of the DSD RAG rating support tool, as reported by clinicians who have been employing it. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods design was utilised by asking clinicians to complete a questionnaire in relation to the DSD Support Tool. Questionnaires were distributed across three community learning disability teams within the North West. A total of 50 clinicians completed the questionnaire which included rated responses for quantitative analysis and free-text comments for qualitative analysis. Findings Positive ratings given by clinicians suggested good practicality, utility and face-validity in relation to the tool. Analysis of the free-text comments suggested that the tool supported clinical judgement in a standardised way and helped discussions with commissioners. Feedback also provided insights into how the DSD support tool could be improved. Research limitations/implications Further investigation would be required to yield higher numbers of participation across NHS Trusts to add reliability to the present findings. Originality/value The DSD support tool has been used within the NHS Foundation Trust for the last 12 months however the practicality, utility and face-validity of the tool had not been explored from the clinician perspective.
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Aryoko, Nabila Verysa, and Yong Dirgiatmo. "The Influence of Customer Trust as a Mediator Between Uncertainty Avoidance and Purchase Intention in Shopee." International Journal of Economics, Business and Management Research 09, no. 01 (2025): 151–67. https://doi.org/10.51505/ijebmr.2025.9111.
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This study explores the mediating role of customer trust in the relationship between uncertainty avoidance and purchase intention on Shopee, a leading e-commerce platform. The research sampled 290 Indonesian Shopee users aged 18–60 years who had made at least two purchases. Using non-probability purposive sampling, data were collected and analyzed with SmartPLS 4. Validity was assessed through outer loading and Average Variance Extracted (AVE) for convergent validity, while discriminant validity was evaluated using the Fornell-Larcker criterion. Reliability was measured using Cronbach's Alpha and composite reliability. The findings highlight that information quality, reputation, return policy leniency, and social commerce constructs significantly impact customer trust and purchase intention on Shopee. However, the cash on delivery payment method does not significantly affect either customer trust or purchase intention. Additionally, customer trust serves as a mediator between social commerce constructs and purchase intention but does not mediate the relationships involving cash on delivery, information quality, reputation, or return policy leniency. These results underline the importance of social commerce and other trust-building factors in driving purchase intention, offering valuable insights for e-commerce strategies.
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Shang, Wenli, and Xiangyu Xing. "ICS Software Trust Measurement Method Based on Dynamic Length Trust Chain." Scientific Programming 2021 (April 26, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6691696.
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Aiming at the real-time requirements for industrial control systems, we proposed a corresponding trust chain method for industrial control system application software and a component analysis method based on security sensitivity weights. A dynamic length trust chain structure is also proposed in this paper. Based on this, the industrial control system software integrity measurement method is constructed. Aimed at the validity of the model, a simulation attack experiment was performed, and the performance of the model was repeated from multiple perspectives to verify the performance of the method. Experiments show that this method can effectively meet the integrity measurement under the condition of high real-time performance, protect the integrity of files, and improve the software credibility of industrial control system.
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Nicholas Hamid, P. "THE VALIDITY OF AN UNOBTRUSIVE MEASURE OF SOCIAL IDENTITY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 24, no. 2 (1996): 157–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.1996.24.2.157.
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A simple method of measuring social and national identity (SIM) is described based on the mapping of social category placements in a defined field. The meaning of placements was investigated using judgments of similarity, attraction, closeness and trust for interpersonal groups and similarity, attraction of life style and trust for national groups. The validity and reliability of the measure of rank ordered distance placements was established. The utility of the measure when applied to social groups is demonstrated in the contexts of an emerging group, in an organizational setting and with national stereotypes. The measure is easy to apply and could be useful in research where a relatively unobtrusive measure of interpersonal, social or cross-cultural conflict is sought.
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Howard, George S., Arthur C. Maerlender, Paul R. Myers, and Tom D. Curtin. "In stories we trust: Studies of the validity of autobiographies." Journal of Counseling Psychology 39, no. 3 (1992): 398–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.39.3.398.
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Bouwhuis, Don G. "Perception and interpretation of internet information: accessibility, validity and trust." Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society 4, no. 1 (2006): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14779960680000277.
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Radwin, Laurel E., and Howard J. Cabral. "Trust in Nurses Scale: construct validity and internal reliability evaluation." Journal of Advanced Nursing 66, no. 3 (2010): 683–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05168.x.
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Haddadpour, Samaneh, Fattah Nazem, and Soghra Afkaneh. "Investigating the Structural Equation Model of Factors Affecting the Enhancement of Organizational Trust in the Technical and Vocational Organization of Tehran Province." Management Strategies and Engineering Sciences 7, no. 3 (2025): 101–10. https://doi.org/10.61838/msesj.7.3.10.
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This study aims to investigate the factors influencing organizational trust within the Technical and Vocational Organization of Tehran Province. A mixed-methods approach was employed to comprehensively analyze the dynamics of organizational trust. The qualitative phase involved interviews with 10 experts, analyzed using grounded theory to identify key categories and relationships. For the quantitative phase, a sample of 250 employees and managers was selected using stratified random sampling from a population of 2,500. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted using SmartPLS to evaluate the proposed model's validity and predictive power. Reliability and validity were assessed through Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability (CR), average variance extracted (AVE), and discriminant validity tests, while structural model fit was confirmed using R² and Q² indices. The results demonstrated that contextual conditions, such as leadership style and organizational culture, significantly influence trust. Intervening conditions, including job security and equitable workplace practices, mediated the relationship between organizational strategies and trust. Strategies like empowerment and knowledge-sharing were identified as critical drivers of trust, contributing to positive outcomes such as enhanced employee commitment and reduced turnover intention. The structural model exhibited strong predictive power, with R² values ranging from 0.62 to 0.94 and Q² values exceeding 0.50 for most constructs, confirming its robustness and practical relevance. Organizational trust is a multidimensional construct shaped by leadership practices, cultural factors, and individual perceptions. The findings highlight the importance of transparent communication, equitable policies, and knowledge-sharing initiatives in fostering trust. These insights offer actionable strategies for enhancing trust in organizational settings, contributing to improved employee satisfaction and organizational resilience.
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Zhao, Weihong, and Yu Qi. "The Measurement on Service Quality of E-commerce Live Streaming: Modeling and Its Validity." Transactions on Economics, Business and Management Research 4 (January 26, 2024): 167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/2zxdt493.
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This study investigates the conceptual model and measurement scale of the service quality of E-commerce Live Streaming (ELS). Findings indicate that the service quality of ELS comprises interaction quality (entertainment and professionalism), environmental quality (activeness and convenience), and outcome quality (promotion and dependability). The relative predictability of these dimensions on the service quality of ELS also falls into a particular order: Interaction quality is most predicable, followed by outcome quality, then environmental quality. Finally, each of the dimensions has positive effects on consumers’ purchase intention by effecting their cognitive trust and emotional trust. And interaction quality is most predicable for effecting consumers’ cognitive trust. Environmental quality is most predicable for effecting consumers’ emotional trust. These results altogether provide valuable insights into the service quality management of ELS.
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Nurlaela Anwar, Resa, and Alda Ivanka. "The Impact of Customer Experience, Ease of Use, and Trust on the Use Adoption of E-Wallet Funds in Jakarta." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial Politik dan Humaniora 5, no. 2 (2022): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.36624/jisora.v5i2.89.
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This study aimed to determine the impact of Customer Experience, Ease of Use, and Trust on the Adoption of the Use of DANA E-wallet in Jakarta. This research was conducted using a data collection method with a questionnaire of 100 active consumer respondents using the DANA e-wallet. Samples were taken using the contour formula. Testing the data quality in this study used a data validity test, namely the validity test and reliability test. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis and simple regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that customer experience, ease of use, and trust as a whole/simultaneously influence the adoption of use; the significance value of customer experience evidence this (0,000 <0,05), ease of use (0.000 <0.05), trust (0.009 <0.05), Therefore, customer experience, ease of use, and trust are dominant in adopting use.
 
 Keywords: Customer Experience, Ease of Use, Trust, Use Adoption
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Bommasani, Rishi, and Percy Liang. "Trustworthy Social Bias Measurement." Proceedings of the AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society 7 (October 16, 2024): 210–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aies.v7i1.31630.
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How do we design measures of social bias that we trust? While prior work has introduced several measures, no measure has gained widespread trust: instead, mounting evidence argues we should distrust these measures. In this work, we design bias measures that warrant trust based on the cross-disciplinary theory of measurement modeling. To combat the frequently fuzzy treatment of social bias in natural language processing, we explicitly define social bias, grounded in principles drawn from social science research. We operationalize our definition by proposing a general bias measurement framework DivDist, which we use to instantiate 5 concrete bias measures. To validate our measures, we propose a rigorous testing protocol with 8 testing criteria (e.g. predictive validity: do measures predict biases in US employment?). Through our testing, we demonstrate considerable evidence to trust our measures, showing they overcome conceptual, technical, and empirical deficiencies present in prior measures.
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Pan, Xingchen, Weijian Xiong, Shengchao Pu, Fanshen Han, and Anqi Zhang. "Trust, Perceived Benefits, and Purchase Intention in C2C E-Commerce." Journal of Organizational and End User Computing 35, no. 3 (2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/joeuc.325508.
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Consumers in China highly favor the consumer-to-consumer (C2C) e-commerce model, so it is crucial to understand the relationship between consumers' trust in merchants, perceived benefits, and purchase intentions. This article first elaborates on applying trust, perceived benefits, and purchase intention in China's C2C e-commerce model. Then, corresponding hypotheses are proposed, and the questionnaire is designed. Finally, reliability, validity, correlation, and regression analysis are applied to analyze the sample structure and the relationships between various variables. The experimental results show that the reliability and validity detection values are higher than 0.8 and 0.75, respectively, indicating that the reliability and validity of the questionnaire designed are qualified. In the correlation analysis, the hypothesis proposed is validated through correlation coefficients, and the rationality of the hypothesis is further verified through regression analysis.
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Bevilacqua, Marta, and Rasmus Bro. "Can We Trust Score Plots?" Metabolites 10, no. 7 (2020): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo10070278.
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In this paper, we discuss the validity of using score plots of component models such as partial least squares regression, especially when these models are used for building classification models, and models derived from partial least squares regression for discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Using examples and simulations, it is shown that the currently accepted practice of showing score plots from calibration models may give misleading interpretations. It is suggested and shown that the problem can be solved by replacing the currently used calibrated score plots with cross-validated score plots.
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Fatima, Adel Dakel Isa. "Relationship Between Interpersonal Trust And Positive Mood Among Educational Counselors." Multicultural Education 6, no. 2 (2020): 193. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4281183.
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<em>The aim of the research was to identify the Relationship between Interpersonal Trust and Positive Mood Among Educational Counselors.</em> <em>The researcher used the descriptive method and the sample of the study reached (150) educational counselors. The researcher used two Scales: the Interpersonal Trust scale and the Positive Mood scale. The validity of both instruments was verified validity (face, and construction, Translation) and consistency of the instruments using the re-test, and internal consistency Cronbach's alpha. Interpersonal Trust among Educational Counselors was (91.4067) this refers to a higher level, compared with the theoretical average of (75). Positive Mood among Educational Counselors was (36.4800) this refers to a higher level, compared with the theoretical average of (30) ,The research found that there is no significant correlation between the Interpersonal Trust and Positive Mood of the educational counselors.</em>
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Fatima, Adel Dakel Isa. "Relationship Between Interpersonal Trust And Positive Mood Among Educational Counselors." Multicultural Education 6, no. 4 (2020): 226. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4282789.
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The aim of the research was to identify the Relationship between Interpersonal Trust and Positive Mood Among Educational Counselors. The researcher used the descriptive method and the sample of the study reached (150) educational counselors. The researcher used two Scales: the Interpersonal Trust scale and the Positive Mood scale. The validity of both instruments was verified validity (face, and construction, Translation) and consistency of the instruments using the re-test, and internal consistency Cronbach's alpha. Interpersonal Trust among Educational Counselors was (91.4067) this refers to a higher level, compared with the theoretical average of (75). Positive Mood among Educational Counselors was (36.4800) this refers to a higher level, compared with the theoretical average of (30) ,The research found that there is no significant correlation between the Interpersonal Trust and Positive Mood of the educational counselors.
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Molina, Rose L., Maria Bazan, Michele R. Hacker, et al. "A Spanish-Language Patient-Reported Outcome Measure for Trust in Pregnancy Care Clinician." JAMA Network Open 8, no. 2 (2025): e2460465. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.60465.
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ImportanceDespite the importance of patient trust in health care, there are no patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) for trust in their clinician that have been developed empirically in Spanish, which is the second most common language in the US.ObjectiveTo develop and validate a Spanish-language PROM for trust in pregnancy care clinician.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used a national online panel of patients who reported a Spanish language preference and had limited English proficiency and were currently pregnant or had given birth within the 12 months before the survey. Participants resided in the United States, and data were collected from January to May 2024.ExposuresParticipants had clinical interactions during pregnancy and/or postpartum care. Data collected included demographics, Confianza (Trust) Scale candidate items, and 4 measures for concurrent validity evidence: the Trust in Physician Scale (TPS), the Mothers on Respect Index, the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Global 10.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcomes were psychometric properties of the Confianza scale and its association with validated scales (validity coefficients). Item response theory (IRT) analyses were conducted to evaluate the psychometric properties of the candidate items, select the best item subset for the Confianza scale, examine its correlation with other measures, and compare scores according to demographic characteristics.ResultsOf the included 204 participants (mean [SD] age, 26 [7] years; 62 participants from South America [30%]; 32 participants from Mexico [16%]), 117 participants were pregnant (57%), and 87 were within 1-year post partum (43%) at the time of survey completion. Four items were removed based on exploratory factor analysis. Using results from IRT analysis on the remaining 12 items, 5 items were selected to represent communication, caring, competency, accompaniment, and overall trust for the final measure. The 5-item Confianza scale had high measurement precision, with reliability above 0.90 across a wide range of the trust continuum. The Confianza scale (mean [SD] score, 21.5 [4.6] out of 25) was positively correlated with the TPS (r = 0.47; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.57; P &amp;lt; .001) and negatively correlated with the EPDS (r = −0.41; 95% CI, −0.52 to −0.29; P &amp;lt;.001). Higher trust scores were obtained when there was language concordance with clinicians (mean [SD], 23.6 [2.3] vs 20.0 [5.3]; P &amp;lt; .001) and care continuity (mean [SD], 22.3 [3.8] vs 20.9 [5.3]; P = .001).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of pregnant and postpartum Spanish-speaking individuals, a Spanish-language PROM for trust in pregnancy care clinician had initial validity.
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Cahya, Nur, and Veronika Santi Paramita. "Mediating Role of Green Trust in the Link Between Green Perceived Value, Risk, and Purchase Intention of Electric Motorcycles." Sinergi International Journal of Management and Business 3, no. 1 (2025): 59–73. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijmb.v3i1.413.
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This study aims to examine the influence of green perceived risk (GPR) and green perceived value (GPV) on purchase intention (PI) through green trust (GT) in Honda EM-1 electric motorcycles. A total of 271 respondents were selected using the Lemeshow method. Data was collected through a cross-sectional or one-shot research approach. The research instrument successfully passed validity and reliability tests. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was employed for data analysis using Smart-PLS version 3.0. The study used PLS software, including outer and inner model assessments. The outer model analysis evaluates convergent validity, discriminant validity, and composite reliability, while the inner model analysis includes r-square, f-square, model fit tests, path analysis, and hypothesis testing. Among the four proposed hypotheses, all were found to have a significant effect. Green perceived value (GPV) positively influences purchase intention (PI), both directly and indirectly, through green trust (GT). Conversely, green perceived risk (GPR) negatively affects purchase intention (PI), both directly and indirectly, through green trust (GT).
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Weiland, Anna-Maria, Svenja Taubner, Max Zettl, et al. "Epistemic trust and associations with psychopathology: Validation of the German version of the Epistemic Trust, Mistrust and Credulity-Questionnaire (ETMCQ)." PLOS ONE 19, no. 11 (2024): e0312995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0312995.
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Epistemic trust, defined as trust in socially transmitted knowledge, is discussed as a psychopathological factor in the context of new transdiagnostic approaches for the assessment of mental disorders. The aim of this study is to test the factorial, convergent, and discriminant validity of the German version of the new Epistemic Trust, Mistrust and Credulity–Questionnaire (ETMCQ). Data were collected cross-sectionally from the German-speaking general population (N = 584) and in a second sample of clinical (n = 30) and non-clinical (n = 30) participants. The previously proposed three-factor structure of the ETMCQ was analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. The ETMCQ’s ability to differentiate between clinical and non-clinical participants was tested with t-tests. Correlations with early childhood trauma, maladaptive personality traits, and impairments in personality functioning were examined. The relationship between epistemic trust and mentalization was analyzed in a structural equation model. Regarding the factorial validity, the model fit of the originally proposed ETMCQ proved to be insufficient. The model fit to the data was good for a shortened 12-item version. The study was unable to identify any significant differences between clinical and non-clinical participants. For mistrust and credulity, correlations with associated constructs supported their construct validity. However, the results for the trust subscale were heterogeneous. The study offers initial empirical support for a revised 12-item self-report measure of epistemic trust and for the link between mistrust and credulity with markers of psychopathology. Further investigation of the ETMCQ and its psychometric properties, as well as research on integration of epistemic trust into new, transdiagnostic approaches to psychopathology is needed.
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Longxiu, Si. "The impact of Perceived value on the Intention to Purchase Dance Drama." Journal of Information Systems Engineering and Management 10, no. 39s (2025): 285–301. https://doi.org/10.52783/jisem.v10i39s.7152.
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This study delves into the relationship between a product's perceived value and the likelihood that a consumer will make a purchase, specifically looking at how higher perceived value might boost brand trust and, by extension, buy intent. Using the Stimulus-Organism-Response Theory (S-O-R) framework, the authors present a practical model of buy intention for dance theater that combines the research on perceived value and purchase intention. We want to shed light on what influences consumers' perceptions of value, their faith in brands, and their propensity to make a purchase. This study aims to examine the factors that influence customers' tendency to buy dance drama tickets. With 537 valid responses from 539 questionnaires, the effective rate was 99.6 percent. To confirm the sample data's validity and suitability for further investigation, data analysis was carried out using software to evaluate its reliability and validity. In order to further validate the research hypotheses, a structural equation model (SEM) was used to fit the model, perform route analysis, and assess the mediating effect. The results show that trust in the brand and the value one perceives have a beneficial effect on the intention to buy. At the same time, there is a favorable and strong influence of brand trust mediating perceived value.
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Digori, Irina. "The requirements for the creation of an express trust." Studia Universitatis Moldaviae. Seria Stiinte Sociale, no. 8(178) (December 2024): 63–74. https://doi.org/10.59295/sum8(178)2024_08.
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This article examines the requirements which need to be fulfilled for the creation of an express trust, i.e. based on a contract, unilateral declaration, or will, in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Moldova. The research is carried out from a comparative perspective, discussing the requirements for the creation of an express trust under English law (including the three certainties rule), the rules established in the DCFR, and the conditions of validity of fiducia contract in continental law systems, such as France and Romania. It is found that there is a connection between the regulations under consideration, which can also be seen in relation to the existing requirements under national legal provisions. The analysis then focuses on each of the conditions that must be met by the trust instrument and covers: legality, capacity, consent, object, form and essential clauses, highlighting the specific aspects in the field of trusts.
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Azizi, Alireza, and Hadi Taherpour Kalantari. "Investigating the Relationship Between Green Marketing Strategies and Purchase Intention and Trust in Green Brands Among Green Product Consumers." Journal of Personal Development and Organizational Transformation 2, no. 2 (2024): 118–29. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.jpdot.2.2.8.
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This study investigates the relationship between green marketing strategies and both purchase intention and trust in green brands among consumers of green products. The current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of data collection method, and quantitative in terms of data analysis method. The statistical population consists of customers of skincare product dealerships in the city of Mashhad. According to the Morgan table, a total of 384 individuals were selected through a non-probability convenience sampling method. The data collection instrument was a 26-item questionnaire based on the study by Rahman and Nguyen-Viet (2022), the face and content validity of which was confirmed by expert opinion. Construct validity was confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, and discriminant validity using Smart PLS software. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used, with an overall value of 0.755, which was deemed acceptable. For hypothesis testing, the Partial Least Squares (PLS) technique was employed using Smart PLS software. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between green marketing strategies and trust in green brands among green product consumers. Moreover, a positive and significant relationship was found between trust in green brands and the intention to purchase green products. This indicates that the type of strategy and approach adopted by manufacturing companies and skincare product dealerships influences the degree of customer trust and credibility in their brand.