Relevant bibliographies by topics / Underwater cities

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Underwater cities'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 13 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Underwater cities"

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Mrozewicz, Anna Estera. "Underwater, cosmic, spiritual. Russian cities in Scandinavian documentaries." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 12, no. 21 (January 13, 2013): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2013.21.13.

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Usman, Nighat, Omar Alfandi, Saeeda Usman, Asad Masood Khattak, Muhammad Awais, Bashir Hayat, and Ahthasham Sajid. "An Energy Efficient Routing Approach for IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs in Smart Cities." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 4116. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154116.

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Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, Terrestrial and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs and IoT-UWSNs) are mostly used for observing and communicating via smart technologies. For the sake of collecting the desired information from the underwater environment, multiple acoustic sensors are deployed with limited resources, such as memory, battery, processing power, transmission range, etc. The replacement of resources for a particular node is not feasible due to the harsh underwater environment. Thus, the resources held by the node needs to be used efficiently to improve the lifetime of a network. In this paper, to support smart city vision, a terrestrial based “Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit” (ACH) 2 is examined in the specified three dimensional (3-D) region inside the water. Three different cases are considered, which are: single sink at the water surface, multiple sinks at water surface,, and sinks at both water surface and inside water. “Underwater (ACH) 2 ” (U-(ACH) 2 ) is evaluated in each case. We have used depth in our proposed U-(ACH) 2 to examine the performance of (ACH) 2 in the ocean environment. Moreover, a comparative analysis is performed with state of the art routing protocols, including: Depth-based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing (EEDBR) protocol. Among all of the scenarios followed by case 1 and case 3, the number of packets sent and received at sink node are maximum using DEEC-(ACH) 2 protocol. The packets drop ratio using TEEN-(ACH) 2 protocol is less when compared to other algorithms in all scenarios. Whereas, for dead nodes DEEC-(ACH) 2 , LEACH-(ACH) 2 , and SEP-(ACH) 2 protocols’ performance is different for every considered scenario. The simulation results shows that the proposed protocols outperform the existing ones.
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Papatheodorou, G., M. Geraga, A. Chalari, D. Christodoulou, M. Iatrou, E. Fakiris, St Kordella, M. Prevenios, and G. Ferentinos. "Remote sensing for underwater archaeology: case stud-ies from Greece and Eastern Mediterranean." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 44 (February 1, 2017): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.11440.

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Modern underwater remote sensing technology introduces many advantages that extend the range of conventional diving work providing the means to survey in a detailed and systematic fashion large seafloor area. There are two general approaches regarding the application of these techniques in underwater archaeology; they are being increasingly used to identify, locate and map (i) ancient and historical shipwrecks lying on the seafloor or partly buried in it and (ii) the coastal palaeogeogra-phy and thus submerged sites of archaeological interest (submerged ancient cities, settlements, ports and man-made structures). The underwater remote sensing techniques most commonly applied to underwater archaeology employ: (i) single and multi-beam echosounders (ii) side scan sonar (acousting imaging), (iii) laser line scan (optical imaging) (iv) subbottom profiler, (v) marine magne-tometer and (vi) undersea vehicles. The objectives of this paper are twofold: (i) to present the results of remote sensing surveys that carried out at sites of archaeological and historical interest, in Greece (Dokos Island, ancient harbour of Kyllene and Navarino Bay whereas a historical naval Battle took place) and in Eastern Mediterranean Sea (Alexandria Egypt and Mazotos shipwreck Cyprus), and (ii) to prove the applicability of remote sensing techniques in underwater archaeology showing that a combination of these can be a very effective tool.
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Ali, Tariq, Muhammad Irfan, Ahmad Shaf, Abdullah Saeed Alwadie, Ahthasham Sajid, Muhammad Awais, and Muhammad Aamir. "A Secure Communication in IoT Enabled Underwater and Wireless Sensor Network for Smart Cities." Sensors 20, no. 15 (August 2, 2020): 4309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154309.

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Nowadays, there is a growing trend in smart cities. Therefore, the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater and Wireless Sensor Networks (I-UWSN) are mostly used for monitoring and exploring the environment with the help of smart technology, such as smart cities. The acoustic medium is used in underwater communication and radio frequency is mostly used for wireless sensor networks to make communication more reliable. Therefore, some challenging tasks still exist in I-UWSN, i.e., selection of multiple nodes’ reliable paths towards the sink nodes; and efficient topology of the network. In this research, the novel routing protocol, namely Time Based Reliable Link (TBRL), for dynamic topology is proposed to support smart city. TBRL works in three phases. In the first phase, it discovers the topology of each node in network area using a topology discovery algorithm. In the second phase, the reliability of each established link has been determined while using two nodes reliable model for a smart environment. This reliability model reduces the chances of horizontal and higher depth level communication between nodes and selects next reliable forwarders. In the third phase, all paths are examined and the most reliable path is selected to send data packets. TBRL is simulated with the help of a network simulator tool (NS-2 AquaSim). The TBRL is compared with other well known routing protocols, i.e., Depth Based Routing (DBR) and Reliable Energy-efficient Routing Protocol (R-ERP2R), to check the performance in terms of end to end delay, packet delivery ratio, and energy consumption of a network. Furthermore, the reliability of TBRL is compared with 2H-ACK and 3H-RM. The simulation results proved that TBRL performs approximately 15% better as compared to DBR and 10% better as compared to R-ERP2R in terms of aforementioned performance metrics.
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Paszkowski, Zbigniew W. "SMART AND PROTECTIVE SURVEYING OF HIDDEN MEDITERRANEAN HERITAGE." space&FORM 2020, no. 44 (December 3, 2020): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/pif.2020.44.b-07.

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In the Mediterranean area, there are hundreds of ancient cities that have ceased to exist, and millions of valuable parts of buildings and sculptures remain hidden or abandoned. This resource requires special care and protection. There is probably a much larger part of this resource, as yet unexposed to view, remaining to be discovered. A number of historic buildings remain underground or underwater, and are not properly protected against damage or robbery. Protected areas, with limited access due to the potential occurrence of ancient monuments underground or underwater, should be designated. In order to assess the range of occurrence of such monuments from bygone cultures, it is necessary to carry out specialized field studies. The author indicates that smart digital technologies, such as digital maps of the area, satellite and aerial photographs and electromagnetic geo-radar surveys, could be used for such research.
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Ahmed, Gulnaz, Xi Zhao, and Mian Muhammad Sadiq Fareed. "A Hybrid Energy Equating Game for Energy Management in the Internet of Underwater Things." Sensors 19, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19102351.

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The Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) is an evolving class of Internet of Things and it is considered the basic unit for the development of smart cities. To support the idea of IoUT, an Underwater Sensor Network (USN) has emerged as a potential technology that has attractive and updated applications for underwater environment monitoring. In such networks, route selection and cluster-head management are still challenging. As the optimal routes always lead to congestion and longer delays while the cluster-head mismanagement leads to ending the USN lifespan earlier. In this paper, we propose a cooperative clustering game that is based upon energy heterogeneity and a penalty mechanism to deal with the cluster head mismanagement issue. Then, we use a non-cooperative evolutionary game for the best relay selection; the results prove that this utility function is the most suitable solution for the relay selection and its strategy selection converges to Nash Equilibrium. The proposed framework is compared with recent schemes using different quality measures and we found that our proposed framework performs favorably against the existing schemes for all of the evaluation metrics.
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Duvarcı, Yavuz, and Tan Yigitcanlar. "Can Tube Tunnel Crossings Relieve Urban Congestion Problems? Izmir Tube Tunnel Project Proposal Under Scrutiny." Sustainability 11, no. 9 (May 1, 2019): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11092543.

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Building underwater tube tunnel crossings to ease the urban congestion problems has become a popular approach for many cities across the globe. London, New York, Istanbul, Hamburg, Sydney and Brisbane are among these cities. However, the effectiveness and externalities of these expensive mega urban infrastructures have also been questioned widely among urban, transport and environmental planning scholars. Given the international popularity of the topic, this study places a new tube tunnel crossings project from Izmir, Turkey under the microscope. In this heuristic simulation study, policy-on scenarios were tested to determine possible impacts of the underwater tube tunnel-crossing project. The traffic impacts are discussed using simulations assigning the initial origin–destination data. The results of the study revealed that, given the two locations, outer and inner locations over the dagger-shape bay, the capacity increments on the bridge links and the links around the periphery highway did not bring any effective solutions beyond some minor improvements. The findings disclosed that the ineffectiveness of the tube tunnel crossing might be due to the excessive congestion happening all over the downtown area, which clogs the passageways to the bridge. The paper highlights the limitations of the tube tunnel-crossing project, emphasises the need for comprehensive investigations before committing to the project and advocates the emphasis to be actually given for sustainable mobility.
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Bernardini, Marco, Luca Fredianelli, Francesco Fidecaro, Paolo Gagliardi, Marco Nastasi, and Gaetano Licitra. "Noise Assessment of Small Vessels for Action Planning in Canal Cities." Environments 6, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/environments6030031.

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After the European Environmental Noise Directive prescribed noise maps and action plans, wide scientific literature and a consistent number of mitigation strategies emerged for road, railway, airport, and industrial noise. Unfortunately, very little attention has been paid to the noise produced by ports in their surroundings, even though there could be many areas affected by it. At present, more attention seems to be paid to noise produced underwater, mostly for military and security reasons and for its interference with wildlife, rather than airborne noise and its influence on human health. In the framework of a project aiming to shed more light on a topic so far under-investigated, this paper presents an acoustical characterization of different small vessels at various speeds that move around on a daily basis in every type of port, produced by means of short- and long-term measurements. The new information acquired was used to produce a map of noise generated by vessels moving in Livorno’s canals, which branch off in a densely inhabited area. The simulations were validated using long-term measurement. The number of citizens exposed was also estimated and used to calculate the number of highly annoyed people according to the recent curve for road traffic noise proposed by Guski et al. In order to prevent citizen exposure to noise and possible complaints about small boats, different scenarios and possible future situations such as various vessel speeds, limited flow, restricted areas for some categories, or new residential areas were studied.
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Latner, Jonathan P. "Rethinking the Role of Racial Segregation in the American Foreclosure Crisis." City & Community 16, no. 4 (December 2017): 447–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/cico.12253.

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Racial segregation is an important factor in understanding the foreclosure crisis, but must be understood to operate in particular and specific ways. The primary, positive impact of segregation on foreclosure risk operates prior to loan origination through the differential access to loan quality by race. Afterward, the impact of segregation is negative. Drawing on a rare dataset of loans that combine loan performance and borrower characteristics, I use a competing risks proportional hazard model to examine the impact of race and racial segregation on risk of foreclosure among borrowers. Results indicate that Black segregation has a large, negative impact on foreclosure risk. Instead, the strongest positive contributor to foreclosure is the negative value of the home relative to the balance of the loan (i.e., “underwater,” as measured by the put option), which is also the mechanism that explains most of the difference in the foreclosure rate by race. The negative impact of racial segregation on foreclosure risk is the result of a mismatch between cities with high levels of segregation and cities with large declines in home prices and related foreclosures.
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Mattei, Gaia, Salvatore Troisi, Pietro Aucelli, Gerardo Pappone, Francesco Peluso, and Michele Stefanile. "Sensing the Submerged Landscape of Nisida Roman Harbour in the Gulf of Naples from Integrated Measurements on a USV." Water 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2018): 1686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111686.

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This paper shows an interesting case of coastal landscape reconstruction by using innovative marine robotic instrumentation, applied to an archaeological key-site in the Campi Flegrei (Italy), one of the more inhabited areas in the Mediterranean during the Roman period. This active volcanic area is world famous for the ancient coastal cities of Baiae, Puteoli, and Misenum, places of military and commercial excellence. The multidisciplinary study of the submerged Roman harbour at Nisida Island was aimed at reconstructing the natural and anthropogenic underwater landscape by elaborating a multiscale dataset. The integrated marine surveys were carried out by an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) foreseeing the simultaneous use of geophysical and photogrammetric sensors according to the modern philosophy of multi-modal mapping. All instrumental measurements were validated by on-site measurements performed by specialised scuba divers. The multiscale analysis of the sensing data allowed a precise reconstruction of the coastal morpho-evolutive trend and the relative sea level variation in the last 2000 years by means of a new type of archaeological sea-level marker here proposed for the first time. Furthermore, it provided a detailed multidimensional documentation of the underwater cultural heritage and a useful tool for evaluating the conservation state of archaeological submerged structures.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Underwater cities"

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Desidera, Elena. "Comportements reproductifs des mérous (Epinephelidae) dans l’Aire Marine Protégée de Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo (Méditerranée nord-occidentale)." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://theses.univ-cotedazur.fr/2020COAZ4006.

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Les comportements reproductifs et certains traits biologiques particuliers (e.g. grande taille, maturité sexuelle tardive, hermaphroditisme), rendent certaines espèces très vulnérables à la surpêche. Les mérous (Epinephelidae), qui sont des espèces importantes des points de vue écologiques et économiques, sont parmi les poissons téléostéens les plus vulnérables au monde. De par leurs cycles biologiques, en particulier de leurs caractéristiques reproductives, et de leur grande valeur commerciale, beaucoup de populations de mérous surexploitées ont sérieusement décliné et certaines espèces risquent de s'éteindre. Les Aires Marines Protégées (AMP) gérées efficacement se sont révélées cruciales pour renverser cette tendance et restaurer des populations appauvries en interdisant les activités de pêche. Les mérous sont aussi considérés comme des espèces emblématiques, car les zones de protection intégrale comptent plus de grands individus que les zones non protégées. C’est pourquoi, en plus d’être importants économiquement pour la pêche et écologiquement comme prédateur de haut niveau, les mérous sont de plus en plus considérés comme une attraction importante pour l’écotourisme subaquatique. Alors que de multiples études ont montré l’efficacité des AMP à reconstituer l’âge et la structure de populations de poissons appauvries, on ne sait pas dans quelle mesure elles protègent l’intégrité des comportements reproductifs. Dans cette thèse, la biologie reproductive de l’espèce de mérou la plus emblématique de la Méditerranée - le mérou brun, Epinephelus marginatus - a été étudiée. L’objectif était d’évaluer l’efficacité de mesures de protection sur son comportement reproductif. Dans ce but, des approches non invasives complémentaires ont été employées au sein de l’AMP de Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo MPA (AMP de TPCC) au Nord-Ouest de la Méditerranée. Afin de localiser de potentiels sites d’agrégation reproductive à l’intérieur et à l’extérieur de l’AMP de TPCC, les connaissances des pêcheurs au harpon sur la présence passée et présente du mérou brun ont été recueillies. Ensuite, la taille et l’abondance de E. marginatus a été évaluée par recensement visuel en plongée (RVP) pour évaluer si les sites protégés et non protégés sélectionnés pouvaient potentiellement accueillir des agrégations reproductives. Contrairement aux sites protégés, très peu d’individus et de petite taille ont été observés sur les sites non protégés, y rendant la formation d’agrégations reproductive peu probable. La recherche s’est donc focalisée seulement sur les sites protégés en y collectant par RVP et photo identification des données sur l’abondance, le sexe, la résidence et les mouvements des individus entre différents sites. En plus des photos prises durant les activités de terrain, des plongeurs de loisir locaux ont été impliqués dans une initiative de science citoyenne et ont contribué à élargir la recherche en temps et en espace. Finalement, les comportements reproductifs ont été observés en plongée in situ et les productions sonores associées ont été enregistrées par Surveillance Acoustique Passive (SAP). Les analyses des enregistrements ont permis non seulement de valider pour la première fois à l’état sauvage les sons émis pendant les parades reproductives du mérou brun, mais aussi de déterminer les patterns temporels de ses comportements reproductifs. Au total, ces résultats renforcent l’importance des mesures de protection efficaces (protection intégrale) pour l’établissement d’agrégations reproductives et la reproduction de l’espèce étudiée, et sa viabilité à long-terme. Cette recherche promeut également l’usage de la SAP pour la surveillance de la reproduction du mérou brun et l’appui aux décideurs dans la mise en place de mesures de conservation et de gestion efficaces. Finalement, cette thèse apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur le comportement reproductif de deux autres espèces de mérou qui ont été documentés aux mêmes sites que le mérou brun
Reproductive behaviours, alongside peculiar biological traits (e.g., large size, late sexual maturity, hermaphroditism), make some species particularly susceptible to overfishing. Groupers (Epinephelidae), ecologically and economically valuable species, are among the most vulnerable of all teleost fish worldwide. Due to their life-history traits, particularly reproductive ones, and their high commercial value, many grouper populations have undergone serious declines due to overexploitation and some species are even at great risk of extinction. Effectively enforced Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have proven crucial for reversing this trend and promoting the recovery of depleted grouper populations by prohibiting fishing activities. Groupers are regarded as flagship species since more large-sized individuals can be found within fully protected areas compared to unprotected areas. Therefore, besides being commercially important as fishing resources and ecologically relevant as high-level predators, groupers are increasingly considered as important attractions for diving ecotourism in many effective MPAs. While multiple studies have demonstrated MPAs’ effectiveness in recovering depleted fish populations, little is known about the extent to which MPAs protect the integrity of fish reproductive behaviours. In this thesis, the reproductive biology of the most iconic grouper species in the Mediterranean Sea - the dusky grouper, Epinephelus marginatus - was investigated. The goal of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of protection measures on the reproductive behavioural traits of this species. For this research, a combination of multiple, complementary and non-invasive study approaches was employed within a North-Western Mediterranean MPA, the Tavolara-Punta Coda Cavallo MPA (TPCC MPA). More specifically, to locate potential spawning aggregation sites both inside and outside the TPCC MPA, the local ecological knowledge of spear-fishers about past and present occurrences of the dusky grouper was surveyed. Then, to assess whether the selected protected and unprotected sites could be likely to host spawning aggregations, Underwater Visual Census (UVC) surveys were conducted to collect size and abundance data of E. marginatus both inside and outside the TPCC MPA. Results indicate that very few and small-sized individuals were recorded at unprotected sites, as opposed to protected ones, making the occurrence of spawning aggregations less likely outside the TPCC MPA. Therefore, by focusing only on protected sites, data about the abundance, sex, residency patterns and inter-site movements of individuals were collected by combining UVC and photo-identification approaches. Besides having intentionally collected photos while carrying out research fieldwork, local recreational photographers-divers were engaged in a correlated citizen science initiative and significantly contributed to broaden this research both in time and space. Finally, dusky grouper reproductive behaviours were observed during in situ diver surveys and the associated sound production was recorded through passive acoustic monitoring (PAM). Audio-recordings analyses helped not only to validate the courtship calls of the dusky grouper for the first time in the wild, but also to determine the temporal patterns of its courtship activity. Altogether, these results provide further evidence that effective protection measures (fully protected areas) are crucial in ensuring the occurrence of the study species aggregation and reproduction, and, ultimately, the long-term viability of its populations. This research also provides support for using PAM as a useful tool for monitoring dusky grouper reproduction and supporting decision makers in setting effective conservation and management measures. Finally, this thesis provides new insights into the reproductive behaviours of two other grouper species that were documented at the same reproductive sites of the dusky grouper
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Books on the topic "Underwater cities"

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Underwater cities: The coral reefs. Columbus, Ohio: Zaner-Bloser, Inc., 2004.

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Shipwrecks: Exploring sunken cities beneath the sea. New York: Dutton Children's Books, 2009.

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Kondratov, Aleksandr Mikhaĭlovich. Atlantidy ishchite na shelʹfe. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat, 1988.

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Ploskikh, V. V. (Vasiliĭ Vladimirovich), author, ed. Underwater mysteries of Issyk-Kul: In search of the Christian Monastery and the relics of saint Matthew, who was an Apostle and Evangelist = Podvodnye taĭny Issyk-Kuli︠a︡ : v poiskakh khristianskogo monastyri︠a︡ i moshcheĭ svi︠a︡togo Matfei︠a︡, apostola i evangelista. Bishkek: Ilim, 2008.

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Reese, Jenn. Horizon: Above World #3. Somerville, Mass: Candlewick Press, 2014.

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Malam, John. Lost and found. Irvine, Calif: QEB Publishing, 2011.

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Goddio, Franck, and Alain-Xavier Wurst. Lost Cities (Encyclopaedia of Underwater Archaeology). Periplus Publishing London Ltd, 2004.

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Cities & Subsurface Use. Taylor & Francis, 1988.

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M, Legrand, and Association française des travaux en souterrain., eds. Collectivités territoriales et utilisation du sous-sol: Comptes-rendus des journees d'etudes internationales = Cities and subsurface use : proceedings of an international seminar : Association française des travaux en souterrain, Bordeaux/21-23 octobre 1987. Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema, 1988.

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Fletcher, Bass George, and Institute of Nautical Archaeology (U.S.), eds. Beneath the seven seas: Adventures with the Institute of Nautical Archaeology. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Underwater cities"

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Ochoa-Zezzatti, Alberto, Martin Montes-Rivera, and Roberto Contreras-Masse. "Color, Value and Type Koi Variant in Aquaculture Industry Economic Model with Tank's Measurement Underwater using ANNs." In Innovative Applications in Smart Cities, 186–202. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003191148-17.

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Kumar, V. S., A. Chakradhar, M. Shiva Prasad, and Y. Shekar. "Doppler Shift Based Sampling Rate Conversion for GFDM Underwater Acoustic Communication." In Proceedings of International Conference on Recent Trends in Machine Learning, IoT, Smart Cities and Applications, 239–49. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7234-0_20.

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Dutta, Ashit Kumar, and Hazim Saleh Alarawashdeh. "Multi-Objective WSN Detection Model in the Internet of Underwater Things (IoUT) for Smart Cities." In Artificial Intelligence Applications for Smart Societies, 49–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63068-3_4.

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Trigona, Simon Luca. "Archeologia subacquea in Liguria: un progetto integrato per la tutela e la valorizzazione." In Proceedings e report, 137–46. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.15.

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The Soprintendenza of Liguria has always given a particular attention to underwater archaeology and still today it pursues clear and specific aims: design, build, manage and increase competences and technologies that can be able to contribute to the regional and cultural development. The experience reached in Liguria by many years, leaded our activities of protection, research and valorization in order to develop a network of integrated archaeological sites and naval museums. On land this project provides two new museums in the cities of Albenga and Imperia that will be connected with a series of exhibitions and conferences
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Deebak, Bakkiam David, and Fadi Al-Turjman. "Aerial and underwater drone communication: potentials and vulnerabilities." In Drones in Smart-Cities, 1–26. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819972-5.00001-x.

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Atham, Saira Banu, and Kalpna Guleria. "Smart City in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." In Energy-Efficient Underwater Wireless Communications and Networking, 287–301. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-3640-7.ch019.

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The earth is covered 71% by water and the human utilizes the remaining 29% for their shelter and living. The idea of living under the water is possible only in fiction movies for our ancestors. But in this century, the idea of living in an underwater city has become a reality with the development of the existing technology. The exploration of the undersea is booming in the science community, which shows the path for underwater cities, underwater museum, and underwater hotels. This chapter contributes the information related to underwater smart cities in three folds: (1) discusses the major challenges in developing the underwater infrastructure, (2) introduces the internet of underwater things components involved in interconnecting the devices for underwater acoustic communication, (3) list the examples of the existing masterpiece architecture constructed underwater.
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Salami, Abdulazeez Femi, Emmanuel Adewale Adedokun, Fadi Al-Turjman, Habeeb Bello-Salau, Bashir Olaniyi Sadiq, and Eustace M. Dogo. "Explorative analysis of AUV-aided cluster-based routing protocols for Internet of intelligent underwater sensors." In Drones in Smart-Cities, 143–87. Elsevier, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-819972-5.00009-4.

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Janani, E. Srie Vidhya, and A. Rehash Rushmi Pavitra. "Cost Effective Smart Farming With FARS-Based Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks." In Handbook of Research on Implementation and Deployment of IoT Projects in Smart Cities, 296–316. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-9199-3.ch018.

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Smart farming is a key to develop sustainable agriculture, involving a wide range of information and communication technologies comprising machinery, equipment, and sensors at different levels. Seawater, which is available in huge volumes across the planet, should find its optimal way through irrigation purposes. On the other hand, underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) finds its way actively in current researches where sensors are deployed for examining discrete activities such as tactical surveillance, ocean monitoring, offshore analysis, and instrument observing. All these activities are based on a radically new type of sensors deployed in ocean for data collection and communication. A lightweight Hydro probe II sensor quantifies the soil moisture and water flow level at an acknowledged wavelength. The freshwater absorption repository system (FARS) is matured based on the mechanics of UWSNs comprised of SBE 39 and pressure sensor for analyzing atmospheric pressure and temperature. This necessitates further exploration of FARS to complement smart farming. Discrete routing protocols have been designed for data collection in both compatible and divergent networks. Clustering is an effective approach to increase energy efficient data transmission, which is crucial for underwater networks. Furthermore, the chapter attempts to facilitate seawater irrigation to the farm lands through reverse osmosis (RO) process. Also, the proposed irrigation pattern exploits residual water from the RO process which is identified to be one among the suitable growing conditions for salicornia seeds and mangrove trees. Ultimately, the cost-effective technology-enabled irrigation methodology suggested offers farm-related services through mobile phones that increase flexibility across the overall smart farming framework.
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Bettencourt, José, Adilson Dias, Carlos Lima, Christelle Chouzenoux, Cristovão Fonseca, Dúnia Pereira, Gonçalo Lopes, et al. "Arqueologia marítima em Cabo Verde: enquadramento e primeiros resultados do projecto CONCHA." In Arqueologia em Portugal 2020 - Estado da Questão - Textos, 2071–84. Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses e CITCEM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-8970-25-1/arqa155.

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Among the partners of the UNESCO Chair The Ocean’s Cultural Heritage are CHAM and IPC (Cape Verde) which defined as essential action the underwater archaeological site inventory of that archipelago. This action started in 2018 as part of the European project CONCHA, that aims to address the different ways that port cities developed around the Atlantic during the early modern era. CONCHA’s surveys were conducted on the island of Santiago, in Ribeira Grande anchorage, in São Francisco (17th century) and in Urânia shipwrecks (1809). The project included the underwater survey, a review of the documentation and of the archaeological materials, recovered from the sites, at the Museum of Archaeology in Praia. Dissemination and training activities were also carried out. This paper systematizes the results of these works.
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Teixeir, André, Jaylson Monteiro, Mariana Mateus, Nireide Tavares, Cristovão Fonseca, Gonçalo C. Lopes, Joana Bento Torres, et al. "Trabalhos arqueológicos na Cidade Velha (Ribeira Grande de Santiago, Cabo Verde): reflexões sobre um projecto de investigação e divulgação patrimonial." In Arqueologia em Portugal 2020 - Estado da Questão - Textos, 2071–84. Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses e CITCEM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21747/978-989-8970-25-1/arqa156.

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Among the partners of the UNESCO Chair The Ocean’s Cultural Heritage are CHAM and IPC (Cape Verde) which defined as essential action the underwater archaeological site inventory of that archipelago. This action started in 2018 as part of the European project CONCHA, that aims to address the different ways that port cities developed around the Atlantic during the early modern era. CONCHA’s surveys were conducted on the island of Santiago, in Ribeira Grande anchorage, in São Francisco (17th century) and in Urânia shipwrecks (1809). The project included the underwater survey, a review of the documentation and of the archaeological materials, recovered from the sites, at the Museum of Archaeology in Praia. Dissemination and training activities were also carried out. This paper systematizes the results of these works.
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Conference papers on the topic "Underwater cities"

1

Sani, Muhammad Ikhsan, Simon Siregar, Muhammad Zein Irsyad, and Yurvan Igo Wibowo. "Navigation system for smartphone-based autonomous underwater vehicle." In 2017 International Conference on Smart Cities, Automation & Intelligent Computing Systems (ICON-SONICS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icon-sonics.2017.8267816.

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Ennis, Marie, and Donald Friedman. "Engineering as a Prerequisite for Growth: New York and its Infrastructure." In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.0744.

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<p>As a world city, New York is famous for many reasons; as a large city located primarily on islands at a complex of rivers, bays, and tidal straits, it has long depended on structural engineering for viability. Prominent structures include underwater vehicular and rail tunnels, bridges of every structural type, and aqueducts. Ten different buildings have held the world record for height, two arch bridges have held the world record for span, and four different suspension bridges have held the world record for their main span. With a multitude of successful businesses and the physical constraints of the geography, the motivation for technical innovation were present, and engineers were ready for the challenges.</p><p>These structures have generally not been built because they would break records, but rather because they served a purpose. For example, the Brooklyn Bridge, with a center span fiIy percent longer than the second- longest at the time of its construction, was built because ferries were the only transportation between New York and Brooklyn, then the first and third largest cities in the country. There is a close correlation, decade by decade and beginning in the 1880s, between what was feasible in terms of structural engineering and what has been built to enable the city to grow and prosper. This paper will examine that correlation and engineers’ role in the city’s evolution.</p>
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Oğuzhan, Adnan, and Cenk Hamamcıoğlu. "Spatial and Structural Analysis of Futuristic Urban Utopian Thoughts in Climate Change Dystopias." In 4th International Conference of Contemporary Affairs in Architecture and Urbanism – Full book proceedings of ICCAUA2020, 20-21 May 2021. Alanya Hamdullah Emin Paşa University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38027/iccaua2021tr0067n17.

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It is thought that climate change will radically affect societies in the future, leading to radical changes in the structural and spatial mechanisms of cities. Today, most of the World, particularly 10% of the World's population living in settlements below the sea level are expected to be affected by extreme climatic conditions such as sea-level rise, change in ocean currents, destructive weather events and heat waves (IPCC, 2019). As discussed in the literature (see. Hjerpe & Linner, 2009; Foust, 2009), in this study, the most severe effects of climate change are described as a dystopian period. In this direction, the study aims to share and discuss the samples of futurist urban utopia thoughts for the environments such as floating, underwater/sub aqua, underground/subterranean and overhead/aerial (sky, space), which are considered as uninhabitable or difficult to live under normal conditions together with their structural and spatial properties, in order for societies to survive in the dystopia of climate change. In the context of climate change, the futurist urban utopias, which are envisaged for different environments, are analyzed through four variables; technological features, ways of obtaining resources, spatial and urban form conceptions, and their mutual evaluation has been determined as the method to be followed in the study.
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del Rio, J., J. Aguzzi, A. Hidalgo, I. Bghiel, A. Manuel, V. Sbragaglia, and F. Sarda. "Citizen science and marine community monitoring by video-cabled observatories: The OBSEA Citizen Science project." In 2013 IEEE International Underwater Technology Symposium (UT 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ut.2013.6519842.

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Chubarenko, Irina, Irina Chubarenko, Margarita Bagaeva, and Margarita Bagaeva. "BALTIC AMBER MIGRATIONS AS A MODEL OF MICROPLASTICS BEHAVIOR IN THE SEA COASTAL ZONE." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b4317395eac.

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The problem of microplastic pollution is of increasing concern. Behaviour of microplastic particles (0.5 mm < L < 5mm in the largest dimension) in marine environment is difficult to predict, and no field observations are available up to now. Baltic amber (succinite), with its density of about 1.05-1.09 g/cm3, fits the range of densities of slightly negatively buoyant plastics: polyamide, polystyrene, acrylic, etc. Baltic citizens have observed amber migrations for centuries, and the collected information may shed some light onto general features of microplastic particles behaviour. Events of “amber washing-out” at the sea shore of the Sambian peninsula (Kaliningrad oblast, Russia) typically take place in autumn-winter time. Experience of divers indicates that amber is washed out from the depths as deep as 15 m. Massive presence in amber-containing debris of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis, dominating in the sea at depths of 6-15 m, proves this fact. From oceanographic viewpoint, important for the “amber washing-out” are: strong and long-lasting storm, phase of wind decrease or direction change, developed long surface waves, shore exposure to wind. Analysis of characteristic wave lengths after long storms, dimensions of their surf zone, and changes in underwater bottom profile is carried out. Conclusion is that slightly negatively buoyant microplastic particles should migrate for a long time between beaches and underwater slopes until they are broken into small enough pieces that can be transported by currents to deeper area and deposited out of reach of stormy waves.
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Chubarenko, Irina, Irina Chubarenko, Margarita Bagaeva, and Margarita Bagaeva. "BALTIC AMBER MIGRATIONS AS A MODEL OF MICROPLASTICS BEHAVIOR IN THE SEA COASTAL ZONE." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b93b85649e0.00028809.

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The problem of microplastic pollution is of increasing concern. Behaviour of microplastic particles (0.5 mm < L < 5mm in the largest dimension) in marine environment is difficult to predict, and no field observations are available up to now. Baltic amber (succinite), with its density of about 1.05-1.09 g/cm3, fits the range of densities of slightly negatively buoyant plastics: polyamide, polystyrene, acrylic, etc. Baltic citizens have observed amber migrations for centuries, and the collected information may shed some light onto general features of microplastic particles behaviour. Events of “amber washing-out” at the sea shore of the Sambian peninsula (Kaliningrad oblast, Russia) typically take place in autumn-winter time. Experience of divers indicates that amber is washed out from the depths as deep as 15 m. Massive presence in amber-containing debris of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis, dominating in the sea at depths of 6-15 m, proves this fact. From oceanographic viewpoint, important for the “amber washing-out” are: strong and long-lasting storm, phase of wind decrease or direction change, developed long surface waves, shore exposure to wind. Analysis of characteristic wave lengths after long storms, dimensions of their surf zone, and changes in underwater bottom profile is carried out. Conclusion is that slightly negatively buoyant microplastic particles should migrate for a long time between beaches and underwater slopes until they are broken into small enough pieces that can be transported by currents to deeper area and deposited out of reach of stormy waves.
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7

Shimojima, Ken, Yoshikazu Higa, Osamu Higa, Ayumi Takemoto, Shigeru Itoh, Atsushi Yasuda, Hirofumi Iyama, and Toshiaki Watanabe. "Visualization of Shock Wave Propagation Behavior of the General-Purpose Batch Processing for Pressure Vessel by Numerical Simulation." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63510.

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Recently, National Institute of Technology, Okinawa College (ONCT) has been developing a new food processing method using underwater shock wave. The continuous-operation device was manufactured for the production of rice flour, the amount of milling flour per hour and the quality of the rice powder were evaluated. In the case of Yuzu (Citrus junos), an improved fragrance was obtained using this methods compared with other general processing method. The authors have also developed a batch-type crushing device (pressure vessel) for various food processing. However, the mechanism by which is processed using shock waves has not been clarified. Therefore, in this study, the propagation characteristics of a shock wave in the developed pressure vessel were evaluated by numerical simulation. The characteristics of processing is evaluated using shock wave and, the pressure resistance of the vessel was analyzed. In addition, food processing experiments using the developed device were performed. In which, in which “Yuzu” were crushed. Yuzu before-and-after crushing were compared, and the effect of shock wave were clarified.
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