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Steinke, Stephan, Markus Kienast, Uwe Pflaumann, Mara Weinelt, and Karl Stattegger. "A High-Resolution Sea-Surface Temperature Record from the Tropical South China Sea (16,500–3000 yr B.P.)." Quaternary Research 55, no. 3 (May 2001): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.2001.2235.
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AbstractThe timing and magnitude of sea-surface temperature (SST) changes in the tropical southern South China Sea (SCS) during the last 16,500 years have been reconstructed on a high-resolution, 14C-dated sediment core using three different foraminiferal transfer functions (SIMMAX28, RAM, FP-12E) and geochemical (Uk′37) SST estimates. In agreement with CLIMAP reconstructions, both the FP-12E and the Uk′37 SST estimates show an average late glacial–interglacial SST difference of 2.0°C, whereas the RAM and SIMMAX28 foraminiferal transfer functions show only a minor (0.6°C) or no consistent late glacial–interglacial SST change, respectively. Both the Uk′37 and the FP-12E SST estimates, as well as the planktonic foraminiferal δ18O values, indicate an abrupt warming (ca. 1°C in <200 yr) at the end of the last glaciation, synchronous (within dating uncertainties) with the Bølling transition as recorded in the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core, whereas the RAM-derived deglacial SST increase appears to lag during this event by ca. 500 yr. The similarity in abruptness and timing of the warming associated with the Bølling transition in Greenland and the southern SCS suggest a true synchrony of the Northern Hemisphere warming at the end of the last glaciation. In contrast to the foraminiferal transfer function estimates that do not indicate any consistent cooling associated with the Younger Dryas (YD) climate event in the tropical SCS, the Uk′37 SST estimates show a cooling of ca. 0.2–0.6°C compared to the Bølling–Allerød period. These Uk′37 SST estimates from the southern SCS argue in favor of a Northern Hemisphere-wide, synchronous cooling during the YD period.
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Ho, Sze Ling, and Thomas Laepple. "Glacial cooling as inferred from marine temperature proxies TEXH86 and UK′37." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 409 (January 2015): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.10.033.
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Rosell-Melé, Antoni, and Fredrick G. Prahl. "Seasonality of UK′37 temperature estimates as inferred from sediment trap data." Quaternary Science Reviews 72 (July 2013): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.04.017.
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Jaques, H. "UK doctors vote on industrial action for first time in 37 years." BMJ 344, may15 3 (May 15, 2012): e3457-e3457. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e3457.
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Rodrigo-Gámiz, M., S. W. Rampen, H. de Haas, M. Baas, S. Schouten, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté. "Constraints on the applicability of the organic temperature proxies U<sup>K'</sup><sub>37</sub>, TEX<sub>86</sub> and LDI in the subpolar region around Iceland." Biogeosciences 12, no. 22 (November 19, 2015): 6573–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-6573-2015.
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Abstract. Subpolar regions are key areas for studying natural climate variability due to their high sensitivity to rapid environmental changes, particularly through sea surface temperature (SST) variations. Here, we have tested three independent organic temperature proxies (UK'37; TEX86; and the long-chain diol index, LDI) regarding their potential applicability for SST reconstruction in the subpolar region around Iceland. UK'37, TEX86 and TEXL86 temperature estimates from suspended particulate matter showed a substantial discrepancy with instrumental data, while long-chain alkyl diols were below the detection limit at most of the stations. In the northern Iceland Basin, sedimenting particles revealed a seasonality in lipid fluxes, i.e., high fluxes of alkenones and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) were measured during late spring and during summer and high fluxes of long-chain alkyl diols during late summer. The flux-weighted average temperature estimates had a significant negative (ca. 2.3 °C for UK'37) and positive (up to 5 °C for TEX86) offset with satellite-derived SSTs and temperature estimates derived from the underlying surface sediment. UK'37 temperature estimates from surface sediments around Iceland correlate well with summer mean sea surface temperatures, while TEX86-derived temperatures correspond with both annual and winter mean 0–200 m temperatures, suggesting a subsurface temperature signal. Anomalous LDI-SST values in surface sediments and low mass flux of 1,13- and 1,15-diols compared to 1,14-diols suggest that Proboscia diatoms are the major sources of long-chain alkyl diols in this area rather than eustigmatophyte algae, and therefore the LDI cannot be applied in this region.
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Rodrigo-Gámiz, M., S. W. Rampen, H. de Haas, M. Baas, S. Schouten, and J. S. Sinninghe Damsté. "Constraints on the applicability of the organic temperature proxies U<sup>K'</sup><sub>37</sub>, TEX<sub>86</sub> and LDI in the subpolar region around Iceland." Biogeosciences Discussions 12, no. 2 (January 16, 2015): 1113–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-12-1113-2015.
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Abstract. Subpolar regions are key areas to study natural climate variability due to their high sensitivity to rapid environmental changes, particularly through sea surface temperature (SST) variations. Here, we have tested three independent organic temperature proxies (UK'37, TEX86 and LDI) on their potential applicability for SST reconstruction in the subpolar region around Iceland. UK'37, TEX86 and TEXL86 temperature estimates from suspended particulate matter result in a substantial discrepancy with instrumental data, while long chain alkyl diols were below detection limit in most of the stations. In the northern Iceland basin sedimenting particles revealed a seasonality in lipid fluxes similar to that in the bulk flux and the net primary production, i.e. highest flux of alkenones and GDGTs were measured during late spring-summer, and late summer for long chain alkyl diols. The flux-weighted average temperature estimates had a significant negative (ca. 2.3 °C for UK'37) and positive (up to 5 °C for TEX86) offset with satellite-derived SSTs and the temperature derived from the underlying surface sediment. In contrast, sedimentary UK'37 estimates temperatures around Iceland correlate well with summer mean temperatures, while TEX86 derived temperatures correspond well with either annual or winter mean 0–200 m temperatures, suggesting a subsurface temperature signal. Anomalous LDI-SST values in surface sediments, and low mass flux of 1,13- and 1,15-diols compared to 1,14-diols, suggest that Proboscia diatom is the major source of long chain alkyl diols in this area rather than eustigmatophyte algae, and therefore the LDI cannot be applied in this region.
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Sikes, Elisabeth L., and John K. Volkman. "Calibration of alkenone unsaturation ratios (Uk'37) for paleotemperature estimation in cold polar waters." Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 57, no. 8 (April 1993): 1883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(93)90120-l.
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Hooley, Tristram, Kieran Bentley, and John Marriott. "Entrepreneurship and UK Doctoral Graduates." Industry and Higher Education 25, no. 3 (June 2011): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/ihe.2011.0044a.
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This paper discusses the experience of UK doctoral graduates in pursuing entrepreneurial careers: there is evidence that this applies to a substantial number – about 10% – of doctoral graduates. The nature of their experience was explored using 37 interviews with doctoral entrepreneurs. The research was funded by Vitae ( www.vitae.ac.uk ), an organization championing the personal, professional and career development of doctoral researchers and research staff in UK higher education. The stories that the participants tell suggest that doctoral entrepreneurship develops out of a complex interaction between the personality and skills of the entrepreneurs and the environment in which they operate. In particular, the authors argue that the participants have mobilized a mix of financial, social and educational capital in order to create and sustain their enterprises successfully.
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Sawhney, Vinit, Guilia Domenichini, James Gamble, Guy Furniss, Dimitrios Panagopoulos, Guy Haywood, Kim Rajappan, et al. "37 Thromboembolic events in left ventricular endocardial pacing: long-term outcomes from a multicentre uk registry." Heart 103, Suppl 5 (June 2017): A30.1—A30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2017-311726.37.
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Hart, David A., Carol Reno, Thomas Louie, and Wallace Krulicki. "Staphylococcus aureus strains differ in their in vitro responsiveness to human urokinase: evidence that methicillin-resistant strains are predominately nonresponsive to the growth-enhancing effects of urokinase." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 42, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1024–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m96-131.
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Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were found to exhibit strain-specific heterogeneity to the growth-enhancing effects of human urokinase (UK), a proteinase with plasminogen activator activity. Nine out of fourteen (64%) methicillin-sensitive strains of S. aureus were responsive to UK in "in vitro" cultures. In contrast, 3/29 (10%) methicillin-resistant strains were responsive to the proteinase. When only strains isolated from western Canada were considered, 6/11 methicillin-sensitive strains and 1/26 methicillin-resistant strains were responsive to UK. The single western Canadian methicillin-resistant strain (strain 456) responsive to UK was one of two isolated from the same patient, indicating that the two strains were phenotypically different. Strain 456, resistant to 32 μg mefhicillin/mL, was responsive to as little as 50 U UK/mL and enhancement of growth was evident by 9 h of incubation at 37 °C. This growth enhancement was specific to UK and not duplicated by equivalent concentrations of other proteins (bovine serum albumin, trypsin, plasminogen). The results presented indicate differences in the frequency of the UK-responsive phenotype between methicillin-sensitive and -resistant S. aureus. These findings indicate that the UK phenotype of S. aureus may have utility in both phenotyping clinical isolates, as well as providing insights into the regulation of growth in this clinically important organism.Key words: Staphylococcus aureus, growth, urokinase, methicillin resistance.
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McLaughlin, Paul, Melanie Bladen, Mike Holland, and Kate Khair. "Joint assessment in haemophilia – current physiotherapist practice in the UK." Journal of Haemophilia Practice 1, no. 3 (October 1, 2014): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17225/jhp.00029.
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Abstract Aim: UK guidelines recommend regular assessment of joint status in children with haemophilia using a standardised tool performed by haemophilia physiotherapists. We surveyed UK physiotherapists working in haemophilia care regarding their current practice with respect to joint scoring. Methods: A survey was posted on SurveyMonkey and all haemophilia physiotherapists practising in the UK were invited to respond. Responses were analysed and discussed at a roundtable meeting attended by invited physiotherapists and specialist haemophilia nurses. Results: In all, responses were received from 29 of the estimated 37 physiotherapists in the UK who see haemophilia patients. Both the survey and subsequent discussion reflected agreement that joint scoring offers a valuable tool to clinicians, but that better ways of assessing joint health were needed. There was enthusiasm for combining joint scoring with systematic and validated patient-reported outcome measures. Conclusion: Greater understanding is needed of the relationship between joint scores and measures of physical function and quality of life.
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Pannell, Ralph, Eduardo Angles-Cano, and Victor Gurewich. "The pH Dependence of the Binding of Pro-Urokinase to Fibrin/Celite." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 64, no. 04 (1990): 556–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1647357.
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SummaryA re-examination of the affinity of pro-urokinase (pro-UK), HMW and LMW-urokinase (UK) to fibrin/Celite was undertaken in order to explain how the chance purification of pro-UK from freshly voided urine by fibrin/Celite affinity chromatography may be reconciled with the subsequent observations that pro-UK failed to bind significantly to fibrin clots in plasma. A significant pH dependence of pro-UK binding to fibrin/Celite was found. Substantial binding of pro-UK (native or recombinant from E. coli), but not of the two-chains forms, was seen at about pH 6.5, which is in the normal pH range of pooled, freshly voided urine. By contrast, at pH 7.4 fibrin binding of pro-UK was much reduced, though it was still significantly greater than that of HMW or LMW-UK. This finding helps to explain the fibrin-binding of pro-UK in freshly voided urine but not in blood. In order to determine if this' pH dependence was the sole explanation for why pro-UK could not be isolated by this method from stored urine, the stability of pro-UK in urine was evaluated by incubating 125I-labeled pro-UK in urine: Incubation for up to 4 days (37° C) was not accompanied by any degradation of the single-chain pro-UK as evidenced by autoradiography under reducing conditions. It was concluded that the alkaline shift in pH which occurs in urine left standing, rather than the degradation of pro-UK, explained why freshly voided urine was found to be essential. Clot lysis studies at pH 6.5 and 7.4 showed no promotion of fibrinolysis at the pH which favored fibrin/Celite binding. Therefore, while the present study defines the conditions under which pro-UK may be purified from urine by fibrin/Celite chromatography, it provides no evidence that this binding phenomenon plays any role in fibrinolysis.
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Brown, K., H. Rumgay, C. Dunlop, M. Ryan, F. Quartly, A. Cox, A. Deas, et al. "What Proportion of Cancers in the UK and Its Constituent Countries Could Be Prevented? An Updated Analysis." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 25s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.34800.
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Background: Understanding population-level exposure to cancer risk factors is vital when devising risk-reduction policies. By reducing exposure to cancer risk factors, many cancers could be prevented. But what impact on cancer incidence do these risk factors have? And what proportion of cancers could be prevented if these risk factors are avoided? Aim: The aim of this analysis was to update the estimates of the number and proportion of theoretically preventable cancers in the UK to reflect the changing behavior as assessed in representative national surveys, and new epidemiologic evidence. Separate estimates were also calculated for England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland because prevalence of risk factor exposure varies between them. Methods: Population attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated for combinations of risk factor and cancer type with sufficient/convincing evidence of a causal association. Relative risks (RRs) were drawn from meta-analyses of cohort studies where possible. Prevalence of exposure to risk factors was obtained from nationally representative population surveys. Cancer incidence data for 2015 were sourced from national data releases and, where needed, personal communications. Results: Around four in ten (38%) cancer cases in 2015 in the UK were attributable to known risk factors. The proportion was around two percentage points higher in UK males (39%) than UK females (37%). Comparing UK countries, the attributable proportion for persons was highest in Scotland (41%) and lowest in England (37%). Tobacco smoking contributed by far the largest proportion of attributable cancer cases, followed by overweight and obesity, accounting for 15% and 6%, respectively, of all cases in the UK in 2015. Conclusion: Around four in ten (38%) cancer cases in the UK could be prevented. Tobacco and obesity remain the top contributors of attributable cancer cases. Tobacco smoking has the highest PAF because it greatly increases cancer risk and has a large number of cancer types associated with it. Obesity has the second-highest PAF because it affects a high proportion of the UK population and is also linked with many cancer types. Public health policy may seek to reduce the level of harm associated with exposure or reduce exposure levels - both approaches may be effective in preventing cancer. The variation in PAFs between UK countries is affected by sociodemographic differences which drive differences in exposure to theoretically avoidable 'lifestyle' factors. PAFs at UK country level have not been available previously and they should be used by policymakers in the devolved nations to develop more targeted public health measures. This analysis demonstrates the importance of nationally representative exposure prevalence data and cancer registration in informing evidence-based public health policy.
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Tami, Triyani, and Ambalegin Ambalegin. "REQUEST STRATEGIES IN LITTLE BIG SHOTS UK." JURNAL ILMU BUDAYA 8, no. 1 (May 22, 2020): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.34050/jib.v8i1.9679.
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This study examined the speech act of request appeared in a television show, Little Big Shots UK. It was a descriptive qualitative study, which the data were utterances in the form of sentences, clauses or words in Little Big Shots UK. The data were collected through the observation and non-participatory technique and analyzed by using the pragmatic identity analysis. The objective of this study was to find out the types of request strategies applied by the speakers in the Little Big Shots UK using the theory of Trosborg (1995). From the collected data, researcher found 37 data of requesting speech act, which 13 (35,1%) data categorized as direct request (2 data using necessity/obligation strategy; 2 data using performative strategy; and 9 data using imperative strategy), 12 (32,4%) data categorized as hearer-oriented condition (8 data using ability/willingness strategy; 4 using suggestory formulae strategy), 11 (29,7%) data categorized as speaker-based condition (9 data using wishes/desire strategy; 2 data using needs/demands strategy), and 1 (2,7%) data categorized as indirect (mild hint strategy).
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Shiau, L. J., S. C. Clemens, M. T. Chen, M. Yamamoto, and Y. Yokoyama. "SST phases in the open-ocean and margins of the tropical Pacific; implication on tropical climate dynamics." Climate of the Past Discussions 10, no. 2 (April 28, 2014): 1857–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-10-1857-2014.
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Abstract. The tropical Pacific exerts a major effect on the global climate system and might have driven large extra-tropical climate change. We present a 320 kyr high resolution UK'37-sea surface temperature (SST) record from core MD052928 (11°17.26' S, 148°51.60' E, water depth 2250 m) located off southeastern Papua New Guinea (PNG), in the western tropical Pacific. The age model of the core is based on AMS 14C dating of planktic foraminifers and correlation of benthic to the LR04 stack. The UK'37-SST ranges from 26.5 to 29 °C, showing glacial–interglacial and millennial variations. We assess the phase of the MD052928 UK'37-SST as part of a synthesis of five other SST records from the tropical Pacific at the precession, obliquity, and eccentricity bands. The SST records can be separated into two groups when considering SST phase relative to changes in orbital forcing, ice volume and greenhouse gases (GHGs). SST maxima at open-ocean sites within primary equatorial current systems occur between obliquity maxima and methane (CH4) maxima but early relative to ice volume minima and CO2 maxima at the obliquity band. In contrast, SST maxima at continental margin sites change are in phase with ice minima and CO2 maxima, likely influenced by the slow response of continental ice sheets and GHGs. At the precession band, the early group located on the Warm Pool area indicates a direct influenced by the local insolation, and with the similar phase progress as the obliquity band. These results indicate that the decreased high-low latitudes insolation gradient and increasing low latitude local insolation resulting in tropical Pacific SST rise. Higher SST would supply more moisture resulting in increased CH4 in the tropical wetlands. This promotes increasing CO2 and deglaciation leading to increase continental and continental margin surface temperatures.
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Chaler, R., J. Villanueva, and J. O. Grimalt. "Non-linear effects in the determination of paleotemperature Uk′37 alkenone ratios by chemical ionization mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A 1012, no. 1 (September 2003): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(03)01188-9.
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Founti, Panayiota, Fotis Topouzis, Gábor Holló, Barbara Cvenkel, Michele Iester, Anna-Bettina Haidich, Péter Kóthy, Anneta Kiana, Despoina Kolokotroni, and Ananth C. Viswanathan. "Prospective study of glaucoma referrals across Europe: are we using resources wisely?" British Journal of Ophthalmology 102, no. 3 (August 3, 2017): 329–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-310249.
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BackgroundTo investigate the outcomes of glaucoma referrals across different European countries.Methods250 patients newly referred to tertiary referral glaucoma specialist practices in the UK, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy and Greece were prospectively enrolled (50 consecutive patients per centre). Referral accuracy and predictive value of referral criteria for an intervention or further monitoring (positive predictive value) were analysed.ResultsSame-day discharges occurred in 43% (95% CI 39% to 75%) (12/28) of optometrist-initiated referrals (UK only), 37% (95% CI 30% to 45%) (59/158) of ophthalmologist-initiated referrals (all centres) and 54% (95% CI 40% to 68%) (26/48) of self-referrals (Hungary, Italy and Greece). The percentages from all referral sources were 46% (95% CI 32% to 60%) in the UK, 56% (95% CI 44% to 70%) in Hungary, 30% (95% CI 17% to 43%) in Slovenia, 22% (95% CI 11% to 34%) in Italy and 60% (95% CI 46% to 74%) in Greece (p<0.001). Overall, the referring criterion was confirmed in 54% (95% CI 45% to 63%) (64/119) for intraocular pressure (IOP) >21 mm Hg, 56% (95% CI 43% to 69%) (33/59) for a suspicious optic disc and 61% (95% CI 45% to 77%) (22/36) for a suspicious visual field, with large between-country differences (p<0.05 for all comparisons). Of all referrals, 32% (95% CI 26% to 37%) were initiated on the basis of IOP >21 mm Hg only. By combining the IOP criterion with any other referring criterion, the positive predictive value increased from 56% (95% CI 45% to 67%) to at least 89% (95% CI 68% to 100%). In the UK, a hypothetical IOP threshold of >26 mm Hg, as a requirement for IOP-only referrals, would reduce IOP-only referrals by 44%, while not missing any definite glaucoma cases.ConclusionThe accuracy of referrals was poor in the UK and the other countries. Requiring a combination of criteria and raising the IOP threshold for IOP-only referrals are needed to cut waste in clinical care.
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Kirby, Simon, Ray Barrell, and Vladimir Pillonca. "Prospects for the Uk Economy." National Institute Economic Review 207 (January 2009): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950109103679.
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Since our October forecast events have conspired to worsen the outlook for the UK and global economy. Concerns about the solvency of banks across the globe have continued, and in some cases intensified. The inter-linkages of the global economy continue to be highlighted as the list of economies slipping into recession grows, even for those who have not suffered the direct shock of a crisis in their domestic banking system. Indeed what started as a problem in securities markets related to sub-prime lending in the US mortgage market has evolved into the near collapse of the global banking system. The UK has enjoyed the fruits of the rapid growth of financial intermediation over the past decade. However, such gains are being sharply reversed, as discussed on pp. 4–8 of this Review. The problem of access to credit for households and non-financial corporations still persists and, if anything, the situation seems to have deteriorated. As discussed on pp. 71–2 of this Review, Bank of England data suggest that lending by banks to households and businesses contracted in the final quarter of last year, even though £37 billion (2.6 per cent of money GDP) of new capital was injected into two major UK banking groups, effectively nationalising one of them (Royal Bank of Scotland).
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Mills, Janet. "Working in music: the conservatoire professor." British Journal of Music Education 21, no. 2 (June 24, 2004): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051704005698.
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This article describes an innovative approach to analysing, describing and evaluating the careers of musicians, and applies it in the case of 37 ‘professors’, that is, instrumental teachers, working at a conservatoire in the UK. The professors emerge as flexible and committed musicians who enjoy teaching conservatoire students, and who nearly all feel that they benefit musically and personally from this work.
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Kopitar, M., B. Rozman, J. Babnik, V. Turk, D. E. Mullins, and T. C. Wun. "Human Leucocyte Urokinase Inhibitor - Purification, Characterization and Comparative Studies Against Different Plasminogen Activators." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 54, no. 04 (1985): 750–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660125.
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SummaryA plasminogen activator inhibitor (PA-I) which inhibits primarily plasminogen activator of the urokinase type (u-PA) was isolated from the cytosol of human peripheral leukocytes. The inhibitor was isolated using ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration and FPLC. This inhibitor has an apparent molecular weight of 45 kDa, determined by SDS-PAGE, and a pi of 5.5-5.7. The inhibitor is a fast reacting inhibitor, is thermally unstable and is inactivated outside the pH range 7-9. Treatment of cytosol to pH 9 for 30 min at 37° C resulted in a large increase in inhibitory activity. Antibodies against human placental UK-I completely quenched the inhibitory activity of human leucocyte UK-I.
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Webster, J. P., W. A. Ellis, and D. W. Macdonald. "Prevalence ofLeptospiraspp. in wild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) on UK farms." Epidemiology and Infection 114, no. 1 (February 1995): 195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800052043.
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SUMMARYWild brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are frequently implicated in the carriage and spread ofLeptospiraspp. Wild brown rats (n= 259) were trapped from 11 UK farms and tested forLeptospiraspp. using a number of diagnostic tests. The prevalence of leptospiral infection was low, but there was variation in the results obtained with the different diagnostic tests. Estimates of prevalence ranged between 0% by silver-staining of tissues, 1% by the microscopic agglutination test, 4% by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 4% by culture, and 8% by fluorescent antibody technique. In total, 37 (14%) rats were positive by at least one of the tests, which contrasts with the frequently reported prevalences of 50–70% for wild rats in the UK. Serovarbratislavawas as prevalent asicterohaemorrhagiae, although it was present only on farms with larger rat populations.
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BROWN, A. E., D. A. ROSS, A. J. H. SIMPSON, R. S. ERSKINE, G. MURPHY, J. V. PARRY, and O. N. GILL. "Prevalence of markers for HIV, hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in UK military recruits." Epidemiology and Infection 139, no. 8 (January 6, 2011): 1166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268810002712.
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SUMMARYAn unlinked anonymous survey was conducted to measure the prevalence of selected markers for HIV, hepatitis B and C infection in recruits to the UK Armed Forces to inform future screening and hepatitis B vaccination policies. During 2007, nearly 14 000 left-over samples taken from new recruits for blood typing were collected, unlinked from identifiers and anonymously tested for HIV, hepatitis C and current and past cleared hepatitis B infection. Overall, serological evidence of HIV and hepatitis C was found in 0·06% and 0·06% of recruits, respectively. Evidence of past cleared and current hepatitis B infection was found in 3·63% and 0·37% of recruits, respectively. Overall, prevalence rates were broadly consistent with UK population estimates of infection. However, HIV and hepatitis B prevalence was higher in recruits of African origin than in those from the UK (P<0·0001). Screening for these infections is an option that could be considered for those entering Services from high-prevalence countries.
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GUY, E., S. TASKER, and D. H. M. JOYNSON. "Detection of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) in UK ticks using polymerase chain reaction." Epidemiology and Infection 121, no. 3 (December 1998): 681–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268898001708.
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Nymphal Ixodes ricinus ticks collected from woodland areas in South Wales, UK, were tested using the polymerase chain reaction for the presence both of the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) and Borrelia burgdorferi. Twenty-two of 60 (37%) ticks were found positive in the PCR for B. burgdorferi and 4/60 (7%) for the HGE agent. One tick was found positive both for B. burgdorferi and HGE agent. Our findings imply the presence of the HGE agent in UK ticks and the finding of a tick apparently containing both pathogens underlines the potential for concurrent infection with HGE agent and B. burgdorferi to occur after a single tick-bite. Based on our observations, we conclude that there may be a need to consider a range of pathogens both in laboratory investigation and clinical management of suspected tick-borne disease in the UK, particularly where there is a clinical presentation atypical of Lyme borreliosis alone.
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Conte, Maureen H., Marie-Alexandrine Sicre, Carsten Rühlemann, John C. Weber, Sonja Schulte, Detlef Schulz-Bull, and Thomas Blanz. "Global temperature calibration of the alkenone unsaturation index (UK′37) in surface waters and comparison with surface sediments." Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 7, no. 2 (February 2006): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2005gc001054.
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Pang, Gordon Hwa Mang, Elizabeth Gar Mit Chong, Rizah Mazzuin Razali, Fatt Soon Lee, and Weng Keong Yau. "61 HIP Fracture Management of Older Adults in a Public Tertiary Hospital in Kuala Lumpur: Analysis and Comparison with the Standard of Care in UK." Age and Ageing 48, Supplement_4 (December 2019): iv13—iv17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afz164.61.
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Abstract Background There has been rapid improvement in evidence-based care for hip fracture in UK in which prompt, effective, multidisciplinary management has been shown to improve quality and reduce costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the current outcome of hip fractures in our hospital, and to compare it to the outcome of evidence-based management of hip fractures in UK. Methods A cross-sectional study of all hip fracture patients aged 60 and above, admitted from 1st March 2018 until 28th Feb 2019. Medical records of 105 patients obtained from a hip fracture registry were reviewed. Clinical data such as patients’ sociodemographics, fall circumstances, fractures, peri-operative details, complications and mortality were extracted and analysed. Results The surgery rate was 67% (96.5% in UK). Among the 37 patients (35.2%) not operated, 15 refused operation. Rate of early surgery was only 9.3% (71.3% in UK). Medical stabilisation (28.2%) and no operating time (40.8%) were the main reasons for surgical delay. None had falls assessment (98% in UK) and only 7.6% was started on bone protection prior to discharge (60% in UK). The average length of stay was 17 days (15.8 days in UK). The 30 day mortality was 9.5% (8.5% in UK). Discussion Our results showed that there was no significant difference in length of stay and 30 day mortality compared to UK. However, this may be due to our small sample size. Lack of awareness of falls assessment and bone protection suggests that our current model of care needed improvement. Conclusion Our results highlighted the need to implement proactive strategies to improve the management of hip fracture in our centre. Ortho-geriatrics shared-care in hip fracture management was subsequently implemented in an effort to improve patient care and service. Further studies need to be done to re-evaluate the outcomes post implementation.
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Conway, Ruairi JH, Seamus Cook, Cassandra Malone, Simon Bone, Mohammed Osman Hassan-Ibrahim, and Suneeta Soni. "Resistance-guided treatment of Mycoplasma genitalium infection at a UK sexual health centre." International Journal of STD & AIDS 32, no. 8 (March 23, 2021): 758–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462420987764.
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We evaluated the ResistancePlus® MG assay in providing macrolide resistance-guided treatment (RGT) for Mycoplasma genitalium infection at a UK sexual health centre. M. genitalium–positive samples from men with urethritis and women with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) were tested for macrolide resistance–mediating mutations (MRMMs). MRMM-positive infections were given moxifloxacin 400 mg; otherwise 2 g azithromycin (1 g single dose and then 500 mg OD) was given. Among 57 M. genitalium–positive patients (32 men and 25 women), MRMMs were detected in 41/57 (72% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 58–83%). Thirty-two of 43 patients given RGT attended for test of cure. Treatment failure rate was significantly lower at 1/32 (3%) than 10/37 (27%) before RGT ( n = 37 [men = 23 and women = 17]; p = 0.008). Treatment failure was lower in male urethritis (0/15 vs. 7/21 p = 0.027) but not in female PID. There was a trend of a shorter time to negative test of cure (TOC) in male urethritis (55.1 [95% 43.7–66.4] vs. 85.1 [95% CI CI 64.1–106.0] days, p = 0.077) but not in female PID. Macrolide resistance is higher than previous UK reports and higher than expected. RGT reduces overall treatment failure and is particularly beneficial in M. genitalium urethritis. Fluoroquinolone resistance will continue to rise with increasing fluoroquinolone use, and RGT is critical to direct appropriate azithromycin use and prevent overuse of moxifloxacin.
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Pannell, R., and V. Gurewich. "Pro-urokinase: a study of its stability in plasma and of a mechanism for its selective fibrinolytic effect." Blood 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v67.5.1215.1215.
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Abstract Highly purified pro-urokinase (pro-UK) or single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA) was treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (1 mmol/L) to eliminate traces of two-chain UK activity. This preparation was found to retain a low activity against a chromogenic substrate (S2444), equivalent to 0.1% to 0.5% of the activity of its plasmin-activated derivative. Evidence is presented that the intrinsic activity of pro-UK (scu-PA) was sufficient to activate plasminogen on a fibrin plate or in buffer and was far more reactive against Lys-plasminogen than against Glu-plasminogen. The relative resistance of Glu-plasminogen to activation was overcome by the addition of lysine (25 mmol/L) to the reaction mixture. By contrast, in plasma, pro-UK (scu-PA) was stable and nonreactive for greater than 72 hours when incubated (37 degrees C). Pro-UK (scu-PA) did not form sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable inhibitor complexes, whereas complexation occurred rapidly with UK. Only at high concentrations of pro-UK (scu-PA) (greater than or equal to 250 IU/mL) did plasminogen activation in plasma occur. The relative inertness of pro-UK (scu-PA) in plasma, in contrast to its low-grade enzymatic activity in buffer, was attributed to the effect of inhibitors. The addition of EDTA or the removal of divalent cations by dialysis was associated with a lower threshold for nonspecific plasminogen activation by pro-UK (scu-PA) in plasma. Replacement of Ca++ but not other cations restored baseline conditions. In the presence of a clot, fibrin-selective plasminogen activation and clot lysis were triggered. Lysis was accompanied by less than 10% conversion of pro-UK (scu-PA) to two-chain UK, suggesting that the intrinsic activity of pro-UK (scu-PA) itself may have been responsible for fibrinolysis, although a contribution by the small amount of UK generated could not be excluded. Similarly, pro-UK (scu- PA) supported clot lysis for several days in the same plasma before the effect dissipated as a result of degradation to UK. When Glu- plasminogen in plasma was replaced by Lys-plasminogen, or when lysine was added to normal plasma, nonselective plasminogen activation and fibrinogenolysis occurred. It was concluded that under the experimental conditions, the fibrin specificity of pro-UK (scu-PA) can be explained by its selective activation of fibrin-bound plasminogen and is due to the latter's Lys-plasminogen-like conformation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Pannell, R., and V. Gurewich. "Pro-urokinase: a study of its stability in plasma and of a mechanism for its selective fibrinolytic effect." Blood 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1986): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v67.5.1215.bloodjournal6751215.
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Highly purified pro-urokinase (pro-UK) or single-chain urokinase-type plasminogen activator (scu-PA) was treated with diisopropylfluorophosphate (1 mmol/L) to eliminate traces of two-chain UK activity. This preparation was found to retain a low activity against a chromogenic substrate (S2444), equivalent to 0.1% to 0.5% of the activity of its plasmin-activated derivative. Evidence is presented that the intrinsic activity of pro-UK (scu-PA) was sufficient to activate plasminogen on a fibrin plate or in buffer and was far more reactive against Lys-plasminogen than against Glu-plasminogen. The relative resistance of Glu-plasminogen to activation was overcome by the addition of lysine (25 mmol/L) to the reaction mixture. By contrast, in plasma, pro-UK (scu-PA) was stable and nonreactive for greater than 72 hours when incubated (37 degrees C). Pro-UK (scu-PA) did not form sodium dodecyl sulfate-stable inhibitor complexes, whereas complexation occurred rapidly with UK. Only at high concentrations of pro-UK (scu-PA) (greater than or equal to 250 IU/mL) did plasminogen activation in plasma occur. The relative inertness of pro-UK (scu-PA) in plasma, in contrast to its low-grade enzymatic activity in buffer, was attributed to the effect of inhibitors. The addition of EDTA or the removal of divalent cations by dialysis was associated with a lower threshold for nonspecific plasminogen activation by pro-UK (scu-PA) in plasma. Replacement of Ca++ but not other cations restored baseline conditions. In the presence of a clot, fibrin-selective plasminogen activation and clot lysis were triggered. Lysis was accompanied by less than 10% conversion of pro-UK (scu-PA) to two-chain UK, suggesting that the intrinsic activity of pro-UK (scu-PA) itself may have been responsible for fibrinolysis, although a contribution by the small amount of UK generated could not be excluded. Similarly, pro-UK (scu- PA) supported clot lysis for several days in the same plasma before the effect dissipated as a result of degradation to UK. When Glu- plasminogen in plasma was replaced by Lys-plasminogen, or when lysine was added to normal plasma, nonselective plasminogen activation and fibrinogenolysis occurred. It was concluded that under the experimental conditions, the fibrin specificity of pro-UK (scu-PA) can be explained by its selective activation of fibrin-bound plasminogen and is due to the latter's Lys-plasminogen-like conformation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Campbell, Evan, Elaine H. Coulter, Paul Mattison, Angus McFadyen, Linda Miller, and Lorna Paul. "Access to and Use of Clinical Services and Disease-Modifying Therapies by People with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis in the United Kingdom." International Journal of MS Care 19, no. 6 (November 1, 2017): 275–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.7224/1537-2073.2017-022.
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Background: According to current UK guidelines, everyone with progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) should have access to an MS specialist, but levels of access and use of clinical services is unknown. We sought to investigate access to MS specialists and use of clinical services and disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) by people with progressive MS in the United Kingdom. Methods: A UK-wide online survey was conducted via the UK MS Register. The inclusion criteria were age 18 years or older, primary or secondary progressive MS, and a member of the UK MS Register. Participants were asked about access to MS specialists, recent clinical service use, receipt of regular review, and current and previous DMT use. Participant demographic data, quality of life, and disease impact measures were from the UK MS Register. Results: In total, 1298 individuals responded: 7% were currently taking a DMT, 23% had previously taken a DMT, and 95% reported access to an MS specialist. The most used practitioners were MS doctors/nurses (50%), general practitioners (45%), and physiotherapists (40%). Seventy-four percent of participants received a regular review, although 37% received theirs less often than annually. Current DMT use was associated with better quality of life, but past DMT use was associated with poorer quality of life and higher impact of disease. Conclusions: Access to and use of MS specialists was high. However, a gap in service provision was highlighted in both receipt and frequency of regular reviews.
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Chandler-Bostock, Rebecca, Laura R. Hancox, Sameena Nawaz, Oliver Watts, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, and Kenneth H. Mellits. "Corrigendum to “Genetic diversity of porcine group A rotavirus strains in the UK” [Vet. Microbiol. 173 (2014) 27–37]." Veterinary Microbiology 174, no. 3-4 (December 2014): 609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.10.003.
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Jonas, A. S., L. Schwark, and T. Bauersachs. "Late Quaternary water temperature variations of the Northwest Pacific based on the lipid paleothermometers TEXH86, UK´37 and LDI." Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 125 (July 2017): 81–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr.2017.04.018.
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Lane, J. A., S. E. Oliver, P. N. Appleby, M. A. H. Lentjes, P. Emmett, D. Kuh, A. Stephen, et al. "Prostate cancer risk related to foods, food groups, macronutrients and micronutrients derived from the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium food diaries." European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 71, no. 2 (September 28, 2016): 274–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ejcn.2016.162.
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Abstract Background/Objectives: The influence of dietary factors remains controversial for screen-detected prostate cancer and inconclusive for clinically detected disease. We aimed to examine these associations using prospectively collected food diaries. Subjects/Methods: A total of 1,717 prostate cancer cases in middle-aged and older UK men were pooled from four prospective cohorts with clinically detected disease (n=663), with routine data follow-up (means 6.6–13.3 years) and a case-control study with screen-detected disease (n=1054), nested in a randomised trial of prostate cancer treatments (ISCTRN 20141297). Multiple-day food diaries (records) completed by men prior to diagnosis were used to estimate intakes of 37 selected nutrients, food groups and items, including carbohydrate, fat, protein, dairy products, fish, meat, fruit and vegetables, energy, fibre, alcohol, lycopene and selenium. Cases were matched on age and diary date to at least one control within study (n=3528). Prostate cancer risk was calculated, using conditional logistic regression (adjusted for baseline covariates) and expressed as odds ratios in each quintile of intake (±95% confidence intervals). Prostate cancer risk was also investigated by localised or advanced stage and by cancer detection method. Results: There were no strong associations between prostate cancer risk and 37 dietary factors. Conclusions: Prostate cancer risk, including by disease stage, was not strongly associated with dietary factors measured by food diaries in middle-aged and older UK men.
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Gunn, C., J. A. MacLeod, P. Salvador, and J. Tomkinson. "The MacCulloch Field, Block 15/24b, UK North Sea." Geological Society, London, Memoirs 20, no. 1 (2003): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsl.mem.2003.020.01.37.
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AbstractThe MacCulloch Field lies within Block 15/24b in the UK Central North Sea and is located on the northern flank of the Witch Ground Graben. It was discovered by Conoco well 15/24b-3 in 1990.MacCulloch Field is a four-way dip closure at Top Paleocene over a deeper Mesozoic structure. The reservoir consists of Upper Balmoral Sandstones containing 32-37° API oils derived from Kimmeridge Clay Formation shales and sealed by shales belonging to the Sele Formation. The field contains recoverable reserves of 60-90 MMBOE.Reservoir quality is generally very good, with an average porosity of 28% and core permeabilities (Kh) between 200 mD and 2D. AVO anomalies and a seismic flat spot are associated with oil filled reservoir and the oil-water contact in certain areas of the field.
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Knowles, A. "Where are the gaps?" BSAP Occasional Publication 31 (2004): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263967x00040222.
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The pigmeat market has become increasingly global in the past decade and the CAP (Common Agricultural Policy) Mid term review, GATT (General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) and WTO (World Trade Organisation) negotiations will all drive a continuation in this trend. This period has also witnessed an end of the traditional domestic pig cycle, in which UK supply and demand impact directly on price, together with a decline in the domestic herd of 37% since a peak in 1997 of 789,000 sows. The industry and our retail and food service customers are now acutely aware of EU:UK price differentials, exchange rate fluctuations and the ability to switch supply routes. One of the UK industry's key areas of differentiation is animal welfare, and this is gradually being eroded by the introduction of EU legislation – The Netherlands have introduced similar legislation to the UK which comes into effect in 2008. It is for these reasons that it is imperative for the UK industry to re-establish its competitiveness in terms of outright cost of production. It is only by closing this gap that we can secure long term stability and growth. But to achieve this we need to quantify where we are at present in relation to our competitors, and where the opportunities exist to close the gap.
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Aljebab, Fahad, Mofadhi Alanazi, Imti Choonara, and Sharon Conroy. "Observational study on the palatability and tolerability of oral prednisolone and oral dexamethasone in children in Saudi Arabia and the UK." Archives of Disease in Childhood 103, no. 1 (July 22, 2017): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-312697.
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BackgroundShort-course oral corticosteroids are routinely used to treat acute asthma and croup. We evaluated their tolerability and palatability in Saudi Arabian (SA) and UK children.MethodsProspective observational/interview study (3 months in each country). Palatability was evaluated using a 5-point facial Hedonicscale and tolerability by direct questioning of patient/parents.ResultsIn SA, of 122 patients (2–10 years) recruited, 52 received prednisolone base tablets, 37 prednisolone sodium phosphate syrup and 33 received dexamethasone elixir. In the UK, of 133 patients (2–16 years), 38 received prednisolone base tablets (mainly crushed and dispersed), 42 prednisolone sodium phosphate soluble tablets and 53 received dexamethasone sodium phosphate oral solution.In both countries, dexamethasone had the highest palatability scores (SA mean: 1.97; UK mean: 3) and prednisolone base tablets had the lowest (SA mean: 1.12; UK mean: 1.39). Palatability scores improved for all formulations of prednisolone with each subsequent daily dose.In SA, prednisolone base tablets were associated with more nausea (24vs7 patients) and vomiting (5vs0 patients) than sodium phosphate syrup (p=0.008 and p=0.073, respectively). In the UK, vomiting occurred more frequently with prednisolone base (8 patients) than sodium phosphate soluble tablets (2 patients) (p=0.041).In both centres, dexamethasone was associated with less side effects. Vomiting (1vs0 patients), nausea (7vs3 patients) and abdominal pain (10vs8 patients) occurred more with dexamethasone sodium phosphate solution than dexamethasone elixir.ConclusionsDexamethasone sodium phosphate solution was the most palatable preparation. Prednisolone base tablets were rated least palatable and were least well tolerated. Palatability scores improved with each dose taken.
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Cuthbert, Ross N., Angela C. Bartlett, Anna J. Turbelin, Phillip J. Haubrock, Christophe Diagne, Zarah Pattison, Franck Courchamp, and Jane A. Catford. "Economic costs of biological invasions in the United Kingdom." NeoBiota 67 (July 29, 2021): 299–328. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.67.59743.
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Although the high costs of invasion are frequently cited and are a key motivation for environmental management and policy, synthesised data on invasion costs are scarce. Here, we quantify and examine the monetary costs of biological invasions in the United Kingdom (UK) using a global synthesis of reported invasion costs. Invasive alien species have cost the UK economy between US$6.9 billion and $17.6 billion (£5.4 – £13.7 billion) in reported losses and expenses since 1976. Most costs were reported for the entire UK or Great Britain (97%); country-scale cost reporting for the UK's four constituent countries was scarce. Reports of animal invasions were the costliest ($4.7 billion), then plant ($1.3 billion) and fungal ($206.7 million) invasions. Reported damage costs (i.e. excluding management costs) were higher in terrestrial ($4.8 billion) than aquatic or semi-aquatic environments ($29.8 million), and primarily impacted agriculture ($4.2 billion). Invaders with earlier introduction years accrued significantly higher total invasion costs. Invasion costs have been increasing rapidly since 1976, and have cost the UK economy $157.1 million (£122.1 million) per annum, on average. Published information on specific economic costs included only 42 of 520 invaders reported in the UK and was generally available only for the most intensively studied taxa, with just four species contributing 90% of species-specific costs. Given that many of the invasive species lacking cost data are actively managed and have well-recognised impacts, this suggests that cost information is incomplete and that totals presented here are vast underestimates owing to knowledge gaps. Financial expenditure on managing invasions is a fraction (37%) of the costs incurred through damage from invaders; greater investments in UK invasive species research and management are, therefore, urgently required.
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Fewtrell, L., D. Kay, M. Wyer, A. Godfree, and G. O'Neill. "Microbiological quality of bottled water." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 11-12 (June 1, 1997): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0708.
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Bottled water is now the biggest selling soft drink in Europe (van Musschenbroek, 1995) with sales topping 700 million litres in 1994 in the UK alone (Natural Mineral Water Association, pers comm). As part of a wide ranging UK Department of the Environment Programme to assess possible risks from the consumption of drinking water from all sources, a survey of the microbiological quality of still bottled water, at the point of sale, was conducted. A total of 17 different brands of still water (both natural mineral and other bottled water) in a variety of different containers (plastic and glass, clear and coloured) were tested for total colony counts at 22°C and 37°C, total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, aeromonads, faecal streptococci and sulphite-reducing clostridia. Bottles were purchased from various suppliers in order to obtain a range of different sell by dates.
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EJIEJI, C. J., and J. W. GOWING. "A dynamic model for responsive scheduling of potato irrigation based on simulated water-use and yield." Journal of Agricultural Science 135, no. 2 (September 2000): 161–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859699008102.
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A model was developed to simulate tuber yield and water use of a potato crop by modifying and extending an existing water-use model. Empirical validation of the model was carried out with data from 37 crop-years of experiments on a wide range of cultivars at five sites within the UK (viz Silsoe, Gleadthorpe, Rothamsted, Woburn and Dundee). The study confirmed the validity of the model over a range of yields from 1·67 to 73·7 t/ha and under conditions from severely droughted to fully irrigated.
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Okoli, S., B. Wilkins, S. Robinson, and C. Harrison. "Diagnosis of a Myeloproliferative Disorder in Late Pregnancy." Obstetric Medicine 6, no. 1 (February 20, 2013): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/om.2012.110090.
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A 38-year-old primiparous woman presented with pre-eclampsia at 36 weeks gestation with an abnormal full blood count and leukoerythroblastic blood film. JAK2 V617F was negative and splenomegaly was noted on abdominal ultrasound. Delivery was at 37 weeks gestation by emergency caesarean section due to abnormal cardiotocography. Bone marrow aspirate and trephine confirmed a diagnosis of myelofibrosis. The case highlights a rare presentation of primary myelofibrosis in pregnancy, the difficulties in management, and the UK Obstetric Surveillance System who are collecting epidemiological data on uncommon disorders in pregnancy.
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Osman, Abdelgadir Hussein M., Aisha Bakhiet, Samia Elmusharaf, Abdelaziz Omer, and Abdalla Abdelrahman. "Scaling up mental health services in Sudan: Sudanese psychiatrists’ opinions." BJPsych International 17, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bji.2020.17.
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We invited 108 psychiatrists of Sudanese origin, working in and outside Sudan, to take part in a study looking at the most appropriate method for scaling up mental health services in Sudan. Of those psychiatrists who were approached, 81 (75%) responded. Among the respondents, 30 (37%) resided and worked in Sudan, and 51 (63%) worked outside Sudan (mostly in the UK and Arab Gulf States). Most respondents preferred the lay counsellor model (43, 53.2%) to address the current shortage of human resources for scaling up mental health services.
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Malalana, Fernando, Jo L. Ireland, Gina Pinchbeck, and Cathy M. McGowan. "Equine uveitis in the UK: a retrospective study (2008–2018)." Veterinary Record 186, no. 3 (October 9, 2019): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.105423.
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BackgroundUveitis appears to be less prevalent in the UK compared with other parts of the world and studies characterising the disease in the UK are lacking. The objectives of this retrospective study were to describe acute and recurrent cases presenting for management of uveitis in a referral hospital on the North West of England and compare the signalment of horses presenting with uveitis with the equine hospital population during the same period.MethodsMedical records of horses presented to the referral Equine Hospital, University of Liverpool with signs of uveitis between 2008 and 2018 were reviewed and clinical details extracted.ResultsSeventy horses presented with uveitis; 33 were classified as acute and 37 as recurrent cases. Sixteen of the horses were affected bilaterally. More bilateral cases were classified as recurrent than acute (P=0.04). No differences in age or sex were noted between acute and recurrent cases, or between cases and the general hospital population. Warmbloods and Appaloosas were over-represented when compared with the general hospital population (P<0.001). Twenty-one horses (30 per cent, 95 per cent CI 20.5 to 41.4) underwent surgery for the control of the uveitis. Fourteen of the 70 horses (20.0 per cent, 95 per cent CI 12.3 to 30.8) underwent enucleation.ConclusionWhile relatively uncommon in the UK, uveitis can affect horses from a relatively young age. The disease appears to have a relatively higher frequency than expected in Warmbloods and Appaloosas. It is more likely that a recurrent case will have both eyes affected.
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Cailes, Benjamin, Christina Kortsalioudaki, Jim Buttery, Santosh Pattnayak, Anne Greenough, Jean Matthes, Alison Bedford Russell, Nigel Kennea, and Paul T. Heath. "Epidemiology of UK neonatal infections: the neonIN infection surveillance network." Archives of Disease in Childhood - Fetal and Neonatal Edition 103, no. 6 (December 5, 2017): F547—F553. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2017-313203.
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ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of neonatal infection over the past decade in UK neonatal units.DesignRetrospective analysis of prospectively collected infection surveillance network data from 2005 to 2014.Setting30 neonatal units in the UK.PatientsNewborns on participating neonatal units who had a positive blood, cerebrospinal fluid or urine culture and were treated with at least 5 days of appropriate antibiotics.Results2171 episodes of neonatal infection in 1922 infants were recorded. The incidence of infection was 6.1/1000 live births and 48.8/1000 neonatal admissions (2.9 and 23.5 respectively if coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) cultures excluded). The incidence of infection showed a statistically significant reduction over time with reductions in the rates of both early-onset sepsis (EOS) and late-onset sepsis (LOS).The majority of episodes (76%) represented LOS (diagnosed > 48 hours after birth), and infection was more common in premature (<37 weeks gestation) and low birth weight (<2500 g) neonates (84% and 81%, respectively). Commonly identified pathogens included group B streptococci (43%) and Escherichia coli (18%) for EOS, while E. coli (15%), Staphylococcus aureus (14%) and CoNS were prominent causes of LOS.ConclusionsThis paper describes the epidemiology of neonatal infection in the UK over the past decade. These data enable benchmarking of practice and inform areas of future research and guideline development. The results support the hypothesis that the introduction of infection prevention care bundles and antibiotic stewardship programmes in the UK has reduced the burden of LOS.
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Ajah, Jonathan L. "Low Pass-rate in postgraduate surgical examination in Nigeria and its contribution to the low surgeon workforce in the country; a review article." SICOT-J 4 (2018): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sicotj/2018008.
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Surgical postgraduate examiners and examinees in Nigeria complain of the low pass rate at all levels of the postgraduate surgical training examinations to which several factors are contributing. For several years there has been being a persistently low surgeon workforce in the country despite having two surgeon producing institutions been for at least 37 years. A review of the probable causes was carried out to shed more light on the matter. At the time of writing there are 52 National Postgraduate Medical College of Nigeria (NPMCN) and 46 West African College of Surgeons (WACS) accredited post graduate surgery training programs in Nigeria compared with 99 in the United Kingdom (UK) and 1056 in the United States (US). Based on available data Nigeria has approximately 572 surgery residency training slots yearly compared with approximately 646 in the UK and 4225 in the US. Examination pass rate was less than 40% for primary WACS compared with 98% pass rate in USMLE (United States Medical Licensing Examination) 3, pass rate at part I was 28.8% for WACS compared with 37% at MRCS (Membership Royal College of Surgeons) part A and 57% for MRCS part B. For the exit examination or part II WACS pass rate was 31.5% (general surgery) while it was 64% for Fellowship Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) cumulative and 70% in the American board of surgery (ABS). Surgeon per 100 000 population was 0.69 for Nigeria compared with 11.7 and 25.6 for the UK and US respectively. In the last 35 years WACS has produced 1638 surgeons (2.8 times more than NPMCN) in surgery and NPMCN has produced 572. The frequency of examination were twice per year for both WACS and NPMCN examinations, 3 times per year for the USMLE step 3, MRCS (A & B) and Fellowship Royal College of Surgeons (FRCS) general surgery. The American Board of Surgery (ABS) is once per year for Qualifying Examination (QE) and 5 times per year for Certifying Examination (CE).
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Vallières, Emilie, Jacqueline C. Rendall, John E. Moore, John McCaughan, Anne I. Hoeritzauer, Michael M. Tunney, Joseph Stuart Elborn, and Damian G. Downey. "MRSA eradication of newly acquired lower respiratory tract infection in cystic fibrosis." ERJ Open Research 2, no. 1 (January 2016): 00064–2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00064-2015.
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UK cystic fibrosis (CF) guidelines recommend eradication of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) when cultured from respiratory samples. As there is no clear consensus as to which eradication regimen is most effective, we determined the efficacy of eradication regimens used in our CF centre and long-term clinical outcome.All new MRSA positive sputum cultures (n=37) that occurred between 2000 and 2014 were reviewed. Eradication regimen characteristics and clinical, microbiological and long-term outcome data were collected.Rifampicin plus fusidic acid was the most frequently used regimen (24 (65%) out of 37 patients), with an overall success rate of 79% (19 out of 24 patients). Eradication failure was more likely in patients with an additional MRSA-positive peripheral screening swab (p=0.03) and was associated with worse survival (p=0.04).Our results demonstrate the feasibility and clinical benefits of MRSA eradication. As peripheral colonisation was associated with lower eradication success, strategies combining systemic and topical treatments should be considered to optimise outcomes in CF patients.
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Casey, P. B., J. P. Thompson, and J. A. Vale. "Suspected Paediatric Pesticide Poisoning in the UK, I - Home Accident Surveillance System 1982-1988." Human & Experimental Toxicology 13, no. 8 (August 1994): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096032719401300803.
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1 Between 1982 and 1988, 239,350 children under 10 years old attended 20 A & E Departments in England and Wales (22 departments throughout the UK in 1988) as a result of a home accident. 15,144 of 239,350 were suspected cases of poisoning and 514 attendances involved pesticides. 2 501 of 514 children who attended hospital were under 6 years old and 41 % were thought to have ingested a rodenticide, 37% an insecticide or other animal poison, 13% an herbicide or fungicide and 9% other pesticides. 3 Overall 189 of 514 children were admitted to hospital and of these 189 cases 35% were discharged home in less than one day; 94% left hospital within 2 days. 4 Using these data we estimate that over the period of study approximately 1,850 children annually attended an Accident and Emergency Department in the UK with suspected pesticide poisoning and that some 450 were admitted to hospital. However, the morbidity from this cause is low and no deaths from pesticide poisoning have been reported in children in England and Wales for more than two decades.
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He, Yuxin, Bangqi Hu, Jun Li, Hongxuan Lu, Hong Yan, Liang Dong, and Xin Zhou. "Late-Holocene variation in vertical thermal gradient from the coastal East China Sea: Links to monsoon climate and coastal upwelling." Holocene 29, no. 2 (November 16, 2018): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618810399.
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The evolution history of coastal upwelling systems in the East China Sea over the late-Holocene are important yet difficult to be characterized. Here, we present ~3000-year temperature records based on both alkenones (UK’37) and glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (TEXH86) from a sedimentary core in the coastal upwelling site of the southern East China Sea. By examining the similarity and difference between the down-core TEXH86-derived temperature and records of sea surface temperature, summer monsoon, and winter monsoon, we suggest that the TEXH86 mainly reflects temperature in the subsurface water in the studied site. In this sense, paired temperature records from both surface (UK’37) and subsurface (TEXH86) water would yield an estimation on the vertical thermal gradient, which provides insight into the upwelling strength in the summer season. Weak upwelling periods occurred at 2600–2800 yr BP, 2000–2400 yr BP, 1200–1550 yr BP, 350–750 yr BP, and the recent ~100 years. Positive correlations among the coastal upwelling, the Asian summer monsoon, and the solar irradiance in centennial scales at ~100–3000 yr BP indicate that solar-induced summer monsoonal wind might be responsible for the coastal upwelling in the studied area. However, weak upwelling intensity and weak monsoonal strength under the background of relatively warm global temperature and strong solar irradiance since the end of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA) might suggest a different climatic response to the natural irradiance, asking for further work on the underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon in a widespread area.
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Young, OE, K. Valassiadou, and M. Dixon. "A Review of Current Practices in Breast Conservation Surgery in the UK." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 89, no. 2 (March 2007): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588407x155473.
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INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess whether surgeons in the UK were practising wide excision consistent with current guidelines and current evidence. PATIENTS AND METHODS Questionnaires were sent to 200 breast surgeons throughout the UK to determine current practices in breast conserving surgery. RESULTS When performing a wide excision for invasive cancer, 61% of respondents always remove full thickness of breast tissue and 37% usually do. Of surgeons, 60% rarely use specimen X-ray for palpable lesions. However, 91% always take specimen X-rays in impalpable lesions, but 9% do not always take specimen X-rays for impalpable lesions. In 93% of units, the pathologist always reports the distance to the nearest margin. For both invasive and in situ cancer, there is a wide variation in what is considered an adequate radial margin. There is wide variation in the practice of re-excision. Of surgeons, 50% indicated that they wish wider margins in the presence of an extensive in situ component and 39% wish wider margins in younger women. CONCLUSIONS The results show a large variation in practice with many surgeons not treating patients in accordance with current guidelines and evidence.
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Barker, Alexander B., Jordan Smith, Abby Hunter, John Britton, and Rachael L. Murray. "Quantifying tobacco and alcohol imagery in Netflix and Amazon Prime instant video original programming accessed from the UK: a content analysis." BMJ Open 9, no. 2 (February 2019): e025807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025807.
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ObjectivesExposure to tobacco and alcohol content in audio-visual media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. Previous UK research has quantified tobacco and alcohol content in films and broadcast television but not that of video-on-demand (VOD) services such as Netflix and Amazon Prime. Furthermore, it is not clear whether regulation by Dutch (Netflix) or UK (Amazon Prime) authorities results in differences in content. We report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content in a sample of episodes from the most popular programmes from these two VOD providers, and compare findings with earlier studies of UK prime-time television content.SettingUK.ParticipantsNone. Content analysis of a sample of 50 episodes from the five highest rated series released on Netflix and Amazon Prime in 2016, using 1 min interval coding of any tobacco or alcohol content, actual or implied use, paraphernalia and branding.ResultsOf 2704 intervals coded, any tobacco content appeared in 353 (13%) from 37 (74%) episodes. Any alcohol content appeared in 363 (13%) intervals in 47 (94%) episodes. There were no significant differences between the two services, however the proportion of episodes containing tobacco and alcohol was significantly higher in VOD original programmes than those recorded in an earlier study of prime-time UK television.ConclusionsAudio-visual tobacco and alcohol content is common in VOD original programmes and represents a further source of exposure to imagery causing smoking uptake and alcohol use in young people. This appears to be equally true of services regulated in the UK and The Netherlands. Given that VOD services are consumed by a global audience, it appears likely that VOD content is an important global driver of tobacco and alcohol consumption.
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BUCKLEY, CAITRIONA, CHARLOTTE CAVILL, GORDON TAYLOR, HAZEL KAY, NICOLA WALDRON, ELEANOR KORENDOWYCH, and NEIL McHUGH. "Mortality in Psoriatic Arthritis – A Single-center Study from the UK." Journal of Rheumatology 37, no. 10 (August 3, 2010): 2141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.100034.
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Objective.To determine whether the mortality in a cohort of patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) from a single center in the UK is significantly different from the general UK population.Methods.Patients who were entered onto the PsA database at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, Bath, between 1985 and 2007 were included in this study. Information on patient deaths was collected retrospectively. The National Health Service (NHS) Strategic Tracing Service was used to establish which patients were alive and which had died. Date and cause of death were confirmed by death certificates from the Registry of Births, Marriages and Deaths. A standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was calculated by matching the patient data to single-year, 5-year age-banded England and Wales data from the Office of National Statistics.Results.In this cohort of 453 patients with PsA (232 men, 221 women), there were 37 deaths. Sixteen men and 21 women died. The SMR for the men was 67.87% (95% CI 38.79, 110.22), and for the women, 97.01% (95% CI 60.05, 148.92) and the overall SMR for the PsA cohort was 81.82% (95% CI 57.61, 112.78). The leading causes of death in this cohort were cardiovascular disease (38%), diseases of the respiratory system (27%), and malignancy (14%).Conclusion.These results suggest that mortality in our single-center PsA cohort is not significantly different from the general UK population. No increased risk of death was observed in this cohort.
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Villanueva, Joan, José A. Flores, and Joan O. Grimalt. "A detailed comparison of the Uk′37 and coccolith records over the past 290 kyears: implications to the alkenone paleotemperature method." Organic Geochemistry 33, no. 8 (August 2002): 897–905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-6380(02)00067-0.
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