Academic literature on the topic 'United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries'
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Journal articles on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries"
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Hongyuan, Yu. "Rebalancing Global Climate Governance and China’s Endeavor." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 05, no. 03 (January 2019): 417–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740019500246.
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In December 2018, the 24th Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was held in Katowice, Poland, and reached a package of agreements. It provided a new opportunity for the promotion of global climate negotiations and new momentum for the transformation of global climate governance as well. The Katowice conference continued the tradition of the previous conferences in enhancing policy coordination and contribution among various actors. The success of the conference depends on scientific reports of climate disasters, coordinated efforts by major countries, and the contribution of various non-state actors. However, as an ongoing process, global climate governance is still faced by many difficulties, such as weak synergy, staggering development of global environmental governance, daunting challenges to least developed countries (LDCs) in climate actions, and lack of fairness, which need to be tackled through joint endeavor by both developed and developing countries. As the second largest economy and biggest greenhouse gas emitter, China’s future engagement in global climate governance will be focused on promoting green competitiveness, enhancing its institutional power in the governance process, and strengthening pragmatic multi-stakeholder climate diplomacy, so as to promote common understanding among countries and help with their policy coordination for climate actions.
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Bedriñana, Karen G. Añaños, José Antonio Rodríguez Martín, and Fanny T. Añaños. "Human Rights in the Least Developed Countries of Asia: An Index for Quantifying Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Wellbeing)." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 9 (April 29, 2021): 4747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094747.
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This paper aims to measure disparities among the variables associated with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 defined by the United Nations (UN) in the least developed countries (LDCs) of Asia. In the terms of the UN Conference on Trade and Development, LDCs are countries with profound economic and social inequalities. The indicator was constructed using a set of variables associated with SDG3: Good Health and Wellbeing. Applying Pena’s DP2 distance method to the most recent data available (2018) enables regional ordering of Asia’s LDCs based on the values of these variables. The index integrates socioeconomic variables that permit examination of the impact of each individual indicator to determine territorial disparities in terms of the partial indicators of SDG3. “Maternal education,” “Proportion of women who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use, and reproductive health care,” and “Gender parity index in primary education” are the most important variables in explaining spatial disparities in good health and wellbeing in the LDCs of Asia.
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Hall, Christopher Keith. "The Third and Fourth Sessions of the UN Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court." American Journal of International Law 92, no. 1 (January 1998): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998072.
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The Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (Preparatory Committee or committee) held its third and fourth sessions from February 10 to 21, 1997, and August 4 to 15, 1997, bringing the world a step closer to the establishment of a permanent international criminal court (ICC). The United Nations General Assembly, on December 16, 1996, reaffirmed the mandate of the Preparatory Committee and decided that the committee would meet in four more sessions (the final two from December 1 to 12, 1997, and March 16 to April 3, 1998) “in order to complete the drafting of a widely acceptable consolidated text of a convention, to be submitted to a diplomatic conference.” It also decided that “a diplomatic conference of plenipotentiaries will be held in 1998, with a view to finalizing and adopting a convention on the establishment of an international criminal court”; the conference is now scheduled to open in Rome on June 15,1998, and to last five weeks. The General Assembly urged participation in the committee “by the largest number of States so as to promote universal support for an international criminal court” and requested that the Secretary-General establish a voluntary fund to facilitate participation in the committee and the diplomatic conference by the least developed countries.
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Azam, M. Monirul. "Climate Change Resilience and Technology Transfer: The Role of Intellectual Property." Nordic Journal of International Law 80, no. 4 (2011): 485–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x598445.
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AbstractThe impact of climate change has emerged as a major threat to sustainable development and poverty reduction efforts in many less developed countries, in particular in the least developed countries (LDCs) such as the countries in the African region and Small Island States. New technologies are necessary for the stabilization and reduction of atmospheric greenhouse gases and to enhance the capacity of poor countries to respond to shifts in resource endowments that are expected to accompany climate change. Therefore, technology transfer, particularly in the case of access to environmentally sound technologies (ESTs) is widely seen as an integral part of climate change resilience. Concerted efforts will be required for the development, deployment and transfer of ESTs to reduce vulnerability and increase resilience to the risks of climate change. Thus, development and transfer of ESTs has emerged as a fundamental building block in the crafting of a post-Kyoto 2012 global regime for climate change resilience. In this context, the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) has been the subject of increased attention in the climate change discussions since the Bali conference of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in 2007. Different conflicting views and positions have emerged pointing to the role of IPRs in either facilitating or hindering the transfer of ESTs. The dissemination of ESTs from developed countries to developing countries and LDCs is a very complicated process often simplified by the argument that patent waiver for ESTs or allowing copying with weak intellectual property rights will help the developing countries and LDCs to better cope with the climate change problems. This article tries to examine the relationship between the IPRs (with special reference to patent system) and the resilience discourse with a starting point in the terms of social and ecological resilience.
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Mallick, Seeme. "Sustainable Income, Employment, and Income Distribution in Indonesia." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 579–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.579-596.
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Production and consumption activities in any economy have a direct impact on the environment. Although increased economic activity and population growth in developing countries continue to exert enormous pressure on their natural environments, the role of the environment is neglected in the estimation of national income. Such neglect at the macroeconomic level is at least in part, an important cause of environmental degradation in developing countries. Since the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development in 1992 at Rio and even as early as middle of the 1980s, a substantial literature had developed on methods to integrate the environment into the economic development process. The main assertion in this literature is that natural resources represent a form of capital that is analogous to the stock of manufactured capital. Sustainable income can be determined by allocating a portion of income to allow for the deprecation of natural capital [Ahmed, El Serafy, and Lutz (1989) and Solow (1992)]. Indonesia had average real GDP growth rates of more than five percent per year up to the early 1990s [World Bank (1994)]. But income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) has been high. Although inequality continues to be quite high, especially between rural and urban populations, Indonesia has been successful in poverty alleviation up to mid 1990s. In 1976 almost 40 percent of its population was below the poverty line, which in 1993 decreased to less than 14 percent [Todaro (1994)]. Income distributional consequences of economic growth would continue to be one of the main policy issues in Indonesia. This is due to its large population size, presence of different ethnic and religious groups, large diversity between rural and urban groups, variety of natural resources scattered over the country, huge distances and the effects of a far-flung archipelago [Akita, Lukman, and Yamada (1999)].
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Rahman, Shah Md Mahfuzur, Shah Monir Hossain, and Mahmood Uz Jahan. "Diet related NCDs: Time for action." Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 45, no. 3 (December 30, 2019): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v45i3.44641.
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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and posing significant challenges both in developed and developing countries including Bangladesh. In 2016, of the total 56.9 million global deaths, 71.0%, were due to NCDs. Some 85.0% of premature deaths from NCDs, are in low and middle income countries, where greater burden of undernutrition and infectious diseases exist.1-3 Evidence suggests a higher age specific mortality for NCDs among Bangladeshi population compared to Western populations, which putting burden on healthcare systems. 4 Bangladesh NCD Risk Factors Survey, 2018 showed that among the adult population, the mean salt intake was 16.5 gram per day and the prevalence of dislipidaemia was 28.4 %.5 Sugar consumption also continues to rise, driven by increased intake of beverages, biscuits, sweets and confectionary items. Industrially produced transfat in some food items is also an important issue in the country.
Malnutrition is a key risk factor for NCDs. Globally, nearly one in three people has at least one form of malnutrition, and this will reach one in two by 2025, based on current trends.6-8 All forms of malnutrition are caused by unhealthy, poor quality diets. Unhealthy diets that include high sugar, salt and fat intake, malnutrition, and NCDs are closely linked. Not only on the health, malnutrition and diet related NCDs pose a substantial burden on the economy and development.
Food systems worldwide face major challenges, such as population growth, globalisation, urbanisation, and climate change. Today’s food systems are broken and do not deliver nutritious, safe, affordable, and sustainable diets; they undermine nutrition in several ways, particularly for vulnerable and marginalised populations. Billions of dollars are spent annually marketing foods high in calories, fats, sugars, and salt, and intake has increased globally, including in low income countries.8
United Nations (UN) is well committed to prevent and control noncommunicable diseases through adopting series of resolutions in its General Assembly. In 2013, Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO) resolved to develop and implement national action plans, in line with the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases (2013–2020).9 NCDs are also embedded in sustainable development goal (SDG) target 3.4, that is, to reduce by one-third the premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 2030. NCDs are also linked to other SDGs, notably SDG 1 to end poverty. In 2017, the WHO Global Conference on Noncommunicable Diseases reaffirmed noncommunicable diseases as a sustainable development priority in the Montevideo roadmap 2018–2030.10
Bangladesh has also developed the Multisectoral Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2018-2025, with a three-year operational plan.11 Earlier the country has developed National Nutrition Policy, 2015, Second National Plan of Action for Nutrition, 2016-2025, Dietary Guidelines and other policies, strategies and action plan. The country is putting efforts for the prevention and control of malnutrition and NCDs.
Furthermore, to prevent and control the diet related noncommunicable diseases across the life cycle nutrition labelling, re-formulation of food standards with limiting high sugar, salt and fat, and banning industrial transfats; restriction of food advertising particularly marketing of unhealthy foods to children, imposing tax on sugar sweetened drinks, junk food etc. Aimed at behavior change communication, mass-media campaigns, nutritional advice and nutrition education on NCDs in general and diet related NCDs in particular are thus recommended.
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Borowy, Iris. "Negotiating international development: The making of the Millennium Development Goals." Regions and Cohesions 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2015): 18–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/reco.2015.050303.
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The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) evolved in the competition between two perspectives on development: one that sees the reasons for poverty and misery in the specificities of the countries concerned (the localist view) and another that looks at the global context, including and especially the policies of “developed” high-income countries (the globalist view). The core of the MDGs emerged in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and shifted the public focus from the globalist approaches of recent United Nations (UN) conferences to a localist approach. Subsequent UN discussions broadened the perspective again, leading to a more hybrid final form. In the process, goals on equitable trade and financial relations, on market access for products from the Least Developed Countries and on HIV/AIDS and malaria were added, while a goal on access to reproductive health was dropped. Meanwhile, inherent economic–environmental contradictions have remained unresolved. Spanish Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) evolucionaron a través de la competencia entre dos puntos de vista sobre el desarrollo: uno que ve las razones de la pobreza y la miseria en las especificidades de los países en cuestión (la visión localista) y otro que las ve en el contexto global, incluyendo especialmente las políticas de los países “desarrollados” de altos ingresos (la visión globalista). El núcleo de los ODM surgió en la Organización para la Cooperación y Desarrollo Económicos (OCDE) y cambió la perspectiva pública de enfoques globalistas de las conferencias recientes de Naciones Unidas por un enfoque localista. Discusiones posteriores de las Naciones Unidas ampliaron la perspectiva de nuevo, dando lugar a una forma final más híbrida. A lo largo de este proceso, se añadieron metas sobre el comercio justo y las relaciones financieras, el acceso a los mercados para los productos de los países menos adelantados, el VIH/SIDA y la malaria, mientras que se redujo el objetivo del acceso a la salud reproductiva. Mientras tanto, las contradicciones inherentes a temas económicos y ambientales han quedado sin resolver. French Les Objectifs du Millénaire pour le développement (OMD) ont évolué entre deux points de vue concurrents sur le développement : celui qui voit les causes de la pauvreté et de la misère dans les spécificités des pays concernés — la vision localiste — et un autre qui prend en considération le contexte mondial, y compris surtout les politiques des pays «développés» -la vision mondialiste-. Le noyau des OMD a émergé au sein de l'OCDE et il a détourné l'attention publique des approches globalistes des conférences récentes des Nations Unies vers une approche localiste. Les discussions ultérieures des Nations Unies ont de nouveau élargi la perspective, conduisant finalement à une forme plus hybride. Au cours de ce processus, les objectifs en matière de commerce équitable et de relations financières, l'accès aux marchés pour les produits des pays les moins avancés et ceux qui concernent le VIH / sida et le paludisme ont été ajoutés, tandis que l'objectif de l'accès à la santé reproductive a été abandonné alors que les contradictions inhérentes à l'économie et à l'environnement sont restées en suspens
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Mtesa, Love. "Commentary: Developing Countries Perspective on Agricultural Liberalization." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850053. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1140.
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A commentary on Patrick Messerlin's article, "Agricultural Trade Liberalization." Love Mtesa is Zambian Ambassador to the United Nations and other international organizations in Geneva, including the WTO. He is the Coordinator for the Least Developed Countries at the Ambassadorial level. Ambassador Mtesa joined the Zambian Foreign Service in 1966 and later served [in]: Kinshasa, Congo; Addis Ababa, Ethiopa; as Director of the African and Middle East Department in the Zambian Ministry of Foreign Affairs; Harare, Zimbabwe; as Zambia’s Permanent Representative at the United Nations in New York; and as Zambian Ambassador to Great Britain and other European nations. He has also been active in opposition politics in Zambia for a number of years.
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Pastarmadzhieva, D. "MAJORITY/PLURALITY SYSTEMS: THE CHOICE OF LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES?" Trakia Journal of Sciences 17, Suppl.1 (2019): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2019.s.01.019.
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The electoral system of a country is related to the political, economic and social areas of life. Their functioning directly or indirectly depends on it and the different types and subtypes of electoral systems produce different effects. The purpose of the current study is to identify if there is a relation between the statute of the least developed countries and their electoral system. The object of the study are countries, defined as least developed in 2018 by the United Nations. The focus is the type of electoral system for the legislative body (or its lower chamber in case of bicameralism) of these countries, their regime type, overall score and the score for electoral process and pluralism according to EIU Democracy Index 2018. For the purposes of the analysis statistical methods (frequencies, hypothesis test and chi-square test) and comparative approach are used. The results show that there is statistically significant relationship between the statute of least developed countries and their electoral system on one hand and their regime type on other. There is also a statistically significant difference in the scores of least developed countries compared to all others regarding the evaluation of democracy and the electoral process and pluralism.
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Vossberg, A. "The development of orthopaedic appliances and low cost aids in “least developed countries”." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 9, no. 2 (August 1985): 83–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03093648509164710.
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The constant reminder of ever-increasing costs and problems in regard to medical care in industrialized countries highlights the need for simplified, low cost, orthopaedic appliances for use in the non-industrialized areas of the world. Those who are engaged in the field of Orthopaedic Technology should withstand the temptation to propagate unreservedly the technologies of industrialized nations. Nowadays the so-called “non-appropriate technologies” have become the target of frequent criticism. The transfer of technology may offer visible progress in selected areas to a limited number of people but it conceals the danger of ignoring fundamental socio-economic conditions that affect the majority of people. During the United Nations Year of the Disabled, a group of international experts unanimously came to the conclusion that the current cooperation between industrialized and Third World countries requires revision leading to a new order. The consensus demanded a new emphasis on the development of technical orthopaedic services which would take into account the unique economic, social, cultural and environmental factors of each region. This paper examines the practices of technical orthopaedics in a “least developed country” and lays down principles and practical applications which could serve as a foundation for a more appropriate approach in this field.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries"
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Kinuthia, Wanyee. "“Accumulation by Dispossession” by the Global Extractive Industry: The Case of Canada." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30170.
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This thesis draws on David Harvey’s concept of “accumulation by dispossession” and an international political economy (IPE) approach centred on the institutional arrangements and power structures that privilege certain actors and values, in order to critique current capitalist practices of primitive accumulation by the global corporate extractive industry. The thesis examines how accumulation by dispossession by the global extractive industry is facilitated by the “free entry” or “free mining” principle. It does so by focusing on Canada as a leader in the global extractive industry and the spread of this country’s mining laws to other countries – in other words, the transnationalisation of norms in the global extractive industry – so as to maintain a consistent and familiar operating environment for Canadian extractive companies. The transnationalisation of norms is further promoted by key international institutions such as the World Bank, which is also the world’s largest development lender and also plays a key role in shaping the regulations that govern natural resource extraction. The thesis briefly investigates some Canadian examples of resource extraction projects, in order to demonstrate the weaknesses of Canadian mining laws, particularly the lack of protection of landowners’ rights under the free entry system and the subsequent need for “free, prior and informed consent” (FPIC). The thesis also considers some of the challenges to the adoption and implementation of the right to FPIC. These challenges include embedded institutional structures like the free entry mining system, international political economy (IPE) as shaped by international institutions and powerful corporations, as well as concerns regarding ‘local’ power structures or the legitimacy of representatives of communities affected by extractive projects. The thesis concludes that in order for Canada to be truly recognized as a leader in the global extractive industry, it must establish legal norms domestically to ensure that Canadian mining companies and residents can be held accountable when there is evidence of environmental and/or human rights violations associated with the activities of Canadian mining companies abroad. The thesis also concludes that Canada needs to address underlying structural issues such as the free entry mining system and implement FPIC, in order to curb “accumulation by dispossession” by the extractive industry, both domestically and abroad.
Books on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries"
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United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries. (2nd 1990 Paris, France). Second United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries: Preparatory process for the Conference. New York: United Nations, 1989.
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Tanzania. Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries: Brussels, 14-20 May 2001 : country pesentation. [Geneva]: United Nations, 2001.
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United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (2nd 1990 Paris, France). Report of the second United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Paris, 3-14 September, 1990. New York: United Nations, 1991.
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Report of the fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries: Istanbul, Turkey, 9-13 May 2011. New York: United Nations, 2011.
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United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (3rd 2001 Brussels). 3rd United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, hosted by the European Union, at the European Parliament: Press kit. New York: United Nations Dept. of Public Information, 2001.
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United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (3rd 2001 Brussels, Belgium). Third United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, Brussels, 14-20 May 2001: Country presentation by the Government of Samoa. [Geneva]: United Nations, 2001.
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United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries (3rd 2001 Brussels, Belgium). 3rd United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries: Hosted by the European Union, at the European Parliament, 14-20 May, 20001, Brussels. [New York]: United Nations, 2001.
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High-Level, Intergovernmental Meeting on the Mid-Term Global Review on the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1990s (1995 New York N. Y. ). Report of the High-Level Intergovernmental Meeting on the Mid-Term Global Review on the Implementation of the Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries for the 1990s: New York, 25 September - 6 October, 1995. [Geneva]: United Nations, 1996.
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Policy note: Strengthening international support measures for the least developed countries. New York: United Nations, 2010.
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Shotton, Roger. Delivering the goods: Building local government capacity to achieve the millennium development goals : a practitioner's guide from UNCDF experience in least developed countries. New York: UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund, 2006.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries"
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"Least developed countries." In Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, 150. UN, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/48a79a91-en.
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"Experience of individual least developed countries with adjustment." In United Nations Trade and Development Report, 177–209. UN, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/750d9172-en.
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"Developed countries." In United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) World Investment Report (WIR), 141–61. UN, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/8df8a9f8-en.
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"Classification of regions, least developed countries and income groups." In Statistical Papers - United Nations (Ser. A), Population and Vital Statistics Report, 115–19. UN, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/2a1803bb-en.
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Melber, Henning. "Dag Hammarskjöld, The Cold War, Development and Africa." In Dag Hammarskjöld, the United Nations and the Decolonisation of Africa, 49–66. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190087562.003.0005.
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This chapter opens with an overview of how the Cold War entered Africa and its impact on the UN Member States as well as the colonized countries seeking self-determination. It introduces the UN developmental agencies and Hammarskjöld’s approach and understanding of development, not least with regard to the role of ECOSOC. It also shows his ability to recognize the relevance of the Bandung Conference and the desire for Independence in the colonized world. It then shows how this played out in the interaction with regards to the demands for decolonization in Africa and how Hammarskjöld supported the struggles for independence and the role of the UN in strengthening governance and development in the newly independent countries.
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Fox, Eleanor M., and Mor Bakhoum. "Perspectives from Four Stages of Development." In Making Markets Work for Africa, 159–78. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190930998.003.0008.
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This chapter identifies four clusters of nations based on state of development, in order to highlight significant qualitative differences that may call for different law and policies. The first cluster comprises the least developed sub-Saharan African countries with the most resource-challenged competition authorities, such as Benin and Togo. The second cluster compromises nations that have advanced economically to a perceptibly higher level. The third cluster is a “group” of one—South Africa. With all of its challenges, the South African competition regime is as close to a gold standard as there is in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, for comparison, the fourth cluster comprises the developed countries, led in particular by the European Union and the United States. These nations have open economies, fairly robust markets, good infrastructure, and good institutions. The chapter proceeds to identify, from the point of view of each of the clusters, the most fitting competition framework nationally and globally. The chapter proposes how the divergences can be brought into sympathy.
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Zouain, Deborah Moraes, Gustavo De Oliveira Almeida, and Emilia Mathilde Moraes Zouain Sato. "An Analysis of the Effect of e-Government Readiness on Business Climate, Corruption Perception, and the Rate of New Entrepreneurs." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics, 234–53. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-4062-7.ch013.
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This research aims to understand the relationship between e-government, business climate, corruption perception and its impact in the entrepreneurial activity. Data was collected from various databases, for the years 2008, 2010 and 2012, using panel data. The reports used were The Doing Business Report from World Bank, E-Government Survey from the United Nations, Corruption Perception Index by Transparence International and entrepreneurship data from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor. After joining the databases, correlation analysis and panel least squares regressions were performed. The results indicate that when a country is more “e-gov” ready, it may have a more dynamic business sector and less perception of corruption. The probable causes of the relationships are discussed, including suggestions for an integrative approach to allow developing countries to diminish the gap of e-government readiness. Future research to understand the difference of impact of e-government in developed and developing countries are also suggested.
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Daunton, Martin. "World Trade Organization and BRICS." In Handbook of BRICS and Emerging Economies, 63–92. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827535.003.0002.
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The World Trade Organization emerged from the Uruguay Round of 1986 to 1994 and covered development as well as trade—an ambition that had been attempted after the Second World War and the abortive attempt to create an International Trade Organization. Instead, a narrower General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade emerged. The failure of the International Trade Organization arose in part from the different ambitions of less developed or primary producing countries that were not acceptable to advanced industrial countries. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade faced continued pressure from the less developed countries, in particular from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development which put forward a different approach to the global economy and issues of distributive justice. This chapter explains the different approaches and the responses of the more advanced countries.
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Singh, Naina, Rajinder Kaur, and Rashmi Aggarwal. "Influence of Patent Law on Price of Medicines." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 20–40. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2414-4.ch002.
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There is a great deal of disparity between the availability and affordability of medicines in least developed, developing and developed nations. Patents are one of the major reasons of this difference. The pharmaceutical industry spends over US$10 billion to fund some 90% of 40,000-80,000 randomised controlled trails being conducted across the world at any given time. A United Nations AIDS study reported that the number of people in poor countries who have access to anti-retroviral medicines remains extremely low; only 30,000 received medication in 2002, out of an estimated 5 million in need. The proposed chapter aims to study effect of patent law on pricing of medicines. The legal and regulatory policies such as TRIPs jointly introduced by various nations to regulate the pricing of patented products will be elaborated in this chapter. Apart from national and international policies, the behaviour of pharmaceutical companies also affect price of patented products. The chapter will also cover various techniques pharmaceutical industry adopt to control price of patented products such as proliferation of me-too drugs, product reformulation, prolonging patent rights, biasing research and large promotional expenditures.
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Singh, Naina, Rajinder Kaur, and Rashmi Aggarwal. "Influence of Patent Law on Price of Medicines." In Healthcare Policy and Reform, 1165–81. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6915-2.ch053.
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There is a great deal of disparity between the availability and affordability of medicines in least developed, developing and developed nations. Patents are one of the major reasons of this difference. The pharmaceutical industry spends over US$10 billion to fund some 90% of 40,000-80,000 randomised controlled trails being conducted across the world at any given time. A United Nations AIDS study reported that the number of people in poor countries who have access to anti-retroviral medicines remains extremely low; only 30,000 received medication in 2002, out of an estimated 5 million in need. The proposed chapter aims to study effect of patent law on pricing of medicines. The legal and regulatory policies such as TRIPs jointly introduced by various nations to regulate the pricing of patented products will be elaborated in this chapter. Apart from national and international policies, the behaviour of pharmaceutical companies also affect price of patented products. The chapter will also cover various techniques pharmaceutical industry adopt to control price of patented products such as proliferation of me-too drugs, product reformulation, prolonging patent rights, biasing research and large promotional expenditures.
Conference papers on the topic "United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries"
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Karaca, Erol. "A Comparison of Turkey and Transition Economies in terms of Educational Development and Conditions." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c05.00868.
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The main objective of this research is to determine and evaluate the dimensions of educational development in Turkey in comparison with the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries. For this purpose, in this study, Turkey is compared to the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with regard to the educational development and conditions. In this study, carried out through comparative relation scanning model and literature model, the sample group was established the Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries with Turkey. The research data was collected by means of data from HDI Report developed by United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). On the base of data obtained from report, the study concluded that the lowest rate of adult literacy and population with at least secondary education belongs to Turkey. The rate of enrolment in primary education, however, is higher in Turkey than most of the CEE and CIS countries. This affirmative data can be attributed to the high rate of young population and/or education campaigns in Turkey since the lowest rate of secondary education and the highest level of primary school dropout rate is also seen in Turkey. In addition, performance of 15-year old students in reading, mathematics and science is generally lower in Turkey, CEE and CIS countries than in OECD countries.
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Misiūnaite, Rasa, and Eigirdas Žemaitis. "Evaluation of knowledge transfer internationalisation level." In 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.643.
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Knowledge and the ability to transfer it effectively becomes a valuable skill, that goes beyond a particular business sector. In 2015 United Nations developed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Develop-ment Goals (SDG), which emphasize global partnership and collaboration as some of the key criteria in order to achieve tangible results. Authors raise the hypothesis about a set of national level criteria, which help to forecast the level of European Union countries contribution to SDG. Research aims to evaluate EU countries’ potential to contribute to 17 SDG, by measuring the level of international knowledge transfer. Authors analyze scientific approaches to knowledge transfer, its measurement, match selected measure-ment aspects with corresponding data from Global Competitiveness Index and rank EU countries by using TOPSIS multi-criteria decision making method.
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Shadrack, Anthony, and Chang-Lak Kim. "Development of Disposal Option for Radioactive Waste." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96370.
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The development of a lasting solution to radioactive waste management is a critical issue for future nuclear applications. When assessing radioactive waste disposal options factors such as volume of waste and sustainability of the plan must be considered. This paper describes basic plans for the disposal of Low- and intermediate-level radioactive wastes (LILW) expected to be generated from nuclear power plants for countries starting nuclear power program for the first time. The purpose of this paper was to develop a disposal option for Low- and intermediate level radioactive wastes for new comer countries planning to build at least two nuclear power units. A LILW disposal plan was developed by considering countries’ radioactive waste generation data from pressurized water nuclear reactors. An on-site storage facility of 1,000 m3 for LILW at NPPs sites for a period 10 years pending final disposal was recommended. It was concluded that storage and disposal processes are complementary with each other, therefore; both programs should be complemented for effective management and control of radioactive wastes. This study is important as an initial implementation of a national Low- and intermediate level wastes (LILW) disposal program for countries planning to build nuclear power plants for the first time.
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Hiç, Mükerrem. "Major Current Economic and Political Problems Facing Eurasian Countries." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c01.00230.
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Political and economic developments and problems are either directly or indirectly linked to each other. Hence, I would be dealing here with both. But the problems are so serious, numerous and complicated that I will be content with only submitting a list of these problems without deepening on any. It should also be stressed that Eurasia itself as a geographical entity covers a very large number of countries with different historical, political and economic backgrounds. Hence, we may have to think about different regions or groups of countries. On the European side, even the EU is not homogeneous today. We have the United Kingdom, Scandinavian countries, developed continental European countries, Iberian countries, the Balkans and Eastern European countries. Even in simple developmental terms, we have at least two tiers, a first tier of democratically and economically developed countries, and the second tier those with less experience in democracy and less economically developed. In Asia, on the other hand, we have such big countries as Russia, China, Japan and India, as well as such regional groups as South-East Asian countries, Central Asian Turkic-origin countries, Caucasian, Afghanistan and Pakistan also including Bangladesh, and Middle-Eastern, with Iran as a separate politico-economic entity. Similarly, Turkey, at the cross-roads between Europe, Asia and the Middle-East, is another, but different unique case.
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Nutt, Mark, Michael Voegele, Jens Birkholzer, Peter Swift, Kevin McMahon, Jeff Williams, and Mark Peters. "Establishment of Research and Development Priorities Regarding the Geologic Disposal of Nuclear Waste in the United States and Strategies for International Collaboration." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59168.
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The U.S. Department of Energy Office of Nuclear Energy (DOE-NE), Office of Fuel Cycle Technologies (OFCT) has established the Used Fuel Disposition Campaign (UFDC) to conduct research and development (R&D) activities related to storage, transportation and disposal of used nuclear fuel (UNF) and high level radioactive waste (HLW). The U.S. has, in accordance with the U.S. Nuclear Waste Policy Act (as amended), focused efforts for the past twenty-plus years on disposing of UNF and HLW in a geologic repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The recent decision by the U.S. DOE to no longer pursue the development of that repository has necessitated investigating alternative concepts for the disposal of UNF and HLW that exists today and that could be generated under future fuel cycles. The disposal of UNF and HLW in a range of geologic media has been investigated internationally. Considerable progress has been made by in the U.S and other nations, but gaps in knowledge still exist. The U.S. national laboratories have participated in these programs and have conducted R&D related to these issues to a limited extent. However, a comprehensive R&D program investigating a variety of storage, geologic media, and disposal concepts has not been a part of the U.S. waste management program since the mid 1980s because of its focus on the Yucca Mountain site. Such a comprehensive R&D program is being developed and executed in the UFDC using a systematic approach to identify potential R&D opportunities. This paper describes the process used by the UFDC to identify and prioritize R&D opportunities. The U.S. DOE has cooperated and collaborated with other countries in many different “arenas” including the Nuclear Energy Agency (NEA) within the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), and through bilateral agreements with other countries. These international activities benefited the DOE through the acquisition and exchange of information, database development, and peer reviews by experts from other countries. Recognizing that programs in other countries have made significant advances in understanding a wide range of geologic environments, the UFDC has developed a strategy for continued, and expanded, international collaboration. This paper also describes this strategy.
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Zabihian, Farshid, and Alan S. Fung. "Greenhouse Gas Emissions Calculation Methodology in Thermal Power Plants: Case Study of Iran and Comparison With Canada." In ASME 2008 Power Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2008-60071.
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Nowadays, the global climate change has been a worldwide concern and the greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions are considered as the primary cause of that. The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) divided countries into two groups: Annex I Parties and Non-Annex I Parties. Since Iran and all other countries in the Middle East are among Non-Annex I Parties, they are not required to submit annual GHG inventory report. However, the global climate change is a worldwide phenomenon so Middle Eastern countries should be involved and it is necessary to prepare such a report at least unofficially. In this paper the terminology and the methods to calculate GHG emissions will first be explained and then GHG emissions estimates for the Iranian power plants will be presented. Finally the results will be compared with GHG emissions from the Canadian electricity generation sector. The results for the Iranian power plants show that in 2005 greenhouse gas intensity for steam power plants, gas turbines and combined cycle power plants were 617, 773, and 462 g CO2eq/kWh, respectively with the overall intensity of 610 g CO2eq/kWh for all thermal power plants. This GHG intensity is directly depend on efficiency of power plants. Whereas, in 2004 GHG intensity for electricity generation sector in Canada for different fuels were as follows: Coal 1010, refined petroleum products 640, and natural gas 523 g CO2eq/kWh, which are comparable with same data for Iran. For average GHG intensity in the whole electricity generation sector the difference is much higher: Canada 222 vs. Iran 610g CO2eq/kWh. The reason is that in Canada a considerable portion of electricity is generated by hydro-electric and nuclear power plants in which they do not emit significant amount of GHG emissions. The average GHG intensity in electricity generation sector in Iran between 1995 and 2005 experienced 13% reduction. While in Canada at the same period of time there was 21% increase. However, the results demonstrate that still there are great potentials for GHG emissions reduction in Iran’s electricity generation sector.
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Lawrence, Michael J. "Criteria for Global Nuclear Energy Development." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22079.
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Global energy consumption will at least double over the next fifty years due to population growth, increased consumption, and an urgent need to improve the standard of living in under-developed countries. Thirty percent of this growth will be for electricity. At the same time, carbon emissions must be significantly reduced to respond to concerns regarding global warming. The use of nuclear energy to meet this growing electricity demand without carbon emissions is an obvious solution to many observers, however real concerns over economics, safety, waste and proliferation must be adequately addressed. The issue is further complicated by the fact that developing countries, which have the most pressing need for additional electricity generation, have the least capability and infrastructure to deploy nuclear energy. Nevertheless, if the specific needs of developing countries are appropriately considered now as new generation reactors are being developed, and institutional arrangements based upon the fundamental principles of President Eisenhower’s 1953 Atoms For Peace speech are followed, nuclear energy could be deployed in any country. From a technical perspective, reactor safety and accessibility of special nuclear material are primary concerns. Institutionally, plant and fuel ownership and waste management issues must be addressed. International safety and safeguards authority are prerequisites. While the IAEA’s IMPRO program and the United States’ Generation IV programs are focusing on technical solutions, institutional issues, particularly with regard to deployment in developing countries, are not receiving corresponding attention. Full-service, cradle-to-grave, nuclear electricity companies that retain custody and responsibility for the plant and materials, including waste, are one possible solution. Small modular reactors such as the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor could be ideal for such an arrangement. While waste disposal remains a major obstacle, this is already true for numerous nuclear programs even in developed countries with limited geologically suitable formations. Fortunately, several organizations are currently pursuing international solutions to the nuclear waste disposal problem. While the capability to deploy nuclear energy in a specific country may not be desirable for a number of reasons, we should not develop nuclear hardware that can only benefit and serve technically and economically advanced countries. The potential benefits of nuclear energy are global, and we should not unduly limit that potential by inattention today to the requirements necessary for global deployment.
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Mohamed Mohamed, Ashraf Elsayed. "The International Safety Regime of Radioactive Materials Transport." In 18th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone18-30334.
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Every day thousands of shipments of radioactive materials are transported on international and national routes. These consignments, which are carried by road, rail, sea, air and inland waterway, can range from smoke detectors and cobalt sources for medical uses to reprocessed fuel for use in electricity generation. The transport of radioactive materials worldwide is governed by stringent regulatory regime, which includes standards, codes and regulations that have been continuously revised and updated over the past four decades. The safety measures have been developed to protect the general public, transport workers, emergency response teams and the environment against the risks posed by the cargoes. These risks include the radioactivity itself and other chemical risks that the cargoes may pose, such as toxicity or corrosivity. In addition to the safety regulations, the regulatory regime addresses other, related issues such as physical protection and liability. It was recognized that these standards should provide a uniform, global regime to ensure that all parties apply the same provisions. Since 1961, the UN (United Nations) has published and periodically reviewed and updated the regulations for the safe transport of radioactive material. These regulations are used today by more than 60 countries as the basic for their national regulations. In addition, the main international modal organizations responsible for the safe transport of dangerous goods by road, rail, sea, air and inland waterways have incorporated the relevant parts of the UN regulations into their own instruments. This paper will discuss and outline the principal regulations that apply to the transport of radioactive materials such as the UN regulations for the safe transport of radioactive materials, The UN regime governing the international transport of dangerous goods, the principal modal regulations governing the transport of dangerous goods and achievement of a more harmonized regime. and the international organizations responsible for their development and implementation.