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1

Salim, Saema. "Prevalence, Types and Treatment of Tuberculosis: A Review." Scientific Inquiry and Review 4, no. 4 (2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32350/sir/2020/44/999.

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Tuberculosis (TB) has reemerged as one of the main cause of death in human beings in recent years. TB is caused by a group of species called Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and it causes three million deaths each year around the world. In 2010, the global estimated incidence of TB was about 8.0 million. The number of deaths from TB among HIV-negative patients was 1.0 million while the number of deaths among the HIV-positive TB was about 0.40 million. The higher incident and elevation of MDR cases demand efforts to shift focus to various control strategies against TB. According to WHO, in 2014 magnitude of TB was recorded as 126 positive cases per 0.1 million population in the world. Pakistan ranks fourth in high TB burden countries where each year approximately 297,000 TB cases are reported. Tuberculosis can be comprehensively grouped into two main types; pulmonary and extra pulmonary tuberculosis. Pulmonary tuberculosis affects the lungs and is most common type of TB. In 15 to 20 % cases of the active TB, the infection spreads from lungs to different parts of the body. This condition is called extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. Different treatment regimens are available for tuberculosis.
 
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2

Suputra, Anak Agung Gede, I. Wayan Gede Artawan Eka Putra, and Luh Seri Ani. "Evaluation of Work Performance Two Types of Community Tuberculosis Workers in Gianyar Regency." Public Health and Preventive Medicine Archive 3, no. 1 (2015): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.53638/phpma.2015.v3.i1.p10.

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Background and purpose: One of the strategies adopted to improve coverage of TB patients (BTA+) in Gianyar Regency is to involve the pakraman (desa adat) TB cadres and the regular (PPTI) TB cadres with four tasks in order to help health care workers to trace and find tuberculosis suspect patients. The purpose of this study was to evaluate work performance between two types of community TB cadres in Gianyar Regency. Methods: This study was an observational research using secondary data of cadres work reports and interview to study participants to understand cadres characteristics and health workers supervision. Numbers of participants were all village TB cadres namely 29 pakraman and 88 regular TB cadres located in Gianyar Regency. Data collection was carried out using questionnaires and observation sheets. Univariate, bivariate and multivariate analysis was conducted. Results: The result shown that work performance of pakraman TB cadres was statistically better than regular TB cadres (adjusted RP=6.1; 95%CI: 3.3-11.2). Better work performance of pakraman TB cadres was found in all four tasks of cadres namely helping education (adjusted RP=7.8; 95%CI: 4.2-14.2), finding tuberculosis suspects (adjusted RP=7.4; 95%CI: 1.7-33.1), tracing of defaulters TB suspects (adjusted RP=17.1; 95%CI: 1.8-166.4) and tracing loss of follow up TB patients (adjusted RP=3.8x108; 95%CI: (1.6-8.9)x108). Conclusion: Work performance of pakraman TB cadres was better than regular TB cadres in all four tasks.
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3

Apriyani, Mella, Jajang Jajang, and Agustini Tripena Br Sb. "IMPLEMENTASI MODEL REGRESI LOGISTIK MULTINOMIAL PADA PENGELOMPOKAN PENYAKIT TUBERKULOSIS." Jurnal Ilmiah Matematika dan Pendidikan Matematika 13, no. 1 (2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jmp.2021.13.1.3612.

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There are three types of Tuberculosis (TB) patients at Banyumas Region Hospital, namely negative pulmonary TB, positive pulmonary TB, and extra pulmonary TB. Types of TB generally caused by age, cae of history, gender, level of education, and domicile. One of the methods that used to find a correlation between types of TB with the affect is regression analysis. This study used multinomial logistic regession analysis because types of TB is categorical and the data is 156 TB’s patients recorded at 2018/2019. The result showed that the level of education be a dominant factor to affect TB. Here, we noted that patients with basic education level have a 5,843 time odds for getting positive pulmonary TB and 2,224 times for getting extra pulmonary TB. The multinomial logistic regression model is then given as probability for getting positive pulmonary TB with factor level of education is greather than negative pulmonary TB and extra pulmonary TB.
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4

Khine, Khine Zaw, Gyi Aung, Wah Aung Wah, and Win Ei Phyu. "Cutaneous TB: Different Clinical Types and Comparing the Values of its Diagnostic Tests." Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal 29, no. 3 (2017): 222–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3711706.

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Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) can present with a wide range of clinical presentations depending on the route of infection, immune status of the patient and whether or not there has been previous sensitization with TB. The occurrences of different forms of cutaneous TB vary globally.Depending on the types of cutaneous TB, the efficacies of different diagnostic tests are varying and there is no single perfect tool. In this study, the available diagnostic tests for cutaneous TB such as tuberculin test, smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), histopathologic examination, TB culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. tuberculosis DNA from skin biopsy specimen were done in 25 clinically diagnosed cutaneous TB cases attending the Dermatology Ward, YGH from June 2014 to August 2015.  The positivity of diagnostic test results were compared according to the types of cutaneous TB.
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5

Shabalina, I. Yu, Ya O. Chesalina, L. A. Semenova, et al. "TYPES OF INFLAMMATION IN ENDOBRONCHIAL BIOPSY SAMPLES FROM PATIENTS WITH ENDOBRONCHIAL TUBERCULOSIS." Вестник ЦНИИТ 9, no. 2 (2025): 14–27. https://doi.org/10.57014/2587-6678-2025-9-2-14-27.

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Aim: to determine the frequency of different types of inflammatory reactions detected in the specimens of endobronchial biopsies (EBB), endobronchial cryobiopsies (EBCB) based on the histology test results at the background of different patterns of endoscopic and clinical manifestations of tuberculosis (TB) of trachea and bronchi in patients with respiratory TB. Materials and methods. A cohort retrospective study included 89 patients aged 18 to 84 years with respiratory TB complicated by endobronchial TB detected by bronchoscopy. Serial EBB or EBCB during bronchoscopy examination as well as cytology and histology tests of biopsy specimens were performed for all patients. Results. Depending on the type of inflammatory reaction in EBB/ EBCB specimens, patients were categorized into 3 groups based on the histology tests results: group 1 included 32 patients with TB type granulomatous inflammation, group 2 included 31 patients with granulomatous inflammation of bronchial wall with no evidence of specificity, and group 3 included 26 patients with apparent chronic nonspecific inflammation of bronchial wall. Significant differences were observed in frequency of the occurred inflammatory reactions specified by the histologic examination of bronchobiopsy specimens depending on the endoscopically identified form of endobronchial TB and the prevalence of the specific process at different levels of airway lesions and duration of symptom persistence prior to the verification of endobronchial TB diagnosis by bronchoscopy. Conclusion. More aggressive forms of endobronchial TB with severe inflammation of the bronchial wall and the process extending beyond the basal membrane (infiltrative-ulcerative lesions, bronchonodular fistulas) and widespread processes involving the trachea and main bronchi were significantly more frequently observed in the TB type granulomatous inflammation of the bronchial wall. Granulomatous inflammation with no evidence of specificity, detected in 35% of patients with endobronchial TB, was most frequently observed in the relatively localized infiltrative bronchial TB. In 29% of patients with endobronchial TB, chronic nonspecific inflammation of the bronchial wall was detected in EBB specimens, which may lead to diagnostic errors.
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6

Khine, Khine Zaw, Gyi Aung, Wah Aung Wah, and Win Ei Phyu. "Cutaneous TB: Different Clinical Types and Comparing the Values of its Diagnostic Tests." Myanmar Health Sciences Research Journal 29, no. 3 (2017): 222–26. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3375350.

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Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) can present with a wide range of clinical presentations depending on the route of infection, immune status of the patient and whether or not there has been previous sensitization with TB. The occurrences of different forms of cutaneous TB vary globally. Depending on the types of cutaneous TB, the efficacies of different diagnostic tests are varying and there is no single perfect tool. In this study, the available diagnostic tests for cutaneous TB such as tuberculin test, smear for acid-fast bacilli (AFB), histopathologic examination, TB culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for M. tuberculosis DNA from skin biopsy specimen were done in 25 clinically diagnosed cutaneous TB cases attending the Dermatology Ward, YGH from June 2014 to August 2015.
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7

Svalov, Andrey V., V. O. Vas’kovskiy, José M. Barandiarán, Iñaki Orue, A. N. Sorokin, and G. V. Kurlyandskaya. "Magnetoresistive Properties of Tb/Ti and Tb/Si Multilayers." Solid State Phenomena 152-153 (April 2009): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.152-153.237.

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Magnetic, magnetoresistive and structural properties of Tb/Ti and Tb/Si nanoscale multilayers prepared by alternative deposition of Tb layers and Ti or Si spacers are comparatively studied. It was concluded that spin disorder scattering is responsible for the negative longitudinal magnetoresistance observed in multilayers of both types.
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8

Faye, Lindiwe Modest, Mojisola Clara Hosu, and Teke Apalata. "Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Rural Eastern Cape, South Africa: A Study of Patients’ Characteristics in Selected Healthcare Facilities." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 12 (2024): 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21121594.

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This study investigated the characteristics and outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis patients in selected rural healthcare facilities in the Eastern Cape, South Africa. A retrospective review of clinical records from 456 patients, covering the period from January 2018 to December 2020, revealed a statistically significant relationship between DR-TB types and age groups (Chi-square statistic: 30.74, p-value: 0.015). Younger adults (19–35 years) and middle-aged adults (36–50 years) are more frequently affected by RR-TB and MDR-TB, which are the most prevalent forms of DR-TB. Less common types, including Pre-XDR, XDR, and INH TB, were observed in smaller numbers. The study suggests that DR-TB imposes a heavy burden on the working age population. Gender analysis shows that while the frequency of DR-TB differs between males and females, the percentage distribution of DR-TB types is relatively equal. Both genders are predominantly affected by RR-TB and MDR-TB, which together account for nearly 90% of cases. Pre-XDR, XDR, and INH-resistant TB are much less common, comprising only a small percentage of cases in both males and females. High-risk behaviors such as smoking and drinking are linked to a wider diversity of DR-TB types, while occupations like mining and prison work show higher rates of RR-TB and MDR-TB. In HIV-positive individuals, DR-TB is more common, but the distribution of DR-TB types between HIV-positive and negative groups shows no statistically significant difference. However, HIV-positive individuals have a 20% lower survival rate (65%) compared to HIV-negative patients (85%). Financial stability and comorbidities also significantly influence outcomes, with patients having stable income and fewer high-risk comorbidities experiencing better survival and treatment outcomes. The findings underscore the importance of addressing socioeconomic disparities and strengthening healthcare infrastructure to improve DR-TB treatment outcomes in rural Eastern Cape.
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9

Zolotova , N. V., N. Yu Kharitonova, V. V. Streltsov, G. V. Baranova, and O. G. Komissarova. "THE PSYCHOLOGICAL STATUS OF PULMONARY TB PATIENTS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF TOLERANCE TO TB DRUGS." Вестник ЦНИИТ 7, no. 3 (2023): 85–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.57014/2587-6678-2023-7-3-85-91.

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Objective: a comparative study of psychological features of patients with different types of tolerance to TB chemotherapy. Materials and methods. We studied psychological features of 68 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary TB aged 34.0 ± 10.1 years, out of them were 53 female (77.9%) and 15 male (22.1%) patients. Psychological features and life quality was studied before TB chemotherapy using the Symptom Checklist-90-R (SCL-90-R) and the SF-36 questionnaire. Tolerance to TB drugs was assessed by the attending physician using standard clinical and laboratory studies. Results. Adverse reactions to TB drugs were observed in 52 out of 68 patients (76.5%), and 16 patients (23.5%) had satisfactory tolerance to TB drugs. Different psychological disorders were diagnosed in 25 out of 68 patients (36.8%), a positive psychological status was observed in 43 out of 68 patients (63.2%). The matching of psychological features and TB drug tolerance revealed that patients with the positive psychological status prevailed in the group without adverse reactions to TB drugs as compared to those with adverse reactions (87.5% vs 55.8%, р < 0.01). The number of patients with the negative psychological status in the first group was significantly less as compared to the group with adverse reactions (12.5% vs 44.2%, р < 0.01). The level of physical, emotional functions, life activity, and mental health was significantly lower in patients with adverse reactions. Conclusion. The present study has demonstrated psychological aspects of tolerance to TB drug. Patients with the negative psychological status should be referred to the potential risk group for adverse reactions to TB drugs. The complex of basic therapeutic activities for this category of patients should include psychological rehabilitation aimed to recover psychological resources and adaption potential of the personality
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10

D., Victor Prabhakar, Lakshmi Keerthana R., Shaik Salma, et al. "Tuberculosis: an overview of current literature on types, diagnosis and drug therapy." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 7, no. 7 (2019): 2875. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20192939.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne infectious disease caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. It is a global problem and increases in case rates are occurring not only in the developing countries of the world but also in several industrialized nations. There has also been an alarming increase in the number and proportion of cases caused by strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that are resistant to multiple first-line drugs. The increase in multiple-drug resistant tuberculosis has re-taught physicians about the importance of pursuing and ensuring treatment until cure. In many low-income and middle-income countries, TB continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality, and drug-resistant TB is a major concern in many settings. This article offers an overview of types, diagnosis and management of TB.
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11

T., Sivabalan, and Rajkumar G. "Prevalence of HIV infection among children with TB and correlation of CD4 cell count level with types of TB." International Journal of Contemporary Pediatrics 6, no. 2 (2019): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20190436.

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is the second most common cause of death from infectious diseases at the global level, being second only to HIV/AIDS. The present study has been undertaken to find out the prevalence of HIV infection among children with TB and correlation of CD4 cell count level with different types of TB.Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in children below 12 years who were diagnosed as having TB, using the modified Kenneth Jones criteria (742 TB infected children) between 2008 and 2010. Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the frequency, mean, median and standard deviation. The linear trend of proportions and trend of chi-square was used to find out the test of association.Results: The HIV prevalence rate among children with Tuberculosis was 9.7%. In TB/HIV coinfection, Pulmonary TB was 44 (61.1%), lymph node TB was 22 (30.6%), Central Nervous System TB was 4 (5.6%), abdominal TB was 1 (1.4%) and spine TB was (1.4%). Pulmonary TB was the most common type is the not significant, mild and advanced grade of immune suppression. CNS tuberculosis was the most common type in the severe grade of immune suppression. CNS TB occurred more commonly in children more than 60 months of age. Lymph node TB is the commonest type of tuberculosis in children with HIV coinfection less than 35 months of age.Conclusions: The prevalence of HIV among tuberculosis children was 9.7%. This prevalence rate indicates the need for routine screening of all newly diagnosed tuberculous children for HIV coinfection.
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12

Mumena, David Kajoba, Geoffrey Kwenda, Caroline Wangari Ngugi, and Andrew Kimanga Nyerere. "Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Types and Their Treatment Regimens Using First-Line, Second-Line Injectable, Third-Line, Fluoroquinolones, Aminoglycosides, Cyclic Polypeptides, Novel and Repurposed Anti-Tuberculosis Drugs." Journal of Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences 3, no. 8 (2022): 988–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.37871/jbres1542.

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Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (DR-TB) causes high mortality and morbidity rates globally. DR-TB and COVID-19 pandemic are posing a major risk to global public health and economic security, and are jeopardizing efforts in the control, prevention and elimination of TB globally. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) has continued to evolve resistance to anti-TB drugs. Different types of DR-TB have been defined and they include; mono drug-resistant TB, Multi Drug-Resistant TB (MDR-TB), poly drug-resistant TB, pre-Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (pre-XDR TB), Extensively Drug-Resistant TB (XDR-TB), Extremely Drug-Resistant TB (XXDR-TB), and Totally Drug-Resistant TB (TDR-TB). DR-TB is caused by several factors which include: non-adherence, poor compliance, low efficacy anti-TB drugs, delayed diagnosis, interrupted supply, stock-outs, inadequate infection control, HIV co-infection, spontaneous mutations, and chromosomal replication errors. Global TB targets have gone off-track and years of progress reversed due to DR-TB and the COVID-19 pandemic. Treatment failure, death and costs incurred are higher among patients suffering from DR-TB than among those with susceptible TB. For this reason, susceptible TB needs to be diagnosed quickly and treated effectively to prevent its progression to DR-TB. Treatment for susceptible TB requires the use of first-line anti-TB drugs; rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. While DR-TB is treated using the second- and third-line anti-TB drugs. Effective treatment of TB is dependent on: prompt and accurate diagnosis of TB and recognition of drug-resistance; adherence to treatment; robust contact tracing and prophylactic treatment of TB contacts; and screening for TB infection in high-risk groups.
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Lee, Tzan-Chain, Qian-Nan Zang, Kuan-Hung Lin, et al. "An Improved Method of Theabrownins Extraction and Detection in Six Major Types of Tea (Camellia sinensis)." Journal of Chemistry 2022 (September 27, 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8581515.

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Tea pigments consisting of theabrownins (TBs), theaflavins (TFs), and thearubigins (TRs) affect the color and taste of tea. TBs include a variety of water-soluble compounds, but do not dissolve in n-butanol and ethyl acetate. Previously, the traditional method of TB extraction only mixed tea with n-butanol, and TBs were retained in the water phase. However, without ethyl acetate extraction, TFs and TRs remained in the water phase and affected the detection of TB content. Although an improved method had been devised by adding an ethyl acetate extraction step between tea production and n-butanol extraction, the proportional equation for calculating TB content (%) was not yet developed. In this study, we compared the absorbance at 380 nm (A380) of TB solutions from six major types of tea (green, yellow, oolong, white, black, and dark teas) extracted by improved and traditional methods from the same tea samples. Significantly lower A380 values were obtained from TB solutions via the improved method compared to the traditional method for six major types of tea, and the highest and lowest slops in TB concentrations from A380 analyses were from dark tea and green tea, respectively. Moreover, newly developed equations for TB content in those six tea types extracted by the improved methods were also established.
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14

Sagonda, Tichaona, Lucy Mupfumi, Rumbidzai Manzou, et al. "Prevalence of Extensively Drug Resistant Tuberculosis among Archived Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis Isolates in Zimbabwe." Tuberculosis Research and Treatment 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/349141.

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We conducted a cross-sectional study of second line drug resistance patterns and genetic diversity of MDR-TB isolates archived at the BRTI-TB Laboratory, Harare, between January 2007 and December 2011. DSTs were performed for second line antituberculosis drugs. XDR-TB strains were defined as MDR-TB strains with resistance to either kanamycin and ofloxacin or capreomycin and ofloxacin. Strain types were identified by spoligotyping. No resistance to any second line drugs was shown in 73% of the isolates, with 23% resistant to one or two drugs but not meeting the definition of XDR-TB. A total of 26 shared types were identified, and 18 (69%) matched preexisting shared types in the current published spoligotype databases. Of the 11 out of 18 clustered SITs, 4 predominant (>6 isolates per shared type) were identified. The most and least abundant types were SIT 1468 (LAM 11-ZWE) with 12 (18%) isolates and SIT 53 (T1) with 6 (9%) isolates, respectively. XDR-TB strains are rare in Zimbabwe, but the high proportion of “pre-XDR-TB” strains and treatment failure cases is of concern. The genetic diversity of the MDR-TB strains showed no significant association between SITs and drug resistance.
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Bhagyamani, Kumar Sinha Abhay, Kishore Kaushal, and Pal Singh Madan. "Study of the Incidence of Different Types of Tuberculous Lesions in Association with Diabetes Mellitus in a Tertiary Care Center in North India." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 8 (2024): 1909–12. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14450157.

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<strong>Background:&nbsp;</strong>Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health challenge, particularly in regions like India, where the burden is exacerbated by the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). DM is a known risk factor for TB, leading to more severe disease forms and poorer treatment outcomes. Understanding the interaction between TB and DM is crucial for developing effective management strategies, especially in high-burden settings.&nbsp;<strong>Aim:&nbsp;</strong>This study aimed to investigate the incidence and types of tuberculous lesions in diabetic and non-diabetic patients at a tertiary care center in North India, with the goal of identifying patterns that could inform better clinical management.&nbsp;<strong>Methods:&nbsp;</strong>A total of 100 patients diagnosed with TB were included, of which 40 were diabetic and 60 were non-diabetic. Data were collected on the type of TB lesion (pulmonary or extrapulmonary) and analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. The Chi-square test was used to assess the association between diabetes and lesion type.&nbsp;<strong>Results:&nbsp;</strong>The study found that 62.5% of diabetic patients had pulmonary TB, compared to 75% of non-diabetic patients. Extrapulmonary TB was more common in diabetic patients (37.5%) than in non-diabetic patients (25%). Cavitary lesions were more prevalent among diabetic patients with pulmonary TB (60%) compared to non-diabetic patients (40%). The association between diabetes mellitus and the type of tuberculous lesion was statistically significant (p = 0.040).&nbsp;<strong>Conclusion:&nbsp;</strong>Diabetes mellitus significantly influences the type and severity of tuberculous lesions, with diabetic patients showing a higher prevalence of extrapulmonary TB and more severe pulmonary manifestations such as cavitary lesions. These findings underscore the need for tailored treatment strategies and close monitoring of TB patients with diabetes.&nbsp;<strong>Recommendations:&nbsp;</strong>Integrated care approaches that address both TB and DM are recommended, particularly in high-burden areas. Further research with larger sample sizes is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and to develop targeted interventions that can improve outcomes for diabetic patients with TB. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
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Ota, M., and K. Uchimura. "Trends of tuberculosis rates before and after the declaration as a public health emergency in Japan, 1992–2006." International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease 23, no. 9 (2019): 1000–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/ijtld.18.0650.

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SETTING: Over the period 1992 to 2006, Japan had tuberculosis (TB) notification rates of about 40 to 20 per 100 000 population. In 1999, the Minister of Health and Welfare of Japan declared a public health emergency based on the resurgence of TB.OBJECTIVE: To compare the trends of TB notification rates before and after the declaration.DESIGN: This is an ecological study on the trends of TB notification rates. The trends per year in TB notification rates were compared before (1992–1997) and after (2001–2006) the emergency declaration.RESULTS: The trends in the notification rates for all types of TB and sputum smear-positive TB (SSP-TB) decreased from −3.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] −4.6 to −1.9) and 0.94% (95%CI −0.33 to 2.2), respectively, per year before the declaration to −5.8% (95%CI −6.3 to −5.3) and −3.3% (95%CI −2.4 to −4.2), respectively, per year after the declaration with statistical significance. Trends in notification rates for both all types of TB and SSP-TB statistically significantly decreased after the declaration in Fukuoka, Osaka and Saitama Prefectures.CONCLUSION: The declaration of TB as a public health emergency in Japan in 1999 had a positive impact on TB control in Japan and thus TB epidemiology.
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Kyi, Myo, Si Aung, Edward McNeil, and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong. "Evolution of Tuberculosis/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Services among Different Integrated Models in Myanmar: A Health Services Review." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 4, no. 1 (2018): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed4010002.

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Myanmar is one of the highly affected countries by tuberculosis (TB) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection. We aimed to review the coverage of TB/HIV integrated services as well as to document the performance of this integrated services. A retrospective program review was conducted using the aggregated data of the National TB Programme (NTP) from 2005 to 2016. In Myanmar, TB/HIV services were initiated in seven townships in 2005. Townships were slowly expanded until 2013. After that, the momentum was increased by increasing the government budget allocation for NTP. In 2016, the whole country was eventually covered by TB/HIV services in different types of integration. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) coverage among HIV-positive TB patients remained low and it was the only significant difference among the three types of integration. Barriers of low ART coverage need to be investigated to reduce the burden of TB/HIV.
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Fargnoli, Vanessa, Hoang Thi My Hanh, Ly Na Hoang, et al. "“Time to Change”: To What Extent Could Non-Sputum Sampling Accelerate the Fight Against Tuberculosis—A Qualitative Study Among End-Users." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 10, no. 2 (2025): 44. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10020044.

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Inadequate access to timely diagnosis and linkage to treatment are major barriers to tuberculosis (TB) care. New point-of-care diagnostics that do not rely solely on sputum samples are needed to make up for lost time, bringing TB testing closer to service recipients and addressing current sputum sampling limitations. Urine-based TB lipoarabinomannan tests and tongue dorsum swabs have demonstrated potential as alternatives to sputum-based molecular testing. We conducted a study to ascertain the perceived value of these non-sputum-based TB tests among stakeholders from the TB community, including TB service recipients and healthcare providers, in India, South Africa, and Viet Nam. Our results showed that there was a high degree of enthusiasm among various end-users for both novel sample types. It is important to generate both qualitative and quantitative evidence to support optimal uptake and implementation of these potential new sample types for TB testing.
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Shah, Viral, M. Yogesh, Deep R. Kothari, Rohankumar B. Gandhi, and Jay J. Nagda. "Audit of risk factors of drug-sensitive, drug-resistant tuberculosis disease, a case-control study of patients registered under NTEP, Gujarat." Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 13, no. 9 (2024): 3614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1967_23.

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ABSTRACT Background: Characterizing risk factors for drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) is critical to guide targeted interventions in high-burden settings like India. We aimed to identify socioeconomic, lifestyle, and clinical factors associated with drug-sensitive and drug-resistant TB acquisition. Materials and Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study recruited 350 bacteriologically confirmed TB patients registered under the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program (NTEP) in Gujarat, India, and 300 matched participants without active/past TB. Multinomial logistic regression analyzed risk factors for 200 drug-sensitive and 150 drug-resistant TB cases compared to participants without active or past TB. Results: Key factors independently associated with higher adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of both TB types included low socioeconomic status (SES) (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2-2.5; drug-resistant TB: aOR 2.2, 95% CI 1.3-3.7), crowding (&gt;5 persons/room) (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3; drug-resistant TB: aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-2.9), undernutrition (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3; drug-resistant TB: aOR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.2), smoking (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.3; drug-resistant TB: aOR 1.7, 95% CI 1.1-2.7), and indoor air pollution (drug-sensitive TB: aOR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.2; drug-resistant TB: aOR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.8). Conclusion: Marked social determinants and clinical risks drive heightened susceptibility for both TB types in India, while prior inadequate treatment and nosocomial exposures selectively enable additional drug resistance. Holistic prevention policies jointly targeting transmission, vulnerability, and curative factors are imperative.
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TOKTOGONOVA, A. A., and A. A. ASAMBAEV. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MTB STRAINS WITH DIFFERENT TYPES OF DRUG RESISTANCE IN PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC." AVICENNA BULLETIN 20, no. 2-3 (2018): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.25005/2074-0581-2018-20-2-3-293-298.

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Objective: A comparative analysis of the frequencies of MTB strains with different types of drug resistance (DR) among different contingents of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Kyrgyz Republic for 2 years. Methods: The results of tests for drug sensitivity (TDS) of the TB agent have been studied according to the data of the National Reference Laboratory, bacteriological laboratories of Bishkek and Osh cities that conducted TDS for the regions of the Kyrgyz Republic for 2016-2017. Results: Among TB patients registered in 2017 in compare with 2016 year, statistically significant less frequently registered case (р&lt;0,001, c², OR=1.237, 95% CI 1.13-1.63 vs. 1211 cases in 2016 year). MTB complexes using the Xpert-MTB/RIF method were identified in 2017 more (706/11.7% vs. 574/9.0%, р&lt;0,001, c², OR=1.341, 95% CI 1.19-1.51), but the resistance of MTB to rifampicin was diagnosed 1.8 times less (299/52.1% versus 270/38.2%, р&lt;0,001, c², OR=1.756, 95% CI 1.40-2.19). It was found that in 2017, sensitive strains were registered less often (1012/38.7% versus 1138/43.1%, p=0.002, c², OR=1.199, 95% CI 1.07-1.34) and more often strains of TB with XDR (127/4.8% versus 72/2.7%, р&lt;0,001, c², OR=1.821, 95% CI 1.36-2.44) than in 2016. Reduction of strains with preserved sensitivity of MBT is observed due to their decrease among new ones (р&lt;0,001, c², OR=1,183, 95% CI 1.04-1.35) and previously treated cases of TB (p=0.048, c², OR=1.439, 95% CI 1.00-2.06). The increase in strains of TB with XDR is 2.7 times higher among new cases (21/1.2% vs 8/0.4%, p=0.020, c², with Yates correction, OR=2.745, 95% CI 1.21-6.21), and among previously treated TB 1.5 times (p=0.028, c², OR=1.519, 95% CI 1.04-2.21). Conclusion: The results of the conducted studies indicate that the proportion of sensitive strains of TB tendency to decrease. The situation of MDR-TB in the country is unfavourable and has not changed in two years, moreover, in 2017 there was a 1.8-fold increase in strains of TB with XDR (p&lt;0,001), especially 2.7 times in new cases (p=0.020) than in 2016. Keywords: Tuberculosis, drug sensitivity tests, MTB strains, resistance, MDR-TB, XDR-TB.
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Deddy Herman, Rizanda Machmud, and Nur Indrawaty Lipoeto. "Iron Deficiency and Anemia of Inflammation in Tuberculosis: A Systematic Review of the Evidence." Bioscientia Medicina : Journal of Biomedicine and Translational Research 9, no. 2 (2024): 6479–91. https://doi.org/10.37275/bsm.v9i2.1207.

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global health problem, with anemia being a frequent comorbidity. Anemia in TB is multifaceted, with iron deficiency and anemia of inflammation (AI) being the most common types. This systematic review aims to synthesize the evidence on iron deficiency and AI in TB, their prevalence, impact on outcomes, and management strategies. Methods: A systematic search of PubMed and ScienceDirect databases was conducted for articles published in the last 10 years. Observational studies examining the prevalence, types, and impact of anemia on TB outcomes were included. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Results: The review included 7 studies involving 1,133 participants. Anemia prevalence ranged from 61% to 89% in TB patients. AI was the predominant type, with iron deficiency also prevalent. Anemia was associated with increased mortality, delayed sputum culture conversion, and impaired TB treatment response. Conclusion: Anemia, primarily AI and iron deficiency, is highly prevalent in TB and negatively impacts treatment outcomes and survival. Effective management of anemia is crucial for improving TB outcomes. Further research is needed to optimize diagnostic and treatment strategies for iron deficiency and AI in TB.
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Amit, Kumar Tiwari, Kumar Sandilya Gautam, Kumari Supriya, and Kishore Kaushal. "Study of the Incidence of Different Types of Tuberculous Lesions in Association with Diabetes Mellitus in Indian Patients." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 5 (2024): 2831–34. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13823106.

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<strong>Background:&nbsp;</strong>Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) are significant global health concerns, particularly in regions with high prevalence rates of both conditions. Diabetes increases the risk of developing active TB and complicates its treatment, leading to worse outcomes. Understanding the incidence and types of tuberculous lesions in diabetic patients is crucial for improving diagnostic accuracy and treatment strategies.&nbsp;<strong>Aim:&nbsp;</strong>This study aimed to investigate the incidence and types of tuberculous lesions in Indian patients with diabetes mellitus to better understand the relationship between these comorbidities.&nbsp;<strong>Methods:&nbsp;</strong>Data were collected through clinical examinations, imaging studies, and laboratory tests. The types of tuberculous lesions were classified, and the association between diabetes control (measured by HbA1c levels) and the incidence of specific TB lesions was analyzed using SPSS version 23.0. Logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of glycemic control on the risk of different types of TB lesions.&nbsp;<strong>Results:&nbsp;</strong>Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most common lesion, observed in 60% of participants, with a significantly higher incidence in those with uncontrolled diabetes (64.3% vs. 50%, p = 0.03). Bone and joint tuberculosis were more prevalent in patients with controlled diabetes (p = 0.04). Logistic regression indicated that uncontrolled diabetes significantly increased the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.10 &ndash; 2.88, p = 0.02).&nbsp;<strong>Conclusion:&nbsp;</strong>The study highlights the strong association between uncontrolled diabetes and the increased incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. These findings underscore the importance of optimal glycemic control in diabetic patients to reduce the risk of severe TB complications.&nbsp;<strong>Recommendations:&nbsp;</strong>Regular monitoring and management of blood glucose levels should be prioritized in diabetic patients to prevent TB complications. Further research is recommended to explore the underlying mechanisms linking diabetes control and specific types of TB lesions. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
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Chaiwongko, Arkom, Masahide Seki, Yutaka Suzuki, Teerasit Techawiwat, and Parvapan Bhattarako. "Transcriptional Patterns of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Types 16, 18, 45, 68b Genes." Trends in Bioinformatics 14, no. 1 (2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/tb.2021.1.12.

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Hammer, Richard D., Donna Fowler, Lincoln R. Sheets, Athanasios Siadimas, Chaohui Guo, and Matthew S. Prime. "A digital tumor board solution impacts case discussion time and postponement of cases in tumor boards." Health and Technology 11, no. 3 (2021): 525–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12553-021-00533-x.

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AbstractMultidisciplinary tumor boards (TBs) is an integral part of cancer care. Emerging evidence shows that effective TB implementation is crucial. It remains largely unknown how digital solutions can assist effective TB conduction. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a digital solution on case discussion during TB meetings in four cancer types: Breast, Gastrointestinal (GI), Ear, Nose &amp; Throat (ENT), and Hematopathology. A prospective study was performed to evaluate case discussion time during TB meetings pre- and post-solution implementation, at an US academic healthcare cancer center. Data were recorded by a Nurse Navigator for each case during TB meetings. Case discussion times were recorded for 2312 patients, at a total of 286 TB meetings. Significant decreases were observed in the average case discussion time for the breast and GI TBs. We observed a trend for reduction in discussion time variance for all TBs, suggesting the potential of the digital solution to standardize case discussion via provision of uniform case presentation and data access. Postponement rate decreased from 23 to 10% for ENT TB. This study demonstrated that the digital solution enhanced effective TB implementation, with heterogeneity across cancer types.
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Anggita, Sasha Marwah, Nurul Qomariyah, and Fitriani Kahar. "The Relationship Between Potassium And Ureum Levels Of New Drugs In Drug Resistant Tuberculosis Patients." Jaringan Laboratorium Medis 6, no. 1 (2024): 52–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jlm.v6i1.11388.

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The use of new types of drugs in RO TB patients will cause disturbances in the body's electrolytes, especially potassium levels, as well as disturbances in urea levels caused by the excretion of urea that is retained in the body. Continuous increases in urea in the body result in the kidneys not being able to work optimally. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between potassium levels and urea levels on new types of drugs in RO TB patients. The research method used is analytical observational with a cross sectional approach. This research was conducted on 16 February – 16 March 2023 with research subjects being RO TB patients who received treatment with a new type of drug at the Lung Hospital dr. Ario Wirawan Salatiga as many as 21 respondents using a sampling technique that is the total population. Potassium levels were measured using the ISE (Ion Selective Electrode) method and urea levels used the enzymatic UV test method. The data was then processed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, then continued with prerequisite tests (crosstab test and homogeneity test) then continued with hypothesis testing, because my data scale was ratio and nominal, the alternative test used was the Chi-Square Test. The equipment test results obtained a homogeneity test with a P value of 0.698 and 0.610 (0.05), meaning the data was homogeneous. The test results for the relationship between potassium and urea levels on new types of drugs for RO TB patients were Chi-Square hypothesis test results with a P value of 0.152 and 0.384 ( 0.05) means there is no relationship between potassium levels and urea levels on new types of drugs in RO TB patients. The results show that the TB drugs bedaquiline and delamanid do not cause kidney function disorders so that RO TB patients can consume these TB drugs regularly.
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Hijazi, Mohd Hanafi Ahmad, Stefanus Kieu Tao Hwa, Abdullah Bade, Razali Yaakob, and Mohammad Saffree Jeffree. "Ensemble deep learning for tuberculosis detection using chest X-ray and canny edge detected images." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 4 (2019): 429. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i4.pp429-435.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Detection of TB at an early stage reduces mortality. Early stage TB is usually diagnosed using chest x-ray inspection. Since TB and lung cancer mimic each other, it is a challenge for the radiologist to avoid misdiagnosis. This paper presents an ensemble deep learning for TB detection using chest x-ray and Canny edge detected images. This method introduces a new type of feature for the TB detection classifiers, thereby increasing the diversity of errors of the base classifiers. The first set of features were extracted from the original x-ray images, while the second set of features were extracted from the edge detected image. To evaluate the proposed approach, two publicly available datasets were used. The results show that the proposed ensemble method produced the best accuracy of 89.77%, sensitivity of 90.91% and specificity of 88.64%. This indicates that using different types of features extracted from different types of images can improve the detection rate.
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Stefanus, Kieu Tao Hwa, Hanafi Ahmad Hijazi Mohd, Bade Abdullah, Yaakob Razali, and Saffree Jeffree Mohammad. "Ensemble deep learning for tuberculosis detection using chest X-Ray and canny edge detected images." International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 8, no. 4 (2019): 429–35. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v8.i4.pp429-435.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Detection of TB at an early stage reduces mortality. Early stage TB is usually diagnosed using chest x-ray inspection. Since TB and lung cancer mimic each other, it is a challenge for the radiologist to avoid misdiagnosis. This paper presents an ensemble deep learning for TB detection using chest x-ray and Canny edge detected images. This method introduces a new type of feature for the TB detection classifiers, thereby increasing the diversity of errors of the base classifiers. The first set of features were extracted from the original x-ray images, while the second set of features were extracted from the edge detected image. To evaluate the proposed approach, two publicly available datasets were used. The results show that the proposed ensemble method produced the best accuracy of 89.77%, sensitivity of 90.91% and specificity of 88.64%. This indicates that using different types of features extracted from different types of images can improve the detection rate.
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M. T., Raghu, Ashwini S., Yogendra M., Virupakshappa H. E., Gangaraju Harish, and Nikitha Babu. "Study of common clinical types of cutaneous tuberculosis: two years study experience in a tertiary care centre." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 6, no. 2 (2020): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20200596.

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&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Background:&lt;/strong&gt; Cutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is frequently found worldwide, especially in tropical countries. The number of extrapulmonary TB reaches up to 14%, and 1% to 2% are cutaneous TB. Diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis (CTB) is complicated and requires a full work-up. Clinical manifestation of cutaneous TB is varied and causes difficulties to diagnose. Scrofuloderma and plaque type of lupus vulgaris (LV) are common forms of cutaneous TB.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods:&lt;/strong&gt; A retrospective study was conducted on patients attending Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, at Basaveshwara Medical College and Hospital, Chitradurga over a period of 2 years. A total of 15 cases of cutaneous tuberculosis were diagnosed.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results:&lt;/strong&gt; A total of 15 cases out of which included predominantly males, with age group being affected commonly are 20-40 decades, histopathology showing tuberculoid granuloma in 11 cases, and common clinical variant being lupus vulgaris seen in 66.6% of the cases and. Second common being scrufuloderma seen in 26.6% of the cases and least common is TB verrucosa cutis (TBVC) seen in 6.6% of the cases.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/strong&gt; The study showed that the common clinical type of cutaneous tuberculosis during the study period was lupus vulgaris, scrofuloderma and less common being TBVC.&lt;/p&gt;
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Adapon, B. D., N. D. Apolinar, P. H. Adapon, A. M. Salonga, and C. C. Dioquino. "CNS TB: Varying Features with Emphasis on the Atypical Types." Rivista di Neuroradiologia 11, no. 2_suppl (1998): 55–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19714009980110s218.

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Khemchand, Agrawal Kavita, Kaptan Singh, Kim Vaiphei, and Lileshwar Kaman. "Synchronous colonic malignancy and tuberculosis: a rare histologic surprise." International Surgery Journal 7, no. 10 (2020): 3505. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20204169.

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Coexistence of colorectal cancer and tuberculosis of same site is described in few of case reports. Tuberculosis (TB) is known to involve any part of the body. Intestinal TB accounts for the majority of extra pulmonary TB, ileocecal region being the most common site. TB has been known to be associated with various types of malignancy. The most common association is malignancy and pulmonary TB. However, association of extra pulmonary TB and malignancy at the same site is relatively uncommon. This case report describes synchronous colonic malignancy and tuberculosis on histopathological evaluation of the resected specimen in a 42-year female patient.
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Dememew, Zewdu, Atakilt Deribew, Amtatachew Zegeye, et al. "A High Burden of Infectious Tuberculosis Cases Among Older Children and Young Adolescents of the Female Gender in Ethiopia." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 10, no. 3 (2025): 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed10030079.

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The study was conducted in all regions of Ethiopia, except Tigray. It describes types of Tuberculosis (TB) based on gender, age, region, HIV status, and geographic setting in Ethiopia. It is a cross-sectional study that utilized the Ministry of Health’s District Health Information System-based reporting to analyze all types of TB from July 2022 to March 2024. In total, 290,450 TB cases were detected: 42.6% (123,871) were female, 9.4% (27,160) were children (under 15 years of age), and 14.5% (42,228) were adolescents (10–19 years of age). About 48% (20,185) of adolescent TB cases were bacteriologically confirmed, of which 47.5% were females. Compared to children &lt;5 years, the male-to-female ratio is 26% higher among older children (5–9 years of age) (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 1.26, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.51–2.01)) and 53% higher among adolescents (AOR: 1.53, 95% CI 0.87–2.18). In short, about half of TB cases are infectious among older children and young adolescents of the female gender in Ethiopia. TB among these age categories may be addressed through the integration of TB services with reproductive health services and youth-friendly and pediatric clinics.
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Nishanth, P. S., Thomas Vadakkan Devassy, and Rose Alphonsa George. "Association of socio-demographic profile with types of tuberculosis among patients attending a rural DOTS centre in central Kerala, South India." International Journal of Advances in Medicine 9, no. 2 (2022): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-3933.ijam20220125.

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Background: Re-evaluation of the epidemiological profile of tuberculosis (TB) patients can help to eliminate the number of cases. This study was aimed to analyse the association of socio-demographic profile with type of TB among patients attending a rural DOTS centre in central Kerala.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among TB patients at a rural DOTS clinic in central Kerala during January 2020-June 2021. Various socio-demographic parameters such as age, gender and socio-economic status and comorbidities of patients with pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB were retrieved from the DOTS register. The data was analyzed.Results: A total of 241 patients (134 males and 107 females) were enrolled. In general, age group 41-60 years showed maximum incidence (p=0.0283). Lower middle (32.7%) and middle class (36.5%) strata constituted the majority of burden (p=0.9091). The distribution of cases was not associated to occupation (p=0.06). Extrapulmonary form (55%) was found to be predominant with very poor awareness (p=0.06). A significant delay of at least 1-3 months in recognizing the symptoms and thus the clinical diagnosis particularly in extrapulmonary cases was found. Diabetes mellitus was the most frequent comorbidity in TB patients.Conclusions: The prevalence was most common in age group 41-60 years without any association to occupation. Since the diabetes mellitus is the most frequent comorbidity in TB patients, early screening will make an effective management. Society oriented awareness programme about the extrapulmonary TB is inevitable.
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Talakua, Reinhard Wilson, Vina Z. Latuconsina, and Siti Hadjar Malawat. "GAMBARAN KADAR HEMOGLOBIN DAN INDEKS ERITROSIT PADA PASIEN TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI RSUD DR. M. HAULUSSY AMBON PERIODE JANUARI 2017 – APRIL 2018." PAMERI: Pattimura Medical Review 2, no. 2 (2021): 82–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/pamerivol2issue2page82-89.

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Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infection disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Pulmonary TB remain a major health problem and the most common cause of death in the world especially in developing countries. Pulmonary TB infection could cause clinical manifestation, which is haematology disorders like anemia. Many studies has reported anemia as a common complication in patients with pulmonary TB. This research aims to determine haemoglobin levels and erythrocytes index of patients with pulmonary TB at RSUD Dr. M. Haulussy Ambon in the periods from January 2017 - April 2018. This research uses a descriptive study by using medical records of patients with pulmonary TB. Among 65 patients with pulmonary TB, number of patients with anemia are 44 cases (67,7%) and 21 cases (32,3%) are not anemia. Pulmonary TB with anemia most suffered by male as much 24 cases (72,7%). The age group suffered most is 18-30 years old as much 23 cases (69,7%), but the age group suffered most according to percentage is 51-60 years old as much 80%. The most common types of anemia is hipocromic micrositer as much 23 cases (52,3%). Haemoglobin levels in patients with pulmonary TB are found most below the normal value or anemia and the most common types of anemia is hipocromic micrositer. Needs to be done more research on the analysis of the relation between anemia with pulmonary TB.&#x0D; Keywords: pulmonary tuberculosis, haemoglobin, erythrocytes index
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ALI, MD ASRAF, KENNETH SUNDARAJ, R. BADLISHAH AHMAD, NIZAM UDDIN AHAMED, MD ANAMUL ISLAM, and SEBASTIAN SUNDARAJ. "sEMG ACTIVITIES OF THE THREE HEADS OF THE TRICEPS BRACHII MUSCLE DURING CRICKET BOWLING." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, no. 05 (2016): 1650075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519416500755.

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The aim of the present study was to analyze the surface electromyography (sEMG) activities generated by the three heads of the triceps brachii (TB) muscle among the different phases during fast and spin bowling. sEMG signals from the lateral, long and medial heads of the TB from 20 bowlers were measured individually during bowling. To analyze the sEMG activities, the root mean square (RMS) value in each bowling phase for every trial per bowler was calculated from the sEMG signals from the three heads of the TB. Higher sEMG activities at the three heads of the TB were found during the fifth phase followed by the sixth, seventh, third, fourth, second and first phases in both types of bowling. sEMG activities were significantly different among the three heads of the TB and among the seven bowling phases for both bowling types at an alpha level of [Formula: see text]. These findings will be of particular importance for assessing different physical therapies for the three headed TB muscle which can improve the performance in ball delivery of cricket bowlers.
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Shashank, Shekhar, Kumar Baranala Sujit, and Purnakishor Singh Wahengbam. "Study of the Incidence of Different Types of Tuberculosis Lesions in Association with Diabetes Mellitus in Indian Patients." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 16, no. 5 (2024): 2795–98. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13823032.

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<strong>Background</strong><strong>:</strong>&nbsp;Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus are two major public health concerns, particularly in developing countries like India. The coexistence of these diseases poses significant challenges in diagnosis, treatment, and management, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of various types of TB lesions in association with diabetes mellitus among Indian patients.&nbsp;<strong>Methods</strong><strong>:</strong>&nbsp;There were 80 patients in this prospective observational study (40 with diabetes and 40 without). Laboratory tests, medical examinations, and structured interviews were used to gather data. Between the two groups, the incidence of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesions was compared. SPSS version 23.0 was utilised for the statistical analysis, and multivariate logistic regression was employed to find independent predictors of TB lesions.&nbsp;<strong>Results</strong><strong>:</strong>&nbsp;With a p-value of 0.02 the study discovered that patients with diabetes had a considerably greater incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis lesions (65%) than non-diabetic patients (40%). Compared to patients without diabetes (20%), those with diabetes (35%) had extrapulmonary tuberculosis lesions more frequently; however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0.15). Patients with diabetes showed greater HbA1c and fasting blood glucose levels. Radiologically, patients with diabetes had a higher frequency of cavitary lesions (55%) than patients without diabetes (25%), with a significant p-value of 0.01. An independent predictor of pulmonary tuberculosis lesions was found to be diabetes mellitus (adjusted OR: 3.2, p=0.02).&nbsp;<strong>Conclusion</strong><strong>:</strong>&nbsp;The findings indicate that diabetic patients are at a higher risk for pulmonary TB lesions, emphasizing the need for integrated screening and management strategies for TB and diabetes, particularly in high-risk areas.&nbsp;<strong>Recommendations:</strong>&nbsp;Public health interventions should focus on early detection and management of TB in diabetic patients, especially in resource-limited settings. Integrated care models that address both TB and diabetes should be developed and implemented. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
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Allen, WR, S. Wilsher, F. Stewart, et al. "The influence of maternal size on placental, fetal and postnatal growth in the horse. II. Endocrinology of pregnancy." Journal of Endocrinology 172, no. 2 (2002): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1720237.

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Within-breed artificial insemination and between-breed embryo transfer were carried out in small pony (P) and large Thoroughbred (Tb) mares to create 4 types of horse pregnancy in which the fetus experienced spatial and nutritional deprivation (Tb-in-P; n=8), luxury (P-in-Tb; n=7) or normality (Tb-in-Tb; n=7 and P-in-P; n=7) in utero. Measurement of equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG), total conjugated oestrogens and progestagen concentrations in serial peripheral serum samples recovered from all the mares throughout gestation showed that the amount of eCG produced during the first half of gestation was dependent upon the breed of the mare rather than the breed of the fetus being carried. In contrast, the mean total amounts of oestrogens produced, as measured by area under the curve, were significantly greater (P=0.003) in the two types of pregnancy in which a Thoroughbred fetus was being carried (Tb-in-Tb and Tb-in-P) than those in which a pony fetus was gestated (P-in-P and P-in-Tb); the evidence suggests that the Tb fetus may have larger gonads than the P fetus and thereby secrete more C-19 precursor steroids for aromatisation to oestrogens by the placenta. In the final weeks of pregnancy mean plasma progestagen concentrations rose much earlier, and to significantly higher levels (P&lt;0.001), in the Tb-in-P than in the P-in-Tb pregnancies, thereby reflecting the increased fetal stress in the former causing premature maturation of the fetal adrenal gland. This, in turn, resulted in increased secretion of pregnenolone by the adrenal cortex for conversion to progestagens by the placenta.
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Luo, Li-Xia, Ya-Lan Liu, Ning Liu, et al. "Electroreduction-based Tb extraction from Tb4O7 on different substrates: understanding Al–Tb alloy formation mechanism in LiCl–KCl melt." RSC Advances 5, no. 85 (2015): 69134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11708a.

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Maruo, Yoshihiro, Mahdiyeh Behnam, Shinichi Ikushiro, Sayuri Nakahara, Narges Nouri, and Mansour Salehi. "Two Different UGT1A1 Mutations causing Crigler–Najjar Syndrome types I and II in an Iranian Family." Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases 24, no. 4 (2015): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15403/jgld.2014.1121.244.ugt.

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Background: Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I (CN-1) and type II (CN-2) are rare hereditary unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia disorders. However, there have been no reports regarding the co-existence of CN-1 and CN-2 in one family. We experienced a case of an Iranian family that included members with either CN-1 or CN-2. Genetic analysis revealed a mutation in the bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT1A1) gene that resulted in residual enzymatic activity.Case report: The female proband developed severe hyperbilirubinemia [total serum bilirubin concentration (TB) = 34.8 mg/dL] with bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus) and died after liver transplantation. Her family history included a cousin with kernicterus (TB = 30.0 mg/dL) diagnosed as CN-1. Her great grandfather (TB unknown) and uncle (TB = 23.0 mg/dL) developed jaundice, but without any treatment, they remained healthy as CN-2.&#x0D; Results: The affected cousin was homozygous for a novel frameshift mutation (c.381insGG, p.C127WfsX23). The affected uncle was compound heterozygous for p.C127WfsX23 and p.V225G linked with A(TA)7TAA. p.V225G-UGT1A1 reduced glucuronidation activity to 60% of wild-type. Thus, linkage of A(TA)7TAA and p.V225G might reduce UGT1A1 activity to 18%–36 % of the wild-type.&#x0D; Conclusion: Genetic and in vitro expression analyses are useful for accurate genetic counseling for a family with a history of both CN-1 and CN-2.&#x0D; Abbreviations: CN-1: Crigler–Najjar syndrome type I; CN-2: Crigler–Najjar syndrome type II; GS: Gilbert syndrome; UGT1A1: bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase; WT: Wild type; TB: total serum bilirubin.
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Bhagsari, A. S., and O. S. Otim. "738 (PS 7) EFFECT OF TRELLIS TYPES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF PASSION FRUIT." HortScience 28, no. 5 (1993): 557g—557. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.5.557g.

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Field experiments were conducted at the Makerere University Agricultural Research Institute, Kabanyolo, Uganda from September 1990 to March 1992, using two local purple types of passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sim) and Kawanda Hyhrid. There were 18 experimental rows, each 72.0 m long with 4.5 m spacing between the rows. Each row had 12 pits 6 m apart with two plants per pit. Three types of trellises [control-bar (CB), T-bar (TB), and double T-bar (DTB)], each extending the entire row length, were installed on wooden poles using No. 10 wire. Fruit number and yield were significantly higher for Kawanda Hybrid than the local purple types. The fruit yield for Kawanda Hybrid ranged from 16.84 MT/ha (CB) to 22.05 MT/ha (TB). Kawanda Hybrid fruit yield for TB and DTB was about 30.0% higher than that of CB. The mean fresh fruit weight was about 40.0 g for the purple types and 63.3 g for Kawanda Hybrid. The mean pH of fruit juice was 2.7 for Kawanda Hybrid and 3.1 for the local purple types. Mean total soluble solids in juice were 15.9%.
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40

Wilmink, Jonas, Richard Vollenberg, Ioana D. Olaru, Julia Fischer, Jonel Trebicka, and Phil-Robin Tepasse. "Diagnostic Challenges in Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis: A Single-Center Experience in a High-Resource Setting at a German Tertiary Care Center." Infectious Disease Reports 17, no. 3 (2025): 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr17030039.

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Background/Objectives: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis accounts for a significant portion of tuberculosis cases, presenting unique diagnostic challenges due to its heterogeneous manifestations and paucibacillary nature. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the diagnostic outcomes and correlations between different specimen types and test results. Methods: A retrospective analysis of electronic medical records of patients diagnosed with TB between January 2013 and December 2023 was carried out. The data extracted included patient demographics, comorbidities, TB classification, specimen types, microbiological test results, and time intervals to diagnosis. Statistical analysis was applied to compare the variables between pulmonary and extrapulmonary/disseminated TB groups. Results: Most patients were male (62.4%) and born outside of Germany (74.2%). Comorbidities, such as diabetes, cardiac disease, immunosuppressed status, and HIV, were common. Among the 194 patients, 98 had pulmonary TB, and 96 had extrapulmonary/disseminated TB. A comparison of pulmonary vs. extrapulmonary TB showed that extrapulmonary TB patients had a longer diagnostic delay (p = 0.013), more symptoms (p = 0.001), and more complications (42.7% vs. 16.3%, p &lt; 0.001). Diagnostic challenges were evident, with multiple invasive procedures required in 43.5% of the extrapulmonary TB cases. Conclusions: This study highlights the complex clinical presentation of tuberculosis, particularly in patients with extrapulmonary and disseminated forms, who experience delayed diagnosis and more complications. These challenges in diagnosing extrapulmonary TB emphasize the need for improved diagnostic strategies and early identification, especially in high-risk populations.
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41

Faria, Fernando Pereira de, Dario Martin Godino, Santiago Francisco Corzo, Damián Enrique Ramajo, Antonella Lombardi Costa, and Cláubia Pereira Bezerra Lima. "Heat transfer in a simulated spent fuel pool for different types of spent fuels." Brazilian Journal of Development 9, no. 1 (2023): 5004–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34117/bjdv9n1-343.

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Historically, the Spent Fuel Pool (SFP) of Angra II, from Brazil, has received standard spent fuel (SF) assemblies of uranium dioxide (UO2) discharged from Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) of the Nuclear Power Plants (NPP) of Angra. However, in case of using Mixed Oxide (MOX) or thorium-based fuels at a proportion of 1/3 or 1/4 of the total of fuel assemblies in their PWRs as it has been occurring worldwide, it would require further thermal studies of wet storage of the new mixed SF generated. It includes the determination of the water boiling time (Tb) of the SFP in case of breakdown of its external cooling system (ECS). This work presents studies of Tb of a simulated SFP storing mixed SF discharged from PWRs. The types of mixed SF studied include MOX plus UO2, oxide of thorium/uranium (U-Th)O2 plus UO2, and oxide of thorium/transuranic (TRU-Th)O2 plus UO2. All the mixed SF was considered to contain 1/3 or 1/4 of either thorium-based fuels or reprocessed fuel. The simulations were implemented in CFX Ansys and OpenFOAM© codes. Tb from simulations with Ansys ranged from 4.05 h to 5.97 h, and from 3.45 h to 5.77 h from simulations with OpenFOAM©. Results show that, independent of the mixed loading pattern of the SFP, the water would reach the saturation temperature more rapidly when (TRU-Th)O2 was present. By contrast, when MOX was present, Tb was greater.
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42

Amansakhedov, R. B., O. G. Malikova, O. G. Komissarova, et al. "THE POSSIBILITIES OF RADIOLOGICAL DIAGNOSTICS OF TRACHEAL AND ENDOBRONCHIAL LESIONS IN PULMONARY TB PATIENTS." Вестник ЦНИИТ 9, no. 2 (2025): 34–43. https://doi.org/10.57014/2587-6678-2025-9-2-34-43.

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Aim: to detect the features of tracheal and endobronchial TB in pulmonary TB patients by computed tomography (CT) scanning. Materials and methods. We studied CT signs in 45 patients with newly diagnosed pulmonary, tracheal, and endobronchial TB. The diagnosis was established based on the results of a comprehensive study and confirmed by detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum, bronchial lavage fluid, samples obtained by different types bronchoscopies. All patients underwent multislice CT (MSCT) of the chest by the Somatom Emotion 16 and Somatom go.Up 32 scanners (Siemens) using the algorithm as follows: high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) with 0.6 mm slice thickness and 1.5 mm slice increment. Results. The study of the frequency and types of CT signs (small, big) witnessing changes in the airways of patients with different clinical forms of pulmonary TB showed that the frequency of TB lesions in the airways did not depend on the clinical form of pulmonary TB. Conclusion. HRCT allows detecting direct and indirect signs of airway lesions: changes in the diameter, topography, tracheal and endobronchial wall structure, deformation, ectasia, thickening, bronchogenic dissemination, airway stenosis, atelectasis, or emphysema of lung departments ventilated by the affected bronchi.
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43

Muhammad Novran Chalik, Alif Fathurrachman, Linda Andriani, et al. "Resistance Patterns in Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang Hospital." Jurnal RSMH Palembang 5, no. 1 (2024): 358–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/jrp.v5i1.64.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by acid-resistant bacteria, Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTb). Based on immunity, there are two types of pulmonary TB infection: drug-sensitive and drug-resistant. Based on ATD sensitization tests, MTb resistance types consist of TB that is monoresistant, polyresistant, multidrug resistance (MDR), pre-extensively drug resistant (Pre-XDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR). Globally, in 2022, there will be an estimated 450,000 cases of DR-TB, but only 161,000 treated. In Indonesia, in 2022, there were an estimated 24,000 cases of DR-TB; only 8,268 were notified and 5,082 cases had started therapy. In this study, conducted with a retrospective descriptive method, during the period 2022 at RSMH Palembang, 92 patients with DR-TB were obtained who received treatment at RSMH Palembang. Of the 92 subjects, the mean age of diagnosis of DR-TB was 44.47 ± 16.5. The most common gender was male 62 subjects (67.4%) and 30 subjects were female (32.6%). Of the 92 rifampicin-resistant patients, there were a total of 39 patients (42.4%) with isoniazid resistance. Among these 39 patients, 21 patients (54%) were primary resistance cases and 18 patients (46%) were secondary resistance cases. The most common type of therapy regimen used was a long-term regimen as many as 68 subjects (74%) and short-term as many as 24 subjects (26%)Primary resistance patterns were obtained in 43 subjects (46.8%) and secondary resistance in 49 subjects (53.2%). Of the 49 secondary resistance subjects, 52 subjects (56.5%) had TB-RR, 33 subjects (35.8%) had MDR-TB, 6 subjects (6.5%) had pre-XDR TB, and 1 subject (1.2%) had XDR-TB. The researcher concluded that the dominant resistance pattern of pulmonary TB cases was secondary resistance, with the results of the drug sensitivity test being TB-RR. However, it should be noted that DR-TB with a primary resistance pattern also has a higher percentage.
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44

Melkie, Solomon Tibebu, Lilibeth Arias, Chiara Farroni, Mateja Jankovic Makek, Delia Goletti, and Cristina Vilaplana. "The role of antibodies in tuberculosis diagnosis, prophylaxis and therapy: a review from the ESGMYC study group." European Respiratory Review 31, no. 163 (2022): 210218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0218-2021.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is still responsible for the deaths of &gt;1 million people yearly worldwide, and therefore its correct diagnosis is one of the key components of any TB eradication programme. However, current TB diagnostic tests have many limitations, and improved diagnostic accuracy is urgently needed. To improve the diagnostic performance of traditional serology, a combination of different Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) antigens and different antibody isotypes has been suggested, with some showing promising performance for the diagnosis of active TB. Given the incomplete protection conferred by bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination against adult pulmonary TB, efforts to discover novel TB vaccines are ongoing. Efficacy studies from advanced TB vaccines designed to stimulate cell-mediated immunity failed to show protection, suggesting that they may not be sufficient and warranting the need for other types of immunity. The role of antibodies as tools for TB therapy, TB diagnosis and TB vaccine design is discussed. Finally, we propose that the inclusion of antibody-based TB vaccines in current clinical trials may be advisable to improve protection.
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45

Sushant, Benade* Fiza Patel Priyanka Gavhade Shradha Nerkar Sheetal Rode Dr. Ashok Giri. "A Review of Recent Advance Therapy of The MDR TB and DR TB." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. 4 (2025): 2567–613. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15259903.

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TB still causes a significant amount of illness and mortality across the world, even after the low-cost and successful four-drug treatment regimen (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) was introduced 40 years ago. For all types of tuberculosis, new and innovative medications and treatment plans are being developed for the first time since the 1960s. Both novel chemical entities and repurposed medications are anticipated to be used in such regimens, some of which are now advancing through clinical studies. Current ideas and recent developments in TB drug discovery and development are discussed in this article. These include an update on ongoing TB treatment studies, updated clinical trial designs, TB biomarkers, and adjunct host-directed medicines.
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Sulistijawati, Rosalia Sri, Aziza Ghanie Icksan, Dina Bisara Lolong, and Fariz Nurwidya. "Thoracic Radiography Characteristics of Drug Sensitive Tuberculosis and Multi Drug Resistant Tuberculosis: A Study of Indonesian National Tuberculosis Prevalence Survey." Acta Medica (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic) 62, no. 1 (2019): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/18059694.2019.42.

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Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a burden globally, including Indonesia. The primary objective of this study is to reveal the chest radiography characteristic of drug-sensitive TB (DS-TB) and multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) in the Indonesian national tuberculosis prevalence survey 2013–2014. The secondary objective is to explore the correlation and incidence rate of chest radiography lesion of DS-TB and MDR-TB cases. Methods: This is a cross-sectional retrospective analytical studies with national and regional coverage. Samples were selected by stratified multi-stage clustering sampling technique in a population aged ≥15 years old. The diagnosis of TB was based on culture and GeneXpert tests. Results: There were 147 DS-TB and 11 MDR-TB patients that were analyzed in this study. The nodule is the only type of lesions that distinguish MDR-TB and DS-TB. In multivariate analysis of DS-TB, there were 3 significant chest radiography lesions, i.e infiltrate, cavity and consolidation with odd-ratio (OR) of 14, 13, and 3, respectively. In MDR-TB, the only significant lesion is a nodule, with OR of 19. Conclusion: Nodule is the only type of lesions that distinguish MDR-TB and DS-TB. Infiltrate, cavity and consolidation were the types of chest radiography lesions on DS-TB, meanwhile, a nodule was the only significant lesion for MDR-TB.
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47

Park, Jongmin, Barton A. Forman, Rolf H. Reichle, Gabrielle De Lannoy, and Saad B. Tarik. "Evaluation of GEOS-Simulated L-Band Microwave Brightness Temperature Using Aquarius Observations over Non-Frozen Land across North America." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18 (2020): 3098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12183098.

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L-band brightness temperature (Tb) is one of the key remotely-sensed variables that provides information regarding surface soil moisture conditions. In order to harness the information in Tb observations, a radiative transfer model (RTM) is investigated for eventual inclusion into a data assimilation framework. In this study, Tb estimates from the RTM implemented in the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) were evaluated against the nearly four-year record of daily Tb observations collected by L-band radiometers onboard the Aquarius satellite. Statistics between the modeled and observed Tb were computed over North America as a function of soil hydraulic properties and vegetation types. Overall, statistics showed good agreement between the modeled and observed Tb with a relatively low, domain-average bias (0.79 K (ascending) and −2.79 K (descending)), root mean squared error (11.0 K (ascending) and 11.7 K (descending)), and unbiased root mean squared error (8.14 K (ascending) and 8.28 K (descending)). In terms of soil hydraulic parameters, large porosity and large wilting point both lead to high uncertainty in modeled Tb due to the large variability in dielectric constant and surface roughness used by the RTM. The performance of the RTM as a function of vegetation type suggests better agreement in regions with broadleaf deciduous and needleleaf forests while grassland regions exhibited the worst accuracy amongst the five different vegetation types.
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48

Gultom, Ade Maulida, Nurmaini Nurmaini, and Fazidah Aguslina Siregar. "THE EFFECT OF PHYSICAL CONDITIONS OF HOME AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON THE EVENT OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS IN CONSTRUCTION WORKERS." Jurnal Riset Kesehatan 11, no. 1 (2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31983/jrk.v11i1.8258.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a directly-infectious disease caused by tuberculosis bacteria (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) that are airborne through droplets or nuclei when a patient coughs and the saliva droplets containing the bacteria are inhaled by another person while breathing. The research investigates the effect of the physical conditions of the house and working environment on the pulmonary TB events among construction workers in the Asahan Regency. It is an analytic epidemiological survey with a case-control design, and involves examining the entire population amounting to 74 people: the first 37 suffered from pulmonary TB and worked as construction workers (case-group), and the other 37 didn't suffer from pulmonary TB and worked as construction workers (control-group). They were analyzed by using univariate analysis, bivariate analysis, and multivariate analysis. The results showed that the types of floor (p=0.040), lighting (p=0.027), wall (p=0.034), working lengths (p=0.102), and masks uses (p=0.000) have affected pulmonary TB events. In this case, the use of masks (p=0.003) was the most dominant variable. This study suggests counseling on healthy houses for families who are prone to pulmonary TB. Good types of lighting, floor, and wall can be useful in every house to reduce the risk of TB developing to last for a long period or leading to death.
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49

Staten, Paul W., Brian H. Kahn, Mathias M. Schreier, and Andrew K. Heidinger. "Subpixel Characterization of HIRS Spectral Radiances Using Cloud Properties from AVHRR." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 33, no. 7 (2016): 1519–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-15-0187.1.

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AbstractThis paper describes a cloud type radiance record derived from NOAA polar-orbiting weather satellites using cloud properties retrieved from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and spectral brightness temperatures (Tb) observed by the High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS). The authors seek to produce a seamless, global-scale, long-term record of cloud type and Tb statistics intended to better characterize clouds from seasonal to decadal time scales. Herein, the methodology is described in which the cloud type statistics retrieved from AVHRR are interpolated onto each HIRS footprint using two cloud classification methods. This approach is tested over the northeast tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean region, which contains a wide variety of cloud types during a significant ENSO variation from 2008 to 2009. It is shown that the Tb histograms sorted by cloud type are realistic for all HIRS channels. The magnitude of Tb biases among spatially coincident satellite intersections over the northeast Pacific is a function of cloud type and wavelength. While the sign of the bias can change, the magnitudes are generally small for NOAA-18 and NOAA-19, and NOAA-19 and MetOp-A intersections. The authors further show that the differences between calculated standard deviations of cloud-typed Tb well exceed intersatellite calibration uncertainties. The authors argue that consideration of higher-order statistical moments determined from spectral infrared observations may serve as a useful long-term measure of small-scale spatial changes, in particular cloud types over the HIRS–AVHRR observing record.
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50

Gidado, M., E. M. H. Mitchell, A. O. Adejumo, et al. "Assessment of TB underreporting by level of reporting system in Lagos, Nigeria." Public Health Action 12, no. 3 (2022): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5588/pha.22.0008.

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BACKGROUND: Nigeria has an estimated TB prevalence of 219 per 100,000 population. In 2019, Nigeria diagnosed and notified 27% of the WHO-estimated cases of all forms of TB and contributed 11% of the missing TB cases globally.OBJECTIVE: To assess TB underreporting by type and level of health facility (HF), and associated factors in Lagos State, Nigeria.METHODOLOGY: Quantitative secondary data analysis of TB cases was conducted in 2015. χ2 test was used to assess the association between treatment initiation, TB underreporting, local government area (LGA) and HF characteristics.RESULTS: Overall, 2,064 persons with bacteriologically confirmed TB (15.5%) were not matched to patients in sampled TB registers. Treatment status was unknown for 86 cases (IQR 55–97) per LGA. LGAs with higher case-loads had higher proportions of cases with unknown TB status. Discrepant reporting of treated TB was also common (60% HFs). Primary-level TB treatment facilities and unengaged private facilities were less likely to notify.CONCLUSION: There was TB under-reporting across all types and levels of HFs and LGAs. There is a need to revise or strengthen the process of supervision and data quality assurance system at all levels
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