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Journal articles on the topic 'Urethritis'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 15 June 2025

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1

Filáková, Šárka, and Otakar Mareš. "Urethritis." Urologie pro praxi 23, Urologie pro praxi 1 (2022): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/uro.2022.011.

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2

Stary, Angelika. "URETHRITIS." Dermatologic Clinics 16, no. 4 (1998): 723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70037-1.

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3

LYON, C. "Urethritis." Clinics in Family Practice 7, no. 1 (2005): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cfp.2004.11.001.

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4

Ziaei Hezarjaribi, Hajar, Reza Saberi, Mahdi Fakhar, and Najmeh Sadeghian. "Is There Any Relationship between Trichomonas vaginalis Infection and Male Urethritis Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases 2022 (September 6, 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8359859.

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Background. Male urethritis is one of the most common genital tract syndromes. Though the number of patients with urethritis is increasing worldwide, the cause of many cases of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) is still unknown. Objectives. This study aimed to delineate the association between Trichomonas vaginalis (T. vaginalis) infection and male urethritis. Methods. The literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the search terms “urethritis,” “Trichomonas vaginalis,” “trichomoniasis,” and “male urethritis” up to February 2020. Overall risk difference(RD) was applied to assess the relationship between T. vaginalis infection and male urethritis. Results. In total, seven articles were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis study. Our meta-analysis involved the review of case-control studies, including 2,242 urethritis cases and 929 individuals as controls. Among subjects examined for trichomoniasis, in the case group, 211 males were infected, and in the control group, 32 individuals were infected. The overall risk difference (RD) was 0.06, and the total reported p value was 0.00001. Although the result of our meta-analysis was not significant, it was shown that the risk of urethritis is 0.06 more in trichomoniasis patients than in the non-exposed group. Conclusion. Findings from the included papers showed that trichomoniasis is not a risk factor for male urethritis. Although trichomoniasis alone is not the main cause of urethritis, it can be considered one of the risk factors in male urethritis. Therefore, in the future, it is necessary to perform further studies to clarify the detailed association between T. vaginalis infection and urethritis risk in male patients.

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5

Akhtar, S., and S. P. Luby. "Risk behaviours associated with urethritis and genital ulcer disease in prison inmates, Sindh, Pakistan." Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal 08, no. 06 (2002): 776–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26719/2002.8.6.776.

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We evaluated the epidemiological differences with respect to demographics, drug use and sexual behaviours associated with lifetime risk of urethritis, genital ulcer disease [GUD] and urethritis and GUD together among 3395 male prisoners in Sindh. Factors associated with urethritis and GUD alone were sex with multiple females, sex with men, and ethnicity. Additional factors associated with urethritis alone were sex with prostitutes, sex with partners having multiple partners and sex with partners believed to be injecting drugs. Behaviours associated with lifetime risk for urethritis and GUD together were sex with multiple females, sex with prostitutes, sex with men, sex with partners believed to be injecting drugs and ethnicity. These relationships were consistently stronger compared to urethritis or GUD alone.

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6

Cooke-Jones, Rob, and Katie Humphries. "Urethritis in men." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 15, no. 1 (2021): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17557380211053365.

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Urethritis is simply defined as inflammation of the urethra. In the majority of cases, urethritis is caused by a sexually transmitted infection. Urethritis is the most common condition diagnosed and treated among men attending genito-urinary medicine (GUM) clinics in the UK. This article aims to outline the assessment and management of urethritis in both primary care and GUM clinics.

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7

Björnelius, Eva, Peter Lidbrink, and Jørgen Skov Jensen. "Mycoplasma Genitalium in Non-Gonococcal Urethritis — A Study in Swedish Male STD Patients." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 5 (2000): 292–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100504.

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Urethral swab specimens obtained from 101 men attending an STD clinic were examined for the presence of Mycoplasma genitalium by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. Fifty patients had non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU), and 51 patients were included as controls without urethritis. M. genitalium DNA was detected in 13 (26%) of the urethritis patients and in 5 (10%) of the control patients ( P=0.06). No patient positive for M. genitalium had a simultaneous chlamydial infection. Thus, in the 36 patients with non-chlamydial NGU, the prevalence of M. genitalium infection was 36% ( P=0.007 compared with controls). All patients with M. genitalium positive urethritis had a high grade urethritis defined as >10 polymorphonuclear cells per high power microscopical field. Compared with the control group, those with M. genitalium positive urethritis had more often had a history of urethritis than had those with chlamydial NGU or those with M. genitalium negative, non-chlamydial NGU.

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8

Dwari, Binayak Chandra, Mamata Bhatt, Minati Mishra, Nalinikanta Tripathy, and P. K. Sathpathy. "Male urethritis with or without discharge: a clinico aetiological study in Hi-tech Medical College and Hospital Bhubaneswar, Odisha." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 4, no. 4 (2018): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20183377.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Urethritis or inflammation of the urethra is a multifactorial condition. Urethritis is called gonococcal urethritis (GU) when Neisseria gonorrhoeae is detected in urethral smear of the patient and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) when this organism cannot be visualized.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Urethritis cases were identified from the dermatology OPD record. A retrospective analysis of data of patients diagnosed as GU and NGU for a period of 5 years (from August 2012-July 2017) was made. We have included only male patients more than 10 year.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Neisseria gonorrhoeae (61.42%) and Chlamydia trachomatis (45.9%) were the most common causative organism among urethritis and nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) respectively. Chlamydia urethritis had been confirmed by demonstrating ≥5 polymorphonuclear lymphocytes (PMNLs) from the anterior urethra using a Gram stained urethral smear. Acute condition (7-14 days) more common in GU. Dysuria and purulent urethral discharge (68.6%) was more common in GU. In urine specimen pus cells count were more than 10. The most common age group was 21-30 year (42.86%). Most patients were from low socio-economic status (62.85%). Sexual exposure was more common in unmarried patients (94.74%). Heterosexual exposure (93.75%) was more common. Urethritis was also associated with other infection in 18 patients.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Urethritis is inflammation of urethra which is manifested by dysuria with or without urethral discharge. Though there is increased incidence of Chlamydia infections, still now Gonococcal infection is the most common cause of urethritis.</p><p class="abstract"> </p>

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9

Giantoro, Marvin, and I. Gusti Ayu Elis Indira. "Profil gonore dan non-gonore di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Prof. dr. I G. N. G. Ngoerah periode januari 2018 - desember 2020." Intisari Sains Medis 14, no. 3 (2023): 993–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15562/ism.v14i3.1700.

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Introduction: The most common sexually transmitted disease is urethritis. Urethritis, or inflammation of the urethra, is a multifactorial disease, which is sexually acquired in the majority of cases. Symptoms of urethritis include discharge, dysuria and/or urethral discomfort but may be asymptomatic. Urethritis is classified under N. gonorrhoeae urethritis (GO urethritis) and nongonococcal urethritis (non-GO urethritis). Non-gonococcal urethritis in about 20-50% of cases is caused by infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and 10-30% of Mycoplasma genitalium. Other causes are Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, anaerobic bacteria, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and adenovirus. Gonorrhea is the second most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide. This study aims to determine the profile and clinical characteristics of patients with GO and Non-GO who visited the Dermatology and Venereology Clinic, Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar, Bali. Method: This type of research is retrospective descriptive using research subject data taken from patient registers at the Dermatology and Venereology Polyclinic, Sanglah Hospital, Denpasar for the period January 2018 - December 2020. Results: The number of urethritis patients in this study was 102 patients. The total cases of GO urethritis were 63.4% of patients and 36.6% of patients were diagnosed with non-GO urethritis. Most of the GU and NGU patients were in the age group of 25-44 years, most of the GO urethritis subjects were unmarried while the non-GO urethritis subjects were mostly married. The percentage of HIV positive status was found to be higher in non-GO urethritis patients. The main treatment given to patients with GO urethritis is cefixime, while in non-GO urethritis patients is azithromycin or doxycycline. Conclusion: The majority of GO and non-GO urethritis patients were in the 25-44 year age group, most of the GO urethritis subjects were unmarried while the non-GO urethritis subjects were mostly married. The percentage of HIV positive status was found to be higher in non-GO urethritis patients.  Pendahuluan: Uretritis, atau radang uretra, adalah penyakit multifaktorial, yang didapat secara seksual pada sebagian besar kasus. Gejala uretritis seperti keluarnya discharge, disuria dan/atau urethral discomfort tetapi mungkin tanpa gejala. Uretritis diklasifikasikan dalam uretritis N. gonorrhoeae (uretritis GO) dan uretritis nongonococcal (uretritis non-GO). Uretritis non-gonokokal sekitar 20-50% kasus disebabkan oleh infeksi Chlamydia trachomatis dan 10-30% Mycoplasma genitalium. Penyebab lainnya adalah Ureaplasma urealyticum, Trichomonas vaginalis, bakteri anaerob, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) dan adenovirus. Gonore adalah infeksi menular seksual (IMS) kedua yang paling umum di seluruh dunia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui profil dan karakteristik klinis pasien dengan GO dan Non-GO di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin Rumah Sakit Sanglah, Denpasar, Bali. Metode: Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif retrospektif menggunakan data subjek penelitian yang diambil dari rekam medis pasien di Poliklinik Kulit dan Kelamin RSUP Sanglah Denpasar periode Januari 2018 – Desember 2020. Hasil: Jumlah pasien uretritis dalam penelitian ini adalah 102 pasien. Total kasus uretritis GO adalah 63,4% pasien dan 36,6% pasien didiagnosis uretritis non-GO. Sebagian besar pasien uretritis GO dan non-GO berada pada kelompok usia 25-44 tahun, sebagian besar subjek uretritis GO belum menikah sedangkan subjek uretritis non-GO sebagian besar sudah menikah. Persentase status HIV positif ditemukan lebih tinggi pada pasien uretritis non-GO. Pengobatan utama yang diberikan pada pasien uretritis GO adalah sefiksim, sedangkan pada pasien uretritis non-GO adalah azitromisin atau doksisiklin. Simpulan: Sebagian besar pasien uretritis GO dan non-GO berada pada kelompok usia 25-44 tahun, sebagian besar subjek uretritis GO belum menikah sedangkan subjek uretritis non-GO sebagian besar sudah menikah. Persentase status HIV positif ditemukan lebih tinggi pada pasien uretritis non-GO.

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10

Uno, M., T. Deguchi, H. Komeda, et al. "Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium in men with gonococcal urethritis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 7, no. 6 (1996): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462961918284.

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A significant association of Mycoplasma genitalium with non-gonococcal urethritis has been reported, but the prevalence of this mycoplasma in men with gonococcal urethritis has not been so well studied. In this study, we examined urethral swab specimens from 45 Japanese male patients with gonococcal urethritis for the presence of M. genitalium by using a polymerase chain reaction-based assay. We also sought Chlamydia trachomatis by an enzyme immunoassay Chlamydiazyme . Of the 45 specimens, 2 4.4 were positive for the mycoplasma and 12 26.7 were positive for C. trachomatis. The findings suggest that M. genitalium may be a cause not only of non-gonococcal urethritis but also of postgonococcal urethritis.

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11

Comploj, Evi. "Urethritis posterior." Uro-News 26, no. 4 (2022): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00092-022-4856-7.

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12

Erbelding, Emily J., and Thomas C. Quinn. "URETHRITIS TREATMENT." Dermatologic Clinics 16, no. 4 (1998): 735–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70039-5.

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13

Lucas, Linda M., and David L. Smith. "Nongonococcal urethritis." Journal of General Internal Medicine 2, no. 3 (1987): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02596152.

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14

Faigel, Harris C. "Meningococcal urethritis." Journal of Adolescent Health Care 11, no. 4 (1990): 355–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0070(90)90048-7.

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15

ROGERS, WILLIAM B. "Shampoo Urethritis." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 139, no. 8 (1985): 748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.1985.02140100010009.

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16

Kochetov, B. P. "About non-gonorrhoid urethritis." Kazan medical journal 29, no. 5-6 (2022): 427–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kazmj89591.

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Under the name urethritis non gonorrhoica, or, as some authors call, urethritis pseudogonorrhoica, they mean inflammation of the urethra, which clinically resembles gonorrhoid urethritis, but is not caused by gonococcus, regardless of whether they appear in connection with intercourse or in connection with by whatever other external or internal reasons (Pechersky).

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17

Taylor-Robinson, D., J. S. Jensen, G. Fehler, F. Radebe, and R. C. Ballard. "Observations on the microbiology of urethritis in black South African men." International Journal of STD & AIDS 13, no. 5 (2002): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0956462021925144.

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The occurrence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium was determined by molecular techniques in urine specimens from 182 black South African men who had symptoms and/or overt signs of urethritis. Eighty-six (47.3%) of these men were infected with N. gonorrhoeae. There were 185 men without overt evidence of urethritis, 16 (8.6%) of whom were also infected with N. gonorrhoeae. Of the 96 men who had non-gonococcal urethritis, 14 (14.6%) were infected with C. trachomatis, 16 (16.7%) with M. genitalium and only one with both microorganisms. In comparison, 15 (8.9%) of 169 men without overt urethritis and without N. gonorrhoeae were infected with C. trachomatis and 15 (8.9%) with M. genitalium, proportions that were about half the size of those in the group with overt urethritis.

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18

Manavi, K., A. McMillan, and H. Young. "Non-chlamydial non-gonococcal urethritis or undiagnosed chlamydial urethritis?" International Journal of STD & AIDS 17, no. 5 (2006): 296–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646206776790178.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STI) in the partners of men with non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU). Observational study of the sexual partners of men with NCNGU diagnosed in the Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Edinburgh between 1 June 2002 and 31 December 2003. The diagnosis of chlamydial infection was based on ligase chain reaction (LCx) between June 2002 and March 2003, and on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) thereafter. Gonococcal infection was diagnosed with culture method. Sexual partners of 99 (25%) of the 403 heterosexual men diagnosed with NCNGU were screened. Chlamydial infection was detected in 19 (19%) of the female sexual partners. Higher proportion of female partners of symptomatic men (15/51) had chlamydial infection compared with that of partners of asymptomatic men (4/48) ( P < 0.005). NCNGU may be related to false-negative results of chlamydial diagnostic tests. Screening and treatment of sexual partners of men with NCNGU is therefore necessary.

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19

Hilton, Jackie, Sunita Azariah, and Murray Reid. "A case-control study of men with non-gonococcal urethritis at Auckland Sexual Health Service: rates of detection of Mycoplasma genitalium." Sexual Health 7, no. 1 (2010): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh09092.

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Background: Previous studies have identified Mycoplasma genitalium as a cause of urethritis in men. As there is no New Zealand data, a case-control study was conducted to determine whether this organism is a significant cause of urethritis in men presenting to Auckland Sexual Health Service. Methods: Enrolment for the study commenced in March 2006 and finished in February 2008. Inclusion criteria for cases of non-gonococcal urethritis were onset of urethritis symptoms within one month confirmed by urethral Gram staining showing ≥10 polymorphonuclear leucocytes per high-powered field. Controls were men presenting during the same time period for asymptomatic sexual health screening. All participants were tested for Neisseria gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium, and Chlamydia trachomatis. Information regarding symptoms, sexual behaviour and treatment was collected using a standard questionnaire. Results: We recruited 209 cases and 199 controls with a participation rate of 96%. The prevalence of C. trachomatis and M. genitalium in non-gonococcal urethritis cases was 33.5% and 10% respectively. Co-infection with these organisms was uncommon (1.9%). C. trachomatis and M. genitalium were diagnosed in 4% and 2% of controls, respectively, and both infections were detected significantly less often than in the cases (P < 0.0001, P < 0.005). Cases were more likely to report inconsistent condom use, multiple sexual contacts and not having sexual intercourse in the last week (P = 0.03, P = 0.02, P = 0.03). A past history of non-gonococcal urethritis was a significant predictor of current symptoms (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: This is the first study to investigate M. genitalium infection in New Zealand men. Our results confirm that M. genitalium is a cause of non-gonococcal urethritis in men presenting to our service.

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20

Hooton, Thomas M., and Robert C. Barnes. "Urethritis in Men." Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 1, no. 1 (1987): 165–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5520(20)30101-x.

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21

Parrott, T. S. "Cystitis and Urethritis." Pediatrics in Review 10, no. 7 (1989): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.10-7-217.

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22

Parrott, Thomas S. "Cystitis and Urethritis." Pediatrics In Review 10, no. 7 (1989): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/pir.10.7.217.

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CLASSIFICATION Although the terms cystitis, urethritis, and pyelonephritis are useful to the clinician for describing different clinically encountered varieties of urinary tract infection, one must not be limited only to site of localization when classifying urinary infections. Two other helpful schemes of classification (Table 1) have evolved based on pathogenesis1 and management.2 FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE Children and adolescents with cystitis or urethritis have urinary symptoms suggestive of urinary tract infection. In fact, not all symptomatic patients have true bacteriuria. Of all patients less than 15 years of age with urinary symptoms, only 9% were bacteriuric, and only 18% with dysuria had positive cultures for a pathogen.3 The incidence of true urinary tract infection from these data is 1.7 per 1,000 boys and 3.1 per 1,000 girls per year. The incidence of apparent first symptomatic urinary tract infection declines with increasing age, the decline being more rapid in boys (Figure). Patients with nonsymptomatic infections often feel more comfortable after treatment or more commonly may report loss of characteristic odor after appropriate therapy has been initiated for the positive culture results obtained for surveillance purposes. Data from large screening surveys of so-called healthy populations demonstrate a prevalence of unrecognized bacteriuria in 0.5% to 1.6% of school-aged girls.

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23

&NA;. "Managing Male Urethritis." Drugs & Therapy Perspectives 1, no. 2 (1993): 10–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00042310-199301020-00005.

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24

Smith, Thomas Joseph. "Urethritis in men." InnovAiT: Education and inspiration for general practice 6, no. 2 (2013): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1755738012471656.

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25

Wahlby, Lena, Bertil Cedergren, Bengt Lindqvist, and Erik Segerbrand. "HLA and Urethritis." Tissue Antigens 15, no. 2 (2008): 210–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-0039.1980.tb00905.x.

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26

Newland, Jamesetta A. "Urethritis in Men." American Journal of Nursing 97, no. 8 (1997): 16BB. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-199708000-00018.

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27

Reid, Joan S. "Estrogen-depletion urethritis." Geriatric Nursing 6, no. 1 (1985): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-4572(85)80107-5.

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28

Perkins, Matthew J., and Catherine F. Decker. "Non-gonococcal urethritis." Disease-a-Month 62, no. 8 (2016): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.disamonth.2016.03.011.

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29

Lautenschlager, S. "Nichtgonorrhoische infektiöse Urethritis." Der Hautarzt 66, no. 1 (2014): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00105-014-3549-x.

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30

Irimie, Marius. "Risk Factors and Aetiological Agents of Urethritis in Men with Urethritis in Brașov County." BULLETIN OF THE TRANSILVANIA UNIVERSITY OF BRASOV SERIES VI - MEDICAL SCIENCES 13 (62), no. 2 (2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31926/but.ms.2020.62.13.2.5.

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"Introduction: Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of urethritis, they remain a global public health problem worldwide. Patients with urethritis have a higher risk sexual behavior than the general population. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the risk factors and the etiological pathogens of urethritis in men among Brașov county. Patients and methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Medlife-PDR Clinic from Brașov, România, from Jan 2016 to Nov, 2020. 111 male patients aged from 17 to 78 years (mean age 34.5±10.26) presenting with dysuria, micturition discomfort and/or urethral discharge were included in the study. Results: The highest incidence of urethritis was among men aged 21-40 years. The acquisition of urethral infection was related to their young age, low educational level, multiple sexual partners and lack of condom use, most having extramarital relations including commercial sex. N. gonorrhoeae was identified as a causative agent in 18 (16.22%) patients with urethritis, C. trachomatis in 39 (35.14%) patients, Mycoplasma spp. in 5 (4.5%) patients, Ureaplasma spp. in 30 (27.03%) patients, Trichomonas vaginalis in 6 (5.4%) patients. A concurrent infection with N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis was identified in one patient (0.01%). In 12 patients (9.9%) other infectious agents were identified and in one case the aetiological agent could not be identified (0.01%). Conclusion: By identifying risky sexual behaviors, clinicians may be able to provide educational counseling as well as assistance in the diagnosis and treatment of urethritis. "

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31

O'Mahony, C. "Adenoviral non-gonococcal urethritis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 17, no. 3 (2006): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646206775809312.

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Adenoviruses infect mucous membranes, including – on rare occasions – the urethra. Adenoviruses should therefore be considered as yet another cause of chlamydia-negative non-gonococcal urethritis. The following case illustrates the dilemma posed in a patient with conjunctivitis and urethritis.

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32

Pollack, Alisa, and Rick Varma. "Adenovirus-associated paraphimosis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 30, no. 8 (2019): 825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462419842448.

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We present the first reported case of paraphimosis associated with concurrent adenoviral urethritis and conjunctivitis in a heterosexual man. This case reinforces the need to consider adenovirus in the differential diagnosis of non-gonococcal urethritis and describes a potentially serious complication.

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33

SİYEZ, Ender. "KORUNMASIZ CİNSEL İLİŞKİ SONUCU ÜRETRİT TANISI ALAN SÜNNETLİ HASTALARDA ASEMPTOMATİK HIV, HEPATİT B, HEPATİT C VE SİFİLİZ GÖRÜLME SIKLIĞI." Journal of Contemporary Medicine 12, no. 4 (2022): 532–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1030661.

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Aim: In this study, it was aimed to determine the frequency of asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and syphilis in circumcised patients diagnosed with urethritis transmitted by sexual intercourse because of unprotected sexual contact. Material and Methods: We retrospectively investigated the serological results of HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and Syphilis diseases in 364 male patients diagnosed with urethritis, all of them were circumcised during childhood. The study included patients who applied to the urology outpatient clinic of secondary state hospital between January 2017 and December 2019 with symptoms or signs of urethritis. In the examination, only urethral discharge could be seen without symptoms. After the patients were examined, first void urine samples were taken. Also at the first examination, peripheral blood samples were tested for HIV, Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C, and syphilis antibodies. Results: As a result of retrospective screening of the serological results of 364 male patients diagnosed with urethritis, Hepatitis B positivity was 1.09% with 4 cases, Hepatitis C positivity was found as 0.27% in 1 case and the Syphilis positivity rate was 1.92% with 7 cases in 364 patients. None of the patients had HIV positivity. Conclusions: The fact that there was not any encounter of HIV-positive patients in patients diagnosed with urethritis because of unprotected sexual contact led to the thought that circumcision had a protective contribution in these patients with urethritis, who were all circumcised. Also, screening tests, especially syphilis, should be performed on all patients diagnosed with STI infection.

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34

Vesic, Sonja, Jelica Vukicevic, Eleonora Gvozdenovic, Dusan Skiljevic, Slobodanka Janosevic, and Ljiljana Medenica. "Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasms in nonconococcal urethirits in men." Medical review 63, no. 1-2 (2010): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns1002047v.

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Introduction. Nongonococcal urethritis is the most common sexually transmitted infection in men, with vast majority of the etiological agents such as Chlamydia trachomatis, followed by urogenital mycoplasmas. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis, Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis in nongonococcal urethritis in men, and to examine infections associated with these agents. Material and methods. 299 sexually active, heterosexual men with nongonococcal urethritis were included into the study. Urethral samples were taken with a dacron swab placed into the urethra up to 2-3 cm. The Direct immunojluorescence tehnique was performed for identification of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis were detected with Mycoplasma 1ST assay. Results. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in 22.75%, Uraeplasma urealyticum in 21.08% and Mycoplasma hominis in 8.02% cases. We found no significant differences in prevalence between Chlamydia trachomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticym (p>0.05). Monoinjections were found in 51.85% with significantly higher rate (p<0.01) than associated infections (11.70%). Among associated infections, coinfection of Chlamydia trahomatis and Ureaplasma urealyticum was predominant. Association of Chlamydia trachomatis with urogenital mycoplasmas was significantly higher (p<0.05) than the one between Ureaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma hominis. In 36.45% patients no patogenic microorganisms were detected. Conclusion. These results confirmed the etiological role of Chlamydia trachomatis and urogenital mycoplasmas in nongonococcal urethritis with prevalence of 51.85% in monoinfections and 11.70% in associated infections. In 36.45% of cases the etiology of urethritis was not elucidated. These results suggest that more sensitive diagnostic tool should be applied when searching for the detailed etiology of nongonococcal urethritis.

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Rezaeian, AhmadReza, Mahin Ahmadi Pishkuhi, Leonardo Oliveira Reis, and Seyed Mohammad Kazem Aghamir. "Sexuality Transmitted Infection in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Non-Pandemic Time." American Journal of Men's Health 16, no. 6 (2022): 155798832211349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15579883221134900.

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On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization recognized the SARS-CoV-2 infection as a pandemic. The pandemic itself in addition to its containment measures affects individuals’ lifestyles and welfare including their sexual behaviors. Thus, we hypothesized that sexually transmitted infection (STI) incidence may be changed and so we evaluate urethritis incidence as the most common STI in men and some other related factors. Two cross-sectional surveys during the first 6 months of 2019 and 2020 were undertaken and data were collected from 11 urology offices located in different parts of the capital city. In total, 34,611 male participants were included in our study, and 191 (.55%) patients’ clinical diagnoses were urethritis. The urethritis incidence significantly decreased from 149 of 17,950 (.83%) to 42 of 16,661 (.25%) individuals in the same period of the years 2019 and 2020, respectively ( p-value < .001). There was a higher percentage of single ( p-value = .049) and older ( p-value < .001) urethritis patients in the first 6 months of the year 2020 compared with 2019. Our survey provided urethritis incidence, demographics, symptoms, and treatment characterization. As our results show, the proportion of urethritis patients in all populations admitted to urologist offices had dramatically decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with prior. The indirect effects of the pandemic and its containment measures on people’s sexual health should be noticed and an appropriate reaction and policy-making are recommended to manage issues properly in different aspects of sexual health.

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Werner, Ricardo Niklas, Isabell Vader, Susan Abunijela, et al. "Evidenz‐ und konsensbasierte (S3) Leitlinie: Management der Urethritis bei männlichen* Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen." JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft 23, no. 2 (2025): 254–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddg.15617_g.

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ZusammenfassungDie Urethritis ist ein häufiges, überwiegend durch sexuell übertragene Erreger wie Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae oder Mycoplasma genitalium verursachtes Krankheitsbild. Alleine aufgrund klinischer Merkmale ist die Unterscheidung der Erreger und der Ausschluss von Koinfektionen nicht sicher möglich. In der praktischen Versorgungssituation wird jedoch oftmals, noch vor dem Erregernachweis, eine empirische antibiotische Therapie durchgeführt. Ziel dieser evidenzbasierten S3‐Leitline ist die Förderung einer rationalen Syndrom‐orientierten Herangehensweise an das klinische Management männlicher Jugendlicher und Erwachsener mit Symptomen einer Urethritis.Neben Empfehlungen für Diagnostik, Klassifikation und Therapie beinhaltet die Leitlinie Empfehlungen zur Indikationsstellung für die empirische antibiotische Behandlung der penilen Urethritis. Neu gegenüber vorbestehenden, erregerspezifischen Leitlinien ist unter anderem das Flowchart für das Syndrom‐orientierte praktische Management. Bei Indikation zur empirischen Behandlung und Verdacht auf eine gonorrhoische Urethritis soll Ceftriaxon angewandt werden. Zusätzlich sollte, aufgrund des Risikos für eine Koinfektion mit Chlamydia trachomatis, Doxycyclin verordnet werden, es sei denn, eine Wiedervorstellung zur Behandlung möglicher Koinfektionen ist gesichert. Bei Verdachtsdiagnose einer nichtgonorrhoischen Urethritis soll die empirische Therapie mit Doxycyclin erfolgen. Azithromycin ist zur empirischen Behandlung der gonorrhoischen und nichtgonorrhoischen penilen Urethritis nur einzusetzen, wenn Kontraindikationen gegenüber Doxycyclin bestehen. Detaillierte Empfehlungen zur Differenzialdiagnostik, erregerspezifischen Behandlungen, spezifischen Situationen und zur Beratung und Nachsorge finden sich in der Leitlinie.

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Ma, Kevin C., Magnus Unemo, Samo Jeverica, et al. "Genomic Characterization of Urethritis-Associated Neisseria meningitidis Shows that a Wide Range of N. meningitidis Strains Can Cause Urethritis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 55, no. 12 (2017): 3374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01018-17.

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ABSTRACTNeisseria meningitidis, typically a resident of the oro- or nasopharynx and the causative agent of meningococcal meningitis and meningococcemia, is capable of invading and colonizing the urogenital tract. This can result in urethritis, akin to the syndrome caused by its sister species,N. gonorrhoeae, the etiologic agent of gonorrhea. Recently, meningococcal strains associated with outbreaks of urethritis were reported to share genetic characteristics with the gonococcus, raising the question of the extent to which these strains contain features that promote adaptation to the genitourinary niche, making them gonococcus-like and distinguishing them from otherN. meningitidisstrains. Here, we analyzed the genomes of 39 diverseN. meningitidisisolates associated with urethritis, collected independently over a decade and across three continents. In particular, we characterized the diversity of the nitrite reductase gene (aniA), the factor H-binding protein gene (fHbp), and the capsule biosynthetic locus, all of which are loci previously suggested to be associated with urogenital colonization. We observed notable diversity, including frameshift variants, inaniAandfHbpand the presence of intact, disrupted, and absent capsule biosynthetic genes, indicating that urogenital colonization and urethritis caused byN. meningitidisare possible across a range of meningococcal genotypes. Previously identified allelic patterns in urethritis-associatedN. meningitidisstrains may reflect genetic diversity in the underlying meningococcal population rather than novel adaptation to the urogenital tract.

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Wiggins, Rebecca C., Christopher H. Holmes, Monique Andersson, Fowzia Ibrahim, Nicola Low, and Patrick J. Horner. "Quantifying leukocytes in first catch urine provides new insights into our understanding of symptomatic and asymptomatic urethritis." International Journal of STD & AIDS 17, no. 5 (2006): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646206776790268.

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We quantitatively investigated inflammatory cells in the male urethra. Leukocytes in the first catch urine (FCU) from 87 men with and without urethritis were quantitated using haemocytometer counts and stained with an anti-CD45 pan-leukocyte antibody. An increased number of leukocytes in FCU specimens was associated with urethritis ( P > 0.002), the presence of discharge and/or dysuria ( P < 0.001), and detection of Chlamydia trachomatis ( P < 0.001) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae ( P < 0.001). In men with urethritis, higher leukocyte counts were also observed in the above groups ( P = 0.07, 0.03 and P < 0.0001, respectively). As leukocyte number increased, the likelihood of detecting either pathogen increased. This study suggests that symptoms and signs are a surrogate marker for the degree of inflammation present, and that as urethral inflammation increases, the likelihood of detecting a sexually transmitted pathogen also increases. This would explain why men with asymptomatic urethritis are less likely to have a sexually transmitted infection detected than those with discharge and/or dysuria.

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Svenstrup, Helle Friis, Jørgen Skov Jensen, Kris Gevaert, Svend Birkelund, and Gunna Christiansen. "Identification and Characterization of Immunogenic Proteins of Mycoplasma genitalium." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 13, no. 8 (2006): 913–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00048-06.

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ABSTRACT Mycoplasma genitalium causes nonchlamydial nongonococcal urethritis. M. genitalium was detected by PCR in 17 urethral swabs obtained from 99 men with and without urethritis (J. S. Jensen, R. Orsum, B. Dohn, S. Uldum, A. M. Worm, and K. Lind, Genitourin. Med. 69:265-269, 1993), and later, four M. genitalium strains were isolated (J. S. Jensen, H. T. Hansen, and K. Lind, J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:286-291, 1996). The objective of this study was to characterize immunogenic proteins of M. genitalium by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting by using a hyperimmune rabbit serum against M. genitalium G37, determine their identity by mass spectrometry, and develop an M. genitalium-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) free from cross-reactivity with M. pneumoniae antibodies. Using recombinant fragments of the C-terminal part of MgPa (rMgPa), we developed a specific ELISA for detection of M. genitalium antibodies. This antigen did not bind M. pneumoniae antibodies. Using serum samples from the 99 men with and without urethritis, we found that 26 had immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to M. genitalium. There was a strong statistically significant correlation between PCR and IgG antibodies to M. genitalium (odds ratio [OR], 5.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.3 to 21.5; P = 0.002). Furthermore, men with recurrent urethritis were more likely to have antibodies to M. genitalium than were those without recurrent urethritis (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 1.1 to 14.5; P = 0.0383) and they had significantly higher antibody titers. By use of the rMgPa ELISA, this study further substantiates the importance of M. genitalium as a cause of male urethritis.

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Golušin, Zoran, Olivera Levakov, and Biljana Jeremić. "Urethritis and antimicrobial resistance." Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology 5, no. 1 (2013): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjdv-2013-0001.

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Abstract Urethritis is a clinical syndrome which is characterized by mucopurulent or purulent urethral discharge with or without dysuria, due to an increased number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the anterior urethra. Antimicrobial therapy and preventive measures are essential in the management of bacterial urethritis. However, these drugs may cause antimicrobial resistance, resulting in unsuccessful treatment and complications of urethritis. Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibiotics is well known for decades, and in recent years there are more cases of resistance of Chlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium to different antibiotics. There is a danger that in the future certain strains of N. gonorrhoeae will be resistant to all available antimicrobial agents, unless new antibiotics to which resistance will not develop rapidly or an effective vaccine are developed.

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Deguchi, Takashi, Hisao Komeda, Emiko Kanematsu, et al. "DIAGNOSIS OF GONOCOCCAL URETHRITIS AND CHLAMYDIAL URETHRITIS BY POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION." Japanese Journal of Urology 83, no. 12 (1992): 2070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5980/jpnjurol1989.83.2070.

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42

Horner, Patrick. "The Etiology of Acute Nongonococcal Urethritis—The Enigma of Idiopathic Urethritis?" Sexually Transmitted Diseases 38, no. 3 (2011): 187–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/olq.0b013e318207c2eb.

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Martinelli, F., E. Garrafa, A. Turano, and A. Caruso. "Increased Frequency of Detection ofUreaplasma urealyticum and Mycoplasma genitaliumin AIDS Patients without Urethral Symptoms." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 37, no. 6 (1999): 2042–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.37.6.2042-2044.1999.

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The roles of Mycoplasma genitalium and Ureaplasma urealyticum in nongonococcal urethritis are not yet well established. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of these microorganisms in the urethral tracts of 187 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected male patients with no clinical signs of urethritis. The results indicate that the prevalence of M. genitalium and U. urealyticum was higher in AIDS patients than in asymptomatic, HIV-1-infected patients and in healthy individuals. The high rate of mycoplasmas and ureaplasmas detected in AIDS patients, in the absence of urethritis, argues against major roles in causing disease at the urethral mucosal level for these microorganisms.

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Abdolrasouli, Alireza, Abolghasem Amin, Manouchehr Baharsefat, Azita Roushan, and Shamseddin Mofidi. "Persistent Urethritis and Prostatitis Due toTrichomonas vaginalis: A Case Report." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 18, no. 5 (2007): 308–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2007/196046.

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The present report describes a case of persistent urethritis accompanied by prostatitis due toTrichomonas vaginalisin a young male patient. The importance of the laboratory diagnosis of trichomoniasis in persistent or recurrent urethritis (ie, testing samples from multiple sites) is highlighted, with the aim of improving the clinical recognition of this pathogen.

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Tjagur, Stanislav, Reet Mändar, and Margus Punab. "Profile of sexually transmitted infections causing urethritis and a related inflammatory reaction in urine among heterosexual males: A flow-cytometry study." PLOS ONE 15, no. 12 (2020): e0242227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0242227.

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Background Information about the use of flow cytometry in the diagnosis of male urethritis is scarce. The current study aims to evaluate the performance of flow cytometry on first-voided urine in males with infectious urethritis (Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis). Methods Male patients of the Andrology Centre (Tartu University Hospital, Estonia) were recruited during the period March 2015 –January 2018. Cases included 306 patients with infectious urethritis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycoplasma genitalium and/or Trichomonas vaginalis. The control group consisted of 192 patients without uro-genital complaints, negative tests for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis from first-voided urine and no inflammation in first-voided urine, mid-stream urine and urine after prostate massage. C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis were detected from first-voided urine using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. First-voided urine was analysed using urine particle analyzer Sysmex UF-500i. Results The most prevalent infection was chlamydia (64.1%), followed by Mycoplasma genitalium (20.9%), gonorrhoea (7.8%) and trichomoniasis (1.6%). Gonorrhoea caused the highest flow-cytometric leucocyte/bacteria count, followed by chlamydia and Mycoplasma genitalium. Trichomonas vaginalis showed nearly absent inflammation in first-voided urine. Using an empiric flow-cytometry diagnostic threshold for urethritis in first-voided urine (leucocytes ≥ 15/μl and bacteria ≥ 20/μl) the total calculated sensitivity was over 90%. However, when applying such criteria for deciding whether to perform first-voided urine PCR for C. trachomatis, N. gonorrhoeae, M. genitalium and T. vaginalis or not, we could miss 23 cases with infectious urethritis that makes up 7,5% of all proven cases. Conclusions Flow cytometry of first-voided urine can be considered as a rapid and objective screening method in case of suspected male infectious urethritis.

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Abdolrasouli, A., A. Amin, M. Baharsefat, A. Roushan, and Y. Hemmati. "Moraxella catarrhalis associated with acute urethritis imitating gonorrhoea acquired by oral–genital contact." International Journal of STD & AIDS 18, no. 8 (2007): 579–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/095646207781439775.

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A case of heterosexual transmission of Moraxella catarrhalis by fellatio, which resulted in acute purulent urethritis mimicking gonorrhoea in the male partner, is described. In male patients with urethritis due to M. catarrhalis, orogenital contact with a sexual partner carrying the organism in his/her oropharynx is the probable route of transmission.

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Harningtyas, Citra Dwi. "Administration of Oral Therapy For Gonorrheal Urethritis Patients With Local Complications In Men: Case Reports." Journal of Agromedicine and Medical Sciences 3, no. 3 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/ams.v3i3.6055.

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Urethritis gonorrhea is the most prevalent venereal disease today and can be found all over the world. Timeliness of treatment, correct selection of drugs with adequate doses can eliminate infections that affect the individual, prevent the development of complications, prevent further transmission and avoid germ resistance. This article reports, 24-year-old male patient with a diagnosis of gonore urethritis who came to polyclinic Skin and Veneral at Hospital Syaiful Anwar Malang. Patients come with complaints of pus out of the genitals without itching. Patients also complain of pain during urination, as well as urinating in small volume and often. On examination of external urethra urifisium area obtained ectropion, purulent discharge, and hyperemia macula. There is a lump and duh at the tip of the genitalia caused by inflammation of the paraurethral glands. From the investigation found diplococcus bacteria Gram negative intrasellular PMN. The causative therapy given is a single oral dose of Oral 400mg. Evaluation was done 3 days after treatment and improvement was obtained. Keywords: gonorrhea urethritis; oral urethritis therapy; uretritis gonorrhea complications

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Tzeng, Yih-Ling, Jose A. Bazan, Abigail Norris Turner, et al. "Emergence of a newNeisseria meningitidisclonal complex 11 lineage 11.2 clade as an effective urogenital pathogen." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 16 (2017): 4237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620971114.

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Neisseria meningitidis(Nm) clonal complex 11 (cc11) lineage is a hypervirulent pathogen responsible for outbreaks of invasive meningococcal disease, including among men who have sex with men, and is increasingly associated with urogenital infections. Recently, clusters of Nm urethritis have emerged primarily among heterosexual males in the United States. We determined that nonencapsulated meningococcal isolates from an ongoing Nm urethritis outbreak among epidemiologically unrelated men in Columbus, Ohio, are linked to increased Nm urethritis cases in multiple US cities, including Atlanta and Indianapolis, and that they form a unique clade (the US Nm urethritis clade, US_NmUC). The isolates belonged to the cc11 lineage 11.2/ET-15 with fine type of PorA P1.5–1, 10–8; FetA F3-6; PorB 2–2 and express a unique FHbp allele. A common molecular fingerprint of US_NmUC isolates was an IS1301 element in the intergenic region separating the capsulectr-cssoperons and adjacent deletion ofcssA/B/Cand a part ofcsc, encoding the serogroup C capsule polymerase. This resulted in the loss of encapsulation and intrinsic lipooligosaccharide sialylation that may promote adherence to mucosal surfaces. Furthermore, we detected an IS1301-mediated inversion of an ∼20-kb sequence near thecpslocus. Surprisingly, these isolates had acquired by gene conversion the complete gonococcal denitrificationnorB-aniA gene cassette, and strains grow well anaerobically. The cc11 US_NmUC isolates causing urethritis clusters in the United States may have adapted to a urogenital environment by loss of capsule and gene conversion of theNeisseria gonorrheae norB-aniAcassette promoting anaerobic growth.

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Ballout, Rami A., and Ismael Maatouk. "Isotretinoin-induced urethritis versus non-gonococcal urethritis in a man who has sex with men: an open debate." International Journal of STD & AIDS 29, no. 10 (2018): 1024–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956462418761261.

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This is the case of a young man presenting with urethritis despite a negative infectious work-up. Careful history taking elucidated a strong correlation between symptom onset and a recent dose escalation of isotretinoin for treatment of his refractory cystic acne. The urethral symptoms quickly resolved with dose reduction, suggesting urethritis as a rare adverse reaction of isotretinoin.

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Johannisson, G., Y. Enström, G.-B. Löwhagen, et al. "Occurrence and Treatment of Mycoplasma Genitalium in Patients Visiting STD Clinics in Sweden." International Journal of STD & AIDS 11, no. 5 (2000): 324–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095646240001100508.

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Two hundred and thirty-three men and 85 women visiting STD clinics in western Sweden between April 1997 and March 1998 were examined for Mycoplasma genitalium and Chlamydia trachomatis. The bacteria were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Three women (3.5%) and 18 men (7%) were positive for M. genitalium. Seventeen (14%) of the 115 men with urethritis were infected but only one of the men was without urethritis. After treatment with tetracyclines for 10 days, one woman and 8 of the 13 men still harboured M. genitalium. M. genitalium-infected men did not have more life-time partners than other men visiting STD clinics. More men positive for M. genitalium gave a history of previous urethritis but the difference was not significant.

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