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1
Macpherson, Ewen. "Is the World Ready for Drones?" Air and Space Law 43, Issue 2 (April 1, 2018): 149–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/aila2018011.
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Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA) are revolutionizing the world. RPA, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) or ‘drones’ present many new opportunities for a diverse range of industries and practices. Drones are a new way for a closer societyaviation relationship, transportation of goods and data gathering. These opportunities present corresponding challenges: safety around people, infrastructure and other airspace users; privacy, and international uniformity. It is only a matter of time before drones will need integration with non-segregated airspace. Very soon drones could make international flights, particularly in regions with many countries in close proximity (e.g. Europe, South East Asia). Despite these exciting prospects, drone technology is outpacing national and international law. International aviation regulations are governed by the Chicago Convention 1944 and administered by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). Countries around the world are waiting for the first drone Standards and Recommended Practices (SARPs) from ICAO due in 2018. In the meantime, countries have received from ICAO a 2011 Circular Advisory, the 2015 Manual on Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS’) and Annex 2 Appendix 4 of the Chicago Convention. Working with this limited guidance, research to date on New Zealand, the United States and Singapore demonstrates great divergence in regulatory approaches and overall shows current State drone regulations are inadequate or failing on the current concerns. Therefore, clear guidance and uniformity is needed from ICAO.
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Korobeev, A. I., and A. I. Chuchaev. "Unmanned Vehicles: New Challenges to Public Security." Lex Russica, no. 2 (February 1, 2019): 9–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.147.2.009-028.
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The paper gives a general description of unmanned ground, aerial, surface, underwater, space vehicles developed inRussiaand abroad to be used for military purposes and national economy. In general, the paper highlights principles of their functioning and the degree of their autonomy. Special attention is paid to the danger they create to a person, property, etc., in traffic accidents and when moral and legal problems are involved (in compliance with the concepts of a “trolley case” and necessity that are often applied in common practice, e.g. concerning road transport). The authors suggest a road map according to which, first, gaps in the legislation (i.g. in civil and administrative law) should be eliminated; second, the rules of traffic safety and operation of unmanned vehicles should be determined, and, third, a criminal law on liability for damage caused by the drone should be elaborated. Main approaches to the definition of this criminal law prohibition are indicated and the most important algorithms of criminalization of the act in question are highlighted.
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Ren, Xinhui, and Caixia Cheng. "Model of Third-Party Risk Index for Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Delivery in Urban Environment." Sustainability 12, no. 20 (October 9, 2020): 8318. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12208318.
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In order to assess the airspace risk of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) operating at low altitudes, the third-party risks of UAV urban operations were defined: the risks caused by drones to people on the ground who are not involved in operations and do not profit from operations, and the sources and objects of the risk were clarified. Taking into account the drone crash, noise, on-board camera, and ground environment factors, a UAV urban logistics risk index evaluation model was constructed. First, the UAV image regression model was used to construct a three-dimensional grid, and then a comprehensive third-party risk index model of UAV urban logistics was built based on the casualty and noise risks. Finally, the Southern District of Civil Aviation University of China was selected as an example scene, and surface data were obtained through a field investigation and instrument measurements. Then, the risk of drone operations in the airspace 30–60 m above this area was evaluated. The results showed that the third-party risk was lower when the UAV flying altitude above a building was greater. However, in other areas such as lakes, woods, roads, open spaces, a lower flight altitude had a lower risk. A comparison of the whole airspace showed that the third-party risk was the lowest when the drone operated at an altitude of 30 m. The results also showed that the third-party risk above the lake and greenery was the lowest when on the same plane, followed by the lower risk above the buildings and open squares, with the highest third-party risk above the canteen passage.
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Siddiqi, Murtaza Ahmed, Celestine Iwendi, Kniezova Jaroslava, and Noble Anumbe. "Analysis on security-related concerns of unmanned aerial vehicle: attacks, limitations, and recommendations." Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering 19, no. 3 (2022): 2641–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/mbe.2022121.
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<abstract> <p>Over time, the use of UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles)/drones has increased across several civil and military application domains. Such domains include real-time monitoring, remote sensing, wireless coverage in disaster areas, search and rescue, product delivery, surveillance, security, agriculture, civil infrastructure inspection, and the like. This rapid growth is opening doors to numerous opportunities and conveniences in everyday life. On the other hand, security and privacy concerns for unmanned aerial vehicles/drones are progressively increasing. With limited standardization and regulation of unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, security and privacy concerns are growing. This paper presents a brief analysis of unmanned aerial vehicle's/drones security and privacy-related concerns. The paper also presents countermeasures and recommendations to address such concerns. While laying out a brief survey of unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, the paper also provides readers with up-to-date information on existing regulations, classification, architecture, and communication methods. It also discusses application areas, vulnerabilities, existing countermeasures against different attacks, and related limitations. In the end, the paper concludes with a discussion on open research areas and recommendations on how the security and privacy of unmanned aerial vehicles can be improved.</p> </abstract>
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Fujisawa, Shoichiro, Kenzo Nonami, Masafumi Miwa, Satoshi Suzuki, and Kakuya Iwata. "Special Issue on Autonomous Flying Robot." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 28, no. 3 (June 17, 2016): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2016.p0261.
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Research on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) has been conducted for quite some time, even though experiments were rather difficult to carry out. However, recent years have seen a proliferation of published reports in this field. This is most likely due to the spread of multicopters, which are easier and safer to operate than fixed-wing aircraft and single-rotor helicopters. Other factors that have made it easier to conduct research on UAVs and thus contributed to the increased number of studies include the wide availability of high-performance flight controllers that are either low cost or offered on an open-source basis, such as ArduPilot and MultiWii. Although this has minimized technological hurdles in conducting research, it has become more difficult to conduct research safely in a social and legal context. Prompted by a 2015 drone incident, Japan’s civil aeronautics law was revised to control UAV flights under stricter regulations. Even so, these regulations are still considered less restrictive than those in most other countries. UAV research includes obvious risks and dangers of operating airborne devices, but also makes it more interesting as a scientific inquiry, generates high expectations about practical utility, and makes a highly significant area of investigation. Placing a high priority on safety will hopefully lead to further research in this area. This special issue covers the latest in UAV research, including <ul> <li> • UAV control system design, </li> <li> • Studies on flight characteristics of aircraft equipped with special mechanisms, </li> <li> • UAV applications, </li> <li> • Studies on operational UAVs. </li> </ul> Readers will find it interesting and rewarding to explore the latest UAV research trends presented in this issue.
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del Cerro, Jaime, Christyan Cruz Ulloa, Antonio Barrientos, and Jorge de León Rivas. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Agriculture: A Survey." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2021): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020203.
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The number of tasks that nowadays are accomplished by using unmanned aerial vehicles is rising across many civil applications, including agriculture. Thus, this work aims at providing the reader with an overview of the agronomical use of unmanned aerial vehicles. The work starts with a historical analysis of the use of aircrafts in agriculture, as pioneers of their use in modern precision agriculture techniques, currently applied by a high number of users. This survey has been carried out by providing a classification of the vehicles according to their typology and main sensorial and performance features. An extensive review of the most common applications and the advantages of using unmanned aerial vehicles is the core of the work. Finally, a brief summary of the key points of the legislation applicable to civil drones that could affect to agricultural applications is analyzed.
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Buzalo, Nina, Denis Kundryutskov, and Roman Ponomarev. "USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN SURVEYING BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES." Construction and Architecture 10, no. 1 (March 20, 2022): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2308-0191-2021-10-1-6-10.
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The possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles in the examination of the technical condition of high-rise civil and industrial structures, even with little discernible defects and damages, photo fixation and damage analysis in hard-to-reach places is being considered. Examples of the main types of layout of unmanned aerial vehicles and a set of auxiliary elements mounted on drones are shown. Possible automated control methods based on digital image processing and artificial intelligence methods applied to the identification of defects and damages during monitoring are presented. The advantages, expediency and prospects of using unmanned aerial vehicles with remote and contact (non-destructive) method of inspection of building structures are indicated.
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Konert, Anna, Jacek Smereka, and Lukasz Szarpak. "The Use of Drones in Emergency Medicine: Practical and Legal Aspects." Emergency Medicine International 2019 (December 2, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3589792.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as drones, can play a significant role in military and civil emergency medicine. The aim of the study was to present the real possibilities of using them in rescue operations and to provide examples from all over the world. Unmanned aerial vehicles can be applied to transport goods on demand, provide blood in urban areas, save sinking people, analyse the scale of damages, monitor large human gatherings, perform exploration activities, deliver blood samples and other analysis material, provide automated external defibrillators, support rescue operations and air transport, and perform agricultural activities. One must, however, be aware of the existing regulations regarding drone flights as an appearance of an unreported unmanned aircraft in the controlled space is identified worldwide as affecting aviation safety.
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Fuhrmann, Matthew, and Michael C. Horowitz. "Droning On: Explaining the Proliferation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." International Organization 71, no. 2 (2017): 397–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818317000121.
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AbstractUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), more popularly known as “drones,” have become emblematic of twenty-first century military technologies but scholars have yet to convincingly explain the drivers of UAV proliferation. Using the first systematic data set of UAV proliferation, this research note examines the spread of UAVs in the context of scholarly debates about interests versus capacity in explaining policy adoption. The results yield important insights for both IR scholarship and the policy-making community. While countries that experience security threats—including territorial disputes and terrorism—are more likely to seek UAVs, drone proliferation is not simply a function of the threat environment. We find evidence that democracies and autocracies are more likely than mixed regimes to develop armed UAV programs, and suggest that autocracies and democracies have their own unique incentives to acquire this technology. Moreover, supply-side factors play a role in the UAV proliferation process: a state's technological capacity is a strong predictor of whether it will obtain the most sophisticated UAVs. The theories and evidence we present challenge emerging views about UAV proliferation and shed useful light on how and why drones spread.
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Otto, Alena, Niels Agatz, James Campbell, Bruce Golden, and Erwin Pesch. "Optimization approaches for civil applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or aerial drones: A survey." Networks 72, no. 4 (March 25, 2018): 411–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/net.21818.
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Allen, Craig H. "The Seabots are Coming Here: Should they be Treated as ‘Vessels’?" Journal of Navigation 65, no. 4 (May 30, 2012): 749–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463312000197.
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Unmanned Marine Vehicles (UMVs), like their aerial cousins Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), are not easily classified under existing legal regimes. Even though unmanned, should these seagoing drones be treated as ‘vessels’ under the Law of the Sea Convention articles on navigation rights and duties? Are they ‘vessels’ under the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs, 1972)? If so, should they be accorded a manoeuvring priority vis-à-vis other vessels? Are the differences between autonomous UMVs and the increasingly automated manned vessels all that great, such that classification should turn on whether the vessel is manned rather than on how navigation and collision avoidance decisions are made and executed?
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Schnepf, J. D. "Unsettling Aerial Surveillance: Surveillance Studies after Standing Rock." Surveillance & Society 17, no. 5 (December 10, 2019): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/ss.v17i5.13480.
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Aerial surveillance by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones played a prominent role in the “water is life” actions undertaken by “water protectors” to defend the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation’s water source from the proposed Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). By considering how the water protectors deployed drones in their actions, this article shows that decolonizing surveillance studies in the settler-colonial context must follow the work of Indigenous studies scholars in accounting for existing colonial relations. To that end, this article argues that while aerial sousveillance measures constitute a subversive tactical response to organized surveillance by law enforcement and private security firms, the technologies and visualizations on which protest drones depend are imbricated in the workings of capital and empire.
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Kapustina, Larisa, Natalia Izakova, Elizaveta Makovkina, and Michail Khmelkov. "The global drone market: main development trends." SHS Web of Conferences 129 (2021): 11004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202112911004.
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Research background: Many countries of the world announced increasing the use of drones for civil and military purposes. An important feature of the drone market is that it is an “ecosystem”“, which includes software developers, integrators, component manufacturers, etc. By 2025, the capacity of the global unmanned aerial vehicle market will grow by 3 times. Purpose of the article: The aim of the study is to identify current trends in the development of the global market of unmanned aerial vehicles for commercial use. Methods: A significant part of the necessary statistical data is closed for public access, due to the fact that most of the UAVs produced are part of the military-industrial complex or “dual-use” goods. Only 23.6% of all UAVs produced can be classified as civilian or commercial products. Market development trends using economic statistic methods were determined based on the data of the reports “The Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in International Trade and their Regulation”, Drone Industry Insights, the analytical agency Mordor Intelligence, “Global Drone Regulations Database”. Findings & Value added: The USA, China and France are the leaders in the production of commercial and consumer drones. The rating of drone manufacturers is led by: DJI (China), SenseFly / Parrot SA (France), Yuneec (China), 3D Robotics (USA). The largest purchases are made by the USA, China, Russia, Great Britain, Australia, France, Saudi Arabia, India and South Korea. Significant growth in the use of drones is expected in medicine, logistics and delivery.
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Hall, Abigail R. "Drones: Public Interest, Public Choice, and the Expansion of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 21, no. 2 (April 1, 2015): 273–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/peps-2014-0043.
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AbstractUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or “drones” have become a core component of the US military arsenal following September 11, 2001. In much of the literature and public discourse regarding drones, it is assumed that drone policy is created within the broader “public interest.” That is, those who construct drone policy set aside private incentives and other motives to construct policy solely to achieve the goals of US citizens and maximize some larger social welfare function. This paper identifies the conjectures associated with this public interest ideal and examines their accuracy. I find a general disconnect between the evidence and the public interest assumption. In several cases, the evidence directly contradicts the assumption of public interest. In light of these findings I offer an alternative analytical framework, the “public choice” framework to adjudicate between observed realities and stated goals.
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Prisznyák, Szabolcs. "Drones and Jails." Scientific Bulletin 23, no. 1 (July 27, 2018): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsaft-2018-0006.
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Abstract The development of drones has been exceedingly rapid in the last few years. They can be used in many different areas of life, they are fit to solve a range of problems, in fact, in some fields they may open up new horizons. Besides their advantages, however, we must also see their downside. This article will focus on the development of these unmanned aerial vehicles and will elaborate on the regulations affecting the small-size devices, which are the most widespread. This section will be followed by the introduction of their potential use in law enforcement, with special focus on the protection of prisons. The paper will also discuss what hazards are involved in the illegal use of drones with regards to jails, and what response can be given to these new challenges.
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Kochan, Andrzej, Anna Kruk, and Paulina Rutkowska. "Prospects for unmanned aerial vehicles market development in Poland." WUT Journal of Transportation Engineering 123 (December 1, 2018): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.7352.
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Currently, the law on the use of unmanned aircraft is passed individually in each EU member state. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) intends to create uniform community rules, that will regulate UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) flights in each EU country. The main assumptions of the strategics proposed in the draft document prepared by EASA "Introduction of regulatory framework for the use of drones" is the division of flights into categories: open, special and certified, as well as the implementation of the U-Space concept, a platform for the management of unmanned aerial traffic. The article presents provisions regarding the use of unmanned aircraft in Polish airspace in accordance with current standards and regulations. The conditions for obtaining operator qualification certificates (UAVO) are also described, as well as the permissions for the operators, both basic and additional, and the process of obtaining them. These permissions are issued in the form of a qualification certificate after completing the theoretical and practical training and passing the state examination in presence of the examination board in the scope required for obtaining these qualifications. In addition, the authors presented the conditions for performing UAV flights in the airspace structures of FIR Warsaw. The article presents the prospects for unmanned aerial vehicle market development by identifying new legal challenges proposed by EASA, and the outlines of both the draft of the new Regulation as well as the government programme called "Zwirko and Wigura", an initiative resulting from state actions for the development of new technologies, in particular the integrated management systems.
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Wilkowski, Wojciech, Marcin Lisowski, Marek Wyszyński, and Damian Wierzbicki. "The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to determine the shoreline of natural watercourses." Journal of Water and Land Development 35, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0092.
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AbstractThe aim of the paper was to study the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) to determine the shoreline of natural watercourses.According to the Water Law, the shoreline is defined by: the edge of the shore if it is visible, and in other cases it is the boundary of persistent grass growth, or the line, which is determined on the basis of the average water level of a period of at least 10 years. The study included an analysis of the possibility of determining the shore line in all of these cases, using aerial photos obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone) on a particular stretch of the river Narew.In order to determine the shoreline defined by the edge of the shore, a point cloud together with the necessary GIS tools were used to generate planes which then made it possible to determine that edge. Defining the shoreline using this method was done with an accuracy of ±0.21 m.The study shows that the best results for determining the shoreline were obtained using either the edge of the shore or the line, which is determined according to the average water level of a period of at least 10 years.Due to the very ambiguous course of the shoreline defined by the boundary of persistent grass growth, it would be advisable to eliminate this remove from the Water Law.
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Al-Room, Khalifa, Farkhund Iqbal, Thar Baker, Babar Shah, Benjamin Yankson, Aine MacDermott, and Patrick C. K. Hung. "Drone Forensics." International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 13, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2021010101.
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Drones (a.k.a. unmanned aerial vehicles – UAV) have become a societal norm in our daily lives. The ability of drones capture high-quality photos from an aerial view and store and transmit such data presents a multi-facet problem. These actions possess privacy challenges to innocent users who can be spied on or drone owner's data which may be intercepted by a hacker. With all technological paradigms, utilities can be misused, and this is an increasing occurrence with drones. As a result, it is imperative to develop a novel methodological approach for the digital forensic analysis of a seized drone. This paper investigates six brands of drones commonly used in criminal activities and extracts forensically relevant data such as location information, captured images and videos, drones' flight paths, and data related to the ownership of the confiscated drone. The experimental results indicate that drone forensics would facilitate law enforcement in collecting significant information necessary for criminal investigations.
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Khromov, A. V. "On the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles by Voluntary National Squads." Sociology and Law, no. 1 (April 2, 2020): 97–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2020-1-97-102.
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In the article, the author considered the possibility of using unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of a voluntary people’s squad during the protection of public order in the Russian Federation, the possibility of identifying violations and transmitting evidence obtained using unmanned aerial vehicles. The author found that the administrative-legal norms for the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by the people’s squad during the protection of public order in the Russian Federation have not been established, and therefore, in the opinion of the author, it is necessary to supplement the norms of civil law with the right to use technical equipment by people’s squads to protect public order. The author believes that the use of such means as an unmanned aerial vehicle would be justified, especially during mass events to ensure safety. The author believes that the urgent task in developing the legal regulation of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles by the national squad is to establish a balance in the administrative legal regulation of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in order to optimally compromise the observance of the constitutional rights of citizens to privacy and public duty to protect public order.
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Gentle, Matthew, Neal Finch, James Speed, and Anthony Pople. "A comparison of unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) and manned helicopters for monitoring macropod populations." Wildlife Research 45, no. 7 (2018): 586. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18034.
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Context Developments in the use of remote aircraft, or unmanned aerial systems (UAS), for ecological study have been rapid. Helicopter surveys have proven to be a reliable, repeatable method for broad-scale monitoring of harvested kangaroo populations in Australia’s rangelands, but the recent availability of long-range UAS may offer improvements in detectability and cost efficiency. Aims We aimed to test the ability of a long-range UAS (Spylite, Bluebird Aero Systems Ltd, Kadima, Israel) to survey macropod populations at a landscape scale, and validate the results against those from the current best-practice helicopter surveys. Methods Four 80-km transects in south-western Queensland were surveyed using a helicopter and UAS. Two observers, occupying the rear seats of the helicopter, recorded animals observed in distance classes perpendicular to either side of the aircraft. Continuous electro-optical (EO) or infrared (IR) video from the UAS were recorded for later processing. Animal densities were calculated using line-transect methods for both techniques. The efficiency and cost effectiveness of each survey technique were also assessed using the flight and data processing times. Key results The encounter rate for macropods during the UAS was significantly lower compared with the helicopter survey, resulting in low estimates of macropod density (3.2 versus 53.8 animals km–2 respectively). The UAS technique recorded between 2.9 and 12.7% of the macropod density observed on each transect during the helicopter survey. The helicopter surveys were less expensive and more efficient and cost effective, requiring less flight and data processing time than the UAS surveys. Conclusions Utilising long-range UAS to detect and count groups of wild animals for landscape-scale wildlife monitoring has potential, but improvements in detection and identification technology are needed to match or exceed the accuracy of the conventional aerial survey technique for kangaroos. Implications Recent advances in camera technology and methodological refinements are encouraging for aerial survey of wildlife using UAS. However, significant improvements are required to survey for kangaroos and new technology should again be tested against current benchmarks.
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Wall, Tyler, and Torin Monahan. "Surveillance and violence from afar: The politics of drones and liminal security-scapes." Theoretical Criminology 15, no. 3 (August 2011): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480610396650.
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As surveillance and military devices, drones—or ‘unmanned aerial vehicles’—offer a prism for theorizing the technological politics of warfare and governance. This prism reveals some violent articulations of US imperialism and nationalism, the dehumanizing translation of bodies into ‘targets’ for remote monitoring and destruction, and the insidious application of militarized systems and rationalities to domestic territories and populations. In this article, we analyze the deployment of drones within warzones in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Pakistan and borderzones and urban areas in the USA. What we call ‘the drone stare’ is a type of surveillance that abstracts people from contexts, thereby reducing variation, difference, and noise that may impede action or introduce moral ambiguity. Through these processes, drones further normalize the ongoing subjugation of those marked as Other.
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Khan, Shah Zahid, Mujahid Mohsin, and Waseem Iqbal. "On GPS spoofing of aerial platforms: a review of threats, challenges, methodologies, and future research directions." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (May 6, 2021): e507. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.507.
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Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAVs, Drones), initially known only for their military applications, are getting increasingly popular in the civil sector as well. Over the military canvas, drones have already proven themselves as a potent force multiplier through unmanned, round-the-clock, long-range and high-endurance missions for surveillance, reconnaissance, search and rescue, and even armed combat applications. With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), commercial deployments of drones are also growing exponentially, ranging from cargo and taxi services to agriculture, disaster relief, risk assessment and monitoring of critical infrastructures. Irrespective of the deployment sector, drones are often entrusted to conduct safety, time and liability critical tasks, thus requiring secure, robust and trustworthy operations. In contrast, the rise in UAVs’ demand, coupled with market pressure to reduce size, weight, power and cost (SwaP-C) parameters, has caused vendors to often ignore security aspects, thus inducing serious safety and security threats. As UAVs rely on Global Positioning System (GPS) for positioning and navigation, they can fall prey to GPS jamming and spoofing attacks. The vulnerability of GPS to spoofing has serious implications for UAVs, as victim drones using civil GPS can be misdirected or even completely hijacked for malicious intents, as already demonstrated in several academic research efforts using commercially available GPS spoofing hardware. Beside UAVs, GPS spoofing attacks are equally applicable to other GPS-dependent platforms, including manned aircraft, ground vehicles, and cellular systems. This paper conducts a comprehensive review of GPS spoofing threats, with a special focus on their applicability over UAVs and other GPS-dependent mobile platforms. It presents a novel taxonomy of GPS spoofing attacks and critically analyzes different spoofing techniques based upon placement of spoofing device, attack stealthiness, attack methodologies, and objectives of the attacker. We also discuss some of the recent experiments from open literature which utilized commercially available hardware for successfully conducting spoofing attacks.
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Ghosh, Satyajit, Karan Kochhar, Akash Sharma, Shreyaan Kaushal, Jatin Agrawal, Anshul Garg, Arnav Kumar, and Yash Dugar. "Investigating structure generated turbulence using an unmanned aerial vehicle." Smart and Sustainable Built Environment 5, no. 4 (November 21, 2016): 372–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sasbe-08-2016-0020.
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Purpose The Government of India is proposing the setting up of several new smart cities in the sub-continent. Being an over-populated country, space is at a premium. In congested areas high-rise buildings afford a solution. The purpose of this paper is to present new research involving architecture and computational fluid dynamics (CFDs) must be done at the screening stage of design plans before new cities are laid out. This is achieved in the present study involving a university residential campus with a population of 29,000 comprising of an assortment of high-rise buildings in complex terrain. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses a combination of instrument-fitted drone measurements – (equipped with a barometer, and sensors for obtaining temperature, relative humidity and altitude) along with a computational fluid dynamical analysis to yield deep insights into the ventilation patterns around an assortment of building forms. Findings This study was conducted in a residential complex in the campus of the Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) India. Based on the deciphered wind velocity pattern, a human thermal comfort study was also conducted. It was concluded that the orientation of the buildings play a pivotal role in enhancing the ventilation rates inside a building. It was observed that a dominant eddy spanning a radius of approximate 34 meters was responsible for much of the air changes within the rooms – the smaller eddies had an insignificant role. This method of ascertaining eddy structures within a study area comprising of an assortment of buildings is essential for accurate prescriptions of glazing ratios on building facades. Research limitations/implications The main research implications pertain to the use of smart ventilation methods in built up environments. The study shows how large eddies drive the momentum transfer and the air changes per hour with rooms in high-rise buildings in complex terrain. In monsoon-driven flows, there are well set preferred directions of wind flow and this enables the characterization of the fully eddy structure in the vicinity of tall buildings. Another research implication would be the development of new turbulence closure models for eddy structure resolution for flow around complex building forms. Practical implications This study introduces a novel protocol at the planning stage of the upcoming residential complexes in proposed smart cities in the sub-continent. The results may well inform architects and structural engineers and help position and orient buildings in confined spaces and also ascertain the optimal glazing ratio, which affects the ventilation pattern. Social implications The results from this study can be used by town planners and architects in urban conurbations in the developing world. The results may well help lower heating ventilation and airconditioning loads. Energy-efficient buildings in developing countries are necessary because most of these have rapidly growing GDPs with a concomitant increase in energy consumption. Originality/value This novel study combining instrument mounted drone and CFDs shows for the first time how architects and town planners with a limited budget position and orient a group of buildings in a complex terrain.
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Khan, Muhammad Arsalan, Wim Ectors, Tom Bellemans, Davy Janssens, and Geert Wets. "Unmanned Aerial Vehicle–Based Traffic Analysis: Methodological Framework for Automated Multivehicle Trajectory Extraction." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2626, no. 1 (January 2017): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2626-04.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), commonly referred to as drones, are one of the most dynamic and multidimensional emerging technologies of the modern era. This technology has recently found multiple potential applications within the transportation field, ranging from traffic surveillance applications to traffic network analysis. To conduct a UAV-based traffic study, extremely diligent planning and execution are required followed by an optimal data analysis and interpretation procedure. In this study, however, the main focus was on the processing and analysis of UAV-acquired traffic footage. A detailed methodological framework for automated UAV video processing is proposed to extract the trajectories of multiple vehicles at a particular road segment. Such trajectories can be used either to extract various traffic parameters or to analyze traffic safety situations. The proposed framework, which provides comprehensive guidelines for an efficient processing and analysis of a UAV-based traffic study, comprises five components: preprocessing, stabilization, georegistration, vehicle detection and tracking, and trajectory management. Until recently, most traffic-focused UAV studies have employed either manual or semiautomatic processing techniques. In contrast, this paper presents an in-depth description of the proposed automated framework followed by a description of a field experiment conducted in the city of Sint-Truiden, Belgium. Future research will mainly focus on the extension of the applications of the proposed framework in the context of UAV-based traffic monitoring and analysis.
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Watney, Murdoch. "Ethical and Legal Aspects Pertaining to law Enforcement use of Drones." International Conference on Cyber Warfare and Security 17, no. 1 (March 2, 2022): 358–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/iccws.17.1.27.
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Law enforcement is an information-based activity. The use of drones (also referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles or UAVs) for policing may be beneficial as an aerial surveillance tool in gathering information pertaining to crime prevention, detection and /or investigation which are conducted in the interest of national security. In most instances, the law enforcement use of drones for purposes of search and rescue, crime scene investigation and hostage situations are not controversial. However, police use of drones for crowd monitoring and protests may be contentious as it may violate various human rights such as the right to privacy which includes data protection, free speech, right to protest and freedom of movement. These rights must be balanced against public safety. The discussion focuses on identifying ethical and legal concerns relating to the use of drones by the police and how these concerns should be addressed. It highlights that the danger is not the drone technology itself, but how it is used and the manner in which the police deal with, process and act upon information gathered, in order to prevent or control crime. The use of drone technology for surveillance impacts on human rights. There is a risk that surveillance may manifest itself in governmental domination and power if no safeguards are in place to curtail pervasive surveillance. It should be established whether domestic drone policing is in general so intrusive that the drawbacks outweigh the benefits of using it for public safety purposes. The manner in which these issues are addressed may serve as a guideline to countries who are considering the use of drones for law enforcement.
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Ponte, Salvatore, Gennaro Ariante, Umberto Papa, and Giuseppe Del Core. "An Embedded Platform for Positioning and Obstacle Detection for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." Electronics 9, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 1175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071175.
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) with on-board augmentation systems (UAS, Unmanned Aircraft System) have penetrated into civil and general-purpose applications, due to advances in battery technology, control components, avionics and rapidly falling prices. This paper describes the conceptual design and the validation campaigns performed for an embedded precision Positioning, field mapping, Obstacle Detection and Avoiding (PODA) platform, which uses commercial-off-the-shelf sensors, i.e., a 10-Degrees-of-Freedom Inertial Measurement Unit (10-DoF IMU) and a Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR), managed by an Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller with Wi-Fi capabilities. The PODA system, designed and tested for a commercial small quadcopter (Parrot Drones SAS Ar.Drone 2.0, Paris, France), estimates position, attitude and distance of the rotorcraft from an obstacle or a landing area, sending data to a PC-based ground station. The main design issues are presented, such as the necessary corrections of the IMU data (i.e., biases and measurement noise), and Kalman filtering techniques for attitude estimation, data fusion and position estimation from accelerometer data. The real-time multiple-sensor optimal state estimation algorithm, developed for the PODA platform and implemented on the Arduino, has been tested in typical aerospace application scenarios, such as General Visual Inspection (GVI), automatic landing and obstacle detection. Experimental results and simulations of various missions show the effectiveness of the approach.
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Bracken-Roche, Ciara. "Domestic drones: the politics of verticality and the surveillance industrial complex." Geographica Helvetica 71, no. 3 (July 15, 2016): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gh-71-167-2016.
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Abstract. Drones are being introduced as innovative and cost-effective technologies for civil, commercial, and recreational purposes in the domestic realm. While the presence of these technologies is increasing, regulations are being introduced in order to ensure their safe and responsible use. As drones are adopted for a number of purposes, the “de facto practices settle around it, rendering change much more difficult” (Gersher, 2014), and so the policy debates must consider all contingencies and unintended consequences of their use. This paper discusses the background of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), their role as surveillance technologies, and how they reinforce asymmetries in power and visibility that contribute to a politics of verticality, ultimately arguing that surveillance concerns must become part of the discussion at the policy and regulatory level in order to mitigate any harms. Where drones are already used for care and control as technologies of surveillance, privileged use of drones by public and police agencies could further reinforce a politics of verticality (Weizman, 2002), resulting in specific types of space, risk, and population management.
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Rich, Lisa A. "Introduction to the Symposium Edition, New Technology and Old Law." Texas A&M Law Review 2, no. 4 (January 2015): 581–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v2.i4.1.
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This special Symposium Edition of the Texas A&M Law Review contains selected articles from presenters at the Fall Symposium entitled New Technology and Old Law: Rethinking National Security held at the Texas A&M School of Law on October 17, 2014. The symposium brought together some of the country’s leading scholars and practitioners on issues related to national security. Symposium participants specifically examined the challenges presented to existing domestic and international-legal frameworks to adapt to emerging national security threats. Panelists provided critical analysis of major issues including the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)/drones, big data and mass surveillance, cyber security and issues of privacy, the growth of asymmetric warfare, and challenges from new coalitions such as ISIS/ISIL.
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Torija, Antonio J., and Charlotte Clark. "A Psychoacoustic Approach to Building Knowledge about Human Response to Noise of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 2 (January 14, 2021): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18020682.
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We are on the cusp of a revolution in the aviation sector, driven by the significant progress in electric power and battery technologies, and autonomous systems. Several industry leaders and governmental agencies are currently investigating the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), or “drones” as commonly known, for an ever-growing number of applications—from blue light services to parcel delivery and urban mobility. Undoubtedly, the operation of UAVs will lead to noise exposure, which has the potential to become a significant public health issue. This paper first describes the main acoustic and operational characteristics of UAVs, as an unconventional noise source compared to conventional civil aircraft. Gaps in the literature and the regulations on the noise metrics and acceptable noise levels are identified and discussed. The state-of-the-art evidence on human response to aircraft and other environmental noise sources is reviewed and its application for UAVs discussed. A methodological framework is proposed for building psychoacoustic knowledge, to inform systems and operations development to limit the noise impact on communities.
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Bouafif, Hana, Faouzi Kamoun, and Farkhund Iqbal. "Towards a Better Understanding of Drone Forensics." International Journal of Digital Crime and Forensics 12, no. 1 (January 2020): 35–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdcf.2020010103.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (drones) have gained increased popularity as their innovative uses continue to expand across various fields. Despite their numerous beneficial uses, drones have unfortunately been misused, through many reported cases, to launch illegal and sometimes criminal activities that pose direct threats to individuals, organizations, public safety and national security. These threats have recently led law enforcement agencies and digital forensic investigators to pay special attention to the forensic aspects of drones. This important research topic, however, remains underexplored. This study aims to further explore drone forensics in terms of challenges, forensic investigation procedures and experimental results through a forensic investigation study performed on a Parrot AR drone 2.0. In this study, the authors present new insights on drone forensics in terms of forensic approaches, access to drone's digital containers and the retrieval of key information that can assist digital forensic investigators establish ownership, recuperate flight data and gain access to media files.
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Королева, Анна Николаевна. "LEGAL REGULATION OF THE USE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN THE PENAL SYSTEM." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 3(39) (October 15, 2020): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2020.39.3.004.
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Беспилотные воздушные суда и беспилотные авиационные системы становятся частью повседневной жизни, в том числе в деятельности органов и учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. В статье исследован исторический аспект появления беспилотных воздушных судов в России и зарубежных странах, необходимость, типовые задачи и особенности правового регулирования использования беспилотных воздушных судов в уголовно-исполнительной системе. Однако ряд вопросов до настоящего времени является предметом дискуссии и требуют правового регулирования. Современные технологии позволяют оснастить беспилотные воздушные суда различными приборами, придающими им дополнительные функциональные характеристики: приборами видео- и фотофиксации, тепловизором, громкоговорителем, оружием. В зарубежных странах сложилась разная практика регулирования: от разрешения использования беспилотных воздушных судов с оружием в правоохранительной деятельности и уголовно-исполнительной системе (США, Великобритания и др.) до протестов гражданского общества и требований законодательного запрещения использования беспилотных воздушных судов, способных причинить вред человеку. Не решены вопросы в части регулирования порядка сбора, обработки, передачи и хранения (в том числе длительности хранения) информации, полученной в ходе видео- и фотофиксации, включая передачу информации, содержащей персональные данные гражданина, в частности, его изображение. Обсуждается вопрос о соблюдении прав человека и гражданина, в том числе осужденного, при получении и использовании информации, полученной при помощи беспилотных воздушных судов в деятельности органов и учреждений уголовно-исполнительной системы. Требуется внесение изменений в процессуальное законодательство в части регулирования использования данных, полученных при помощи беспилотных воздушных судов, как доказательств, а также в целом их юридическое значение в административном, уголовном, гражданском (арбитражном) процессе. Необходимо урегулирование вопросов ответственности сотрудников уголовно-исполнительной системы, которые могут превысить полномочия с помощью использования беспилотных воздушных судов. В рамках Национальной технологической инициативы происходит активное развитие рынка АэроНет, поэтому беспилотные воздушные суда в деятельности уголовно-исполнительной системы могут стать частью этого рынка. Unmanned aerial vehicles and unmanned aircraft systems are becoming part of everyday life, including in the activities of bodies and institutions of the penal system. The article examines the historical aspect of the appearance of unmanned aerial vehicles in Russia and foreign countries, the need, typical tasks and features of the legal regulation of the use of unmanned aerial vehicles in the penal system. However, a number of issues are still the subject of discussion and require legal regulation. Modern technologies make it possible to equip unmanned aerial vehicles with various functional characteristics, ranging from video and photo capture, the availability of a thermal imager, a loudspeaker, to weapons. In different countries, different regulatory practices have developed: from allowing unmanned aerial vehicles with weapons in law enforcement and the penal system (USA, UK, etc.) to civil society protests and the requirements of the legislative prohibition on the use of unmanned aircraft that can cause harm to humans. Unresolved issues regarding the regulation of the procedure for collecting, processing, transferring and storing (including the duration of storage) of information obtained during video and photo recording, including the transmission of information containing personal data of a citizen, including its image. The issue of observing the human rights of a citizen, including a convict, is discussed when receiving and using information received by unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of bodies and institutions of the penal system. Amendments to the procedural legislation are required in terms of regulating the use of data obtained by unmanned aerial vehicles as evidence, as well as in general their legal significance in the administrative, criminal, civil (arbitration) process. It is necessary to resolve the issues of responsibility of employees of the penitentiary system, which may exceed their authority through the use of unmanned aerial vehicles. As part of the National Technological Initiative, the AeroNet market is actively developing, therefore unmanned aerial vehicles in the activities of the penitentiary system can become part of this market.
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Mlezivová, Michaela. "Unmanned Aircraft as a Subject of Safety and Security." MAD - Magazine of Aviation Development 6, no. 3 (July 20, 2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/mad.2018.03.02.
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<p class="keywords">Currently increasing UAV operation significantly changes the view of conventional aviation. Unmanned aerial vehicles have become part of air traffic and therefore, its operation should be adequately controlled through related legislative framework and law enforcement procedures. Considering the fact, that single unmanned aircrafts will be soon replaced by swarms, it is necessary to get prepared for all possible UAs applications and define all rules including also emergency and law enforcement procedures in case that public safety is endangered.</p><p class="keywords">This paper summarizes recent regulatory framework for UAVs in EU and US and points out a concealed weakness of legislative requirements. The legislative scope addressed in this paper is limited primarily to civil aviation. The second part stresses the security threat created by an uncontrolled or violently-controlled UA. Aerial vehicles detection and disposal methods are described in the last part of paper.</p>
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Nenkov, Nayden, and Nedyalko Domitrov. "Research on the Effectiveness of Modelling of Autonomous Flight System for Monitoring Agricultural and Industrial Sites." MATEC Web of Conferences 297 (2019): 06014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201929706014.
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Unmanned systems (drones) have been widely used for both military and civilian purposes for many years. Knowing the capabilities of the different systems allows for the right selection in preparation for a specific task, and each task requires the correct selection of the flight system, scientific and navigation equipment. The application of these systems has grown enormously in various fields such as: leisure, information and media, monitoring and inspection (electrical, pipelines, industrial installations), geological sciences (agriculture, environment) and civil safety (search and rescue), police operations, crowd control, and more).The report describes the analysis and assessment of the feasibility of an effective model of autonomous flying systems for monitoring agricultural and industrial sites. It demonstrates the usefulness of multi-rotor unmanned systems not only in popular and advertised applications of unmanned aerial vehicles in the media, but also in agriculture. The report shows an approach for automatically adapting the system to the conditions for collecting the necessary high quality data. A model has selected that uses unmanned quad-copter, hardware platform Pixhawk and ArduPilot, designed for non-commercial videos and photos of arable land.
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Garcia, Denise. "Future arms, technologies, and international law: Preventive security governance." European Journal of International Security 1, no. 1 (January 27, 2016): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eis.2015.7.
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AbstractThis article presents an initial discussion of the political and legal challenges associated with weaponised technologies in three interconnected areas that may impinge upon the ability to protect civilian populations during peace and war and imperil international security: armed unmanned combat aerial vehicles (commonly known as drones); autonomous weapons systems (known as ‘killer robots’); and the potential militarisation of cyberspace, or its use as a weapon, and the operation of drones and killer robots in the cyber domain. Supporting the argument that the world is ‘facing new methods of warfare’ and that international security governance and law are not keeping up, the article provides an overview and interpretation of three technologies in connection with aspects of five branches of law: state responsibility, use of force, international humanitarian law, human rights law, and law of the commons. I argue therefore that ‘preventive security governance’ could be a strategy to curtail uncertainty in the preservation of stability and international order. I define ‘preventive security governance’ as the codification of specific or new global norms, arising from existing international law that will clarify expectations and universally agreed behaviour on a given issue-area. This is essential for a peaceful future for humanity and for international order and stability.
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Battista, Anthony, and Daiheng Ni. "Modeling Small Unmanned Aircraft System Traffic Flow Under External Force." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2626, no. 1 (January 2017): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2626-10.
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With the rising popularity of small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS), more commonly known as drones, in both the public and private sectors, there is a growing need to organize and study aerial traffic flow. To improve the safety and efficiency of sUAS traffic, a study of sUAS behavior under heavy wind conditions was undertaken. A new model for sense-and-avoid behavior was developed, taking into account the effects of three different types of winds: headwinds, tailwinds, and consistent winds. To confirm the accuracy of the model, its microscopic form was then transformed into a macroscopic model to describe the group behavior of a platoon of vehicles. A MATLAB simulation was programmed to model the flow of a large group of sUAS affected by each different type of wind. Macroscopic data from the three trials were then plotted, and the plots were examined to analyze the nature of the relationships between density, flow, and speed values. Ultimately, it was found that the models produce feasible results and can be used to approach the behavior of externally forced sUAS flow. Various practical applications for these new models were proposed, and suggestions for further research were identified.
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Urdaneta, Gerardo Antonio, Christopher Meyers, and Lauren Rogalski. "How do drones facilitate human life?" Future Technology 1, no. 1 (May 15, 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55670/fpll.futech.1.1.2.
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Drone technology can provide a more cost-effective solution for many problems in different industries. This paper focuses on discussing how drones facilitate human life in various fields. They include infrastructure inspection, agriculture, medium and high-valued good delivery, geographical monitoring, rescue, and law enforcement. These areas were chosen because they can have the greatest impact if drones are used. Aerial unmanned vehicles can be used to map both horizontal surfaces and vertical structures. This can allow for a reduction in maintenance costs for buildings, cranes, wind turbines, speedways, and other infrastructures. It was found that the inspection cost for wind turbines could be reduced from 0.7% to 0.21% using drones. In terms of agriculture benefits, drones can use 800% less pesticide to provide the same protection benefits against plagues when compared to more conventional electric air-pressure knapsack sprayer (EAP) systems. Furthermore, it was determined that drones could save countless police officers' and civilians' lives by providing critical information in highly dangerous situations such as robberies, hostage cases, and car chases. The main obstacle that refrained from the widespread use of copter drones in these industries has been their limited flight time. Flight times of over two hours must be constantly achieved for the system to become cost-effective when compared to the traditional methods that are already in place.
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Qubaa, Abdalrahman, and Saja Al-Hamdani. "Detecting abuses in archaeological areas using k-mean clustering analysis and UAVs/drones data." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 30, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2021.30.1.16.
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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones have made great progress in aerial surveys to research and discover heritage sites and archaeological areas, particularly after having developed their technical capabilities to carry various sensors onboard, whether they are conventional cameras, multispectral cameras, and thermal sensors. The objective of this research is to use the drone technology and k-mean clustering algorithm for the first time in Nineveh Governorate in Iraq to reveal the extent of civil excesses and random construction, as well as the looting and theft that occur in the archaeological areas. DJI Phantom 4 Pro drone was used, in addition to using the specialized Pix4D program to process drone images and make mosaics for them. Multiple flights were performed using a drone to survey multiple locations throughout the area and compare them with satellite images during different years. Drone’s data classification was implemented using a k-means clustering algorithm. The results of the data classification for three different time periods indicated that the percentage of archaeological lands decreased from 90.31% in 2004 to 25.29% in 2018. Where the work revealed the extent of the archaeological area’s great violations. The study also emphasized the importance of directing authorities of local antiquities to ensure the use of drone’s technology to obtain statistical and methodological reports periodically to assess archaeological damage and to avoid overtaking, stolen and looted of these sites.
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Almeida, M., H. Hildmann, and G. Solmaz. "DISTRIBUTED UAV-SWARM-BASED REAL-TIME GEOMATIC DATA COLLECTION UNDER DYNAMICALLY CHANGING RESOLUTION REQUIREMENTS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W6 (August 23, 2017): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w6-5-2017.
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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have been used for reconnaissance and surveillance missions as far back as the Vietnam War, but with the recent rapid increase in autonomy, precision and performance capabilities &ndash; and due to the massive reduction in cost and size &ndash; UAVs have become pervasive products, available and affordable for the general public. The use cases for UAVs are in the areas of disaster recovery, environmental mapping & protection and increasingly also as extended eyes and ears of civil security forces such as fire-fighters and emergency response units. In this paper we present a swarm algorithm that enables a fleet of autonomous UAVs to collectively perform sensing tasks related to environmental and rescue operations and to dynamically adapt to e.g. changing resolution requirements. We discuss the hardware used to build our own drones and the settings under which we validate the proposed approach.
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Tuśnio, Norbert, and Wojciech Wróblewski. "The Efficiency of Drones Usage for Safety and Rescue Operations in an Open Area: A Case from Poland." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010327.
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The use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS) is becoming increasingly frequent during search and rescue (SAR) operations conducted to find missing persons. These systems have proven to be particularly useful for operations executed in the wilderness, i.e., in open and mountainous areas. The successful implementation of those systems is possible thanks to the potential offered by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), which help achieve a considerable reduction in operational times and consequently allow a much quicker finding of lost persons. This is crucial to enhance their chances of survival in extreme conditions (withholding hydration, food and medicine, and hypothermia). The paper presents the results of a preliminary assessment of a search and rescue method conducted in an unknown terrain, where groups were coordinated with the use of UAVs and a ground control station (GCS) workstation. The conducted analysis was focused on assessing conditions that would help minimise the time of arrival of the rescue team to the target, which in real conditions could be a missing person identified on aerial images. The results of executed field tests have proven that the time necessary to reach injured persons can be substantially shortened if imaging recorded by UAV is deployed, as it considerably enhances the chance of survival in an emergency situation. The GCS workstation is also one of the crucial components in the search system, which assures image transmission from the UAV to participants of the search operation and radio signal amplification in a difficult terrain. The effectiveness of the search system was tested by comparing the arrival times of teams equipped with GPS and a compass and those not equipped with such equipment. The article also outlined the possibilities of extending the functionality of the search system with the SARUAV module, which was used to find a missing person in Poland.
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Hamel, Héloïse, Sébastien Lhoumeau, Magnus Wahlberg, and Jamileh Javidpour. "Using Drones to Measure Jellyfish Density in Shallow Estuaries." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (June 14, 2021): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060659.
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Understanding jellyfish ecology and roles in coastal ecosystems is challenging due to their patchy distribution. While standard net sampling or manned aircraft surveys are inefficient, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) or drones represent a promising alternative for data collection. In this technical report, we used pictures taken from a small drone to estimate the density of Aurelia sp. in a shallow fjord with a narrow entrance, where the population dynamic is well-known. We investigated the ability of an image processing software to count small and translucent jellyfish from the drone pictures at three locations with different environmental conditions (sun glare, waves or seagrass). Densities of Aurelia sp. estimated from semiautomated and manual counts from drone images were similar to densities estimated by netting. The semiautomated program was able to highlight the medusae from the background in order to discard false detections of items unlikely to be jellyfish. In spite of this, some objects (e.g., seagrass) were hardly distinguishable from jellyfish and resulted in a small number of false positives. This report presents a preview of the possible applications of drones to observe small and fragile jellyfishes, for which in situ sampling remains delicate. Drones may represent a noninvasive approach to monitoring jellyfish abundance over time, enabling the collection of a large amount of data in a short time. Software development may be useful for automatically measuring jellyfish size and even population biomass.
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Kułaga, Łukasz. "UŻYWANIE DRONÓW W CELU ZWALCZANIA TERRORYZMU ŚWIETLE ‘IUS AD BELLUM’." Zeszyty Prawnicze 16, no. 2 (December 9, 2016): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2016.16.2.07.
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The Use of Drones in Combating International Terrorism from the Perspective of ‘ius ad bellum’Summary The increasing practice of using armed unmanned aerial vehicles (military UAVs, commonly known as drones) by some countries to eliminate suspected terrorists raises a number of controversies from the perspective of international law. These controversies are also related to the specific features of military UAVs, which make it possible to kill targeted individuals without risk to the military personnel of the country concerned, and thereby may encourage the abusive interpretation of the applicable legal regulations. This article discusses these issues from the perspective of ius ad bellum, in particular the right to self-defence. It shows the main controversial points on the scope of invoking the right to self-defence in such cases, in particular the possibility of invoking the right to self-defence in response to an attack by a non-state entity, the question of pre-emptive self-defence, the importance of the severity of the force used as a condition allowing for the use of force in self-defence, and the relevance of the principles of proportionality and necessity. The article also presents an outline of the vast and highly controversial issues associated with the definition of terrorism from the point of view of international law.
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Benarbia, Taha, and Kyandoghere Kyamakya. "A Literature Review of Drone-Based Package Delivery Logistics Systems and Their Implementation Feasibility." Sustainability 14, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 360. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14010360.
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In recent years, e-commerce businesses have seen an increase in the daily volume of packages to be delivered, as well as an increase in the number of particularly demanding customer expectations. In this respect, the delivery mechanism became prohibitively expensive, particularly for the final kilometer. To stay competitive and meet the increased demand, businesses began to look for innovative autonomous delivery options for the last mile, such as autonomous unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, which are a promising alternative for the logistics industry. Following the success of drones in surveillance and remote sensing, drone delivery systems have begun to emerge as a new solution to reduce delivery costs and delivery time. In the coming years, autonomous drone sharing systems will be an unavoidable logistical solution, especially with the new laws/recommendations introduced by the Flight World Organization on how to organize the operations of these special unmanned airline systems. This paper provides a comprehensive literature survey on a set of relevant research issues and highlights the representative solutions and concepts that have been proposed thus far in the design and modeling of the logistics of drone delivery systems, with the purpose of discussing the respective performance levels reached by the various suggested approaches. Furthermore, the paper also investigates the central problems to be addressed and briefly discusses and outlines a series of interesting new research avenues of relevance for drone-based package delivery systems.
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Pan, Z. F., L. An, and C. Y. Wen. "Recent advances in fuel cells based propulsion systems for unmanned aerial vehicles." Applied Energy 240 (April 2019): 473–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.02.079.
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Behjati, Mehran, Aishah Binti Mohd Noh, Haider A. H. Alobaidy, Muhammad Aidiel Zulkifley, Rosdiadee Nordin, and Nor Fadzilah Abdullah. "LoRa Communications as an Enabler for Internet of Drones towards Large-Scale Livestock Monitoring in Rural Farms." Sensors 21, no. 15 (July 26, 2021): 5044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21155044.
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Currently, smart farming is considered an effective solution to enhance the productivity of farms; thereby, it has recently received broad interest from service providers to offer a wide range of applications, from pest identification to asset monitoring. Although the emergence of digital technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs), has led to significant advances in the smart farming industry, farming operations still need more efficient solutions. On the other hand, the utilization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones, is growing rapidly across many civil application domains. This paper aims to develop a farm monitoring system that incorporates UAV, LPWAN, and IoT technologies to transform the current farm management approach and aid farmers in obtaining actionable data from their farm operations. In this regard, an IoT-based water quality monitoring system was developed because water is an essential aspect in livestock development. Then, based on the Long-Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN®) technology, a multi-channel LoRaWAN® gateway was developed and integrated into a vertical takeoff and landing drone to convey collected data from the sensors to the cloud for further analysis. In addition, to develop LoRaWAN®-based aerial communication, a series of measurements and simulations were performed under different configurations and scenarios. Finally, to enhance the efficiency of aerial-based data collection, the UAV path planning was optimized. Measurement results showed that the maximum achievable LoRa coverage when operating on-air via the drone is about 10 km, and the Longley–Rice irregular terrain model provides the most suitable path loss model for the scenario of large-scale farms, and a multi-channel gateway with a spreading factor of 12 provides the most reliable communication link at a high drone speed (up to 95 km/h). Simulation results showed that the developed system can overcome the coverage limitation of LoRaWAN® and it can establish a reliable communication link over large-scale wireless sensor networks. In addition, it was shown that by optimizing flight paths, aerial data collection could be performed in a much shorter time than industrial mission planning (up to four times in our case).
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Kaur, Parampreet, Ashima Singh, and Sukhpal Singh Gill. "RGIM: An Integrated Approach to Improve QoS in AODV, DSR and DSDV Routing Protocols for FANETS Using the Chain Mobility Model." Computer Journal 63, no. 10 (April 30, 2020): 1500–1512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/bxaa040.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) are a collection of unmanned aerial vehicles that communicate without any predefined infrastructure. FANET, being one of the most researched topics nowadays, finds its scope in many complex applications like drones used for military applications, border surveillance systems and other systems like civil applications in traffic monitoring and disaster management. Quality of service (QoS) performance parameters for routing e.g. delay, packet delivery ratio, jitter and throughput in FANETs are quite difficult to improve. Mobility models play an important role in evaluating the performance of the routing protocols. In this paper, the integration of two selected mobility models, i.e. random waypoint and Gauss–Markov model, is implemented. As a result, the random Gauss integrated model is proposed for evaluating the performance of AODV (ad hoc on-demand distance vector), DSR (dynamic source routing) and DSDV (destination-Sequenced distance vector) routing protocols. The simulation is done with an NS2 simulator for various scenarios by varying the number of nodes and taking low- and high-node speeds of 50 and 500, respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed model improves the QoS performance parameters of AODV, DSR and DSDV protocol.
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Hildmann, Hanno, Ernö Kovacs, Fabrice Saffre, and A. F. Isakovic. "Nature-Inspired Drone Swarming for Real-Time Aerial Data-Collection Under Dynamic Operational Constraints." Drones 3, no. 3 (September 4, 2019): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones3030071.
Full textAbstract:
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) with acceptable performance are becoming commercially available at an affordable cost. Due to this, the use of drones for real-time data collection is becoming common practice by individual practitioners in the areas of e.g., precision agriculture and civil defense such as fire fighting. At the same time, as UAVs become a house-hold item, a plethora of issues—which can no longer be ignored and considered niche problems—are coming of age. These range from legal and ethical questions to technical matters such as how to implement and operate a communication infrastructure to maintain control over deployed devices. With these issues being addressed, approaches that focus on enabling collectives of devices to operate semi-autonomously are also increasing in relevance. In this article we present a nature-inspired algorithm that enables a UAV-swarm to operate as a collective which provides real-time data such as video footage. The collective is able to autonomously adapt to changing resolution requirements for specific locations within the area under surveillance. Our distributed approach significantly reduces the requirements on the communication infrastructure and mitigates the computational cost otherwise incurred. In addition, if the UAVs themselves were to be equipped with even rudimentary data-analysis capabilities, the swarm could react in real-time to the data it generates and self-regulate which locations within its operational area it focuses on. The approach was tested in a swarm of 25 UAVs; we present out preliminary performance evaluation.
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Kožović, Dejan, and Dragan Đurđević. "Spoofing in civil aviation: Security and safety of GPS/GNSS and ADS-B systems." Megatrend revija 18, no. 3 (2021): 281–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/megrev2103281k.
Full textAbstract:
Aircraft systems that rely on satellite positioning technology, such as GNSS and ADS-B, can be the target of a spoofing attack - a sophisticated and very dangerous form of radio frequency interference in which false signals are inserted into the "victim's" receiver for incorrect positioning or timing. Although spoofing in civil aviation is a potential threat, its technical feasibility is realistic, and the application of spoofing is becoming more flexible due to the very rapid progress of cheap SDR platforms. In particular, the potential risk is posed by potential air strikes, using unmanned aerial vehicles/drones, for the purpose of hijacking or distracting security in airspace surveillance. However, aviation is not ruthlessly exposed to spoofing attacks without any defense; by applying certain methods/techniques, spoofing can be mitigated in the GNSS receiver. Also, pilots are trained to detect and solve problems at every stage of the flight. Due to more sophisticated forms of terrorist attacks are possible, international organizations, such as ICAO and EUROCA, are proactively working to increase the robustness of the GNSS and ADS-B systems to spoofing. Given the importance of the topic and the fact that spoofing/antispuffing testing has certain limitations, consideration of the specifics and different scenarios of these attacks are very important in the development of new methods for their mitigation and detection. This paper focuses on spoofing/antispuffing of GNSS and ABS-B systems in civil aviation and provides an overview of the latest research in these areas.
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Perna, Stefano, Francesco Soldovieri, and Moeness Amin. "Editorial for Special Issue “Radar Imaging in Challenging Scenarios from Smart and Flexible Platforms”." Remote Sensing 12, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12081272.
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Microwave radar imaging plays a key role in several civilian and defense applications, such as security, surveillance, diagnostics and monitoring in civil engineering and cultural heritage, environment observation, with particular emphasis on disasters and crisis management, where it is required to remotely sense the area of interest in a timely, safe and effective way. To address these constraints, a technological opportunity is offered by radar systems mounted onboard smart and flexible platforms, such as ground-based ones, airplanes, helicopters, drones, unmanned aerial and ground vehicles (UAV and UGV). For this reason, radar imaging based on data collected by such platforms is gaining interest in the remote sensing community. However, a full exploitation of smart and flexible radar systems requires the development and use of image formation techniques and reconstruction approaches able to exploit and properly deal with non-conventional data acquisition configurations. The other main issue is related to the need to operate in challenging environments, and still deliver high target detection, localization and tracking. These environments include through the wall imaging, rugged terrain and rough surface/subsurface. In these cases, one seeks mitigation of the adverse effects of clutter and multipath via the implementation of effective signal processing strategies and electromagnetic modeling.
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Di Giovanni, Daniele, Francesca Fumian, Andrea Chierici, Mattia Bianchelli, Luca Martellucci, Gaetano Carminati, Andrea Malizia, Francesco d’Errico, and Pasqualino Gaudio. "Design of Miniaturized Sensors for a Mission-Oriented UAV Application: A New Pathway for Early Warning." International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering 11, no. 4 (August 31, 2021): 435–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.110417.
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In recent decades, the increasing threats associated with Chemical and Radiological (CR) agents prompted the development of new tools to detect and collect samples without putting in danger first responders inside contaminated areas. A particularly promising branch of these technological developments relates to the integration of different detectors and sampling systems with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The adoption of this equipment may bring significant benefits for both military and civilian implementations. For instance, instrumented UAVs could be used in support of specialist military teams such as Sampling and Identification of Biological, Chemical and Radiological Agents (SIBCRA) team, tasked to perform sampling in contaminated areas, detecting the presence of CR substances in field and then confirming, collecting and evaluating the effective threats. Furthermore, instrumented UAVs may find dual-use application in the civil world in support of emergency teams during industrial accidents and in the monitoring activities of critical infrastructures. Small size drones equipped with different instruments for detection and collection of samples may enable, indeed, several applications, becoming a tool versatile and easy to use in different fields, and even featuring equipment normally utilized in manual operation. The authors hereby present the design of miniaturized sensors for a mission-oriented UAV application and the preliminary results from an experimental campaign performed in 2020.
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Kociubiński, Jakub. "Wykorzystywanie danych personalnych zgromadzonych przypadkowo podczas operacji bezzałogowych statków powietrznych w świetle standardów prawa do prywatności gwarantowanego w Europejskiej Konwencji o Ochronie Praw Człowieka — zarys problemu." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 43, no. 1 (November 17, 2021): 331–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.43.1.21.
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The rapid growth of data-gathering technologies on the one hand has provided public authorities with a valuable tool for counteracting crimes, but on the other gave rise to concerns over potentially excessive intrusion into persons’ privacy. In order to mitigate the risk of authoritarian behavior stemming from a moral hazard arising out of ability to conduct an ever more effective surveillance, public authorities must impose certain self-limitations with regards to the usage of such data. In this context, the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, which may serve other non-invigilation purposes, may inadvertently lead to collecting someone’s personal data.
This paper provides a propaedeutic analysis of legal challenges associated with collateral collection of personal data through unmanned aerial platforms operated by public bodies, and the subsequent use of said data. The analysis will be carried out through the lens of the standards set out in the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). In order to provide an answer to the paper’s research question whether the current acquis on Article 8 of the ECHR setting out the basic right to privacy and exceptions thereof require adjustment, the analysis will begin with an overview of the existing case-law dedicated to the ECHR’s standards associated with collecting and processing personal data with an emphasis on its relevance to technical specifi cities of drones operations. The inquiry will then focus on standards associated with operating unmanned platforms during which personal data may be collaterally collected in public places. While it stands to reason that anyone within such a public space must reasonably expect that his or her privacy will be somewhat limited, a distinction must be made between mere recording and the subsequent use of such data for a different purpose that it was originally gathered. The next part of the analysis will cover a legal assessment of situations whereby sensors installed on a drone used by public authorities over public spaces will record persons within their domicile — place of living.
The analysis carried out in this paper has led to conclusion that while the core of the pre-existing ECHR’s case-law can be successfully applied per analogiam to unmanned aerial platforms’ operations, due to technical and operational factors there is no feasible way to provide adequate information about whether a monitoring is conducted, who is carrying it out, etc., in a similar manner as this is being done in the case of stationary close-circuit cameras. Therefore, it is necessary to place a greater emphasis on ex officio data anonymization.