Academic literature on the topic 'Unlimited contracts'

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Journal articles on the topic "Unlimited contracts"

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Abramitzky, Ran, Zephyr Frank, and Aprajit Mahajan. "Risk, Incentives, and Contracts: Partnerships in Rio de Janeiro, 1870–1891." Journal of Economic History 70, no. 3 (2010): 686–715. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050710000586.

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We construct an individual-level data set of partnership contracts in late-nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro to study the determinants of contract terms. Partners with limited liability contributed more capital and received lower draws for private expenses and lower profit shares than their unlimited partners. Unlimited partners in turn received higher-powered incentives when they contracted with limited partners than when they contracted with unlimited partners. A reform that changed the relative bargaining power further improved the terms of unlimited partners in limited firms. These finding
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Horsch, Andreas, Enrico Seidel, and Anja Eickstädt. "Potentials and Limitations of Smart Contracts: A Primer from an Economic Point of View." European Business Law Review 31, Issue 1 (2020): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2020007.

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Smart contracts are an innovative contract type best described as digital and decentralized agreements which are stored on a blockchain. The automatisms included in blockchain-based smart contracts as well as their transparency and irreversibility contribute to their increasing popularity and made proponents of smart contracts suggest that they will replace traditional written contracts and become the (only) contract type in the long run. However, seminal problems prevail, including technical, legal, and also economic questions. This paper addresses the latter: Using theoretical approaches of
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Dchieche, Amina. "Pricing of Participating Forward Contract." Global Review of Islamic Economics and Business 8, no. 2 (2020): 091. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/grieb.2020.082-03.

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The purpose of this work is to model a participating forward contract permitting to avoid unlimited risk and unknown loss using a formula of risk sharing that includes the payment of an additional amount under specific price variations. This contract offers a new tool that Islamic finance can use since this finance is suspicious of classical forward contracts. The modeling is based on the classical forward equation, which incorporates the profit and loss sharing principle derived from Islamic finance. The participating forward is tested on oil data prices to compare the participating forward c
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Żok, Krzysztof. "Law Applicable to Cloud Computing Contracts Concluded with Consumers under Regulation 593/2008, According to the CJEU Case Law." Masaryk University Journal of Law and Technology 14, no. 1 (2020): 83–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/mujlt2020-1-4.

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The undoubted popularity of cloud computing stems in particular from the fact that the provider can simultaneously offer access to his or her computing resources to an almost unlimited number of users located in different countries. Although this feature brings significant benefits to the provider, it also raises serious questions regarding the law governing the contract. The concerns become especially relevant in the case of contracts concluded between a consumer and a professional due to the limits of the choice of law and the special rules protecting consumers.The article analyses the law a
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Ravid, S. Abraham, and Matthew Spiegel. "Optimal Financial Contracts for a Start-Up with Unlimited Operating Discretion." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 32, no. 3 (1997): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2331200.

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Hansen, Ole, and Hamish George Ritchie. "Private Governance of Electricity Supply to End Users: The Range and Limitations of Unilateral Variation Clauses and Contractual Discretion in Commercial Electricity Supply Contracts." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 6 (2021): 242–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021024.

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Within the boundaries set by public regulation, the drive towards liberalized energy markets in Europe has created space for commercial contracts as a governance tool, aiming to align market activity with fundamental notions of public interest. Concurrently, contractual practice from electricity supply markets show suppliers reserve themselves the authority to change terms and conditions for business customers within the contract period. Such clauses challenge basic principles of contract law, potentially leaving business users in a regulative vacuum, where neither administrative nor contract
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Jaworska, Katarzyna. "TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT OF TEACHERS." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa specjalny, no. XXI (2021): 479–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.6186.

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The employment of teachers is stable. The preferred legal form of performing work is an employment relationship for an indefinite period. Employment under a fixed-term employment contract is exceptionally permissible. The Teacher’s Charter identifies four such situations. This does not mean that temporary employment may last for many years. The legislator introduced special mechanisms limiting the duration of these contracts. Exceeding the limit indicated in the act results in the transformation by operation of law into an unlimited employment relationship. Also, unlawful entrustment of work f
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Łapiński, Karol. "Objective Reasons on the Part of the Employer as a Premise for Entering into an “Unlimited” Fixed-Term Employment Contract." Białostockie Studia Prawnicze 26, no. 2 (2021): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15290/bsp.2021.26.02.11.

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Abstract The current wording of Art. 251 § 4 point 4 of the Labor Code, valid since 22.02.2016, is an example of a general clause in labor law. At the same time, the “objective reasons” of the so--called “unlimited” fixed-term contracts entered into belong to the clauses that change their meaning depending on the person who applies an established rule of law. The use of “objective reasons on the part of the employer” on purpose to limit the abuse of “temporary employment” should generally be assessed as incorrect. According to this, the Court of Justice of the European Union may judge this reg
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Rusakovskiy, Oleg. "Foreign Military Law and Mercenary Contract in Seventeenth-Century Russia: The Сase of the Smolensk War, 1632–1634". Russian History 48, № 2 (2022): 187–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/18763316-12340029.

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Abstract The article aims to discuss how the Russian government dealt with foreign military law based on mercenary contracts while recruiting troops in Germany and Britain for the Smolensk campaign of 1632 to 1634. In the agreements made with foreign colonels that survive in contemporary Russian translations, the Tsar’s officials granted an almost unlimited legal and administrative autonomy to foreign military commanders in order to make service in Russia more attractive for Western mercenaries. While doing so, the Russian government believed that a unified military law and an effective court
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Salter, Brian. "Change in the British National Health Service: Policy Paradox and the Rationing Issue." International Journal of Health Services 24, no. 1 (1994): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/r4bm-k9al-rqpm-tf4b.

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The National Health Service of the United Kingdom is trapped in a policy paradox. On the one hand, the 1990 reforms encourage the devolution of power to local purchaser and provider units through the operation of the “internal market.” On the other, mechanisms of control and accountability are being revamped to produce a centrally managed system bound together by corporate contracts. The political frictions generated by this paradox are exacerbated by the problem of rationing health care in the face of apparently unlimited demand. This article examines the political problems faced by a single
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Books on the topic "Unlimited contracts"

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Gibbons, William. Unlimited Replays. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265250.001.0001.

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This book explores the intersections of values and meanings in two types of replay: where video games meet classical music, and vice versa. From the bleeps and bloops of 1980s arcades to the world’s most prestigious concert halls, classical music and video games have a long history together. Medieval chant, classical symphonies, postminimalist film scores, and everything in between fill the soundtracks of many video games, while world-renowned orchestras frequently perform concerts of game music to sold-out audiences. Yet combining video games and classical music also presents a challenge to t
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Ogunleye, Ayobami. Unlimited Health Plan: Comprehensive, No Contract, No Hidden Price, It's Absolutely Free. Independently Published, 2020.

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Cammack, Paul. The Politics of Global Competitiveness. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192847867.001.0001.

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Marx’s ‘general law of social production’, proposed in Capital (1867), suggests that as the capitalist system of production becomes global, and competition between capitalists becomes more intense, workers are compelled to be versatile (multi-skilled), flexible, and mobile in order to survive. This general law, resulting from scientific and technological innovation and continuous advances in the division of labour generated by competition between capitalists, has given rise to global production chains, ‘zero hours’ contracts, and the breaking down of production processes into smaller and small
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Book chapters on the topic "Unlimited contracts"

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Huntjens, Patrick. "Conclusion." In Towards a Natural Social Contract. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67130-3_8.

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AbstractIn this book, I argue that the societal fault lines of our times are deeply intertwined and that they confront us with challenges affecting the security, fairness, and sustainability of our societies. Overcoming these existential challenges will require a fundamental shift from our current anthropocentric and economic growth-oriented approach to a more ecocentric and regenerative approach. The outline of a Natural Social Contract presented in this book serves as a counter-proposal to existing social contracts. A Natural Social Contract implies an existential change in the way humankind lives in and interacts with its social and natural environment, and emphasizes long-term sustainability and the general welfare of both humankind and planet Earth. Achieving this crucial balance calls for an end to unlimited economic growth, overconsumption, and overindividualization for the benefit of ourselves, our planet, and future generations. To this end, sustainability, health, and justice in all social-ecological systems will require systemic innovation and prioritizing a collective effort. The Transformative Social-Ecological Innovation (TSEI) framework presented in this book serves that cause. It helps to diagnose and advance innovation and spur change across sectors, disciplines, and at different levels of governance. Altogether, TSEI identifies intervention points and formulates jointly developed and shared solutions to inform policy- and lawmakers, administrators, concerned citizens, and professionals dedicated towards a more sustainable, healthy, and just society.
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Huntjens, Patrick. "Introduction." In Towards a Natural Social Contract. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67130-3_1.

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AbstractThe nature of the social, environmental, and economic problems we face today requires a new social contract, a Natural Social Contract. A Natural Social Contract does justice to a human being’s natural state (human life is group life) and to the natural position of humankind and society within a larger ecosystem, that of planet Earth. The Natural Social Contract regards society as a social-ecological system, focusing on people as members of a community and as part of a natural ecosystem. It emphasizes long-term sustainability and general welfare by combining human and nature, and recalibrating our unfettered approach to unlimited economic growth, overconsumption, and over-individualization. The end result, I argue, is for the benefit of ourselves, our planet, and future generations.If you are concerned about our society and our planet, and keeping both healthy for future generations, then this book is written for you. And if you have an interest in the systemic changes required to fundamentally shift our social, economic, ecological, and institutional perspectives, this book is for you too. Together, we can promote a sustainable, healthy, and just society and achieve change on the ground. This book offers a way forward.
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Rui, Dias, and Nordmeier Carl Friedrich. "Part 2 National and Regional Reports, Part 2.1 Africa: Coordinated by Jan L Neels and Eesa A Fredericks, 10 Angola and Mozambique: Angolan and Mozambican Perspectives on the Hague Principles." In Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198840107.003.0010.

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This chapter explores Angolan and Mozambican perspectives on the Hague Principles. The rules of Angolan and Mozambican civil law, and with them private international law, currently in force correspond to the Portuguese rules as they stood in 1975. As to private international law, the 1966 Portuguese Civil Code (hereafter CC) contains a codification of this field of the law in Articles 15 to 65. Meanwhile, rules on international civil procedure are to be found in the Angolan and the Mozambican Civil Procedure Codes. They concern, inter alia, international jurisdiction and the enforcement of foreign judgments. Party autonomy is recognized as the principal connecting factor for contractual relationships (Art 41(1) CC). Nevertheless, the choice of law is not unlimited: it is necessary that either some of the elements of the contract having relevance in private international law are connected with the law chosen, or that the choice of the applicable law corresponds to a serious interest. It is clear from this backdrop that a set of rules, such as the Hague Principles, which present themselves as an embodiment of current best practices is well placed to help interpret, supplement, or develop the choice of law rules of the 1966 Civil Code.
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Jansen, Nils, and Reinhard Zimmermann. "Illegality." In Commentaries on European Contract Laws. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198790693.003.0016.

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The parties’ freedom to agree on the content of their contract has never been unlimited. Where the contract is regarded as legally or morally offensive because it infringes a legal or extra-legal norm, the validity or enforceability of the contract can be excluded. The main reason for policing a contract in this way is that the law is unwilling to help to enforce a contract that places itself outside the legal and moral order on which a society is based. Furthermore, invalidity or non-enforcement may be regarded as a sanction discouraging undesirable conduct.
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Röder, Katrin. "Ottoman Kingship and Resistance Against Tyranny in Fulke Greville’s Mustapha." In Fulke Greville and the Culture of the English Renaissance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198823445.003.0014.

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This chapter investigates Greville’s use and adaptation of historical source material for his tragedy Mustapha, especially of Nicholas de Moffan’s Soltani Solymanni, Turcarum Imperatoris, horrendum facinus […] or its many translations and adaptations as well as of Johannes Leunclavius’s Annales Sultanorum Othmanidarum […]. It demonstrates that this choice of historical material and its creative appropriation enabled a representation of the political structure of the Ottoman Empire which contradicts pervasive contemporary portrayals of the sovereign, virtually unlimited power of Ottoman sultans and of their subjects’ unconditional obedience. Greville’s tragedy does not provide an unbiased picture of the Ottoman Empire, but it avoids easy strategies of Othering by emphasizing similarities between Christian (especially English) and Ottoman forms of kingship, power abuse, and resistance to tyranny.
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Wall, Anthony. "Personal Spin C." In Defining the Discographic Self. British Academy, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266175.003.0007.

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Roy Plomley was the calmest man I’ve ever met. Nothing rattled him. ‘Have a drink, dear boy’, he’d say, ‘I think the sun’s over the yardarm.’ He represented a certain kind of England that seems virtually to have disappeared, an England of manners and understatement where the game’s the thing and it might be more gracious to lose than to win—and possibly more interesting. He was no conformist, however. He never signed a contract with the BBC for more than two months at a time. Very quietly, he was something of a subversive. I think those famous questions he came up with, about loneliness, survival, the music, the chosen book and luxury, are impossible to answer without giving yourself away. Roy’s island provides acres of lush sandy space to present yourself as you wish the world to see you, an unlimited supply of creeper to swing adroitly from palm to palm or maybe just to hang yourself....
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Meier, Paul F. "Nuclear." In The Changing Energy Mix. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190098391.003.0005.

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With the exception of nuclear submarines and some military applications, nuclear energy is only used to generate electricity. In the United States, uranium and plutonium are the fuels of choice, while some other countries, notably India, are developing thorium as the nuclear fuel. There are two main types of nuclear reactors—the pressurized water reactor (PWR) and the boiling water reactor (BWR). The PWR is the more common design, where the water used to generate steam and drive the turbine is isolated from the reactor core. In contrast, the water that moderates reactor heat in the BWR is also used to generate the steam, so this water must be contained to prevent radioactive contamination. In the United States, nuclear energy accounts for about 20% of electricity generation. Worldwide uranium reserves are about 6 million tonnes based on a price of $130/kg, but if this price constraint is relaxed, the supply of uranium is virtually unlimited since it is present in seawater at parts per billion levels.
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Rickard, David. "Nucleation of Framboids." In Framboids. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190080112.003.0011.

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Framboid microcrystals, which are intrinsically similar in size and habit within any individual framboid, must have all nucleated and grown at the same time. The formation of many thousands of equidimensional and equimorphic microcrystals in framboids is the fundamental evidence for burst nucleation. This is conventionally described by the LaMer model, which is characterized by (1) a lag phase before nucleation becomes significant; (2) burst nucleation where the rate of nucleation increases exponentially and may be completed in seconds; and (3) a short growth phase where nucleation becomes again insignificant. The growth phase is limited by the diffusion of Fe and S in stagnant, diffusion limited environments. By contrast, individual pyrite crystals evidence isolated nucleation and unlimited growth in advecting systems. The reaction with surface =FeS provided by sulfidized iron oxyhydroxides may a major route for producing individual pyrite crystals, rather than framboids, especially in sediments. Framboid formation by the nucleation of pyrite in solution can be described by classical nucleation theory (CNT), which leads to results consistent with observed critical supersaturation ranges, critical nucleus radius, and surface energies.
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Jardetzky, T. "The Interaction of Antigens and Superantigens with the Human Class II Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule HLA-DR1." In Biological NMR Spectroscopy. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195094688.003.0022.

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The initiation and maintenance of an immune response to pathogens requires the interactions of cells and proteins that together are able to distinguish appropriate non-self targets from the myriadof self-proteins (Janeway and Bottomly, 1994). This discrimination between self and non-self is in part accomplished by three groups of proteins of the immune system that have direct and specific interactions with antigens: antibodies, T cell receptors (TcR) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins. Antibodies and TcR molecules are clonally expressed by the B and T cells of the immune system, respectively, defining each progenitor cell with a unique specificity for antigen. In these cell types both antibodies and TcR proteins undergo similar recombination events to generate a variable antigen combining site and thus produce a nearly unlimited number of proteins of different specificities. TcR molecules are further selected to recognize antigenic peptides bound to MHC proteins, during a process known as thymic selection, restricting the repertoire of T cells to the recognition of antigens presented by cells that express MHC proteins at their surface. Thymic selection of TcR and the subsequent restricted recognition of peptide-MHC complexes by peripheral T cells provides a fundamental molecular basis for the discrimination of self from non-sell and the regulation of the immune response (Allen, 1994; Nossal, 1994; von Boehmer, 1994). For example, different classes of T cells are used to recognize and kill infected cells (cytotoxic T cells) arid to provide lymphokiries that induce the niajority of soluble antibody responses of B cells (helper T cells). In contrast to the vast combinatorial and clonal diversity of antibodies and TcRs, a small set of MHC molecules is used to recognize a potentially unlimited universe of foreign peptide antigens for antigen presentation to T cells (Germain, 1994). This poses the problem of how each MHC molecule is capable of recognizing enough peptides to insure an immune response to pathogens. In addition, the specificity of the TcR interaction with MHC-peptide complexes is clearly crucial to the problem of self :non-self discrimination, with implications for both protective immunity and auto-immune disease.
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Katz, Sanford N. "Child Protection." In Family Law in America. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554319.003.0005.

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This chapter studies the parent–child relationship through the lens of child protection laws, with emphasis on the issues of state intervention into that relationship. Throughout the history of the laws governing the complex relationship of parent, child, and state, there has been a struggle between parental authority and family privacy, on the one hand, and the state's responsibility of guarding the best interests of the child, on the other. The rhetoric has been that parents have the basic right to raise their children as they see fit, subject to their not overstepping the bounds of reasonableness in all aspects of childrearing. However, parental rights are not unlimited. Historically, the state, the ultimate parent who looks after all the children in society under the parens patriae concept, has a right to subject parents to public scrutiny and legal examination. In the United States, in the main, child protection in the form of child welfare services in the latter part of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first is basically the responsibility of the states. State social service agencies under the executive branch deliver certain social services themselves but more commonly for reasons of economy contract for foster care and adoption services with private social service agencies, which they monitor. The chapter then looks at the federal government's impact on the child protection systems in the states.
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Conference papers on the topic "Unlimited contracts"

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Atkinson, Michele. "Contract Nets for Control of Distributed Agents in Unmanned Air Vehicles." In 2nd AIAA "Unmanned Unlimited" Conf. and Workshop & Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2003-6532.

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Kohn, James. "Global Hawk - Integrated Contractor Support to Military Operations and Corresponding Implications to Homeland Security." In AIAA 3rd "Unmanned Unlimited" Technical Conference, Workshop and Exhibit. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2004-6376.

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Junior, Francisco Carvalho, and João Marcelo Alencar. "On the Elasticity of Parallel Components in a Cloud of High Performance Computing Services." In XX Simpósio em Sistemas Computacionais de Alto Desempenho. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/wscad.2019.8667.

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Cloud computing offers virtually unlimited set of resources and flexibility to allocate them through elasticity. But cloud limitations, such as the complexity of configuration and environment dynamicity, may jeopardizes the assurance of QoS requirements. HPC Shelf is a cloud of HPC services that employs a component-oriented architecture to describe hardware and software resources of parallel computing systems. We design a framework for HPC Shelf that employ cloud elasticity concepts for keeping the values of QoS metrics of parallel computing systems inside an acceptable range, enabling adaptat
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Grozdanov Christozov, Dimitar, Stefanka Chukova, and Plamen S. Mateev. "Warranty of Misinforming as an Option in Product Utilization Process." In InSITE 2016: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Lithuania. Informing Science Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3501.

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The following definition of “option” is given in Wikipedia - “In finance, an option is a contract which gives the buyer (the owner or holder) the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date, depending on the form of the option.”. Option as a risk management (mitigation) tool is broadly used in finance and trades. At the same time it introduces asymmetry in the sense that, probabilistically, it limits the level of loses (i.e., the price of option) and allows for unlimited gains. In the market of sophis
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SNYDER, ALEXANDER D., ZACHARY J. PHILLIPS, and JASON F. PATRICK. "SELF-HEALING OF WOVEN COMPOSITE LAMINATES VIA IN SITU THERMAL REMENDING." In Thirty-sixth Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc36/35785.

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Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are attractive structural materials due to their high specific strength/stiffness and excellent corrosion resistance. However, the lack of through-thickness reinforcement in laminated composites creates inherent susceptibility to fiber-matrix debonding, i.e., interlaminar delamination. This internal damage mode has proven difficult to detect and nearly impossible to repair via conventional methods, and therefore, remains a significant factor limiting the reliability of composite laminates in lightweight structures. Thus, novel approaches for mitigation (e.g.
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Baker, Brendon M., Colin K. Choi, Britta Trappmann, and Christopher S. Chen. "Engineered Fibrillar Extracellular Matrices for the Study of Directed Cell Migration." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80943.

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The biology of cell adhesion and migration has traditionally been studied on 2D glass or plastic surfaces. While such studies have shed light on the molecular mechanisms governing these processes [1], current knowledge is limited by the dissimilarity between the flat surfaces conventionally employed and the topographically complex extracellular matrix (ECM) cells routinely navigate within the body. On ECM-coated flat surfaces, cells are presented with an unlimited expanse of adhesive ligand and can spread and migrate freely. Conversely, the availability of ligand in vivo is generally restricte
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Reports on the topic "Unlimited contracts"

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Pag, F., M. Jesper, U. Jordan, W. Gruber-Glatzl, and J. Fluch. Reference applications for renewable heat. IEA SHC Task 64, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task64-2021-0002.

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There is a high degree of freedom and flexibility in the way to integrate renewable process heat in industrial processes. Nearly in every industrial or commercial application various heat sinks can be found, which are suitable to be supplied by renewable heat, e.g. from solar thermal, heat pumps, biomass or others. But in contrast to conventional fossil fuel powered heating systems, most renewable heating technologies are more sensitive to the requirements defined by the specific demand of the industrial company. Fossil fuel-based systems benefit from their indifference to process temperatures
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. Th
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