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1
Selviyanty, Veny, and Aris Fiatno. "ANALISA UNJUK KERJA TURBIN GAS PLTG DUAL FUEL SYSTEM (STUDY KASUS DI PT. XXX SIAK)." Jurnal Teknik Industri Terintegrasi 3, no. 1 (2020): 33–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/jutin.v3i1.810.
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PT. XXX serviced the Kawasaki GPB80 gas turbine with the latest data on the use of gas fuel in gas turbine unit 6 on average 32,028 liters / day and the use of diesel fuel in turbine unit 3 is 39,111 liters / day. This research was conducted with field observations and literature studies. Field observations obtained the following data: pressure, temperature at predetermined points, engine generator, the surrounding environment and required supporting data. The specific fuel consumption obtained in unit 6 gas turbines using diesel fuel is 0.049 l / kW hour. turbine efficiency obtained in unit 3 gas turbines using diesel fuel is 9.02%. Decreased Torque performance in unit 3 gas turbine of 6186 Nm caused by an average T2 temperature of 85 0C before entering the combustion chamber so that the combustion process is incomplete in the combustion chamber resulting in thermal efficiency in the unit 3 gas turbine not proportional to the Specific Fuel Consumtion or usage diesel fuel against the effective power produced. The specific fuel consumption in unit 3 gas turbine is 0.06 l / kW.h while the unit 6 gas turbine is 0.04 l / k.W.h.
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Dinda Annisa Yumna and Dinda Annisa Yumna. "STUDI ANALISIS EFISIENSI STEAM TURBINE GENERATOR PADA BAGIAN ASAM SULFAT DAN UTILITAS DEPARTEMEN PRODUKSI IIIB PT PETROKIMIA GRESIK." DISTILAT: Jurnal Teknologi Separasi 10, no. 1 (2024): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/distilat.v10i1.4901.
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Sejumlah energi penggerak peralatan proses sangat diperlukan dalam proses produksi di seluruh pabrik yang ada pada PT Petrokimia Gresik. Departemen Produksi IIIB memiliki unit utilitas asam sulfat, yang salah satunya adalah unit power generator (turbine generator). Dimana salah satu unit power generator yaitu steam turbine (TP-6101) dengan kapasitas 17,5 MW. Kondisi saat ini pada pembangkit listrik pada Unit Utilitas Asam Sulfat PT Petrokimia Gresik yang telah beroperasi selama bertahun-tahun dan telah mengalami banyak permasalahan yang dapat menurunkan efisiensi pada Turbine Generator. Dari latar belakang tersebut akan dilakukan studi analisis efisiensi steam turbine generator. Studi analisis ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi efisiensi steam turbine generator pada bagian Asam Sulfat dan Utilitas Departemen Produksi IIIB PT Petrokimia Gresik. Analisis efisiensi steam turbine ini dilakukan dengan cara observasi lapangan pada Steam Turbine Generator Unit Utilitas Asam Sulfat Departemen Produksi III B untuk pengumpulan data, data yang diperoleh berupa data tekanan, temperatur dan laju alir massa pada steam turbin generator. Nilai efisiensi steam turbine generator ditentukan dengan menghitung kerja reversible dan daya yang dihasilkan, kemudian menghitung efisiensi turbine generator. Dari hasil perhitungan efisiensi turbin yang telah dilakukan selama 14 hari dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pada Unit Utilitas Asam Sulfat Steam Turbin Generator 17,5 MW) nilai efisiensi masih cukup baik. Efisiensi generator tidak mengalami perubahan yang signifikan yaitu mengalami penurunan efisiensi sebesar ±1 % dari nilai efisiensi desain sebesar 78,40% menjadi 77,40% Jadi hasil perhitungan dan analisis tersebut bahwa efisiensi generator masih berada batas normal sesuai data yang didapatkan dan dapat dikatakan masih beroperasi dengan cukup baik.
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Tangko, Jumadi, Yiyin Klistafani, A. Khayrunnisa, and Reza Risaldi Robby. "Analisis Efisiensi Turbin pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Minihydro (PLTM) Malea di Kabupaten Tana Toraja." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Sinergi 17, no. 2 (2020): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.31963/sinergi.v17i2.2074.
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Malea Minihydro Power Plant in Tana Toraja district is the only one power plant that supplies electricity directly to Malea Hydropower Project. This analysis provides an explanation or description of the circumstances of power plant under study ranging from waterways to the performance of Francis turbine. Aims to find out the efficiency that produced by turbine and factors that influence the turbine efficiency. In this research, the turbines studied were unit 1 and unit 2. Data obtained from measurement results and annual data of Malea Minihydro Power Plant with documentation. The results showed that every year there was a decreasing in turbine efficiency both in unit 1 and unit 2. This is caused by the reduced performance of some components of turbine. As for the turbine unit 1 the largest turbine efficiency value in 2012 is 98.40%, turbine efficiency value in 2016 is 83.30%, and smallest turbine efficiency value in 2018 is 79.37%. On turbine unit 2 the largest turbine efficiency value in 2012 is 97.46 % and the smallest turbine efficiency value in 2016 is 77.35 %. In 2017 and 2018 turbine unit 2 no longer operate due to damaged bearing. The result showed that efficiency value of Malea MiniHydro Power Plant Tana Toraja less efficient in generating electricity. This is caused by the PLTM have been operated since 2012 and there was no maintenance that done regularly.
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Mahaputra, Kemas Ronand. "ANALISIS KINERJA TURBIN UAP UNIT 3 BERDASARKAN PERFORMANCE TEST DI UNIT PELAKSANA PT.PLN (PERSERO) PEMBANGKITAN ASAM-ASAM." JTAM ROTARY 3, no. 1 (2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v3i1.3460.
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This study purpose to determine the performance of steam turbines Unit 3 of PT.PLN (Persero) Pembangkitan Asam-asam by comparing the results of the data obtained by each performance test. This research was carried out by taking data performance tests in 2012, 2017, 2018 and 2019 and then processing the data and obtaining turbine heat rate values and average turbine efficiency then comparing the values obtained in each year. The data taken is obtained from the rendal operation of PT.PLN (Persero) Pembangkitan Asam-asam, data variables taken are load, main steam temperature inlet, main steam pressure inlet, HP heater feed outlet temperature, HP heater outlet pressure, main steam flow. Temperature and pressure obtained are then searched for enthalpy values. The data obtained to calculate the value of the turbine heat rate and turbine efficiency on average per time from each performance test then averages the value of the turbine heat rate and turbine efficiency each time the data collection performance test is then compared with the data each year.The calculation of the turbine heat rate uses the heat & mass balance method by measuring the value of the incoming and outgoing fluid differences and comparing the load obtained, the efficiency of the turbine is obtained by dividing the energy of 1 kW with a turbine heat rate then multiplying by 100%. The average turbine heat rate calculation result for each performance test which is on May 23, 2012 is 2,701, October 27, 2017 is 3,136, September 5, 2018 is 3,005, May 21, 2019 is 3,113. The average turbine efficiency value on May 23, 2012 is 37.02%, October 27 2017 is 31.39%, September 5 2018 is 33.28%, May 21, 2019 is 32.12%. The performance of PT PLN (Persero) Pembangkit Asam-asam Implementing Unit Unit 3 has decreased from 2012 to 2019 which is 4.9%
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Liu, Chenkai, Sheng Gao, Junchi Liu, Bingkun Huang, Yulin Yang, and Zihang Zhou. "Design and Research of Multifunctional Equipment Based on the Conversion and Utilization of Tap Water Kinetic Energy." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 111 (August 19, 2024): 497–503. https://doi.org/10.54097/vs3xk822.
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This article constructs a micro hydroelectric power storage device, which mainly consists of a micro water turbine unit, a voltage regulator, and a power storage unit. The micro water turbine unit is located inside the municipal water supply pipeline and uses the hydrodynamic force flowing in the pipeline to drive power generation. The generated electrical energy is first transmitted to the voltage regulator for stable processing, and then transmitted to the energy storage unit for storage, ultimately achieving the process of converting the water flow energy in the tap water pipeline into electrical energy. This product innovatively proposes to improve the traditional open water bucket turbine into a miniature closed water bucket impact turbine. Secondly, the product transforms large hydroelectric power plants into micro applications for embedded high-pressure water flow impact turbines in pipelines. Finally, this study innovatively investigates the feasibility of using micro bucket turbines for power generation in high-pressure water pipes, providing reference for the future development of residual pressure power generation technology.
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Gautam, Yastuti Rao. "Review of Recuperator used in Micro Gas Turbine." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VIII (2021): 634–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.36681.
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Micro gas turbines are an auspicious technology for power generation because of their small size, low pollution, low maintenance, high reliability and natural fuel used. Recuperator is vital requirement in micro gas turbine unit for improve the efficiency of micro turbine unit . Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics are important for designing an efficient recuperator. Recuperators preheat compressed air by transfer heat from exhaust gas of turbines, thus reducing fuel consumption and improving the thermal efficiency of micro gas turbine unit from 16–20% to 30%. The fundamental principles for optimization design of PSR are light weight, low pressure loss and high heat-transfer between exhaust gas to compressed air. There is many type of recuperator used in micro gas turbine like Annular CWPS recuperator , recuperator with involute-profile element , honey well , swiss-Roll etc . In this review paper is doing study of Heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of many types recuperator.
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Kostikov, Andrii, Victoria Tarasova, Mikhail Kuznetsov, Mykola Ganzha, and Andrii Mazur. "EFFICIENCY EVALUATION OF STEAM-GAS PLANTS WITH THE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS INTEGRATION." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 4(14) (December 28, 2022): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2022.04.01.
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Today in Ukraine the generation of electricity increasing is an extremely urgent task, which can be solved in a short period not only by the creation of new power plants, but by the modernization of high-power steam power units of existing thermal power plants. The conceptual solutions for the use of the gas turbine cycle and solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology as an add-on to existing high-power steam turbines to increase the efficiency and environmental friendliness of their operation was developed. The paper considers the ways of complex modernization on the example of power units of CHPP-5 in Kharkiv with T-110/120-130 steam turbines. As an add-on, it is proposed to use the GTE-60 gas turbine unit with a capacity of 60 MW, produced at the Zorya-Mashproekt State Enterprise, Mykolaiv. Also, the integration into the “T-110/120-130–GTE-60” steam-gas circuit of a modular SOFC unit with internal reforming with a total capacity of 20 MW, which is composed of 40 tubular fuel cells with a capacity of 500 kW is considered. In the study of the condensation mode of the steam turbine operation, the following results were obtained: with the standard scheme of parallel connection of the gas turbine unit to the steam turbine with the supply of steam produced in the heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to the medium-pressure turbine, the electrical efficiency was 42%, and the total electrical power of the installation was 170 MW; when the gas turbine unit was connected in parallel to the steam turbine with the supply of steam produced in the HRSG to the high-pressure turbine, the electrical efficiency reached 44.75%, and the total electrical power was 170 MW (during the operation of such a scheme, the steam is overheated due to additional combustion of gas in the HRSG); the waste circuit for connecting the gas turbine unit to the steam turbine with SOFC and regeneration substitution provided the electrical efficiency of 46% and the total electrical power of 190 MW; in the scheme of parallel connection of the gas turbine unit and SOFC to the steam turbine with the supply of produced steam to the high-pressure turbine, the electrical efficiency was 49.4% with the total electrical power of 190 MW. A comparative energy analysis of various options for combined circuit solutions for the modernization of the existing power unit of CHPP-5 was performed. This analysis showed that the greatest increase in electrical efficiency by 12% compared to the existing T-100/120-130 steam turbine was achieved in the scheme of parallel connection of the GTE-60 gas turbine unit with gas afterburning in the HRSG and SOFC with a total capacity of 20 MW.
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Rostamzadeh, Hadi, Saeed Rostami, Majid Amidpour, Weifeng He, and Dong Han. "Seawater Desalination via Waste Heat Recovery from Generator of Wind Turbines: How Economical Is It to Use a Hybrid HDH-RO Unit?" Sustainability 13, no. 14 (2021): 7571. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147571.
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Over recent years, the concept of waste heat recovery from the generators of wind turbines for driving a thermal-driven desalination system was introduced, and its advantages were highlighted. However, any selection of a bottoming thermal-driven desalination system among different existing technologies should be taken under consideration before making an ultimate recommendation. Unfortunately, no comprehensive comparison is available in the literature to compare the performance as well as the cost aspects of using the waste thermal energy of the generator of a wind turbine for desalinating seawater, comparing them with those of a layout where the power of the wind turbine is directly supplied to a mechanically driven desalination system for the same amount of drinkable water production. This study aims at analyzing the economic aspects of waste heat recovery from the generators of wind turbines for seawater desalination via the humidification-dehumidification (HDH) approach, versus the reverse osmosis (RO) unit. For this purpose, a closed-air water-heater HDH unit, directly coupled with a RO unit (called a hybrid HDH-RO unit) is employed, in which thermal energy is provided by the heat dissipating from the generator of the wind turbine while its power is supplied directly by the wind turbine. The energetic and exergetic performance, along with the cost aspects of a hybrid HDH-RO unit driven by the wind turbine, are compared with those of a solo RO unit. The results of the study were extended for six different types of wind turbines, and we concluded that the unit cost associated with the freshwater produced by the waste heat recovery approach is astronomically higher than that of the solo RO system for all wind turbine models, and hence is not practically feasible. It was found that more power can be recovered from the discarded brine from the solo RO unit than the hybrid HDH-RO unit. In addition, the solo RO desalination system, working directly with the power of the wind turbine, has a less complex configuration, and hence its investment cost rate is significantly lower than that needed for setting up an HDH-RO unit. At high wind speeds, however, the cost penalty associated with the freshwater produced by the HDH-RO unit decreases, but it is still huge. Among all screened wind turbines, the GW-136/4.8 is most appealing in terms of greater power generation, but its investment cost rate is the highest among all models due to its high rated power value. However, the freshwater unit cost of the GW-136/4.8 is significantly lower than the values obtained for other models. Finally, the two locations of Manjil and Zabol are selected as a benchmark and the results of the simulation are extended for these locations.
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Kolychev, A.V., M. Е. Renev, V. A. Savelov, and P. A. Arkhipov. "Effect of Vane Thermal Emission Cooling on the Efficiency of the Gas Turbine Power Plant." Problemele energeticii regionale 4, no. 48 (2020): 45–56. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4316996.
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The work is devoted to the problem of increasing efficiency of power gas turbine units (microturbines). One of ways to improve efficiency is to increase gas temperature in front of the turbine. Cooling of gas turbine elements is difficult. One of the solutions to the problem may be the method of thermal emission cooling. The purpose of this work is to estimate the potential effect of thermal emission cooling of turbine blades on efficiency. The mentioned aim is achieved by analyzing the main factors influencing the efficiency of the power gas turbine unit. Calculated estimations of thermal condition of turbine blades with thermo-emission cooling depending of electron work function and gas temperature in front of the turbine. The most significant results of the work are the obtaining of dependence of efficiency of power gas turbine unit on the value of electron work function (thermo emission cooling) and its surface temperature. Besides, as a result of numerical estimations it was established for the first time that the blade temperature of the turbine with thermal emission cooling can reach the value of about 1000 K at the electron work function 1 eV and at the gas temperature in front of the turbine 2700 K (by 7-8 % higher than modern power gas turbines). The obtained results can be applied in practice in terms of justification of thermal emission cooling application in gas turbines. The method of thermal emission cooling can be applied in micro turbines, large power turbines, aircraft engines.
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Kosowski, Krzysztof, and Marian Piwowarski. "Design Analysis of Micro Gas Turbines in Closed Cycles." Energies 13, no. 21 (2020): 5790. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13215790.
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The problems faced by designers of micro-turbines are connected with a very small volume flow rate of working media which leads to small blade heights and a high rotor speed. In the case of gas turbines this limitation can be overcome by the application of a closed cycle with very low pressure at the compressor inlet (lower than atmospheric pressure). In this way we may apply a micro gas turbine unit of accepted efficiency to work in a similar range of temperatures and the same pressure ratios, but in the range of smaller pressure values and smaller mass flow rate. Thus, we can obtain a gas turbine of a very small output but of the efficiency typical of gas turbines with a much higher power. In this paper, the results of the thermodynamic calculations of the turbine cycles are discussed and the designed gas turbine flow parts are presented. Suggestions of the design solutions of micro gas turbines for different values of power output are proposed. This new approach to gas turbine arrangement makes it possible to build a gas turbine unit of a very small output and a high efficiency. The calculations of cycle and gas turbine design were performed for different cycle parameters and different working media (air, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium, xenon and carbon dioxide).
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Wan, Ke. "Oscillation analysis of doubly-fed unit considering wind speed variation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2087, no. 1 (2021): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2087/1/012035.
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Abstract Tower shadow effect and wind shear may cause power oscillation of the unit. In order to study the influence of tower shadow effect and wind shear on the output power of wind turbine, a doubly-fed turbine was taken as an example. Firstly, the influence of tower shadow effect and wind shear was considered to study the periodic power fluctuation characteristics of wind turbines. Then, according to the dynamic model of mechanical transmission mechanism, the influences of the inertia constants of generator, fan and the stiffness coefficient of the shaft system on the transient performance of the wind power generation system were considered respectively. Finally, a single machine infinite bus system model including wind speed model is built on PSCAD/EMTDC platform for simulation. The results show that the tower shadow effect and wind shear component can cause the power fluctuation of the turbine. When the power fluctuation frequency of the turbine is equal to the natural oscillation frequency of the wind turbine shafting, the resonance of the turbine occurs, and the amplitude of oscillation is the largest. Changing the transmission parameters will affect the power fluctuation amplitude and speed response speed of the unit.
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Xu, Lianchen, Xiaohui Jin, Zhen Li, Wanquan Deng, Demin Liu, and Xiaobing Liu. "Particle Image Velocimetry Test for the Inter-Blade Vortex in a Francis Turbine." Processes 9, no. 11 (2021): 1968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111968.
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Hydropower units are usually operated in non-design conditions because of power grid requirements. In a partial-load condition, an inter-blade vortex phenomenon occurs between the runner blades of a Francis turbine, causing pressure pulsation and unit vibration, which hinder the safe and stable operation of power stations. However, the mechanism through which the inter-blade vortex generation occurs is not entirely clear. In this study, a specific model of the Francis turbine was used to investigate and visually observe the generation of the blade vortex in Francis turbines in both the initial inter-blade and vortex development zones. Particle image velocimetry was used for this purpose. In addition, we determined the variation law of the inter-blade vortex in the Francis turbine. We found that the size and strength of the inter-blade vortex depend on the unit speed of the turbine. The higher the unit speed is, the stronger the inter-blade vortex becomes. We concluded that the inter-blade vortex of such turbines originates from the pressure surface or secondary flow and stall of the blade at the inlet side of the runner at high unit speeds, and also from the backflow zone of the suction surface of the blade at low unit speeds.
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Anhar, Wahyu, Iskandar Zulkarnain Kamal, and Dhandi Wahyu Wiranata. "Investigasi kerusakan turbocharge pada unit dump truck." Buletin Profesi Insinyur 3, no. 1 (2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/bpi.v3i1.76.
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Pengamatan visual unit kerusakan HD 785-7 Komatsu (pengamatan pola kerusakan), pengujian kekerasan, dan pengamatan mikro serta makro dilakukan untuk menemukan penyebab utama kerusakan turbocharge. Berdasarkan hasil pengamataan visual pada sisi intake turbocharge, pola kerusakan yang terjadi disebabkan keausan pada shaft turbocharge, dan masuknya partikel keras (asing). Hasil pengamatan visual sisi exhaust turbocharge menunjukkan bahwa terjadi kenaikan temperatur di atas standar. Bersesuaian dengan hasil pengamatan mikro bahwa sekitar retakan housing turbin menunjukkan oksidasi akibat temperatur tinggi. Temperatur yang terjadi pada sisi exhaust turbocharge berkisar di atas 700 °C. Selain itu, hasil pengamatan makro menunjukkan bahwa terdapat pola crazed di sekitar permukaan luar retakan housing turbine, yang disebabkan kenaikan temperatur kerja. Hasil pengujian kekerasan potongan melintang housing turbine menunjukkan bahwa komponen memiliki kehomogenitasan kekerasan (tidak cacat produksi) dengan angka kekerasan 7,3 HRC. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan dan pengujian tersebut, maka keausan shaft turbocharge dan masuknya partikel keras (asing) pada sisi intake berdampak terhadap retakan housing turbine dan kerusakan turbine pada sisi exhaust. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan adanya cacat bahan pada komponen yang menyebabkan kerusakan. Faktor pemeliharaan dan perawatan sangat berperan terhadap kerusakan yang terjadi pada komponen turbocharge.Kata kunci: turbocharge, keausan, partikel keras, temperatur tinggi
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Erwin, Erwin, Priyana Soemardi Tresna, Surjosatyo Adi, Nurfuadi Sakti, and Wiyono Slamet. "PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF DUAL SHAFT HYBRID VERTICAL TURBINES USING DIRECTIONAL FINS." Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 5, no. 8 (101) (2019): 53–58. https://doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2019.176889.
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The current direction of wind turbine development is more on horizontal wind turbine types because of its efficiency, which is better than vertical wind turbines. But there are some advantages of this vertical wind turbine in the kind of array turbines and small-sized turbines. In this paper, the research focuses on developing a vertical wind turbine between Savonius and Darrieus turbines and has a dual shaft on one wind energy generating unit. Vertical turbine design with two turbine shafts placed close together is intended to increase turbine efficiency and increase power density. But this design also affects the omnidirectional nature of the vertical single shaft turbine. This research investigates the change in the omnidirectional nature of the hybrid vertical turbine dual shaft design and the influence of models of a fin to restore the properties of the omnidirectional turbine. Then tests the performance between prototype using the directional fins and without using the directional fins. Omnidirectional nature is one of the advantages in vertical turbines, but in the design with two axes, the omnidirectional nature changes and can affect the overall vertical turbine performance. The experiment results show that the vertical shaft hybrid turbines still have omnidirectional properties, and the use of fins increases the TSR (Tips Speed ratio) value of wind speed, increases the Cp (Power coefficient) of the wind turbine and increases the mechanical power potential of the turbine.
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Batayev, Nurlan. "Axial compressor fouling detection for gas turbine driven gas compression unit." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 15, no. 3 (2019): 1257. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v15.i3.pp1257-1263.
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<span>One of the main reasons of the performance degradation of gas turbines is the axial compressor fouling due to air pollutants. Considering the fact that the fouling leads to high consumption of fuel, reducing of the axial compressor’s discharge air pressure and increasing of the exhaust temperature, thus designing a compressor degradation detection system will allow prevent such issues. Many gas turbine plants lose power due to dirty axial compressor blades, which can add up to 4% loss of power. In case of power plants, the power loosing could be observed by less megawatts produced by generator. But in case of gas compression stations the effect of power loosing could not be quickly detected, because there is not direct measurement of the discharge power produced by gas turbine. This article represents technique for detection of gas turbine axial compressor degradation in case of gas turbine driven natural gas compression units. Calculation of the centrifugal gas compressor power performed using proven methodology. Approach for evaluation of the gas turbine performance based on machine learning prediction model is shown. Adequacy of the model has been made to three weeks’ operation data of the 10 Megawatt class industrial gas turbine.</span>
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Kong, Linghua, Jingwei Cao, Xiangyang Li, et al. "Numerical Analysis on the Hydraulic Thrust and Dynamic Response Characteristics of a Turbine Pump." Energies 15, no. 4 (2022): 1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041580.
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Pumps as turbines are widely used in the world, wherein the hydraulic thrust of a turbine pump is one of the key factors affecting the safe and stable operation of a unit. There are a lot of difficulties to evaluate the hydraulic thrust by site observation and experiment. These difficulties can be resolved if a numerical simulation is applied. The present work aims to analyze the axial and radial hydraulic thrust of a prototype turbine pump in turbine mode, and then to determine the dynamic response characteristics of the turbine pump shafting. The axial hydraulic thrust in the turbine mode is upward, with a fluctuation range of 155 t to 175 t. The pressure fluctuation in the runner can be 16% of the unit head. The simulation results provide a good reference for understanding the hydraulic performance of the turbine pump and useful guidance for the operation of the unit. The structure analysis shows that the runner has asymmetrical deformation in the axial and radial directions. The amplitude of the dynamic stress on the shafting is about 10 MPa, and the dominant frequency of the dynamic stress on the runner is 20fn. The results could provide guidance for the operating and optimization of the unit, which helps the safe and stable operation of the station.
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Saputro, Edi. "ANALISIS EFISIENSI TURBIN UAP UNIT 1 DI PT. PJB UBJOM PLTU PULANG PISAU KALIMANTAN TENGAH." JTAM ROTARY 3, no. 1 (2021): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jtam_rotary.v3i1.3278.
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This study aims to determine the performance of steam turbine PT. PJB UBJOM PLTU Pulang Pisau Kalimantan Tengah the results of data obtained during each performance test in commisioning 2016 and 2018. This research data is taken from the control room of PT. PJB UBJOM PLTU Pulang Pisau, variable data obtained in the form of load, main inlet steam temperature, main inlet steam pressure, HP heater feed outlet temperature, HP heater feed outlet pressure, main steam flow, and turbine by pass flow. The data is processed to get the turbine heat rate and the efficiency per time of each performance test and then averaging the data results over time, then comparing the turbine heat rate and the average efficiency of each performance test. The calculation of turbine heat rate using heat & mass balance method, turbine efficiency is obtained by comparing the energy of 1 kW with turbine heat rate and multiplying 100%. The result of the average heat turbine calculation per performance test highest ie September 2016 is 3,51and Juli 2018 is 3,27. The average value of turbine efficiency in September 2016 was 29,03% and Juli 2018 was 33,84. Turbine power plant performance of PT. PJB UBJOM PLTU Pulang Pisau increase from 2016 to 2018 by 4,81 %.Keywords:Turbin Heat Rate, Efisiensi Turbin
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Zhang, Dehao, Qiang Quan, Xingxing Huang, Zhengwei Wang, Biao Wang, and Yunfeng Xiao. "Transient Flow-Induced Stress Investigation on a Prototype Reversible Pump–Turbine Runner." Energies 17, no. 12 (2024): 3026. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17123026.
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Pump–turbine units with high heads are subjected to strong pressure pulsations from the unsteady transient flow in fluid channels, which can produce severe vibrations and high stresses on the pump–turbine structural components. Therefore, reducing transient flow-induced stresses on prototype reversible pump–turbine units is an important measure for ensuring their safe and efficient operation. A high-head prototype reversible pump–turbine with a rated head of 440 m was used to investigate the transient flow characteristics and the flow-induced-stresses in this study. First, the flow passages of the pump–turbine unit and the structure of the reversible pump–turbine runner were constructed with CAD tools. Next, CFD simulations at the full load were performed to investigate the pressure pulsation characteristics of the pump turbine in both the time domain and the frequency domain. After this, the pressure files calculated by the CFD were exported and applied to a finite element model of the pump–turbine runner to calculate the transient flow-induced dynamic stresses. The results show that the pressure pulsations in the flow passage are closely related to the rotational speed, the guide vane number, and the runner blade number of the pump–turbine unit. The maximum flow-induced stresses on the pump–turbine runner at the full load were below 2 MPa and lower than the allowable value, which reveals that the designs of the pump–turbine runner and the flow passage are acceptable. The conclusions can be used as a reference to evaluate the design of high-head pump–turbines units. The approaches used to carry out the transient flow-induced stress calculations can be applied not only to pump–turbines units but also to other types of fluid turbomachinery such as pumps, turbines, fans, compressors, turbochargers, etc.
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Marin, George, Dmitrii Mendeleev, and Boris Osipov. "Study of the operation of a 110 MW combined-cycle power unit at minimum loads when operating on the wholesale electricity market." E3S Web of Conferences 216 (2020): 01077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021601077.
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Currently, all generating equipment with a capacity of more than 25 MW operates in the wholesale electricity market. The operation of combined cycle gas turbines is complicated by the implementation of daily load schedules. A distinctive feature of the operation of combined-cycle units is the presence of a gas and steam turbine in the cycle. In this paper, the variable operating modes of a combined cycle plant are considered. The minimum effective load of a gas and steam turbine is determined. An example of the real operation of a steam turbine that is included in a combined cycle plant 110 MW power unit at an operating combined heat and power is shown. The optimal minimum load of a combined cycle gas turbine unit has been determined. As a result of the research, the values of high and low pressure steam flow rates, fuel gas consumption, steam and gas turbine power were obtained. Based on the research results, the optimal minimum load of a combined cycle gas turbine unit was found - 40 MW. This load allows the main and auxiliary equipment to work without compromising reliability.
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Mizar, Muhammad Alfian, Moch Sholihul Hadi, and Samsul Hidayat. "Implementasi Turbin Angin Tipe Helix Dalam Mendukung Ketersediaan Energi Listrik di Wilayah Wisata Dilem Wilis Trenggalek." Jurnal KARINOV 5, no. 3 (2022): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um045v5i3p194-198.
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Energi angin menjadi salah satu energi terbarukan yang tidak terdegradasi, dan tersebar secara geografis. Pemanfaatan energi angin juga di dukung dengan ditargetkannya bauran energi 23% berasal dari EBT pada 2025 mendatang. Kementrian ESDM (Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral) RI juga mengatakan bahwa potensi angin di Indonesia sangat tinggi mencapai 978 MW yang tersebar di berbagai daerah di Indonesia. Lokasi Pengabdian Masyarakat yaitu Wisata Dilem Wilis Trenggalek memiliki potensi energi angin yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan listrik, sehingga perlu diimplementasikan turbin angin tipe helix untuk mendukung ketersediaan energi listrik. Adapaun hasil dari pengabdian ini antara lain: terwujudnya satu unit turbin angin tipe helix sebegai alternatif energi yang bersih dan terbarukan yang dapat menghasilkan listrik sekitar 300 watt; terjadinya transfer teknologi dan pengetahuan khususnya tentang implementasi dan perawatan turbin angin tipe helix. Turbin ini dapat beroperasi dan mulai melakukan pengisian pada kecepatan angin sekitar 3m/detik. Kata kunci— Turbin Angin, Energi Terbarukan Abstract Wind energy is one of the renewable energies that is not degraded, and is geographically dispersed. The use of wind energy is also supported by the target of 23% of the energy mix coming from NRE in 2025. The Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Energy and Mineral Resources) of the Republic of Indonesia also said that the wind potential in Indonesia is very high, reaching 978 MW spread across various regions in Indonesia. The location of the Community Service, namely Dilem Wilis Trenggalek, has the potential for wind energy that can be used to generate electricity, so it is necessary to implement a helix type wind turbine to support the availability of electrical energy. The results of this service include: the realization of a helix type wind turbine unit as a clean and renewable energy alternative which can generate about 300 watts of electricity; the transfer of technology and knowledge, especially regarding the implementation of helix type wind turbines. This turbine can operate and start charging at a wind speed of about 3m/s. Keywords— Wind turbine, Savonius, Renewable Energy
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Raisanen, Jack H., Stig Sundman, and Troy Raisanen. "Unmoored: a free-floating wind turbine invention and autonomous open-ocean wind farm concept." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2362, no. 1 (2022): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2362/1/012032.
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This paper contributes to emerging deep offshore wind literature by presenting the design for a novel free-floating offshore wind turbine for deep water use. The wind turbine uses one large underwater propeller to maintain its position and move as needed, while two small propellers turn the unit. This allows access to areas of high energy production potential in the open ocean out of reach to contemporary floating wind turbines, which are anchored to the seabed. An autonomous ocean-based wind farm concept is also presented. Together, the semi-autonomous wind turbines form a floating wind farm in the open ocean. A separate unit uses electricity from the wind turbines to produce climate-neutral fuels such as hydrogen (H2) and ammonia (NH3) for transport and eventual use.
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González-Sierra, Mauro, and Sonja Wogrin. "Self-Unit Commitment of Combined-Cycle Units with Real Operational Constraints." Energies 17, no. 1 (2023): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17010051.
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This paper highlights the importance of accurately modeling the operational constraints of Combined-Cycle Gas Turbines (CCGTs) within a unit-commitment framework. In practice, in Colombia, when given an initial dispatch by the Independent System Operator, CCGT plants are operated according to the results of heuristic simulation codes. Such heuristics often omit technical operating constraints, including hot, warm, or cold startup ramps; the minimum operation hours required for a gas turbine to start a steam turbine; the relationship between the dispatched number of steam and gas turbines; the load distribution among gas turbines; and supplementary fires. Most unit-commitment models in the literature represent standard technical constraints like startup, shutdown, up/down ramps, and in some cases, supplementary fires. However, they typically overlook other real-life CCGT operating constraints, which were considered in this work. These constraints are crucial in integrated energy systems to avoid equipment damage, which can potentially put CCGT plants out of service and ultimately lead to lower operating costs.
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Putri, Herdyana Yanunda, Putri Adha Hidayanti, and Vera Mardiana Margareta Pasaribu. "EVALUASI KINERJA TURBINE CONDENSER E-2302 SEBELUM DAN SESUDAH DILAKSANAKAN TURN AROUND 2016." Konversi 6, no. 1 (2017): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v6i1.3010.
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Abstrak- pt. kaltim Parna Industri (KPI) merupakan pabrik ammonia dengan kapasitas 1.500 MPTD. Kemurnian produk yang dihasilkan sebesar 99,95% berat. Proses yang digunakan pada PT. KPI adalah Haldor Topsoe Process. Bahan baku yang digunakan untuk memproduksi ammonia adalah gas alam (sebagai sumber H2) dan udara (sebagai sumber N2). PT. Kaltim Parna Industri memiliki dua unit utama yaitu unit proses produksi dan utilitas. Dalam unit proses produksi terdapat beberapa unit utama yaitu unit desulphurizer, reforming system terdiri dari primary dan secondary reformer, unit CO Converter yang terdiri dari High & Low Temperature CO Converter (HTS & LTS), unit CO2, unit methanator, dan ammonia converter. Pada unit utilitas memiliki unit-unit utama yaitu unit sea water intake, unit desalinasi, demineralisasi, daerator, Package Boiler, Water Heat Boiler, sea water cooling tower, waste water treatment system, klorinasi, STG dan emergency diesel denerator, N2 generator, instrument air, dan storage tank. Turbine Condenser E-2302 mempunyai fungsi utama untuk mengkondensasikan steam low untuk memanfaatkan panas laten yang selanjutnya digunakan untuk menggerakan turbin steam-pump (TS/P-2301A/B). Koefisien transfer panas overall turbin kondensor E-2302 sebelum dilakukan Turn Around (TA) memiliki efisiensi sebesar 88,964% dan setelah dilaksakannya Turn Around (TA) sebesar 94,928% dengan teknik perhitungan koefsien tranfer panas overall menggunakan data panas dibanding dengan data luas permukangan dan LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference). Kata kunci : Amoniak, Turbine Condenser E-2302, Evaluasi Kinerja Abstract- PT. Kaltim Parna Industri (KPI) is an ammonia plant with a capacity of 1,500 MPTD. The purity of the products produced 99.95% by weight. The process that is used in PT. KPI is Haldor Topsoe Process. The raw material used to produce ammonia is natural gas (as a source of H2) and air (as a source of N2). PT. Kaltim Parna Industri has two main units of production processes and utilities. In the production process of the unit there are several major units, unit desulphurizer, reforming system consists of primary and secondary reformer, CO Converter unit consisting of High and Low Temperature CO Converter (HTS and LTS), CO2 units, unit methanator, and ammonia converter. In the unit utility has main units, there are units of sea water intake, units of desalination, demineralization, daerator, Package Boilers, Water Heat Boiler, sea water cooling towers, waste water treatment system, chlorination, STG and emergency diesel denerator, N2 generator, instrument water, and storage tanks. Turbine Condenser E-2302 has the main function to condense steam low to utilize the latent heat which is then used to drive a steam turbine-pump (TS / P-2301A / B). Overall heat transfer coefficient of turbine condenser E-2302 prior to Turn Around (TA) has an efficiency of 88.964% and afterTurn Around (TA) of 94 928% with heat transfer coefficient calculation technique overalls using calor compared with area and LMTD (Log Mean Temperature Difference). Keywords: Ammonia, Turbine Condenser E-2302, Performance Evaluation
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Sun, Hong Mei, Li Wei Hu, and Jia Wen. "The Localization of the Wind Turbine Passive Spindle Brake Based on Mechanical Mechanics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 540 (April 2014): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.540.96.
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Wind turbines typically run in harsh environments region, but the general requirements in the case of work unattended. Therefore, the brake system is a key component to protect the safe operation of wind turbines. When the wind turbine over speed occurs, overload or other abnormal conditions, the brake system needs to start immediately, so that the whole unit into the shutdown state to ensure crew safety. This article describes the role of wind turbine brake system, composition, operation principle, comparing the advantages and disadvantages of the most commonly used active and passive spindle brake doubly-fed wind turbine. Completion of a wind turbine import passive brake design, manufacturing localization, combined with wind turbine machine operating parameters, developed analytical test program brakes and the test results, and for the test questions are designed to improve.
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Elmagid, Walid M. A. "Testing axial flow solar chimney turbine using wind tunnel." Hungarian Agricultural Engineering, no. 40 (2021): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17676/hae.2021.40.59.
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The solar chimney power plant (SCPP) is a modernistic and promising technology, which utilizes the combination of solar heating and chimney effect for producing electricity. Solar collector, updraft tower and air turbine are the main components of a solar chimney unit, however, the turbine plays a royal role because it converts the kinetic energy of the heating air into useful mechanical energy. In this study, I measured the power, flow rate, rotational speed and pressure drop of the designed and industrial turbines within the wind tunnel, and the power coefficient of the turbines are calculated by measured values. The turbine was designed according to the blade element theory modified to consider the surrounding duct. we measured the electric power, flow rate and pressure drop of the turbine, and the power coefficient of the turbine is calculated by measured values. Testing of the designed and industrial turbine within wind tunnel shows that the highest power coefficient of the designed turbine is 0.45, while the highest power coefficient of the industrial turbine is 0.32. The designed turbine produces 28.89% higher than the industrial one.
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Sihombing, Gunawan, Kurniawan Lubis, and Parlindungan Panggabean. "Analisis Performansi Turbin Uap dengan Kapasitas 115 MW dan Putaran 3000 Rpm pada unit 1 PLTU Labuhan Angin Sibolga." Elektriese: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Elektro 14, no. 02 (2024): 193–202. https://doi.org/10.47709/elektriese.v14i02.4803.
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Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap (PLTU) adalah salah satu tulang punggung dalam penyediaan energi listrik di Indonesia Mengingat peningkatan konsumsi energi listrik yang signifikan seiring dengan pertumbuhan populasi dan industri, efisiensi dan keandalan PLTU menjadi kunci dalam memastikan suplai energi yang stabil dan berkelanjutan, Untuk mencapai efisiensi yang tinggi, turbin harus dioperasikan pada kondisi optimal sesuai dengan spesifikasi desainnya dengan alasan tersebut, penulis tertarik untuk membahas lebih rinci dan spesifik mengenai Analisis performansi turbin uap dengan kapasitas 115 MW dan putaran 3000 RPM pada Unit 1 PLTU Labuhan Angin Sibolga Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis perhitungan Turbin Heat Rate turbin uap dan Efisiensi Turbin pada PLTU Labuhan Angin. Berdasarkan analisis performa Turbine Heat Rate (THR) dan efisiensi turbin untuk Unit 1 PLTU Labuhan Angin selama periode 1 Mei 2024 hingga 10 Mei 2024, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Turbine Heat Rate (THR) rata-rata adalah 2,83 kJ/kWh, yang menunjukkan efisiensi konversi energi yang baik.Efisiensi Turbin rata-rata sebesar 35,294% dari hasil tersebut turbin uap kapasitas 1115 MW dan Putaran 3000 Rpm pada unit 1 PLTU Labuhan Angin Sibolga memenuhi standart layak operasional sesuai dengan standart turbin uap di Indonesia (30%–40%).
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Wang, Bingzhen, Wei Ke, Yuanfei Zhang, and Yunqi Duan. "Research on an All-Flow Velocity Control Strategy for a 120 kW Variable-Pitch Horizontal Axis Tidal Current Turbine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 11 (2022): 1578. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10111578.
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Horizontal-axis tidal current turbines have considerable potential to harvest renewable energy from ocean tides. The pitch control system is a critical part of variable-pitch tidal turbines. Existing control strategies for tidal turbines mainly rely on flow measurement devices to obtain tidal velocities, which are costly and subject to many limitations in practical applications, making them unsuitable for small off-grid tidal turbines. In this paper, we propose a pitch control strategy for a 120 kW horizontal-axis tidal current turbine based on the output power of the generator. The torque of the turbine was calculated based on the blade element momentum theory, and a dynamic model of the tidal turbine was established. The dynamic characteristics of the turbine and generator were studied under various flow rates and pitch angles. On the basis of the characteristic analysis, the generating efficiency of the unit was improved under a low flow rate, and the output power was limited to a rated value under high-current velocity by regulating the pitch angle. Furthermore, a novel protection and start up strategy is proposed to protect the unit and make full use of the tidal energy when the tidal current velocity exceeds the limit value. We performed simulations, the obtained results of which demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the designed control strategies.
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Shang, Linmin, Jingwei Cao, Xin Jia, et al. "Effect of Rotational Speed on Pressure Pulsation Characteristics of Variable-Speed Pump Turbine Unit in Turbine Mode." Water 15, no. 3 (2023): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030609.
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The pumped storage power station plays a vital role in modern power systems, where the key component is the pump turbine. Variable-speed operation can improve the operating efficiency of the pump turbine and increase the operating efficiency under turbine operating conditions and the automatic frequency regulation capability under pump operating conditions, thus obtaining higher efficiency and better stability. However, its operation characteristics are different from many conventional pumped storage units, which makes the study of variable-speed pump turbines more difficult. Therefore, in this paper, 10 representative pressure monitoring points are selected in the model to compare and study the flow characteristics and pressure pulsation characteristics of a variable-speed pump turbine at three speeds (N1-398.57 m/s, N2-412.16 m/s, and N3-428.6 m/s). According to our results, it is shown that the maximum pressure and pressure pulsation are small at low rotational speeds, which means that the unit will maintain better stability during the reduction in rotational speed and reducing the speed will not affect the safety and stability of the equipment. The purpose of this paper is to provide guidance for the safe operation of the unit and to improve the effect of speed in terms of dynamic behavior of variable-speed water pump turbine units. Meanwhile, this study will lay the groundwork for the optimal design of variable-speed pump turbines.
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Jodai, Yoshifumi, Haruki Tokuda, and Yutaka Hara. "Experiments on Interaction between Six Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines in Pairs or Trios." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2767, no. 7 (2024): 072003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2767/7/072003.
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Abstract The interaction between six closely placed vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) in a parallel-pair arrangement (layout 1), a staggered-pair arrangement (layout 2) and a parallel-trio arrangement (layout 3) were investigated. Six miniature wind turbine models were used in the wind tunnel experiments. The rotor gap g 1 within each turbine pair or trio is set fixed values. In the layout 1, three paired turbines are in line perpendicular to the main stream. In the layout 2, two paired turbines are in line perpendicular to the main stream on a front rail and remaining paired turbines are on a rear rail. In the layout 3, two trios of turbines are in line perpendicular to the main stream. Increases in the averaged turbine power up to 106% of the single turbine power PSI with the decrease in an inter-cluster gap g 2, have been demonstrated in the layout 1. The power of a downstream central turbine pair significantly decreases with increasing a streamwise spacing s in the layout 2. In the layout 3, the averaged turbine power reaches 0.95PSI for Case A. Reducing an inter-cluster interval (g 2 or s) improves a wind-farm performance in a unit footprint area in all the layouts tested.
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Wang, Peng, Changxing Yang, Bowen Shi, and Huizhe Zhang. "Analysis of the Effect of Grease Containing Magnesium Hydroxysilicate in Wind Power Bearing Field Tests." Processes 13, no. 5 (2025): 1385. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13051385.
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Ultra-high-power wind turbine generator bearings are susceptible to micro-spalling and electrical erosion in long-cycle operation, which seriously affects the operating efficiency and service life of the unit. For this reason, this paper adopts a kind of composite grease containing nano-hydroxy magnesium silicate powder and, through the wind turbine assembly machine test and raceway surface analysis, systematically investigates its impact on bearing temperature rise, bearing vibration, and wind turbine power under actual working conditions to meet the lubrication requirements of wind turbine generator bearings. The results of the study showed that the composite grease significantly reduced the operating temperature of the wind turbine bearings under full operating conditions. It is worth noting that the reduction in generator bearing temperature varied among the three turbines due to uncertain environmental factors. In addition, the grease effectively increased the output power of the turbine under medium wind speed loading conditions, further verifying its potential value and practical effect in the application of wind turbines.
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., Asrori, and Eko Yudiyanto. "Perencanaan Turbin Air Kapasitas 2 x 1 MW di PLTM Cianten 1 Kabupaten Bogor." Jurnal Energi dan Teknologi Manufaktur (JETM) 1, no. 01 (2018): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jetm.v1i01.4.
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Minihidro Cianten 1 Power Plant (PLTM C-1) capacity 2 x 1 MW, located in Cianten river, Cibunian village, Pamijahan district, Bogor district. Preliminary planning data is with design head (Hd) = 27.7 m, design discharge per unit (Qd) = 4.0 m3 / s, power house elevation = +529,0 m. Turbine planning includes calculation of rated power output, type selection and number of turbines, specific speed velocity and runaway speed, runner diameter, turbine elevation setting, spiral casing and draft tube dimensions and pre-powerhouse design. Turbine performance and stability including pressure rise, speed rise and weighted average efficiency are also planned. Planning is based on calculations from international standard hydro powerplant planning guidance. The results of the calculations are verified by software and catalog of turbine manufacturers. The turbine specification results are as follows: 2 horizontal francis units, rated output power / unit (Pr) = 1000 kW (1 MW), turbine spin (n) = 600 rpm, turbine efficiency (T) = 0.92, (ns) = 298.6 rpm (M-kW), runaway speed = 1219 rpm, runner diameter = 0.769 m, runner weight (WR) = 294.05 kg, total turbine weight (WT) = 3060,37 kg. The stability of turbine operation is declared safe where the value of speed rise and pressure rise are 44.39% and 19.39% respectively. While the performance as a warranty from turbine manufacturers expressed with the value of weighted average efficiency of 88.67%.
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Udalov, Sergey N., Andrey A. Achitaev, Alexander G. Pristup, Boris M. Bochenkov, Yuri Pankratz, and Richard D. Tarbill. "Increasing the regulating ability of a wind turbine in a local power system using magnetic continuous variable transmission." Wind Engineering 42, no. 5 (2018): 411–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309524x18780404.
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The paper is devoted to investigations of dynamic processes in a local power system consisting of wind turbines with a magnetic continuously variable transmission. Due to low inertia of wind turbine generator rotors, there is a problem of ensuring dynamic stability at sharp load changes or at short circuits in an autonomous power system. To increase dynamic stability of the system, two algorithms for controlling a magnetic continuously variable transmission are presented. The first algorithm stabilizes a rotation speed of the high-speed rotor of a magnetic continuously variable transmission from the generator side in a local power system consisting of wind turbines with uniform synchronous generators with permanent magnets having equal moments of inertia. Undoubtedly, local power systems having only the wind turbines with equal mechanical inertia time constants are not widely used due to stochastic nature of wind energy. Therefore, wind power systems are combined with a diesel generator or a gas-turbine unit. Investigations show that the use of the only speed stabilization algorithm is not enough for such power systems, because there is a possibility for occurrence of asynchronous operation under specific power changes due to the difference in moments of inertia of generator rotors. Thus, the second algorithm uses the phase shift compensation in accordance with a primary generator in an autonomous power system consisting of non-uniform generators having different mechanical inertia time constants. As a primary generator, a diesel generator or a gas-turbine unit having a primary speed controller may be used. It should be noted that algorithms of stabilization for speed and phase angle are extended by an inertial circuit of aerodynamic compensation for torque of rotation from the wind turbine side to reduce loading on an energy storage unit of the magnetic continuously variable transmission at disturbances from the generator side and the turbine side.
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Deng, Sen, Weiqiang Zhao, Tianbao Huang, Ming Xia, and Zhengwei Wang. "A Comparative Study on the Cam Relationship for the Optimal Vibration and Efficiency of a Kaplan Turbine." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 2 (2024): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse12020241.
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Kaplan turbines are generally used in working conditions with a high flow and low head. These are a type of axial-flow hydro turbine that can adjust the opening of the guide vanes and blades simultaneously in order to achieve higher efficiency under a wider range of loads. Different combinations of the opening of the guide vanes and blades (cam relationship) will lead to changes in the efficiency of the turbine unit as well as its vibration characteristics. A bad cam relationship will cause the low efficiency or unstable operation of the turbine. In this study, the relative efficiency and vibration of a large-scale Kaplan turbine with 200 MW output were tested with different guide vane and blade openings. The selection of the cam relationship curve for both optimal efficiency and optimal vibration is discussed. Compared with the cam relationship given by the model test, the prototype cam relationship improves the efficiency and reduces the vibration level. Compared to the optimal efficiency cam relationship, the optimal vibration cam relationship reduces the efficiency of the machine by 1% to 2%, while with the optimal efficiency cam relationship, the vibration of the unit increases significantly. This research provides guidance for the optimization of the regulation of a large adjustable-blade Kaplan turbine unit and improves the overall economic benefits and safety performance of the Kaplan turbine power station.
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Purba, Jhon Hericson, and Farraz Akbar Yuwana. "Analisis Efisiensi Gas Turbine Unit 2 Sebelum dan Sesudah Overhaul di PLTGU Tanjung Uncang." Jurnal Teknologi dan Riset Terapan (JATRA) 6, no. 1 (2024): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30871/jatra.v6i1.7033.
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Overhaul dilakukan untuk pemeliharaan atau maintenance pada Gas Turbine unit 2 tipe SGT 800 PLTGU Tanjung Uncang dengan tujuan pemeliharaan preventif. Umur dari turbin gas melebihi umur pemeliharaan sekitar 36.000 jam kerja mesin, yang seharusnya pemeliharaan dilakukan pada 20.000 hingga 30.000 jam kerja mesin. Ketidaksesuaian jam kerja mesin dengan standar waktu pemeliharaan gas turbin terjadi karena pembangkit di Tanjung Uncang merupakan pembangkit dengan sistem base load, di mana mesin tersebut harus bekerja selama 24 jam. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis thermal efficiency, heat rate, dan specific fuel consumption sebelum dan sesudah overhaul. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah perhitungan analisis termodinamika siklus Brayton. Dengan melakukan analisis termodinamika untuk mengetahui efisiensi gas turbine serta menghitung specific fuel consumption, hate rate, dan thermal efficiency pada beban, maka dapat diketahui perbandingan nilai efisiensi gas turbine. Nilai thermal efficiency setelah dilakukan overhaul mengalami kenaikan sebesar 5,17%. Nilai heat rate sesudah overhaul mengalami penurunan sebesar 1867,806 kJ/kWh. Nilai specific fuel consumption setelah overhaul mengalami penurunan sebesar 0,037 kg/kWh. Overhaul berpengaruh pada beban maksimal yang dapat dihasilkan oleh gas turbin unit 2. Sebelum dilakukan overhaul, beban maksimal yang dihasilkan adalah 36 MW. Setelah dilakukan overhaul, beban maksimal yang dihasilkan adalah 45 MW. Kenaikan beban ini dipengaruhi oleh temperatur, laju aliran bahan bakar, dan tekanan.
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Jia, Lu, Yongzhong Zeng, Xiaobing Liu, Wanting Huang, and Wenzhuo Xiao. "Testing and Numerical Analysis of Abnormal Pressure Pulsations in Francis Turbines." Energies 17, no. 1 (2024): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17010237.
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During the flood season, Francis turbines often operate under low-head and full-load conditions, frequently experiencing significant pressure pulsations, posing potential threats to the safe and stable operation of the units. However, the factors contributing to substantial pressure pulsations in Francis turbines are multifaceted. This paper focuses on a mixed-flow hydroelectric generating unit at a specific hydropower station. Field tests were conducted to investigate abnormal vibrations and hydraulic pressure pulsations under low-head and full-load conditions. Utilizing the Navier–Stokes equations and the RNG k-ε turbulence model, the unsteady flow field within the turbine under these conditions was calculated. The results indicate that the abnormal pressure pulsations detected in the bladeless zone between the wicket gates and the turbine inlet are due to operational points deviating from the normal operating range of the turbine. When water flows at a large inflow angle, striking the turbine blade heads, it leads to significant flow separation and vortex formation at the back of the blade inlet edges, causing severe vibrations in the hydroelectric generating unit. These findings provide a basis and assurance for the safe and stable operation of the power station.
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Blinov, Vitalii L., Oleg V. Komarov, and Egor A. Zaslavskiy. "Estimation of the driven gas turbine unit technical performance using the standard measuring systems." E3S Web of Conferences 178 (2020): 01044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017801044.
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In large pipeline gas transport systems the operation and maintenance of gas pumping units are carried according to the current number of equivalent working hours of centrifugal gas compressors and gas turbines. Modern terms of lean production require the maintenance procedure to be done according to the current technical performance of equipment. The paper presents a designed and verified methodology of technical performance estimation of gas turbine units using the standard measuring systems. This method includes a verified high-order mathematical model based on the gas dynamic function for the precise analytical description of turbomachinery aerodynamics. The models are defined for different types of multi-shaft gas turbines. In this article the results of technical performance estimation of different gas turbine units are discussed.
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Huang, Xingxing, Hua Ou, Hao Huang, Zhengwei Wang, and Gang Wang. "Flow-Induced Stress Analysis of a Large Francis Turbine Under Different Loads in a Wide Operation Range." Applied Sciences 14, no. 24 (2024): 11782. https://doi.org/10.3390/app142411782.
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Francis turbines, being widely used in hydropower plants, operate under different loads which significantly affect their hydraulic characteristics and structural dynamics. It is essential to carry out the flow-induced dynamics analysis of the large prototype Francis turbines under different loads in a wide load operation range to optimize the hydraulic performance, ensure structural reliability, and prevent mechanical failure. This work analyzes the flow-induced dynamics of a large Francis turbine prototype with a rated power of 46 MW. Computer-aided design (CAD) models of the Francis turbine unit are first constructed, including the fluid and structural domains. After generating the computational meshes of the flow passages in the Francis turbine unit, Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations are carried out under four typical operating conditions from 25% load to 100% load, and the pressure files obtained from CFD calculations are applied to the finite element model to analyze the flow-induced stresses of the runner. The results show that the pressure inside the Francis turbine runner decreases gradually from the spiral case to the draft tube under 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100% loads, but the local pressure distribution in the crown chamber of the Francis turbine unit varies under different loads. The locations of the maximum stress of the runner under the four different operating conditions vary with the power output. The flow-induced maximum stress of the runner at 25% load is located on the chamfer of the connection between the blade trailing edge and the crown. But from 50% load to 100% load, the maximum stress of the runner appears on the chamfer of the connection between the blade leading edge and the band. From 25% load to full load, the maximum stress of the unit is one-fifth of the yield stress of the runner material, and the runner will not be damaged during normal use. The calculation method with a fully three-dimensional fluid–structure interaction (FSI) method and the conclusions proposed in this study can provide important references for the design and evaluation of other hydraulic turbine units.
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Yan, ZongGuo, LingJiu Zhou, and ZhengWei Wang. "Turbine efficiency test on a large hydraulic turbine unit." Science China Technological Sciences 55, no. 8 (2012): 2199–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11431-012-4914-6.
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Perevoschikov, S. I. "PROCEDURE OF PARAMETRIC DIAGNOSTICS OF GAS PUMPING UNITSWITH TURBINE DRIVE." Oil and Gas Studies, no. 5 (November 1, 2016): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-5-101-108.
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The article describes the procedure of parametric diagnostics of gas pumping units with a turbine drive which enables to detect the unit state on the minimum information base with determination of the diagnostic conclusions probability. A two-level diagnostics is considered, namely by the units basic components (their injectors and gas turbine units, GTU) and by the GTU components (axial compressors, turbines and combustion chambers).
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Soltani Dehkharqani, Arash, Fredrik Engström, Jan-Olov Aidanpää, and Michel J. Cervantes. "An Indirect Measurement Methodology to Identify Load Fluctuations on Axial Turbine Runner Blades." Sensors 20, no. 24 (2020): 7220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20247220.
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Smooth integration of intermittent energy sources, such as solar and wind power, into the electrical grid induces new operating conditions of the hydraulic turbine by increasing the off-design operations, start/stops, and load variations. Therefore, hydraulic turbines are subject to unstable flow conditions and unfavorable load fluctuations. Predicting load fluctuations on the runner using indirect measurements can allow for optimized operations of the turbine units, increase turbine refurbishment time intervals, and avoid structural failures in extreme cases. This paper investigates an experimental methodology to assess and predict the flow condition and load fluctuations on a Kaplan turbine runner at several steady-state operations by performing measurements on the shaft in the rotating and stationary frame of references. This unit is instrumented with several transducers such as miniature pressure transducers, strain gages, and proximity probes. The results show that for any propeller curve of a Kaplan turbine, the guide vane opening corresponding to the minimum pressure and strain fluctuations on the runner blade can be obtained by axial, torsion, and bending measurements on the shaft. Torsion measurements on the shaft could support index-testing in Kaplan turbines particularly for updating the cam-curve during the unit operation. Furthermore, a signature of every phenomenon observed on the runner blade signals, e.g., runner frequency, rotating vortex rope components, and rotor-stator interaction, is found in the data obtained from the shaft.
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Li, Jiahu, Chi Ma, Shaohua Wu, and Jiaxing Li. "Thermal Calculation and Analysis of 9FA Type Gas Turbine Basic Conditions." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2433, no. 1 (2023): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2433/1/012029.
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Abstract This paper takes GE’s PG9351FA gas turbine as the research object. From the perspective of energy conservation and mass balance, the compressor, the combustion chamber and the turbine are modeled separately, and then the models are coupled. Key parameters such as fuel, air and gas properties, unit fuel volume, cooling air volume, cooling air volume of the first stage vanes, equivalent turbine front temperature, and compressor efficiency are obtained through the model. The research results meet the engineering error requirements and have certain reference significance for the thermal design of gas turbines.
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Guo, Riyang, Wei Li, Xingang Zhang, and Jiangzhe Feng. "Fatigue Life Analysis of Wind Turbine Tower Based on Finite Element Analysis." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2417, no. 1 (2022): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2417/1/012013.
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According to the IEC64100-1 standard, the design life of wind turbines is usually 20 years, and when the operating life reaches the design life should be decommissioned. However, since the operating conditions of the site are usually better than the design conditions, and the cumulative fatigue damage during the design life is less than the design conditions, the actual life of the turbine components is usually greater than 20 years. The tower is an important supporting mechanism component of a wind turbine, and its safe operation has a significant impact on the life of the unit. In order to evaluate the continuous safe operation period after the unit reaches the design life and improve the economic benefits of the project, this paper selects 66 turbines in a wind farm, and the wind turbine tower is selected as the analysis component. Based on the fatigue life calculation of finite element analysis, it is found through a detailed calculation that under the risk probability of 97.7%, the average remaining life of the tower is 5.6 years, which can continue to operate safely.
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Gubarev, Anton Y. "The method of considering the efficiency of flow compartments of multi-stage turbines when calculating energy characteristics." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 17, no. 3 (2023): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-375265.
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BACKGROUND: Modern methods of calculating energy characteristics of steam turbine units (STU) are based on development of digital models. Considering this, the main components of the STU’s model is a model of a multistage turbine.
 AIMS: Improvement of existing methods of calculating energy characteristics taking into account influence of efficiency of flow compartments.
 METHODS: Results of the studies dealing with new methods of development of energy characteristics of multi-stage turbines are presented in the article. In particular, the new method of considering the influence of changing the efficiency of flow compartments of multi-stage turbines depending on working body flow rate is proposed. The method of calculation of turbine energy characteristics is given. The proposed method is based on development of the model of a turbine unit taking into account changing of technical and economic performance of its specific elements depending on the load.
 RESULTS: Results of theoretical justification of a non-linear dependency of turbine flow compartments’ power on working body flow rate based on changing internal efficiency of stages at variable modes described with the Stodola-Fluegel equation are given in the article.
 Based on the solution of the Stodola-Fluegel equation, the equation for vane efficiency and the equation of isentropic heat drop, the dependence of flow compartment’s operation efficiency on relative working body flow rate is obtained. The advice for using it when modelling turbines is given.
 The analysis of the experimental data obtained at the testing of the PT-60-130/13 steam turbine was carried out. Experimental dependency of the stages’ efficiency on steam flow rate are presented. It is established that the proposed dependency of internal efficiency of turbines’ flow compartments complies with the theoretical and experimental data in a good quality and can be used in calculation of energy characteristics and modelling.
 As a practical value of the study, the model of the PT-60-130/13 turbine unit was developed. The mode diagram built with the use of the model and complying with the heat testing results is given.
 CONCLUSIONS: The developed model of the turbine unit helps to simulate any operation mode depending on electric and heat loads. In addition, with the use of the model, it is possible to take into account the influence of deviation of external factors from nominal values at development of the system of correction or estimation of fuel consumption increase related to these deviations.
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Scalzo, A. J., R. L. Bannister, M. DeCorso, and G. S. Howard. "Evolution of Westinghouse Heavy-Duty Power Generation and Industrial Combustion Turbines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 118, no. 2 (1996): 316–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2816593.
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This paper reviews the evolution of heavy-duty power generation and industrial combustion turbines in the United States from a Westinghouse Electric Corporation perspective. Westinghouse combustion turbine genealogy began in March of 1943 when the first wholly American designed and manufactured jet engine went on test in Philadelphia, and continues today in Orlando, Florida, with the 230 MW, 501G combustion turbine. In this paper, advances in thermodynamics, materials, cooling, and unit size will be described. Many basic design features such as two-bearing rotor, cold-end drive, can-annular internal combustors, CURVIC clutched turbine disks, and tangential exhaust struts have endured successfully for over 40 years. Progress in turbine technology includes the clean coal technology and advanced turbine systems initiatives of the U.S. Department of Energy.
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Xiao, Wei, and Dianhai Liu. "Analysis of safety margin for pump-turbine “S” characteristics of Pumped-storage Power Stations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2854, no. 1 (2024): 012074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2854/1/012074.
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Abstract The pump-turbine is the “heart” of Pumped-storage Power Stations, and the “S” characteristics is an inherent characteristic of the routine Francis pump-turbine unit, which is an important factor affecting the safe and stable operation of the unit. There are three main methods for conducting research on the “S” characteristics: model testing, on-site testing, and CFD numerical simulation calculation. Based on the theoretical research of CFD numerical simulation calculation, this article compares and analyzes the results of model testing and on-site testing for specific practical cases, studies the differences between these two methods, and provides suggestions for the reasonable value of safety margin in the “S” area of the pump-turbine based on engineering practice, providing reference for the design of new or renovated power stations and the hydraulic optimization of pump-turbines.
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Guo, Peng-Cheng, Hao Zhang, and Long-Gang Sun. "Transient dynamic analysis of a pump-turbine with hysteresis effect." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 12 (2020): 2050125. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920501250.
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Hysteresis effect, which has a significant impact on transient characteristics of a pump-turbine, attracts more and more researchers’ attention and shows great potential. Influences of hysteresis on dynamic characteristics of a pump-turbine are investigated during the transient process in this paper. Transient trajectories of pump-turbines actually do not match their static operation trajectories, especially in the condition of turbine braking. In order to establish a transient model of a pump-turbine in different moving directions of dynamic trajectories, time delays among the relative parameters are introduced in this paper. Furthermore, effects of hysteresis on the dynamic characteristics of the pump-turbine are analyzed in detail by using numerical simulation. Based on the established transient model, influences of unit head on the dynamic characteristics of the pump-turbine are studied during the bidirectional transient process. The simulation results show the transient characteristic of the pump-turbine can be improved with the enhancement of hysteresis effect. While it gradually loses stability with the increase of hysteresis. The conclusions provide us a new approach for regulating the transient performance and stability of pump-turbines by using hysteresis effect during transient process.
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Bosak, Mykola, Oleksandr Hvozdetskyi, Bohdan Pitsyshyn, and Serhii Vdovychuk. "THE RESEARCH OF CIRCULATION WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM OF POWER UNIT OF THERMAL POWER PLANT WITH HELLER COOLING TOWER." Theory and Building Practice 2020, no. 2 (2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/jtbp2020.02.001.
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Analytical hydraulic researches of the circulating water cooling system of the power unit of a thermal power plant with Heller cooling tower have been performed. Analytical studies were performed on the basis of experimental data obtained during the start-up tests of the circulating water cooling system of the “Hrazdan-5” power unit with a capacity of 300 MW. Studies of the circulating water cooling system were carried out at an electric power of the power unit of 200 - 299 MW, with a thermal load of 320 - 396 Gcal/hr. By circulating pumps (CP), water mixed with condensate is fed to the cooling tower, from where it is returned through the turbine for spraying by nozzles in the turbine steam condenser. An attempt to increase the water supply to the condenser by increasing the size of the nozzles did not give the expected results. The amount of the water supply to the circulating pumping station depends on the pressure loss in the circulating water cooling system. The highest pressure losses are in hydro turbines (HT), which are part of the circulating pumping station. Therefore, by adjusting the load of the hydro turbine, with a decrease in water pressure losses, you can increase the water supply by circulating pumps to the condenser. Experimental data and theoretical dependences were used to calculate the changed hydraulic characteristics of the circulating water cooling system. As a result of reducing the pressure losses in the section of the hydro turbine from 1.04 to 0.15 kgf/cm2, the dictating point for the pressure of circulating pumping station will be the turbine steam condenser. The thermal power plant cooling tower is designed to service two power units. Activation of the peak cooler sectors of the cooling tower gives a reduction of the cooled water temperature by 2-4 °С only with the spraying system.
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Wilarso and Ari Dwi Wibowo. "Online Blade Washing Analysis on Mitsubishi M701F Gas Turbine Performance in Power Plants." Journal of Energy, Mechanical, Material, and Manufacturing Engineering 6, no. 3 (2022): 209–20. https://doi.org/10.22219/jemmme.v6i3.18140.
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The main problem that often occurs in the operation and maintenance of power plants is a decrease in the reliability of the Gas Turbine. The decline in the performance of the Gas Turbine, which often experiences trips, was recorded at the highest 3 times in one day. Based on the inspection, it was found that there were deposits on the compressor and turbine blades during operation. The decrease in power in the generating unit is accompanied by an increase in fuel consumption. The purpose of this study is to analyze Blade Washing Online on the performance of gas turbines due to the formation of carbon deposits on the compressor wheel and turbine wheel. To improve the reliability of the gas engine, a method of doing Blade Washing is needed to clean carbon deposits in the compressor and turbine wheel. Based on the results of research before Blade Washing the turbine power only reached 255.37621 MW, after Blade Washing was able to make the compressor work more reliably, produce good turbine gas efficiency, and be able to reduce turbine gas performance disturbances due to running hours the power generated reached 268,77738 MW, there is a fuel consumption savings of 1.4 kg/s and thermal efficiency of 0.8%. In the Tanjung Priok Block 3 PLTGU unit, Online washing is carried out at a load condition of 200MW ±5MW. To clean fouling and maintain the performance of the turbine. Cleanliness of the compressor and turbine blades can be maintained by carrying out this blade washing based on a periodic schedule calculated based on running hours.
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Jonsson, P. P., M. L. Nässelqvist, B. G. Mulu, and C. M. Högström. "Procedure to minimize rotor vibrations from flow-induced excitations in Kaplan turbines." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1079, no. 1 (2022): 012098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1079/1/012098.
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Abstract The flow pattern in the draft tube is commonly considered when investigating rotor vibration problems, especially for Francis turbines. However, phenomenon in the vaneless space for Kaplan turbines have been shown to induce rotor vibrations when operating in non-standard conditions such as speed no load (SNL). These flow disturbances develop in the vaneless space at small guide vane openings and high swirls. Depending on the number of flow disturbances and runner blades they can excite transversal, axial or torsional vibrations. In the case of transversal excitation they can in some cases cause resonance problems if the frequency is close to a natural frequency of the rotating structure. Recently it was observed that the excitation causes severe resonance in the rotating structure on a refurbished turbine when operated at SNL. The present paper presents frequency analysis of the flow-induced excitations coupled to the shaft vibrations on an old and a refurbished Kaplan turbine. To investigate the causes of the resonance problem, measurements have been performed on both the model and prototype turbine and on a twin unit with the old runner design. The measurements on the prototypes consist of pressure, shaft bending moment, and vibrations. Pressure and radial forces were measured on the model. The result shows the dependence of the runner blade opening on the transversal excitation and the frequency of the flow disturbances. The rotordynamic analysis showed the same phenomena with forward and backward precession. The results agree well between the model and prototype when measured data are normalized by the runner rotational frequency. It is proposed, when refurbishing a unit, to use measured pressures, shaft bending moment and vibrations on the prototype before the refurbishment and the new model turbine to identify critical excitation frequencies for the new prototype turbine, i.e., use the information from the tests to set rotordynamic requirements for the new prototype unit.
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Kumenko, A. I., A. M. Mironov, M. I. Shklyarov, and A. I. Mozgunova. "Problems of ensuring vibration reliability of power equipment." Safety and Reliability of Power Industry 17, no. 4 (2025): 253–60. https://doi.org/10.24223/1999-5555-2024-17-4-253-260.
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The article discusses general issues related to ensuring vibration reliability of steam turbines, various factors that can cause increased vibration of turbine units, including design, technological, and operational factors. Special interest is given to hidden factors that can be detected only indirectly through analytical methods by studying the complex “turbine unit – foundation – base” (TFB) system. For example, increased stresses in the structure and, accordingly, zones of probable crack development due to seismic subsidence of supports or high vibrations can be detected. Such defects can be the subject of study in so-called predictive analytics. It is shown that ensuring vibration reliability requires a systematic approach. Among the many causes of vibration, it is always necessary to identify the most significant primary causes. Requirements for ensuring reliability at different stages of the creation and operation of a turbine unit are formulated. A stability diagram of the turbine unit is provided, where the stability boundaries are presented for the first time as functions of the main parameter of the working fluid flow through the turbine unit. It is shown that the foundation requirements in RD 34 15.078-91 are outdated and do not meet modern reliability standards for turbine units. The main defects in the assembly of the shaft line are listed, and the primary requirements for the assembly of rotors in half-couplings are formulated. The need for machining bearing liners to create a cylindrical boring surface is emphasized, and scraping the surface for this purpose is not recommended. For the first time, the need for grinding the ends of half-couplings after their deformation due to bolt tightening to half the yield strength is indicated. This is important because residual deformations are detected at the ends of the half-couplings, which hinder the quality of the half-coupling fit.