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Journal articles on the topic 'Tungsten trioxide (WO3)'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 September 2023

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Kumari, J., and P. Mangala. "Enhanced Anticarcinogenic and Antimicrobial Response of Synthesized Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles." Journal of Scientific Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 141–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v15i1.58211.

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In the present study, we fabricated tungsten trioxide nanoparticles (WO3 NPs) from a tungsten complex [W(C13H10NO)3] of ligand N-salicylideneaniline with tungstic acid as the precursor. Nanoparticles were synthesized using the direct thermal decomposition method. These nanoparticles were evaluated for cytotoxicity influence on human breast cancer MCF7 cell line (adenocarcinoma). The observed results suggested that WO3 can destroy 50 % of viable cells after 24 h of incubation at 37 °C. Based on these results, we concluded that WO3 nanoparticles could be a potential drug carrier candidate against human breast cancer cells based on the amount of the drug. In addition, WO3 nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

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Daniel, M. F., B. Desbat, J. C. Lassegues, B. Gerand, and M. Figlarz. "Infrared and Raman study of WO3 tungsten trioxides and WO3, xH2O tungsten trioxide tydrates." Journal of Solid State Chemistry 67, no. 2 (1987): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4596(87)90359-8.

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He, Xinyi, Yi Xiong, Meng Zhao, and Wei Zeng. "Study on Structural Stability of Black Phosphorus/Bismuth Oxysulfide/Tungsten Trioxide Heterojunction Based on XRD Measurement." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2395, no. 1 (2022): 012003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2395/1/012003.

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Abstract X-ray diffraction is employed to characterize the black phosphorus/bismuth oxysulfide/tungsten trioxide heterojunction composites to explore the alterations in crystallite size and micro-strain. The sample is immersed in sodium sulfite and tested each week. The Scherrer formula and Williamson-Hall plots are used to explore the effect of black phosphorus on improving the stability of the bismuth oxysulfide/tungsten trioxide heterojunction. The results show that the structure of black phosphorus/bismuth oxysulfide/tungsten trioxide heterojunction has changed as follows. The value of crystallite size of tungsten trioxide decreases from 13.82 nm to 9.23 nm, then to 7.45 nm per week, while the value of compressive micro-strain of WO3 increases from -2.02×10−3 to -7.58×10−3, then to -8.93×10−3. It illustrates that the lattice constant of WO3 is compressed due to the lattice mismatch.

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Zhang, Zhong Jian, Cun Qi Liu, Ling Gao, Chao Xiao, and Hai Tao Yang. "Sintering of Ti-Doped Tungsten Trioxide Ceramic Targets." Advanced Materials Research 668 (March 2013): 686–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.668.686.

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The Titanium-doped tungsten trioxide (Ti/WO3) targets with high density was prepared by sintering in oxygen atmosphere. The density, bending strength and Vickers hardness were measured. The morphologies and microstructures were characterized by XRD and SEM. The Ti/WO3 targets were used to prepare the film by magnetron sputtering .The film was characterized by Ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The results showed that 1040°C was the best sintering temperature for making Ti/WO3 ceramic targets. The relative density of the target was up to 92.18%. The visible light transmittance of the Ti/WO3 thin films reduced quickly along with the reduction of wavelength. Two absorb peaks at the wavelength of 384 nm and 480 nm were found, which would play an important role in making electro-chromic materials.

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Medvezhynska, Olha, and Anatoliy Omel'chuk. "(Digital Presentation) Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen-Containing Tungsten Compounds on a Liquid Gallium Cathode in an Eutectic Melt of Calcium and Sodium Chlorides." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 54 (2022): 2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02542044mtgabs.

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This paper presents the results of studies of electrochemical reduction of oxygen-containing tungsten compounds (WO3, CaWO4) in a molten eutectic mixture of calcium and sodium chlorides. In contrast to the known methods of direct electrochemical reduction of refractory metal oxides, it is proposed to reduce the initial oxygen-containing tungsten compounds in powder form on a liquid gallium cathode without resorting to pre-pressing and sintering operations. In the temperature range 600-1000 °C, at which the electrochemical reduction of these compounds takes place, gallium does not evaporate, does not interact with the components of the melt, or with the initial compounds of tungsten or pure tungsten. The liquid gallium cathode not only provides reliable contact with highly dispersed initial tungsten powder compounds and their uniform polarization but also protects the reduced metal from contamination by products of electrolysis and electrolyte. In addition, gallium, due to its lower specific weight than tungsten oxide, protects WO3 from unwanted interactions with calcium chloride, which causes the formation of volatile tungsten oxochlorides and the loss of the initial tungsten trioxide. Due to the large difference in crystallization temperatures of the molten electrolyte (over 500 °C) and the gallium cathode (~ 30 °C), as well as the difference in specific weights of the electrochemical cell components, fine tungsten powder isolated during electrolysis is easily separated from melt and gallium. During the reduction of tungsten trioxide at the beginning of electrolysis on the surface of the gallium cathode, sodium and calcium cations, which are part of the electrolyte mixture, are discharged. In the range of reduction temperatures (700-800 °C) the discharge potentials of sodium and calcium cations are almost the same. As the gallium cathode is saturated with isolated metals (sodium and calcium), tungsten trioxide is reduced WO3 + 3nM → W + 3MnO, where М = Na, Ca, and n = 2 when sodium is involved in the reduction and n = 1 when the reducing agent is calcium. The formed metal oxides (MnO) react with tungsten trioxide, forming a mixture of tungstates of the appropriate metals WO3 + MnO → MnWO4 Both oxides and tungstates of calcium and sodium have a lower specific weight than gallium, so as they accumulate, they float to the interface: cathode/melt, where at the appropriate values of the electrode potential, also participate in electrode processes MnWO4 + 6е− → W + MnO + 3О2− MnO + 2е− → nM + О2−. Reduced tungsten settles to the bottom of the gallium cathode container, and calcium and sodium contribute to the reduction of tungstates. The results of voltammetric studies of oxidized and unoxidized monocrystalline tungsten, tungsten cathode, on the surface of which is applied a film of WO3, gallium cathode with tungsten starting compounds (WO3, CaWO4) in a molten eutectic mixture of sodium and calcium chlorides indicate in favor of the fact that this process takes place in stages in several stages. This is also supported by the results of electrolysis under potentiostatic conditions at different potentials of the cathode relative to the unpolarized tungsten electrode. The mixture of tungsten and calcium tungstate is the reduction product at potentials lower than the reduction potentials of sodium and calcium tungstates. For example, with a reduction potential of −1.3 V, the reduction products of both tungsten trioxide and calcium tungstate contain no more than 2.0% of tungsten, the rest is calcium tungstate. Reduction at a potential of −2.0 V provides a product with a tungsten content of not less than 20.0%. Finally, the reduction at a potential equal to or greater than −2.4 V at the cathode produces tungsten without the content of extraneous phases. The degree of extraction of tungsten from tungsten trioxide is not less than 65.0%, from calcium tungstate is about 72.8%. The morphology of reduced tungsten was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The resulting tungsten powder has the form of dendritic crystals with a size of several tens of micrometers.

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Alharbi, Khadijah H., Walaa Alharbi, M. A. El-Morsy, M. O. Farea, and A. A. Menazea. "Optical, Thermal, and Electrical Characterization of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone/Carboxymethyl Cellulose Blend Scattered by Tungsten-Trioxide Nanoparticles." Polymers 15, no. 5 (2023): 1223. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15051223.

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The polymeric material polyvinyl pyrrolidine/carboxymethyl cellulose (PVP/CMC) was mixed with different quantities of tungsten-trioxide nanoparticles (WO3 NPs). The samples were created using the casting method and Pulsed Laser Ablation (PLA). The manufactured samples were analyzed by utilizing various methods. The halo peak of the PVP/CMC was located at 19.65°, confirming its semi-crystalline nature, as shown in the XRD analysis. FT-IR spectra of pure PVP/CMC composite and PVP/CMC composite incorporated with various contents of WO3 obtained a shift in band locations and change in intensity. Optical band gap was calculated via UV–Vis spectra, which decreased when increasing the laser-ablation time. Thermogravimetric analyses (TGA) curves showed that samples’ thermal stability had improved. The frequency-dependent composite films were used to determine AC conductivity of the generated films. When increasing the content of tungsten-trioxide nanoparticles, both (ε′) and (ε′′) increased. The incorporation of tungsten trioxide enhanced the ionic conductivity of PVP/CMC/WO3 nano-composite to a maximum of 10−8 S/c. It is expected that these studies will have a significant impact on several utilizations, such as energy storage, polymer organic semiconductors, and polymer solar cells.

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Adhikari, Sangeeta, and Debasish Sarkar. "Electrochemical Response for Spherical and Rod Shaped WO3 Nanoparticles." ISRN Nanotechnology 2013 (October 23, 2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/279398.

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A rapid and new technique describes synthesis technique of spherical and rod shaped tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles with similar band gap at visible wavelength. Acid catalyzed exothermic reaction and structure directing reagent follows the formation of two different morphologies and monoclinic WO3 phase. Rod shaped WO3 nanoparticle coated ITO glass electrode exhibits high current density at identical low voltage and scan rate due to its better adherence and coating uniformity in comparison with spherical nanoparticles. WO3-ITO electrode alters to blue tungsten bronze in color at low voltage, and further the color restores after removing the same applied voltage.

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Zhang, Ping, Jiayu Sun, Qi wang, Wei Chen, and Xiaochen Li. "Photocatalytic Performance Study of Organophosphorus-Doped Tungsten Trioxide and Composite Materials." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2022 (August 24, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5040439.

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The present study successfully produced a highly effective and stable organ phosphorus-doped tungsten trioxide (P-WO3) photocatalyst by a combination of hydrothermal and postcalcination methods. The crystallites, morphologies, and optical properties of the produced WO3 and P-WO3 crystals were investigated. The results indicated that P was consistently doped into the WO3 lattice in a pentavalent-oxidation state (P5+). Additionally, charge carrier traps capable of accepting photoelectrons were created. Additionally, the optical band gap was reduced from 2.4 to 2.33 eV. The degradation of methyl blue by photocatalysts was utilized to evaluate the photocatalytic performance of the synthesized P-WO3 samples at varied P concentrations (MB). The sample containing 6% -P-WO3 exhibited the best photocatalytic performance, degrading 96 percent of MB in 120 minutes, which was more than four times faster than the pure WO3 sample. The practicality of the synthesized P-WO3 was determined using samples from two residential wastewater treatment plants. When treating real wastewater with low organic matter concentrations, the P-WO3 demonstrated strong photodegradation performance. The creation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and photography-created holes (h+) could be the key protagonists of photocatalytic activity in the P-WO3.

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Lin, Jin Yang, Yong Ai Zhang, Ling Jie Wang, and Tai Liang Guo. "WO₃-Based Sensor Based on Hall Effect for NO₂ Detection: Designed and Investigation." Advanced Materials Research 148-149 (October 2010): 1042–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.148-149.1042.

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Novel tungsten oxide sensors were fabricated based on Hall Effect and their NO2 gas sensing properties were examined. Tungsten trioxide was grown by vapor evaporation of metal tungsten filament in an oxygen atmosphere. A WO3 thick film was deposited on the four Au electrode to be a WO3 sensor. The sensor was tested between magnetic field in a plastic test chamber. The gas sensing experiment revealed that at the NO2 concentration of 40 ppm, a sensitivity of 3.27, a response time of 36 s, and a recovery time of 45 s were observed at room-temperature. The effect of WO3 based on Hall Effect on the sensing characteristic is discussed.

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Wu, Shizhao, Xiaofeng Lu, Hanlu Gao, et al. "Controlled synthesis of tungsten trioxide with globular clusters constructed of nanoplates by rapid breakdown anodization." Nanotechnology 33, no. 15 (2022): 155607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac46b7.

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Abstract Herein, electrochemical synthesis of tungsten trioxide (WO3) with globular clusters constructed of nanoplates is demonstrated. Under a breakdown anodization potential of 25 V at 50 °C, tungsten foil anode was efficiently electro-oxidized into WO3 nanoplates-aggragated globular clusters powder, rather than a thin film structure as conventional anodization occurs. The WO3 globular clusters were characterized by SEM, TEM, and XRD. Effects of electrolyte composition on the breakdown anodization of the W substrate has been discussed. It is suggested that the growth of the WO3 nanoplates is initiated by localized anodic dielectric breakdown, and followed by an effective crystal growth in the electrolyte at high breakdown field.

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Kosov, Alexander V., Olga L. Semerikova, Sergey V. Vakarin, et al. "Ionic Equilibria in Polytungstate Melts." Processes 10, no. 12 (2022): 2658. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10122658.

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Polytungstate melts are used for the electrodeposition of oxide tungsten bronzes (OTBs). The scarce information on the ionic composition and properties of these electrolytes hinders effective control of the electrochemical synthesis of OTBs with desired electrical and optical properties. In this work, a comprehensive study of Na2WO4–WO3 melts that contained up to 55 mol% of tungsten trioxide was performed in the temperature range from 983 to 1073 K. Melt densities were measured using the Archimedes method. DFT calculations were carried out for various tungsten-containing compounds, including WxO3x−12+, WxO3x+12−, NaWxO3x+1−, and Na2WxO3x+1. The calculated values of the W–O bond energy indicate that the tested compounds are stable in the specified temperature range, and the WO22+ cation is the most stable. The experimental dependences of the redox potential on the mole fraction of tungsten trioxide in the Na2WO4–WO3 melt were obtained using the EMF method. A model that considers the processes of interaction between tungsten-containing ions and O2− ions was proposed for the quantitative interpretation of these dependences. The equilibrium constants were found through fitting according to the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. The effect of the WO3 mole fraction and temperature on the concentrations of WO42−, W2O72−, W3O102−, W4O132−, WO22+, and O2− ions was analyzed.

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Adhikari, Sangeeta, and Debasish Sarkar. "Hydrothermal synthesis and electrochromism of WO3 nanocuboids." RSC Adv. 4, no. 39 (2014): 20145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ra00023d.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO<sub>3</sub>) nanocuboids are preferentially developed through control over three important processing parameters: fluoroboric acid concentration, hydrothermal reaction time and temperature.

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Santhosha, A. L., Shyamal K. Das, and Aninda J. Bhattacharyya. "Tungsten Trioxide (WO3) Nanoparticles as a New Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (2016): 4131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.11786.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is investigated for the first time as an anode material for sodium-ion batteries. Pristine WO3 displays a discharge potential plateau at 1 V and exhibits a 1st discharge cycle sodium storage capacity of 640 mAh g−1. Electronic wiring of WO3 with graphene oxide (GO, 1% by weight) led to a significant increase in the storage capacity and cyclability of WO3. As a result, the discharge capacity of 1% GO-WO3 is enhanced to 927 mAh g−1 in the 1st discharge cycle. The electrochemical intercalation of Na in to WO3 and (1%) GO-WO3 as obtained from galvanostatic charge/discharge cycling is also supported by cyclic voltammetry.

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Lin, Li, Chin-Pao Cheng, and Tun-Ping Teng. "Electrodeposition-Based Fabrication and Characteristics of Tungsten Trioxide Thin Film." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3623547.

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In this study, tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films were electrodeposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass to form WO3-coated glass. The electrodeposition (ED) time (tED) and ED current (IED) were varied to control the film thickness and morphology. Furthermore, the crystallization of the thin films was controlled by annealing them at 250°C, 500°C, and 700°C. The results showed that the thickness of the WO3thin films increased withtEDandIED. The as-deposited thin films and those annealed at 250°C were amorphous, whereas the WO3thin films annealed at 500 and 700°C were in the anorthic phase. Moreover, the amorphous WO3-coated glass exhibited high transmittance in visible light and low transmittance in near-infrared light, whereas the anorthic WO3-coated glass had high transmittance in near-infrared light. An empirical formula for determining the thickness of WO3thin films was derived through multiple regressions of the ED process parameters.

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Hanioka, Chihiro, Kaichi Omura, and Hiroshi Irie. "Anomalous photo-thermoelectric effects of platinum-photodeposited tungsten trioxide after gaschromic reaction." Journal of Applied Physics 131, no. 18 (2022): 185102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0079246.

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We attempted to deposit platinum (Pt) onto a tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin film by the photoreduction of Pt4+ (Pt–WO3). Pt on WO3 was oxidized (PtO x) by calcining Pt–WO3 in air to form PtO x–WO3. An n-type anomalous photo-thermoelectric (photo-TE) effect was confirmed for Pt–H yWO3− x, a protonated WO3, after the gaschromic (GC) reaction of Pt–WO3. That is, both the electrical conductivity ( σphoto) and the absolute value of the Seebeck coefficient ( Sphoto) increased under visible-light irradiation. After stopping the irradiation, both values decreased ( σ and S). In contrast, an n-type normal photo-TE effect was observed for PtO x–H yWO3− x after the GC reaction of PtO x–WO3, in which σphoto and the absolute value of Sphoto increased and decreased, respectively, under visible-light irradiation, and vice versa after stopping the irradiation. These findings indicate that Pt was responsible for the generation of the anomalous photo-TE effect, probably due to the electron accumulation capability of Pt, to which electrons were transferred from the conduction band of H yWO3− x. In contrast, electrons could not energetically transfer from H yWO3− x to PtO2, which was included in PtO x particles at the surface. Therefore, PtO x was not responsible for the anomalous photo-TE effect, and PtO x–H yWO3− x behaved like bare H yWO3− x, indicating its normal photo-TE effect.

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Li, Wei, Tingting Wang, Dongdong Huang, et al. "Hexagonal WO3·0.33H2O Hierarchical Microstructure with Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation Activity." Catalysts 11, no. 4 (2021): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11040496.

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Structural design and morphological control of semiconductors is considered to be one of the most effective ways to improve their photocatalytic degradation properties. In the present work, a hexagonal WO3·0.33H2O hierarchical microstructure (HWHMS) composed of nanorods was successfully prepared by the hydrothermal method. The morphology of the HWHMS was confirmed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis demonstrated that the synthesized product was orthorhombic WO3·0.33H2O. Owing to the unique hierarchical microstructure, the HWHMS showed larger Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface and narrower bandgap (1.53 eV) than the isolated WO3·0.33H2O nanorods. Furthermore, the HWHMS showed enhanced photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue under visible-light irradiation compared with the isolated nanorods, which can be ascribed to the narrower bandgap, larger BET specific surface area, and orthorhombic phase structure of the HWHMS. This work provides a potential protocol for construction of tungsten trioxide counterparts and materials similar to tungsten trioxide for application in gas sensors, photocatalysts, electrochromic devices, field-emission devices, and solar-energy devices.

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Li, Dan, Wei-Qing Huang, Zhong Xie, et al. "Mechanism of enhanced photocatalytic activities on tungsten trioxide doped with sulfur: Dopant-type effects." Modern Physics Letters B 30, no. 27 (2016): 1650340. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984916503401.

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The enhanced photocatalytic activity of tungsten trioxide (WO3) has been observed experimentally via doping with S element as different dopant types. Herein, a comparative study on the effect of different types of S dopant and native vacancy defects on the electronic structure and optical properties of WO3 is presented by using hybrid Heyd–Scuseria–Ernzerhof 2006 (HSE06) density functional methods. Six possible models (S[Formula: see text]–WO3, S[Formula: see text]–WO3, V[Formula: see text]–WO3, V[Formula: see text]–WO3, S[Formula: see text] + V[Formula: see text]–WO3 and S[Formula: see text] + V[Formula: see text]–WO3) based on WO3 are tentatively put forward. It is found that cationic S doping (the substitution of W by S) is more favorable than anionic S doping (replacing O with S), and both cases become easier to form as native vacancy defect is accompanied. The electronic structures of doped WO3 depend on the type of dopant: anionic S doping results into three isolated levels in the upper part of valence band, while cationic S doping only induces an effective band gap reduction, which is critical for efficient light-to-current conversion. Interestingly, the isolated states near gap of WO3 would appear as long as native vacancy defects exist. The introduced levels or reduced band gaps make the systems responsed to the visible light, even further to a range of 400–700 nm. These findings can rationalize the available experimental results and pave the way for developing WO3-based photocatalysts.

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Sun, Shi Bin, Zeng Da Zou, and Guang Hui Min. "WO₃ Nanostructures Synthesized by a Sonochemical Strategy." Advanced Materials Research 60-61 (January 2009): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.60-61.16.

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A simple sonochemical synthesis of tungsten trioxide hydrate with various morphologies has been developed by using tungsten hexachloride (WCl6) as precursor and water, ethanol and their mixture as solvent, followed by annealing in a tube furnace. The resulting products were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transition electron microscopy (TEM) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). Results show that nanowhiskers emanating from the core of nanoparticles have been obtained with ethanol as solvent, and that nanoplates and nanosheets were formed when water and/or mixed ethanol and water was used as the solvent, respectively. The continuous changing supersaturation of tungsten trioxide may account for the formation of nanowhiskers. The formation of nanoplates or nanosheets may be associated with the selective adsorption of solvent molecules on the WO3 crystals. Due to a combination of the loss of chemical bonded water and crystal growth, the as-synthesized tungsten trioxide hydrate underwent apparent morphological evolution during thermal processing.

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Kim, Yong Min, Xinlin Li, Keon-Woo Kim, Se Hyun Kim, and Hong Chul Moon. "Tetrathiafulvalene: effective organic anodic materials for WO3-based electrochromic devices." RSC Advances 9, no. 34 (2019): 19450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02840d.

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Zhang, Guanguang, Kuankuan Lu, Xiaochen Zhang, et al. "Effects of Annealing Temperature on Optical Band Gap of Sol-gel Tungsten Trioxide Films." Micromachines 9, no. 8 (2018): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi9080377.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is a wide band gap semiconductor material that is used as an important electrochromic layer in electrochromic devices. In this work, the effects of the annealing temperature on the optical band gap of sol-gel WO3 films were investigated. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) showed that WO3 films were amorphous after being annealed at 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C, respectively, but became crystallized at 400 °C and 500 °C. An atomic force microscope (AFM) showed that the crystalline WO3 films were rougher than the amorphous WO3 films (annealed at 200 °C and 300 °C). An ultraviolet spectrophotometer showed that the optical band gap of the WO3 films decreased from 3.62 eV to 3.30 eV with the increase in the annealing temperature. When the Li+ was injected into WO3 film in the electrochromic reaction, the optical band gap of the WO3 films decreased. The correlation between the optical band gap and the electrical properties of the WO3 films was found in the electrochromic test by analyzing the change in the response time and the current density. The decrease in the optical band gap demonstrates that the conductivity increases with the corresponding increase in the annealing temperature.

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Adhikari, Sangeeta, and Debasish Sarkar. "Confined Growth of WO₃for High-Performance Electrochromic Device." Key Engineering Materials 659 (August 2015): 583–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.659.583.

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Nanoscale material world attracted researchers because of their outstanding properties and prospective novel applications. Tungsten trioxide semiconductor is one of the fundamental functional materials due to its versatile application as gas sensors, solar cells, and smart windows. Confined growth of the metal oxide nanostructures can tune the electrical and optical properties for modern device application. The management of morphology is a challenge to investigate the ultimate performance. In this paper, self-assembled growth of four different tungsten trioxide nanostructures were carried using a different structure directing agents through either co-precipitation or hydrothermal techniques. The monoclinic spherical and rod-like WO3 nanostructures were obtained by acid precipitation method. WO3 nanocuboids and nanofibers were synthesized hydrothermally using HBF4 and NaCl as structure directing reagents to attain monoclinic and hexagonal crystal phases, respectively. Analytical techniques like XRD, TEM, and FESEM imaging methods were used to confirm the phase and morphology. All the nanopowders were calculated to have similar band gap energy at visible wavelength. A simple dip coated WO3/ITO fabricated electrode was used as a reference electrode to carry out the electrochemical measurements for all nanopowders. The evaluated properties suggested the plausible use of WO3 nanofibers for high efficient electrochromic device.

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Qiu, Zanlin, Joerg R. Jinschek, and Pelagia-Irene Gouma. "Two-Step Solvothermal Process for Nanoarchitectonics of Metastable Hexagonal WO3 Nanoplates." Crystals 13, no. 4 (2023): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst13040690.

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Hexagonal tungsten trioxide (h-WO3) has shown great potential for application in electrochromic devices, gas sensors, battery electrodes, and as photo-catalysts. The h-WO3 structure features a unique large network of open hexagonal channels that allow for intercalation. The hydrothermal synthesis of h-WO3 using sodium tungstate dihydrate as a precursor is widely explored, however, the residual alkaline ions are difficult to eliminate during the synthesis. The solvothermal synthesis using tungsten hexachloride as starting materials largely avoids the use of alkaline ions, but the effect of various synthesis parameters is not well-understood yet. To resolve these ambiguities, this study provides a reliable route to obtain h-WO3 via solvothermal synthesis and dehydration annealing. The effects of precursor concentration, water content, synthesis temperature, and synthesis time, as well as dehydration temperature, on the as-synthesized crystal structure and crystal morphology are studied.

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Nandiyanto, Asep Bayu Dani, Risti Ragadhita, and Jumril Yunas. "Adsorption Isotherm of Densed Monoclinic Tungsten Trioxide Nanoparticles." Sains Malaysiana 49, no. 12 (2020): 2881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4912-01.

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This study evaluated isotherm adsorption of densed monoclinic tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanoparticles. To ensure the prepared particles were dense, experiments were conducted by combining ball-milling process and calcination of ammonium pentahydrate powder, in which all experiments were done with no additional chemicals or solvents. The adsorption process was carried out by adsorbing curcumin (as a model of adsorbate) in the batch process at ambient temperature and constant pH and the results was compared to several isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. To support the analysis, several characterizations were conducted: scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared. Experimental results showed that during the adsorption process, physical and chemical interactions occur simultaneously. The physical interactions happen when the adsorbate molecules attach directly to the surface of the adsorbent, forming monolayer adsorption. The chemical interaction is for the interaction between adsorbate molecules and occurs on above the formed main monolayer adsorption. The results were also completed with the proposal mechanism in the adsorption process. This study is important for supporting the fundamental researches in the photochemical reaction using WO3 catalyst.

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Esencan Türkaslan, Banu, Aziz Kerim Çelik, Ayça Dalbeyler, and Nicholas Fantuzzi. "The Effect of Different Morphologies of WO3/GO Nanocomposite on Photocatalytic Performance." Materials 15, no. 22 (2022): 8019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15228019.

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Tungsten trioxide/graphene oxide (WO3/GO) nanocomposites have been successfully synthesized using in situ and ex situ chemical approaches. Graphite and tungsten carbide (WC) were employed to perform in situ synthesis, and WO3 and GO were employed to perform the ex situ synthesis of WO3/GO nanocomposites. GO, which was required for ex situ synthesis, is synthesized via the modified and improved Hummers method. XRD, SEM/EDS, and FTIR are used for the characterization of the nanocomposite. From the XRD of the WO3/GO nanocomposites, it was observed that WO3 distributed uniformly on graphene oxide sheets or was incorporated between the sheets. The photocatalytic activities of WO3/GO nanocomposites were evaluated by methylene blue (MB) adsorption and visible light photocatalytic degradation activities by UV-vis spectroscopy. The results showed that the efficiency of the photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite depends on different synthesis methods and the morphology resulting from the changed method. WO3/GO nanocomposites synthesized by both methods exhibited much higher photocatalytic efficiencies than pure WO3, and the best degradation efficiencies for MB was 96.30% for the WO3/GO in situ synthesis nanocomposite.

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Wang, P., L. Yang, B. Dai, Z. Yang, S. Guo, and J. Zhu. "Nanoplate-like tungsten trioxide (hydrate) films prepared by crystal-seed-assisted hydrothermal reaction." International Journal of Modern Physics B 31, no. 16-19 (2017): 1744072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979217440726.

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Vertically-aligned WO3 nanoplates on transparent conducting fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass were prepared by a facile template-free crystal-seed-assisted hydrothermal method. The effects of the hydrothermal temperature and reaction time on the crystal structure and morphology of the products were investigated by XRD and SEM. The XRD results showed that the as-prepared thin films obtained below 150[Formula: see text]C comprised orthorhombic WO3 ⋅ H2O and completely converted to monoclinic WO3 at 180[Formula: see text]C. It was also noted that there was a phase transformation from orthorhombic to monoclinic by increasing the reaction time from 1 to 12 h. SEM analysis revealed that WO3 thin films are composed of plate-like nanostructures.

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Wang, Liushun, Dong Li, Yulan Zhou, et al. "Optimization of hydrogen-ion storage performance of tungsten trioxide nanowires by niobium doping." Nanotechnology 33, no. 10 (2021): 105403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac3e8e.

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Abstract The transport and storage of ions within solid state structures is a fundamental limitation for fabricate more advanced electrochemical energy storage, memristor, and electrochromic devices. Crystallographic shear structure can be induced in the tungsten bronze structures composed of corner-sharing WO6 octahedra by the addition of edge-sharing NbO6 octahedra, which might provide more storage sites and more convenient transport channels for external ions such as hydrogen ions and alkali metal ions. Here, we show that Nb2O5·15WO3 nanowires (Nb/W = 0.008) with long length-diameter ratio, smooth surface, and uniform diameter have been successfully synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The Nb2O5·15WO3 nanowires do exhibit more advantages over h-WO3 nanowires in electrochemical hydrogen ion storage such as smaller polarization, larger capacity (71 mAh g−1, at 10C, 1C = 100 mA g−1), better cycle performance (remain at 99% of the initial capacity after 200 cycles at 100C) and faster H+ ions diffusion kinetics. It might be the crystallographic shear structure induced by Nb doping that does result in the marked improvement in the hydrogen-ion storage performance of WO3. Therefore, complex niobium tungsten oxide nanowires might offer great promise for the next generation of electrochemical energy and information storage devices.

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Nevolin, V. N., D. V. Fominski, R. I. Romanov, et al. "Role of conditions of WO3 sulfurization on the photoelectrocatalytic activity of WS2/WO3 hybrid structure in hydrogen evolution." Perspektivnye Materialy 5 (2021): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2021-5-5-17.

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Features of thermochemical treatment of nanostructured tungsten trioxide (WO3) films in hydrogen sulfide aimed at the formation of tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanolayers in the hybrid WS2/WO3 structure are investigated. The effect of temperature and treatment time on the structure, chemical state, morphology, and optical properties of the WS2/WO3/FTO photocathode (on the fluorinated tin oxide substrate), as well as on its photoelectrocatalytic activity in the reaction of hydrogen evolution in an acidic solution has been established. It is shown that sulfurization of nano-needle WO3 films under optimal conditions leads to the formation of a nanocrystalline hybrid WS2/WO3 structure that ensures the separation of photogenerated carriers (electrons and holes) at interphase boundaries (heterojunctions). This facilitates the efficient photo-activated hydrogen evolution reaction according to the Z-scheme. First-principal calculations of the thermodynamic properties of the hybrid WS2/WO3 nanocatalyst showed that a synergistic effect of nanophases is possible. This increases the catalytic activity of hydrogen evolution on both the basal planes of WS2 nanoclusters and the surface of metal oxide nanoclusters.

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Sun, Minglei, and Kuiyan Song. "Effect of tungsten trioxide nanosheets prepared under low-energy state on wood surface modification." BioResources 14, no. 4 (2019): 9146–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.4.9146-9158.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanosheets were deposited onto a wood surface by a solvothermal synthesis method using temperatures between 90 and 120 °C. These WO3 nanosheets were used to improve the color, as well as to enhance the photochromic characteristics and ultraviolet aging resistance of the wood. The results indicate that the WO3 nanosheets on the wood’s surface were affected by the treatment temperature. The formed nanosheets included nanoparticles and rod-shaped structures, which are highly crystallized. Different structures were generated in the nanosheets, which affected their functionality. The modified wood not only exhibited photochromic phenomena when excited by ultraviolet radiation, but also demonstrated resistance against ultraviolet light aging.

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Prabhakar, Vidya, and Ashrit P. "Effect of substrate on the electro chromic properties of tungsten trioxide thin films." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 2 (2014): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i2.2084.

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Thin films of tungsten trioxide (WO3) were deposited onto glass and Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates using thermal evaporation technique under various deposition conditions. In the present work the effect of substrate on the structure and EC performance of WO3 thin films has been examined using a dry lithiation method. The structural and optical changes occurring in these films with lithium insertion have been studied. It is found that the ITO coated substrate promotes the granulation and higher coloration efficiencies of the films. The peak efficiency is observed at higher infrared wavelengths where it is principally the reflectance modulation that brings about optical changes. Keywords: WO3 Thin Films, Electrochromism, Optical and Structural Properties, Effect of ITO Substrate.

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Xi, Wen Chang, Qing Cai Liu, De Liang Niu, et al. "Effect of Cordierite-Modified on SCR Commercial Catalyst." Advanced Materials Research 960-961 (June 2014): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.960-961.176.

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The V2O5-WO3/TiO2honeycomb catalysts with cordierite modified were prepared by solid-liquid mixing method. Its thermal stability, crystal structure, abrasion resistance and activity were studied by XRD, abrasion equipment and simulated flue gas analyzer,respectively. The results indicated that V2O5-WO3/Cordierite-TiO2honeycomb catalyst possessed a better thermal stability, mechanical property and activity at the higher temperature comparing to commercial catalyst. There was no rutile phase present after the catalysts were calcined at 700°C, and the vanadia and tungsten trioxide phases could be apparently visible on TiO2. Key word:V2O5-WO3/ TiO2; Cordierite; flue gas denitrification; NOx; selective catalytic reduction (SCR)

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Matsukawa, Takeshi, and Toru Ishigaki. "Effect of isothermal holding time on hydrogen-induced structural transitions of WO3." Dalton Transactions 50, no. 22 (2021): 7590–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1dt01259b.

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Lai, Chin Wei. "Photocatalysis and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Tungsten Trioxide Nanostructured Films." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/843587.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) possesses a small band gap energy of 2.4–2.8 eV and is responsive to both ultraviolet and visible light irradiation including strong absorption of the solar spectrum and stable physicochemical properties. Thus, controlled growth of one-dimensional (1D) WO3nanotubular structures with desired length, diameter, and wall thickness has gained significant interest. In the present study, 1D WO3nanotubes were successfully synthesized via electrochemical anodization of tungsten (W) foil in an electrolyte composed of 1 M of sodium sulphate (Na2SO4) and ammonium fluoride (NH4F). The influence of NH4F content on the formation mechanism of anodic WO3nanotubular structure was investigated in detail. An optimization of fluoride ions played a critical role in controlling the chemical dissolution reaction in the interface of W/WO3. Based on the results obtained, a minimum of 0.7 wt% of NH4F content was required for completing transformation from W foil to WO3nanotubular structure with an average diameter of 85 nm and length of 250 nm within 15 min of anodization time. In this case, high aspect ratio of WO3nanotubular structure is preferred because larger active surface area will be provided for better photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical (PEC) reactions.

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Bae, Jaehyun, Haekyoung Kim, Hong Chul Moon, and Se Hyun Kim. "Low-voltage, simple WO3-based electrochromic devices by directly incorporating an anodic species into the electrolyte." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 4, no. 46 (2016): 10887–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc03463b.

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Hatel, R., and M. Baitoul. "Nanostructured Tungsten Trioxide (WO3): synthesis, structural and morphological investigations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1292 (August 2019): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1292/1/012014.

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Hirose, Toshikazu, Masaru Kawaminami, and Masanori Arakawa. "EPR Study of V4+Ions in Tungsten Trioxide WO3." Journal of the Physical Society of Japan 54, no. 9 (1985): 3584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jpsj.54.3584.

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Hongwang, Zhao, Hua Zhongqiu, Li Tongye, Wang Yu, and Zhao Yong. "Origin of varistor properties of tungsten trioxide (WO3) ceramics." Journal of Semiconductors 31, no. 2 (2010): 023001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/31/2/023001.

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Utamarat, Nisida, Lek Sikong, and Kanadit Chetpattananondh. "Electrochromic Properties of Lithium Vanadate Doped Tungsten Trioxide Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 873 (November 2017): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.873.9.

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Lithium vanadate doped tungsten trioxide films were coated on conducting fluorine doped tin oxide substrate by the sol-gel and dip coating methods using lithium vanadate and peroxotungstic acid sol. The concentration of lithium vanadatewas varied and the effects of lithium vanadate on morphology, microstructure and electrochromic properties of WO3 film were investigated. The synthesized tungsten trioxide with 10 wt.% lithium vanadate can be identified as amorphous structure. It observed that the crystallinity of the films are increase and more smooth when Li concentration increased and exhibits excellent properties in electrochromic performance in terms of diffusion coefficient is about as 2.6×10-9 cm2s-1 with the potential scan from -1.0 to +1.0 V as a scan rate of 100 mVs-1 in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution.

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Kondo, Yuji, and Shinobu Fujihara. "Solvothermal Synthesis of WO₃ Photocatalysts and their Enhanced Activity." Key Engineering Materials 485 (July 2011): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.283.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3) is known as a visible light responsive photocatalyst, but its photocatalytic activity is relatively low, as compared to that of anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2). To enhance the activity, high specific surface areas are necessary. In this study, WO3particles with a hierarchical architecture, which was assemblies of spherical particles 20 – 30 nm in diameter, were synthesized by the solvothermal method. The hierarchical WO3particles had high specific surface areas and their photocatalytic activity was found to be 2.5 times higher than that of the commercial WO3.

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Kim, Cheong-Ha, Yu-Sung Kim, Jin-Young Choi, et al. "Enhancement of electrochromic properties using nanostructured amorphous tungsten trioxide thin films." RSC Advances 12, no. 54 (2022): 35320–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2ra06472c.

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Elbohy, Hytham, Khan Mamun Reza, Salem Abdulkarim, and Qiquan Qiao. "Creation of oxygen vacancies to activate WO3 for higher efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 2, no. 2 (2018): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7se00483d.

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Haviar, Stanislav, Nirmal Kumar, Šárka Batková, and Jiří Čapek. "Nanostructured Materials Based on Thin Films and Nanoclusters for Hydrogen Gas Sensing." Proceedings 56, no. 1 (2021): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020056038.

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In this paper, we present two approaches to synthesize nanostructured metal oxide semiconductors in a form of multi-layer thin films later assembled as a conductometric gas-sensors. The first approach produces a combination of thin solid film of tungsten trioxide (WO3) with nanoclusters of cupric oxide (CuO) prepared by a magnetron-based gas aggregation cluster source (GAS). The second method is a two-step reactive magnetron sputtering forming a nanostructured copper tungstate (CuWO4) on-top of a WO3 film. Both methods lead to synthesis of nanosized hetero-junctions. These greatly improve the sensorial response to hydrogen in comparison with a WO3 thin film alone.

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Yan, Ai Hua, Chang Sheng Xie, Fei Huang, Hua Yao Li, and Shao Liang Zhang. "Understanding the High Sensitivity of Parallel WO₃ Sensor Toward NO₂ Gas at Low Temperature." Advanced Materials Research 634-638 (January 2013): 3866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.634-638.3866.

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Tungsten trioxide (WO3-x) with different morphologies was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Using a pair of Pt electrodes and Al2O3 ceramics tube as a substrate, NO2 sensing properties of the WO3 products were measured at different working temperatures. And the high sensing properties at low working temperature were also investigated. The results showed that the sensitivity of WO3 product is strongly dependent on morphology and structure. The parallel circuit mode also plays an important role in the NO2 sensing characteristics. The low working temperature can be attributed to the competitive reaction between O2 and NO2 gas. The parallel mode may increase the lifetime of sensor.

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A. Shukur, Haider. "THE ELECTROCHROMIC PROPERTY OF WO3 THIN FILM PREPARING BY MAGNETRON SPUTTERING UNDER VARIOUS CRYSTAL STRUCTURES." Kufa Journal of Engineering 8, no. 3 (2017): 46–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30572/2018/kje/831155.

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Tungsten Trioxide (WO3) thin films with a various crystal structure have been fabricated by a magnetron sputtering method. The effect of changing of crystal structure on the Electrochromic (EC) property was investigated. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been employed to investigate morphology and structure. For EC measurement, 0.1M LiClO4 aqueous solution was used as electrolyte, and Pt and Ag/AgCl were used for counter and reference electrodes respectively. WO3 thin film with a various structure has been obtained by changing reactive gas (Ar) gas and O2 flow rates. Fabricated WO3 thin films with 002 and 112 crystal structures have a high Electrochromic (EC) response.

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Lyu, Hailong. "Triple Layer Tungsten Trioxide, Graphene, and Polyaniline Composite Films for Combined Energy Storage and Electrochromic Applications." Polymers 12, no. 1 (2019): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010049.

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Different polyaniline (PANI)-based hybrid films were successfully prepared by electro-polymerizing aniline monomers onto pre-spin-coated indium tin oxide (ITO) glass slides with WO3, graphene, or WO3/graphene films. Comparing with pristine PANI, the shifts of the characteristic peaks of PANI-based nanocomposites in UV-visible absorption spectra (UV-vis) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) indicate the chemical interaction between the PANI matrix and the nanofillers, which is also confirmed by the scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. Corresponding coloration efficiencies were obtained for the WO3/PANI (40.42 cm2 C−1), graphene/PANI (78.64 cm2 C−1), and WO3/graphene/PANI (67.47 cm2 C−1) films, higher than that of the pristine PANI film (29.4 cm2 C−1), suggesting positive effects of the introduced nanofillers on the electrochromic performance. The areal capacitances of the films were observed to increase following the order as bare WO3 < WO3/graphene < pristine PANI < WO3/PANI < graphene/PANI < WO3/graphene/PANI films from both the cyclic voltammogram (CV) and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) results. The enhanced energy storage and electrochromic performances of the PANI-based nanocomposite films can be attributed to the capacitance contributions of the introduced nanofillers, increased PANI amount, and the rougher morphology due to the embedment of the nanofillers into the PANI matrix. This extraordinary energy storage and electrochromic performances of the WO3/graphene/PANI film make it a promising candidate for combined electrochromic and energy storage applications.

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Xu, Jing, Haiying Wang, Zhongpo Zhou, and Zhaorui Zou. "Ferromagnetic Properties of N-Doped and Undoped TiO2 Rutile Single-Crystal Wafers with Addition of Tungsten Trioxide." Materials 11, no. 10 (2018): 1934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101934.

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In this work, undoped, N-doped, WO3-loaded undoped, and WO3-loaded with N-doped TiO2 rutile single-crystal wafers were fabricated by direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering. N-doping into TiO2 and WO3 loading onto TiO2 surface were used to increase and decrease oxygen vacancies. Various measurements were conducted to analyze the structural and magnetic properties of the samples. X-ray diffraction results showed that the N-doping and WO3 loading did not change the phase of all samples. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that W element loaded onto rutile single-crystal wafers existed in the form of WO3. UV-Vis spectrometer results showed that the absorption edge of WO3-loaded undoped and WO3-loaded with N-doped TiO2 rutile single-crystal wafers had red shift, resulting in a slight decrease in the corresponding band gap. Photoluminescence spectra indicated that oxygen vacancies existed in all samples due to the postannealing atmosphere, and oxygen vacancies density increased with N-doping, while decreasing with WO3 loading onto TiO2 surface. The magnetic properties of the samples were investigated, and the saturation magnetization values were in the order N-doped > WO3-loaded with N-doped > undoped > WO3-loaded undoped rutile single-crystal wafers, which was the same order as the oxygen vacancy densities of these samples. N-doping improved the saturation magnetization values, while WO3-loaded decreased the saturation magnetization values. This paper reveals that the magnetic properties of WO3-loaded with N-doped rutile single-crystal wafers originate from oxygen vacancies.

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Minggu, Lorna Jeffery, Nurul Akmal Jaafar, Kim Hang Ng, Khuzaimah Arifin, and Rozan Mohamad Yunus. "Electrodeposited WO3/Au Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Reactions." Sains Malaysiana 49, no. 12 (2020): 3155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4912-27.

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This work aims to study the effect of gold (Au) loading on the photoelectrochemical behavior of tungsten trioxide (WO3) photoelectrodes. The WO3 film has been fabricated via electrodeposition method with constant potential on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass substrate. The Au nanoparticle loading on WO3 films surface was also prepared by constant potential electrodeposition. Due to the small amount of Au loading, the band gap values of the plasmonized WO3 remained around 2.6 eV. However, during the photoelectrochemical analysis, the photoactivity of the plasmonized WO3 photoelectrodes improved >100% with a minimal amount of Au loading compared to the pristine WO3. The photocurrent generation was further enhanced with the presence of organic donors (methanol and formic acid). The photocurrent achieved 3.74 mA/cm2 when 1.0 M of formic acid was added. Plausible charge transfer mechanism was suggested.

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Jeffery Minggu, Lorna, Nurul Akmal Jaafar, Kim Hang Ng, Khuzaimah Arifin, and Rozan Mohamad Yunus. "Electrodeposited WO3/Au Photoanodes for Photoelectrochemical Reactions." Sains Malaysiana 49, no. 12 (2020): 3209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2020-4912-32.

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Zhu, Tao, Meng Nan Chong, and Eng Seng Chan. "Size-Dependent Photoelectrochemical Properties of Nanostructured WO₃ Thin Films Synthesized via Electrodeposition Method." Advanced Materials Research 1105 (May 2015): 269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1105.269.

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The main aim of this study was to investigate size-dependent effect on the photoelectrochemical properties of nanostructured tungsten trioxide (WO3) thin films synthesized via electrochemical method. Firstly, the nanostructured WO3 thin films of different crystalline sizes were synthesized on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass working electrodes followed by controlled annealing treatment at temperature of 100-600°C. The resultant nanostructured WO3 thin films were further characterized using field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and photocurrent density measurements. Through FE-SEM analysis, it was found that the WO3 crystalline size increases with increasing annealing temperature that resulted in elevated photocurrent per unit area of the synthesized nanostructured WO3 thin films. Finally, it was observed that the highest photocurrent density of up to 35μA/cm2 was attained for WO3 crystallines size of 86nm that formed at the annealing temperature of 600°C.

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Fasquelle, Didier, Nathalie Verbrugghe, and Stéphanie Députier. "Tungsten-Based Cost-Effective Gas Sensors for H2S Detection." Chemosensors 9, no. 11 (2021): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors9110295.

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Tungsten trioxide thin films were deposited on silicon substrates by non-reactive RF sputtering from a WO3 target at room temperature. The WO3 films were post-annealed at two different temperatures, 400 °C and 500 °C. The morphological and microstructural properties of these films were analyzed by using atomic force microscopy and X-ray diffraction. X-ray diffraction patterns only show WO3 oxide phases. The AFM images show different morphologies with smaller grains for the film annealed at 400 °C. WO3 sensing films and W heating elements were embedded in commercial cases for the fabrication of cost-effective gas sensors. The sensitivity and dynamic response of the sensors were analyzed under various concentrations of H2S, from 20 to 100 ppm, at SIMTRONICS SAS (3M Company, Saint Paul, MN, USA). A good sensitivity G/G0 of about 6.6 under H2S 100 ppm was obtained with the best sensor. An interesting dynamic response was observed in particular with a short response time. Additionally, the evolution of the sensitivity was studied, and a conduction model was proposed for explaining the conduction mechanism under H2S exposition.

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Alvarado, M., A. Romero, J. L. Ramírez, S. De la Flor, and E. Llobet. "Testing the Reliability of Flexible MOX Gas Sensors under Strain." Proceedings 14, no. 1 (2019): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019014020.

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We present flexible chemo-resistive sensors based on AACVD grown tungsten trioxide (WO3) nanowires. The sensor response to gases, before and after a 50-cycle bending test, is reported. Thus, proving that reliable gas sensors, able to withstand repeated bending, have been achieved. Moreover, their integrity and durability have been tested under harsh bending conditions until break down.

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