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1
Elkacmi, Reda, Noureddine Kamil, Mounir Bennajah, and Said Kitane. "Extraction of Oleic Acid from Moroccan Olive Mill Wastewater." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1397852.
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The production of olive oil in Morocco has recently grown considerably for its economic and nutritional importance favored by the country’s climate. After the extraction of olive oil by pressing or centrifuging, the obtained liquid contains oil and vegetation water which is subsequently separated by decanting or centrifugation. Despite its treatment throughout the extraction process, this olive mill wastewater, OMW, still contains a very important oily residue, always regarded as a rejection. The separated oil from OMW can not be intended for food because of its high acidity of 3.397% which exceeds the international standard for human consumption defined by the standard of the Codex Alimentarius, proving its poor quality. This work gives value addition to what would normally be regarded as waste by the extraction of oleic acid as a high value product, using the technique of inclusion with urea for the elimination of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids through four successive crystallizations at 4°C and 20°C to have a final phase with oleic acid purity of 95.49%, as a biodegradable soap and a high quality glycerin will be produced by the reaction of saponification and transesterification.
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Sity Maryam, Santy. "Hubungan Pemberian ASI Eksklusif, Status Gizi Dan Personal Hygiene Dengan Kejadian Diare Pada Anak Usia 1-5 Tahun." Indonesian Scholar Journal of Nursing and Midwifery Science (ISJNMS) 2, no. 04 (2022): 631–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54402/isjnms.v2i04.282.
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Introduction: Diarrhea is a condition in which individuals defecate with a liquid consistency for more than 3 days. Diarrhea disease is still a major problem in the world with high morbidity and mortality rates in many countries. The digestive system can become infected with different bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause diarrhea. Some complications caused by diarrhea include Mild to severe dehydration. Sepsis is a severe infection that can spread to other organs. Malnutrition, especially in children aged less than 5 years, can result in a decrease in the child's immune system. Methods: Quantitative analysis using a cross-sectional design. The population in this study were mothers who had children 1-5 years old who were treated at Dr. Hafiz Hospital Cianjur with a population of 259 people with a total sample of 72 respondents. Determination of the sample using purposive sampling. Results: The results of the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding were found p-value = 0,002 OR = 10,080. Nutritional status p-value = 0,011 OR = 5,897 and Personal Hygiene p-value = 0,002 OR= 7,150. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding, nutritional status, and personal hygiene with the incidence of diarrhea in children aged 1-5 years at Dr. Hafiz Hospital Cianjur in 2021. The advice is to give children exclusive breastfeeding always pay attention to the nutritional status and keep doing personal hygiene to avoid diarrhea. Discussion: Always try to give exclusive breastfeeding, especially for children aged 0-2 years to provide balanced nutrition and good immunity so that it can prevent children from contracting diseases, especially diseases of digestive problems, besides always paying attention to nutritional conditions to avoid undernutrition conditions and maintain personal hygiene such as always washing hands with water and soap as well as maintaining nail hygiene and always paying attention to the condition of the food or drink that will be consumed.
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Nury, Dennis Farina, Wika Atro Auriyani, Feerzet Achmad, and Muhammad Zulfikar Luthfi. "Penyuluhan dan Pembuatan Sabun Cair Berbasis Minyak Goreng Bekas di Desa Trisnomaju, Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung Selatan." Journal of Industrial Community Empowerment 1, no. 1 (2022): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.52759/jice.v1i1.93.
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Due to the many uses of cooking oil for household needs, it generates a huge residue called waste cooking oil or jelantah. Waste cooking oil can cause health and environmental problems. The conversion of waste cooking oil will help to reduce environmental damage. One of the conversion is making the waste cooking oil into valuable product as liquid soap. Liquid soap is made from Potassium hydroxide (KOH) reaction that produces salt (soap), water and glycerin. The saponification process was produced liquid soap using hydrolysis of waste cooking oil into fatty acids and glycerol in the KOH to hydrolyze. The waste cooking oil (jelantah) can ben converted into liquid soap by using the mixture of waste cooking oil, KOH solution, water and scent oil. This study aimed to educate the housewives about the problems of using waste cooking oil repeatly and to make liquid soap with a short training in Desa Trisnomaju, Kabupaten Pesawaran, Lampung Selatan. This activity consists of discussions, demonstrations and hands-on practice liquid soap. The results showed the the housewives were verry happy and enthusiastic during training. It can be concluded that the housewives are good and focus in making liquid soap, were increased in survey score from pretest to post test, 59,72% to 81,67%, respectively.
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Setyowati, Widiastuti Agustina Eko, Reti Prabaraita Nurisah, and Puput Istika Wulandari. "Binahong Leaves Water Extract (Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen.) as a Natural Foaming and Antibacterial Agent of Antiseptic Liquid Bath Soap." JKPK (Jurnal Kimia dan Pendidikan Kimia) 5, no. 2 (2020): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/jkpk.v5i2.29892.
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<p>The research about the use of binahong leaves water extract (<em>Anredera cordifolia (Tenore) Steen.</em>) as a natural foaming and antibacterial agent in the production of antiseptic liquid bath soap has been conducted. The extraction of binahong leaves was done by the maceration method using water solvents, and then saponin identification was carried out using a foam test and <em>Lieberman Burchard</em>. Antiseptic liquid soap is made in 6 preparations with variations in the ratio of Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS) and water extract of binahong leaves. Antibacterial activity test was carried out on <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> and <em>Escherichia coli</em> using the excellent diffusion method. The results showed that binahong leaf water extract contained saponins and produced a stable foam of more than 10 minutes so that it could be used as a natural foaming agent in the production of antiseptic liquid bath soap. The soap produced meets the quality requirements of SNI 06-4085-1996 concerning Liquid Bath Soap, where preparation 4 has the best results with detergency power of 40%; pH 8,87; free alkali content of 0,04%; and a specific gravity of 1,06 gr/ml. A liquid bath soap with binahong leaves water extract surfactant (preparation 6) has the highest antibacterial activity against <em>S. aureus</em> and <em>E. coli</em> with inhibition area diameter of 13,5 mm (strong) and 12,5 mm (strong) respectively.</p>
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Kurniawati, Darini. "Antibacterial Activity Test of Herbal Liquid Soap Against Streptoccus pyogenes and Candida albicans." Berkala Kedokteran 18, no. 2 (2022): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jbk.v18i2.14571.
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Nowadays people like to use liquid soap because it is more practical and easier to store. Antiseptic liquid soap circulating in the market uses chemical compounds such as triclosan, hexalorofen and bithional whose raw materials are from abroad. The government encourages the use of its own natural raw materials so that natural materials will become the mainstay of Indonesian industry. The purpose of this research was knowing the antibacterial effectiveness of herbal liquid soap against Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albicans. This research used true experimental method which the process was started by making herbal liquid soap products using the hot; and cold press method for evaluating pH, organoleptic, foam stability, water content, free fatty acids and free alkali, testing germ numbers with the intervention group (washing hands with herbal liquid soap). and control group (washing hands with running water), followed by testing the inhibitory power of herbal liquid soap against Streptococcus pyogenes and Candida albican microbes. The results of the evaluation test of herbal liquid soap have a liquid form, lemon odor and yellow color, foam height 15-70 mm, pH 10, water content 52%, free fatty acids 0.05%, free alkali 0.091%, according to SNI soap standards. required liquid. Antibacterial test by dilution method and continued with microbial inhibition results obtained MIC against Streptococcus pyogenes at a concentration of 20% and MBC at a concentration of 20% of 22mm. Against Candida albican, the results of MIC at a concentration of 25% and MBC at a concentration of 25% were 15 mm.
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Ramadani, Muhammad, Muhammad Gunawan, Enny Fitriani, and Melati Yulia Kusumastuti. "FORMULASI SABUN CAIR ANTISEPTIK SARI AIR KULIT BUAH PISANG AMBON (MUSA PARADISIACA VAR SEPIENTUM L.) DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS DAN ESCHERICHIA COLI." JIFI (Jurnal Ilmiah Farmasi Imelda) 8, no. 1 (2024): 20–37. https://doi.org/10.52943/jifarmasi.v8i1.1770.
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Cleanliness of the skin, hands and body is a state of being free of dirt, dust and microorganisms that can cause infection. The existence of these microorganisms can be overcome by using soap containing chemical compounds that have antibacterial activity. In the market there are many circulating antiseptic soaps containing synthetic antibacterials, but they often cause side effects, so it is necessary to make soaps containing natural antibacterials, for example, Ambon banana peel contains polyphenolic compounds and saponins have antibacterial activity. The study conducted a phytochemical screening of Ambon banana peels, made liquid soap containing water extract of Ambon banana peels as a cleanser and antibacterial and carried out antibacterial activity tests. Research stages: phytochemical screening of Ambon banana peel and water extract, liquid soap formulation containing 10%, 20% and 30% Ambon banana peel water extract (SKPA), evaluation of liquid soap including: stability, foam height, pH, irritation and preference test . Antibacterial activity test against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and bacteria from volunteer hand washing water specimens. The results showed that the water extract from Ambon banana peel contains alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids/triterpenoids, and glycosides, which can be formulated into liquid soap (SKPA) fulfilling the physical quality requirements. SKPA 30% liquid soap is the best because it is very liked by researchers, has strong antibacterial activity, diameter of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (17.23 ± 0.66) mm, and Escherichia coli (15.83 ± 0.66) mm. The total plate number for volunteer hand washing specimens, 10% SKPA resulted in a reduction of bacterial colonies of 49.78%, 30% SKPA obtained the greatest reduction in bacteria, namely 82.79, almost the same as Dettol liquid soap. What is circulating in the market is 83.02%.
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Raden Rara Anteng Pujowati, Anna Fitriawati, and Tatiana Siska Wardani. "Formulasi Sabun Cair Berbahan Baku Virgin Coconut Oil VCO dengan Penambahan Ekstrak Daun Pepaya Carica Papaya L. untuk Peningkatan Aktivitas Anti Bakteri Staphylococcus Epidermidis ATCC 12238." EduInovasi: Journal of Basic Educational Studies 4, no. 3 (2024): 1734–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/edu.v4i3.4842.
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Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis. Papaya leaves (Carica papaya L.) contain antibacterial substances, namely alkaloids carpaine, flavonoids, tocophenols. Of this study was to determine the physical quality of liquid soap, increasing antibacterial activity. Papaya leaves were extracted with 96% ethanol solvent, then evaporated with a water bath. Antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method in concentrations of 5%, 15% and 25% and liquid soap will be made F0 0%, F1 5%, F2 10%, and F3 25% against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12238. Amoxicillin tab as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. Bacterial activity appears a clear zone around the disc paper. And see the physical quality test according to the requirements. The results of the bacterial test data are made in table form, and analyzed using the SPSS method Formula with the addition of papaya leaf extract can be made and according to the physical quality conditions of liquid soap. The results of the 25% concentration extract test are an inhibition zone of 20.8 mm, the highest liquid soap formula is an inhibition zone of 23.8 mm in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12238. Liquid soap preparations and papaya leaf extract have antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12238 bacteria and according to the physical quality requirements of liquid soap.
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Tanuja, Kadam* Kanchan Gursal Sakshi Labhade Rutuja Shirode Roshni Sayyad Bahaisti Patel Shubham Bodkhe. "Formulation And Evaluation of Herbal Body Wash Solution." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 11 (2024): 1747–52. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14249938.
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Body wash is a liquid cleaner designed especially for the body. It aids in cleansing the skin of debris, perspiration, and pollutants, leaving it feeling renewed and clean. In order to accommodate various skin types and individual preferences, body washes frequently come in a range of fragrances and formulas. Usually, the substance is lathered onto a sponge or washcloth in the shower or bathtub before being applied to the body.It's a fantastic way to feel refreshed and clean at the beginning or finish of the day! One well-liked cleansing product made especially for the body is body wash. It is used in baths and showers and is a liquid that is typically supplied in bottles or other containers. Body wash's main objective is to cleanse the skin by eliminating perspiration, debris, and pollutants, leaving it feeling clean and renewed. Convenience is one of the key benefits of utilizing body wash. Body wash is in liquid form, which makes it simpler to apply and lather onto the skin than typical bar soaps. For a more complete and efficient cleaning experience, it can be used with a washcloth, loofah, or even just your hands. To accommodate various skin types and individual preferences, body washes are available in a broad variety of fragrances, formulas, and textures. While some body washes may include hydrating elements to help moisturize and nourish the skin, others are specially made for sensitive skin. Everybody may choose a body wash that meets their demands thanks to the wide range of options offered. Many body cleansers provide more advantages than just cleaning. Some include exfoliating components, including mild scrub granules or chemical exfoliants, which aid in the removal of dead skin cells and encourage the development of a more radiant, smoother complexion. Others could include components that offer further sustenance and skincare advantages, such as vitamins, antioxidants, or essential oils. The technique of using body wash is easy. Simply moisten your body with water, then apply a tiny bit of body wash to your hands or a washcloth, lathering it onto your skin while paying particular attention to trouble spots. Finally, give it a good rinse with water to get rid of any leftovers. Your skin is left feeling clean and renewed. Body washes can be a sensual pleasure in addition to being an efficient way to cleanse the body. The vast selection of fragrances, which range from fruity and floral to energizing and fresh, may make your bath or shower a sumptuous and fragrant experience. Throughout the day, the lovely scent may cling to your skin, leaving you feeling renewed and smelling fantastic. Although most individuals can safely use body wash, it’s still a good idea to look at the contents and pick a product that works for your skin type and any particular issues you may have. It’s advisable to choose fragrance-free or hypoallergenic products if you have any allergies or sensitivities.
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Nurrahmawati, Aminah, Nina Siti Aminah, and Rahul Kumar. "Design of Liquid Refill Station for Dish Soap Product Based on Internet of Things." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2734, no. 1 (2024): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2734/1/012026.
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Abstract The abundance of plastic waste from liquid products such as dish soap, shampoo, mineral water, etc., has been a big problem so far. Therefore, a liquid refill station for liquid products has been designed to reduce plastic waste, and in this research, we used dish soap as liquid product. The tool works equipped with two pumps and a water flow sensor. So that customers can choose the volume and type of dish soap they want to buy from the two available brands. All purchase data in the form of customer ID, the brand of dish soap purchased, the volume of dish soap bought, and the date of the purchase were saved in the database. The residual volume in the tank is monitored and displayed on the Grafana dashboard. The timeout of dish soap volume in the tank is predicted using linear regression with the independent variable in the form of time (days) of purchase and the dependent variable in the form of the remaining dish soap in the tank. The prediction uses training data taken from the remaining volume data in the tank when it is first filled until it is first used up. The training data found that the coefficient of determination R2= 0.99 for the two brands.
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Sudin, Sumarni. "Karakteristik Mutu Sabun Cair Alami Komposit Dengan Penambahan Kolagen Kulit Ikan Tuna (Thunnus albacores)." Research Review: Jurnal Ilmiah Multidisiplin 3, no. 1 (2024): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.54923/researchreview.v3i1.64.
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This study aims to analyze the quality of natural liquid soap extracts of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and lime (Citrus aurantifolia S.) with the addition of tuna skin collagen (Thunnus albacores), describe the level of preference (hedonic) of panelists towards natural liquid soap and determine the selected product. This study consisted of two stages: the preliminary, which aims to obtain collagen. The main résearch aims to determine the formula of natural liquid soap with collagen concentration treatment of 1%, 3%, and 5% and characterize the quality of natural liquid soap. The parameters tested included collagen yield and chemical characteristics, which were analyzed descriptively, the hedonic value of soap, which was analyzed using Kruskal Wallis, and viscosity of liquid soap designed with RAL and analyzed with ANOVA and Duncan. The selected product was determined using Bayes' test, which was then tested for pH, foam stability, free fatty acids, and Total Plate Count (TPC), which were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that collagen yield is 5,021%, protein content is 76,89%, water content is 4,05%, fat content is 0,57%, and ash content is 0,20%. The results of the Kruskal Wallis test show that natural liquid soap with the addition of collagen has a significant effect on aroma, viscosity, and appearance but has no effect on the impression during its use, the imression after use, and the amount of foam. The ANOVA test shows that collagen has a significant effect on the viscosity of natural liquid soap. The characteristics of the selected natural liquid soap pH 7,41, foam stability 83,33%, free fatty acids 2,5%, and ALT 3,4×103, all of which meet the requirements of SNI (1996).
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Riana Septiani and Susanti Sundari. "Transformasi Limbah Organik Menjadi Produk Bernilai Tambah: Pengembangan Sabun Cair Ramah Lingkungan." INSOLOGI: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi 4, no. 1 (2025): 89–101. https://doi.org/10.55123/insologi.v4i1.4860.
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XX has been carrying out sanitation operations using soap sold on the market, which is made from chemicals and is not environmentally friendly. Chemical soap can have an impact on water pollution because the chemicals are difficult to decompose and can disrupt aquatic ecosystems and harm living creatures in them. Plus, managing chemical soap waste also requires additional costs for the company. This research is a continuation of previous studies which aimed to develop environmentally friendly products, with a focus on developing eco-enzyme based liquid soap. This research method is an experiment in the field to test theories or develop products, by applying the Cold Process method in making antiseptic liquid soap. The results of this research show that liquid soap from eco-enzyme has great potential as an environmentally friendly alternative for cleaning and is effective in inhibiting the growth of E. coli bacteria, and the organoleptic test shows that the majority of respondents gave positive responses, with 66.7% stating the color of the soap is attractive, 66.7% assessing the aroma as very good, 50% stating the cleaning quality is very good, and 46.7% assessing the amount of foam in the good category. From an economic perspective, there is a 32% cost savings from substituting liquid soap on the market with eco-enzyme liquid soap.
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Qudsi, Hasnawiyah. "PREFERENSI NYAMUK Aedes sp. DAN Culex sp. MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA CAIR LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA DI BANJARBARU." BIOSCIENTIAE 9, no. 2 (2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/b.v9i2.3872.
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The aim of this study is to assess the preferences of Aedes sp and Culex sp onbreeding place using wastewater of rice and liquid soap waste. This study used purposivesampling method, the sample taken from yard of 6 villages in the district of North andsouth Banjarbaru. Sample taking by placing the sample retrieval ovitrap containing wasteliquid soap, sewage wastewater of rice and water wells. The number of larvae obtained inliquid soap waste media for Aedes sp is up to 3140 and Culex sp larvae is up to 67 larvae,while the wastewater of rice for Aedes sp amounted to 1863 larvae and Culex spamounted to 1539 larvae. t test showed that the effect of liquid soap waste andwastewater of rice against Aedes sp and Culex sp larvae are different but not real. Wasteliquid soap and wastewater of rice favored by Aedes sp and Culex sp larvae, so, both thewaste liquid soap and wastewater of rice can be used as breeding media for Aedes sp. andCulex sp.
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Fajar, In Rahmi Fatria. "Formulation Of Liquid Soap Based on Sea Grass (Eucheuma Cottonii) Used Olive Oil as An Oil Phase." SANITAS: Jurnal Teknologi dan Seni Kesehatan 13, no. 2 (2022): 210–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36525/sanitas.2022.18.
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The potential of Indonesian marine biota products is very large to be processed into commercial commodities. One of them is seaweed Eucheuma cottonii which contains phenolic profiles, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E and various minerals that play a role in healing and rejuvenating the skin. This liquid soap product contains the main ingredients of Eucheuma cottonii seaweed pulp and an olive oil soap base. Olive oil has a high content of oleic acid which is often used as a good antioxidant and moisturizing agent in the field of cosmetics. Objective to obtain a liquid bath soap formulation with the active ingredient of Eucheuma cottonii seaweed pulp using optimization of olive oil as an oil phase. Testing seaweed includes moisture content, ash content, content fat, protein content and heavy metal contamination. The method of making Eucheuma cottonii seaweed pulp is by blanching seaweed, soaking in 1:10 deonize water for 12 hours, draining, then homogenizing it with deonize water 1:2 for 3 minutes. The seaweed pulp is then formulated into liquid bath soap with the optimization of the best olive oil formula. The results showed that seaweed had 22.27% water content, 29.55% ash content, 0.53% fat content, 5.89% protein content and Pb < 0.25; Hg<0.1. Seaweed slurry obtained a clear mass and expands and can be used as a gelling agent. The soap formula obtained specific gravity 1.0894-1.1206 g / ml, pH value at range 6.26-6.43, viscosity in the number 420 cp - 2,800 cp and all preparations are physically and chemically stable during storage. Conclusion Eucheuma cottonii seaweed porridge can be formulated into soap and meets the requirements of liquid soap
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Jothy Andini, Lutfia Jamlika Laduni, and Anindya Utami Siamsasi. "Formulasi Sabun Susu Antibakteri Dari Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera Lam) dan Minyak Cengkih." Al-Hayat: Natural Sciences, Health & Environment Journal 2, no. 2 (2024): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.47467/alhayat.v2i2.3980.
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Skin is the outermost part of the human body which functions to protect the inner body from external disturbances such as protecting the body from attacks by bacteria, fungi, disease germs and sunlight. Therefore, skin cleanser is needed as protection, namely bath soap. Bath soap can be divided into two types, namely solid soap and liquid soap. Solid soap is soap made using Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) while liquid soap is made by reacting Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH). Add fillers in the form of Moringa leaf extract and clove oil to the soap making process as antibacterial ingredients. The flavonoid and antibacterial content in Moringa leaf extract can repel free radicals. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of Moringa leaf extract and clove oil on soap quality. The soap making method uses a cold process. Moringa leaf extract. Based on the soap test results, the highest water content was obtained, namely 4.64%, the pH value was between 9-9.5, and the antibacterial test results with the largest inhibitory power were 2.2 cm.
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Gu, Mi-Young, Soo-Yean Oh, and Hwa-Jung Choi. "Effects of Liquid Soap Manufactured with Vegetable Fatty Acid and Essential Oil by Hand on the Foot Skin of the Elderly." Journal of the Korean Society of Cosmetology 28, no. 2 (2022): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52660/jksc.2022.28.2.233.
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We purposed to analyze the effect of liquid soap manufactured by hand on corneous, moisture, oil and pH changes of foot skin in 12 elderly (≥65 age). The elderly were 12 persons using elderly community center in Ulju-Gun. The foot skin were diagnosed by a ARM PRO 100 device, measuring corneous, moisture, oil and pH of foot skin. The data were analyzed by independent two sample t-test and paired t-test. The liquid soap manufactured with plant fatty acid (Coconut oil, caster oil and lim oil), four essential oils and etc. We applied them on left foot skin (experimental) one time per day for 4 weeks. The right foot skin applied water as a control. As the results, application of the liquid soap on 12 elderly decreased corneous amount and increased moisture content significantly. Furthermore, the application of the liquid soap on 12 elderly didn’t change oil content and pH change. Therefore, the liquid soap is considered as a form of foot skin wash that is suitable for foot skin care.
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Rahmawati, Rahmawati, A. Muflihunna, and Sitti Maryam. "Making of “JE-LI” Liquid Hand Soap to Prevent of Covid-19 Spreading." Jurnal Mandala Pengabdian Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (2022): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35311/jmpm.v3i2.43.
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At pandemic of Covid-19, the government declare health protocol that diligently washing hand using soap to helping prevent Covid-19 spreading. The aim of devotion activity was giving of making “Je-Li’ liquid hand soap training to students n teachers of SD Negeri 29 Banyuanyara, kecamatan Sanrobone, kabupaten Takalar. This soap was reached by lime extract and aloe vera gel that affective as antibacterial and moisturizer. This activities consist of giving material and making soap training, the last, evaluate their understanding about the material and training with quiz. Our partner consist of 21 students of class six and 8 teachers. The result that they have understanding and skill to making liquid hand soap to keep clean of hand and to avoid Covid-19 spreading. 
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Губанов, А. В., and С. А. Губанов. "To the question of the production of solidified forms of liquid industrial soaps." Вестник Всероссийского научно-исследовательского института жиров, no. 1-2 2020 (December 17, 2020): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.25812/vtstiig/2020.23.11.019.
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Корректировка характеристик товарных технических мыл возможна только в сторону повышения концентрации мыльного клея сверх положенных норм. В этом случае повышается температура плавления мыла и, соответственно, меняется его консистенция при комнатной температуре. Для этого необходимо вести омыление при минимально возможном количестве воды, что при существующей технологии недостижимо из-за потери подвижности уже для 60% мыла. Для разжижения реакционной массы предлагается вести процесс омыления с использованием сорастворителя более эффективного чем вода, обеспечивающего растворение всех компонентов реакционной смеси. После отгонки менее прочно связанного с мылом растворителя совместно с водой может быть получено высококонцентрированное мыло, вплоть до безводного. Adjustment of the characteristics of liquid technical soaps is possible only in the direction of increasing the concentration of soap glue in excess of the established norms. In this case, the melting point of the soap rises and, accordingly, its consistency changes at room temperature. For this, it is necessary to carry out saponification with the minimum possible amount of water, which under normal conditions is unattainable due to the loss of mobility already for 60% soap. To dilute the reaction mass, it is proposed to carry out the saponification process using a co-solvent more effective than water, ensuring the dissolution of all components of the reaction mixture. After distilling off the solvent, which is less strongly bound to the soap, together with water, a highly concentrated soap can be obtained, up to anhydrous.
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Handayani, Dewi, Yesi Hepriyeni, Hermansyah Amir, Sura Menda Ginting, and Nurhamidah Nurhamidah. "Physicochemical and antibacterial pathogenic characterization of papaya leaf extract liquid soap (Carica papaya L.)." Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia 16, no. 1 (2024): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v16i1.55515.
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This research aims to identify the physicochemical characteristics and pathogenic antibacterial activity of papaya leaf extract liquid soap (Carica Papaya L.). The sample used was papaya leaf extract whose mass was varied. The data acquisition process was obtained from the results of physicochemical testing of liquid soap formulations and from the results of antibacterial activity tests. This research began by extracting the sample using maceration technique. The extract was then formulated to be the liquid soap formulation 1, 2 and 3 with various masses i.e. three, four and five grams of extract, respectively. The physicochemical test showed that the organoleptic test, pH test, foam height test, specific gravity test, water content test and free alkali test met the SNI physical quality standards for liquid soap and the antibacterial activity test carried out on S. aureus and E. coli bacteria was obtained for S. aureus bacteria. formulations 1, 2 and 3 produce resistance of 2.06 mm, 2.21 mm and 2.46 mm respectively. Meanwhile, for E. coli bacteria, the inhibitory power produced by formulations 1, 2 and 3 was 2.84 mm, 3.41 mm and 3.71 mm, respectively. Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the liquid soap formulation from papaya leaf extract meets the physical standards for liquid soap quality according to SNI and has antibacterial activity.
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Syukri, Daimon. "Optimization of Cathechin Extraction for Development of Liquid Hand Soap Made From Gambier." Andalasian International Journal of Agriculture and Natural Sciences (AIJANS) 4, no. 01 (2023): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijans.v4.i01.31-36.2023.
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This study has aimed to determine the potential use of catechins derived from gambier as an anti-microbial raw material in the manufacture of hand washing liquid soap. The study started from the purification process of catechins from gambier and continued with the addition of gambier to the soap formula looking for hand washing. In this study, there were some difficulties in obtaining catechin extracts that could dissolve in water due to the character of catechins that did not dissolve completely in water. Therefore, the optimization of the catechin extraction process is optimized first. The catechin extraction process was carried out in two ways, namely by using a homogenizer at a speed of 15000 rpm for 30 minutes and a reflux process with hot water (temperature 70 degrees Celsius) for one hour. It was found that the concentration of catechin dissolved in water both in the homogenizer and reflux results was relatively the same, therefore for the manufacture of hand washing liquid soap, the process with the reflux technique would be recommended because of the cheaper operational costs.
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Salamah, Umi, Moestin Pambayu, Kustianing Sekar, and Ari Tri J. "PEMBUATAN DETERGENT CUCI PIRING NATURAL ECO ENZYME SEBAGAI UPAYA PENINGKATAN KEBERSIHAN PERALATAN DI RUANG MAKAN TARUNA AAL." Jurnal Naval Dedication : Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat AAL 2, no. 1 (2023): 11–19. https://doi.org/10.59447/dedication.v2i1.41.
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Development of the benefits of eco enzyme, in the manufacture of Eco Enzyme natural dishwashing soap which is made for the AAL Cadet Restaurant (rukan). Making Eco Enzyme Natural Dishwashing Soap, using the following ingredients: 1) Lerak liquid, 2) Methyl Ester Sulfonate, 3) Krosok Salt, 4) Lemon and Lime Seeds, 5) Eco Enzyme, 6) Vegetable Glycerin, 7) Water infusion of Betel Leaves. The process for making Eco Enzyme Natural dishwashing soap is at the link https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCnjemN3c0lL8KfnIWd3CHig The results of using Eco Enzyme Natural dishwashing soap according to PD Rukan Taruna, namely plates, spoons and glasses become fishy and non-slip. However, the foam is felt to be less than the usual dishwashing soap that is usually used, so users feel less comfortable using Eco Enzyme Natural Dishwashing Soap. It is recommended that Eco Enzyme continue developing natural dishwashing soap products that can meet user expectations while still prioritizing using Eco Enzyme, whose benefits have been proven to be good for health and t
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KURNIAWATI, DARINI. "UJI ANGKA KUMAN DAN STABILITAS PRODUK SABUN CAIR FORMULASI HERBAL." KNOWLEDGE: Jurnal Inovasi Hasil Penelitian dan Pengembangan 2, no. 2 (2022): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.51878/knowledge.v2i2.1301.
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Washing hands with soap can break the chain of the spread of Covid-19. People prefer to use liquid soap because it is more practical in packaging and using it. Therefore, we would like to further investigate the effectiveness of the herbal formulation liquid soap developed from previous studies. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial stability and effectiveness of the herbal formulations of betel leaf, lime peel and bund in liquid soap products using the experimental True method, the hand washing group with herbal liquid soap, the control group, along with evaluation of pH, organoleptic, foam stability, moisture content. , free fatty acids and free alkalis. Liquid soap produced in liquid form, lemon smell and yellow color, foam 15-70 mm, pH 10, water content 52%, free fatty acids 0.05%, free alkali 0.091%. decrease in germ numbers by 90.5% and strengthened by bivariate analysis using Paired T test obtained a significance value of 0.0001 (<0.05). It can be concluded that the herbal liquid soap of betel leaf, lime peel and bundung plant complies with the required SNI standard for liquid soap and is effective in reducing the number of germs through hand washing activities. ABSTRAKMencuci tangan dengan sabun bisa memutus mata rantai penyebaran Covid-19. Masyarakat lebih senang menggunakan sabun cair karena lebih praktis kemasan dan penggunaannya. Oleh karena itu, kami ingin meneliti lebih lanjut efektifitas sabun cair formulasi herbal pengembangan dari penelitian sebelumnya. Tujuan peneliatian ini untuk mengetahui stabilitas dan efektivitas antibakteri formulasi herbal daun sirih, kulit jeruk nipis dan bundung dalam produk sabun cair dengan metode True eksperimental, kelompok mencuci tangan dengan sabun cair herbal, kelompok kontrol , beserta evaluasi ph, organoleptik, stabilitas busa, kadar air, asam lemak bebas dan alkali bebas. Sabun cair yang dihasilka bentuk cair, bau lemon dan warna kuning, busa 15 – 70 mm, pH 10, kadar air 52%, asam lemak bebas 0,05%, alkali bebas 0,091%. penurunan angka kuman sebesar 90,5% dan diperkuat dengan analisa bivariat menggunakan Paired T tes diperoleh nilai signifikansi 0,0001 (<0,05). Dapat disimpulkan sabun cair herbal daun sirih, kulit jeruk nipis dan tanaman bundung sesuai standar SNI sabun cair yang dipersyaratkan dan efektif menurunkan angka kuman melalui kegiatan cuci tangan.
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Putra, Purnawan Pontana, Fatma Sri Wahyuni, Yelly Oktavia Sari, et al. "PEMBUATAN PRODUK SABUN CAIR DARI ECO-ENZYME DI KELURAHAN ANDALAS KECAMATAN PADANG TIMUR KOTA PADANG." Jurnal Hilirisasi IPTEKS 6, no. 1 (2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jhi.v6i1.644.
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Eco-Enzyme, a multifunctional liquid produced from a mixture of organic waste such as vegetables, fruits, brown sugar, coconut sugar, corn sugar, sugarcane, and water that has undergone fermentation, has various benefits for the environment and human health. Eco-Enzyme contains beneficial enzymes that accelerate biochemical reactions in the environment. The enzymes found in Eco-Enzyme can be used for various applications, such as organic liquid fertilizer for plants, an additive in detergents, floor cleaners, pesticide residue cleaners, and rust removers. Using Eco-Enzyme as a liquid soap can help reduce soil pollution. Meanwhile, using Eco-Enzyme as a cleaning agent can help reduce the use of hazardous chemicals that damage the environment. This integrated program is carried out in three stages: the first is to socialize the benefits of using Eco-Enzyme, the second is to make Eco-Enzyme, and the third is to make soap from Eco-Enzyme. The production of Eco-Enzyme begins with the collection of organic waste consisting of fruit and vegetable waste, which is then mixed with brown sugar and water and left to ferment for three months. After the Eco-Enzyme product is ready, soap-making uses ingredients such as potassium hydroxide (KOH), coconut oil, cooking oil, distilled water, orange-scented perfume, and Eco-Enzyme. Training on Eco-Enzyme and soap making is conducted in the Andalas Subdistrict, which is welcomed enthusiastically by the local community. This program is expected to serve as a reference for transforming organic waste into more practical and environmentally friendly sustainable products.
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Suyasa, Ida Bagus Oka, Ni Nyoman Astika Dewi, Made Delia Budi Apriliapatni, and Surya Natallia Bryan. "IRRITATION TEST OF LIQUID ANTIBACTERIAL SOAP COMBINING LEGUNDI AND GREEN BETEL LEAVE EXTRACTS ON WHITE RATS (Rattus norvegicus)." Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory 13, no. 1 (2025): 95–103. https://doi.org/10.33992/meditory.v13i1.4067.
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Background: Soap is a cleanser that is made with a chemical reaction. Soap preparations with active ingredients derived from nature are also widely circulated. Natural ingredients that have many active substances are legundi leaves and green betel leaves. Two antimicrobial agents from these ingredients working simultaneously on a homogeneous microbial population will have a synergistic effect.Objective: This study aims to determine the safety of using an antibacterial liquid soap formula with a combination of legundi and betel leaf extracts.Methods: This study is an experimental research that includes physicochemical testing of the soap formula, organoleptic evaluation, and irritation testing on white rats (Rattus norvegicus) using the Draize method with a posttest-only control group design. This research was analyzed descriptively. This study adheres to the ethical principle of beneficence, prioritizing the well-being and safety of all participants.Results: Organoleptic test, pH test, homogeneity test, and water content test meet Indonesian National Standard requirements, and there is no irritation in experimental animals.Conclusions: An antibacterial liquid soap formula with a combination of legundi and betel leaf extracts is safe.
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Antony, Mrs Ancy, Ms Able Mariya Varghese, Ms Devika Sanil, Ms Litty Reji, and Ms Rahana Ramesh. "Formulation and Evaluation of Antibacterial Herbal Paper Soap Containing Essential Oil of Ocimum Basilicum L." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Applications 10, no. 1 (2025): 1034–47. https://doi.org/10.35629/4494-100110341047.
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With the objective to offer a practical, environmentally friendly, and efficient personal hygiene solution, the herbal paper soap developed. A blend of Ocimumbasilicum L. essential oil was used to create a new herbal paper soap. Significant antibacterial activity was shown by the soap against a range of harmful bacteria, suggesting that it could be a safe and efficient substitute for traditional soap. This innovative herbal paper soap combines skin care advantages, efficacy, and sustainability in a special way. The current project's goal is to create and assess antibacterial herbal paper soap that works against a variety of harmful bacteria, including strains that are Gram-positive and Gramnegative. The formulation of herbal paper soap was the focus of this project. Among the components used to make paper soap includeOcimumbasilicum L. essential oil, glycerine, tragacanth,colorant, distilled water, and sodium lauryl sulphate. Using clevenger equipment, the essential oil was extracted using hydro distillation. After making the liquid soap, it was applied to the water-soluble paper's surface and allowed to dry. The prepared soap had good physical qualities, such as texture, foam, and a pH higher than 8, and it also showed strong antibacterial action against pathogenic bacterias like E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa. Among the two formulations F2 showed comparatively better antibacterial activity and other physical characteristics.
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Al-Akram, T. M. Rodhie. "Pembuatan Sabun Cuci Piring Cair Ramah Lingkungan BeEkstrak Kulit Jeruk Nipis (Citrus Aurantiifolia)." Jurnal Riset, Inovasi, Teknologi & Terapan 3, no. 1 (2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.30811/ristera.v3i1.6154.
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ish washing soap is a cleaner made by a chemical reaction between potassium or sodium and fatty acids from vegetable oils or animalfats. Making liquid dishwashing soap from lime peel extract has been carried out using the extraction method. This research aims todetermine the effect of lime peel extract and Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) on the characteristics of the liquid dishwashing soap produced,including several tests, namely pH, density, viscosity, bacteria based on SNI 06-2075-1996. Soap making is done by varying the volume oflime peel extract 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 ml and the MES mass 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 grams, as well as adding other ingredients such as NaCl 8 grams,distilled water 300ml, aromatics 2 ml, dye 1 gram. The research results showed that a lime peel extract volume of 6 ml and a MES massof 15 grams produced the best soap with a pH of 6.04, density of 1.099 gr/ml, viscosity of 19.8 cP, bacteria 4 colonies/gr.
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Tedang, Bybyani, Verawati Ida Yani Roring, Emma Mauren Moko, Danny Christian Posumah, and Helen J. Lawalata. "APPLICATION OF Eco-Enzyme CONVERSION RESULTS INTO DISHWASHER SOAP." Indonesian Biodiversity Journal 5, no. 2 (2024): 10–15. https://doi.org/10.53682/ibj.v5i2.10752.
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The application of the conversion results from Eco-Enzyme into dishwashing soap, the fermentation process lasts for one months, where the resulting liquid is dark brown in color and has a very strong sweet and sour fermented aroma. There is a lack of public knowledge about the very profitable benefits of Eco-Enzyme, such as as a multi-purpose cleaner as a multi-functional liquid which can be converted, one of the ways, into dishwashing soap. This research aims to determine the application of the results of converting Eco-Enzyme into dishwashing soap. This research used experimental methods and a research period of 3 months. This Eco-Enzyme is made with a ratio of organic ingredients: sugar: water 3:1:10. The Eco-Enzyme harvest is converted into dishwashing soap by adding lerak and Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES). Eco-Enzyme conversion soap was then applied to several treatment groups: plastic plates, cans and glass. The results of the application show that the dishes washed with Eco-Enzyme using lerak have not completely removed dirt, oil and odors in each treatment, whereas Eco-Enzyme using Methyl Ester Sulfonate (MES) when compared with Sunlight brand liquid soap sold on the market shows that there are similarities both in terms of cleanliness, tapestry and smell. The research conclusion is that the application of the Eco-Enzyme conversion results has significant potential to be developed into an active ingredient for environmentally friendly dishwashing soap.
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Estikomah, Solikah Ana, Suranto Suranto, Ari Susilowati, and Mohammad Masykuri. "Antimicrobial Activity of Natural Solid Soap with a Combination of Liquid Cheese Waste, Turmeric (Curcuma longa), and Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel." Molekul 18, no. 3 (2023): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jm.2023.18.3.8039.
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Yoghurt whey is a product from fermented cheese liquid waste. Yoghurt cheese liquid waste has been known to contain lactoferrin. Lactoferrin functions as an antimicrobial. yoghurt made from whey has not been widely utilized as a solid soap ingredient. This research focuses on producing solid natural soap made of yoghurt whey with added natural dye turmeric and dragon fruit peel, soap quality testing, and analysis of the soap's antibacterial activity toward Staphylococcus aureus. The solid soap was processed through the saponification reaction between palm oil, coconut oil, zaitun oil, and canola oil with sodium hydroxide. Variations of yogurt whey used in this study yoghurt 25%,75%,100% whey) was added natural dye (turmeric and dragon fruit peel). The quality test was done by determining free alkali, water content, pH, and foam height. Antibacterial activity test using the well diffusion method. The result shows that the quality test yoghurt soap meets with INS (Indonesia National Standard) 2016, for all the criteria. Performs inhibition against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. Yoghurt whey is potently used as an antibacterial agent in the manufacture of natural solid soap.
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Hawa, La Choviya, Naura Lulu Farhanrika, and Ary Mustofa Ahmad. "Utilization of Lerak Juice (Sapindus rarak DC) as Natural Surfactant in the Liquid Washing Soap Production." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 11, no. 1 (2022): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v11i1.24-34.
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Before detergent was commonly used, a natural cleanser which function is to help people to clean several things in their houses was Lerak berry (Sapindus Rarak DC). This berry contains saponins (28%) which can be used as the ingredient for shampoo, soap, and other kind of cleaning agents. Dilutting Lerak juice into soap base will produce liquid washing soap which can be an alternative to reduce the use of detergents. This study aims at finding the best treatment, balance ratio of Lerak juice (2:1; 3:2; 1:1; 2:3), and diluting method for the soap base (heating and non-heating) to be used for producing liquid washing soaps with the best characteristic. This study uses two-factor randomized block design method which later be analyzed using ANOVA. Organoleptic testing of the hedonic quality to the color, scent, foam quantity, cleaning-power, the after-effects impression, and the general assessment of the liquid washing soaps results a 2:1 Lerak juice balance ratio with heating method is found to be the best treatment for diluting method. The balance ratio affects the consistency and viscosity which also affects the density, pH, and water holding capacity, but does not affect the foam’s stability. Keywords: Lerak, Liquid Washing Soap, Sapindus Rarak, Surfactant
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EKA PRAMONO, YUDA. "OPTIMIZATION OF PROFITS AND MANAGEMENT OF RAW MATERIAL STOCKS IN LAUNDRY SOAP MSMES USING INTEGER LINEAR PROGAMMING (ILP)." Journal of Industrial Engineering and Halal Industries 6, no. 1 (2025): 75–80. https://doi.org/10.14421/jiehis.5288.
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Abstract Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (UMKM) have an important role in the economy, including in the household soap industry. The main problems that are often faced are the management of raw materials and the determination of the amount of production that is not optimal. This study aims to optimize sales profits and the efficiency of the use of raw materials in laundry soap UMKM in Gombong Village, Warungpring District, Pemalang Regency by using the Integer Linear Programming (ILP) method. The data was obtained through direct interviews with UMKM owners and processed using the IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimization Studio. The optimization model is built on two types of products, namely regular soap and soap plus fragrance, taking into account the availability constraints of active ingredients, clean water, liquid fragrances, and plastic bottles. The optimization results showed that the optimal production amount was 47 bottles of regular soap and 53 bottles of soap plus fragrance, with a maximum profit of Rp267,500. This study shows that the ILP method is effective in supporting measurable and efficient production decision-making.
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Setyawati, Harimbi, Dwi Ana Anggorowati, Erni Yunita, Firda Nur Angreani, and Fresti Fajriyatul. "MAKING LIQUID DISHWASHING SOAP FROM USED COOKING OIL WITH KOH AND NaCl CONCENTRATION VARIATIONS USING SAPONIFICATION PROCESS." Journal of Sustainable Technology and Applied Science (JSTAS) 4, no. 2 (2024): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/jstas.v4i2.5994.
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ABSTRACT. Used cooking oil is cooking oil that has been used repeatedly until the colour changes into dark brown or black. If this substance is immediately disposed of, it will pollute the environment and can reduce soil fertility. Used cooking oil as used cooking oil can be reprocessed into raw materials for non-food industries, such as biodiesel, candles, and soap. This study aims to obtain optimal variables of KOH concentration and NaCl concentration in the saponification process of making liquid dish soap from used cooking oil. The variables used in this study consisted of a fixed variable, namely the amount of used cooking oil, and the changing variables were variations in the concentration of KOH (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%) and variations in the concentration of NaCl (24%, 27%, 30 %). The research was conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory of ITN Malang. The analysis showed that the highest percentage decrease in water content reached 8.4%, free fatty acids 1.03% at 50% KOH concentration and 30% NaCl concentration. The highest percentage increase in viscosity is called 2214.25 cps, 0.15% free alkali, 1.88% high foam, and pH 11.2 at 50% KOH concentration and 30% NaCl concentration. From the study results, it can be concluded that the saponification process with variations in the concentration of KOH and NaCl used in making liquid soap affects the characteristics of the liquid soap produced.
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Sara Raad Qasim, Noor Mukdam Diwood, and Yasameen Fawzi Azeez. "Cost-effective Automatic Hand Washing System." Jornual of AL-Farabi for Engineering Sciences 1, no. 1 (2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.59746/jfes.v1i1.10.
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According to World Health Organization recommendations, people should wash their hands regularly, with soap and water for at least 20 seconds. After that, people should avoid touching surfaces. Several hand sanitizer machines were released in markets. These devices are nothing new, but they all sharing the same problems: (1) They all are expensive and not all people were able to buy them in their houses; (2) They all use a sanitizer which is not as effective as soap and water. In this paper, an automatic and cheap hand washing system, based on soap and water, is designed and implemented using simple and low cost components. The proposed system has two parts: one should be connected to the main water faucet and another must be put nearby. This system keen on reducing any virus transmission, helping people to wash their hands properly without touching the water faucet and reduce rationalize water consumption. A microcontroller is used with some sensors and simple parts to build the system. A sensor will detect hands approaching and automatically allow liquid soap flowing. After 20 seconds, a sound will alert the person that the washing time has expired. Also another sensor will check hands approaching to the water faucet. If so, then the system will allow water flowing.
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Bazarov, Gayrat, and Saidjon Gaybullaev. "Development of boring solutions produced from using compositions of clay minerals and surface-active substances from raw fatty acids of cotton soap stock." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 05017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339005017.
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The article studies the physical and chemical properties of water glycerin to obtain various types of surface-active substances for use as additives to boring solutions. The addition of technical glycerin to the composition of surface-active substances obtained from raw fatty acids of cotton soap stock at oil and fat enterprises contributes to a significant improvement in their surface-active properties. A water solution of glycerin to a certain extent increases the surface-active properties of the developed soap-like surface-active substances. The qualitative indicators of the composition of surfactants obtained with different ratios of a water solution of glycerol of liquid and ointment fractions of raw fatty acids of cotton soap stock were studied for their use in the process of drilling oil and gas wells. Analyzes of the developed compositions of were carried out in the preparation of drilling fluids from alkaline bentonite, alkaline earth bentonite and carbonate palygorskite, as well as double and triple compositions. A comparative analysis of the main indicators of drilling fluids, as well as surface-active substances synthesized from the greasy fraction of raw fatty acids of cotton soap stock, showed the greatest stability of boring solutions at high temperatures and salinity of formation waters.
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Tuladhar, Era, Wilma C. Hazeleger, Marion Koopmans, Marcel H. Zwietering, Rijkelt R. Beumer, and Erwin Duizer. "Residual Viral and Bacterial Contamination of Surfaces after Cleaning and Disinfection." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 21 (2012): 7769–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02144-12.
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ABSTRACTEnvironmental surfaces contaminated with pathogens can be sources of indirect transmission, and cleaning and disinfection are common interventions focused on reducing contamination levels. We determined the efficacy of cleaning and disinfection procedures for reducing contamination by noroviruses, rotavirus, poliovirus, parechovirus, adenovirus, influenza virus,Staphylococcus aureus, andSalmonella entericafrom artificially contaminated stainless steel surfaces. After a single wipe with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm free chlorine solution, the numbers of infective viruses and bacteria were reduced by 1 log10for poliovirus and close to 4 log10for influenza virus. There was no significant difference in residual contamination levels after wiping with water, liquid soap, or 250-ppm chlorine solution. When a single wipe with liquid soap was followed by a second wipe using 250- or 1,000-ppm chlorine, an extra 1- to 3-log10reduction was achieved, and except for rotavirus and norovirus genogroup I, no significant additional effect of 1,000 ppm compared to 250 ppm was found. A reduced correlation between reduction in PCR units (PCRU) and reduction in infectious particles suggests that at least part of the reduction achieved in the second step is due to inactivation instead of removal alone. We used data on infectious doses and transfer efficiencies to estimate a target level to which the residual contamination should be reduced and found that a single wipe with liquid soap followed by a wipe with 250-ppm free chlorine solution was sufficient to reduce the residual contamination to below the target level for most of the pathogens tested.
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Hariyanto, Yuanita Amalia, Meilani Jayanti, and Julianri Sari Lebang. "PENINGKATAN KAPASITAS MASYARAKAT DALAM UPAYA PENCEGAHAN INFEKSI KULIT DAN PRODUKTIVITAS EKONOMI MELALUI PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN SABUN-VCO DI DESA MINAESA MINAHASA UTARA." Jurnal Abdi Insani 12, no. 1 (2025): 106–13. https://doi.org/10.29303/abdiinsani.v12i1.2083.
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Considering skin disorders can now spread through a variety of media, it is crucial for the public to understand skin health issues. Skin conditions are now among the most prevalent illnesses in coastal towns. People who live near the coast are more likely to experience skin health issues. Numerous elements, such as humidity, sun exposure, personal cleanliness, and water quality, contribute to this. The goal of this project is to teach the Minaesa Village community how to make liquid soap from VCO and to educate them about personal hygiene. On-the-job training is the approach used in the PKM. Direct field visits, identifying the partners' issues and requirements, offering solutions, conducting activities to satisfy the partners' needs, and evaluation are all part of this approach. The pH of the VCOLS soap manufactured is 7, which means that it satisfies quality criteria. According to the evaluation's findings, participants' knowledge increased by 86.5%. More than 82.2% of participants expressed pleasure with the VCOLS soap, according to the evaluation of the satisfaction questionnaire about the created soap, while 17.8% expressed no opinion. The findings of the perception survey of the VCOLS soap, on the other hand, indicate that no one itched after using it, 70% thought it was non-greasy, and 67.7% thought it was hydrating. The evaluation's findings indicate that participants' knowledge of skin care and soap-making methods has grown. According to the results of the perception questionnaire, participants have successfully produced liquid soap from VCO that satisfies quality standards. It is also envisaged that the expertise offered, particularly in the creation of liquid soap from VCO, can be further enhanced through the community service activities in Minaesa Village.
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Hartati, Nina, Melantina Oktriyanti, and Erika Dwi Oktaviani. "F FORMULASI SABUN PADAT TRANSPARAN DENGAN PENAMBAHAN EKSTRAK BUNGA TELANG (Clitoria ternatea)." JEDCHEM (JOURNAL EDUCATION AND CHEMISTRY) 5, no. 2 (2023): 100–106. https://doi.org/10.36378/jedchem.v5i2.3238.
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Soap is one of the commodities of the beauty and medical sectors that have been utilized in daily life to purify the grime that adheres to the skin. Bath soap is categorized into two types, namely liquid and solid soap. Solid soap is comprised of 3 kinds, specifically cloudy, translucent, and transparant soap. Transparant solid soap is an innovation in beauty and body cleansing products that enhances the attractiveness of soap products with its translucence, softer lather, and shinier appearance compared to other types of solid soap. The primary ingredient used in this research for soap production is sodium hydroxide and coconut oil. Meanwhile, butterfly pea is used as an additional ingredient in this study to enhance the quality of soap products, both in terms of usability and appeal. In this study, the extraction of butterfly pea extract was conducted using the maceration method, and different variations of the extract were used, namely 4 ml, 6 ml, and 8 ml and variations of coconut oil used were 80 ml and 50 ml. Several analytical tests, including pH analysis, free alkali, free fatty acids, mineral oil, water content, and organoleptic tests, were performed to determine the feasibility of this transparent solid bath soap. Based on the analysis results of the solid bath soap, the best sample obtained was formulation A2, which used 80 ml of coconut oil with the addition of 6 ml of butterfly pea extract. The analysis results showed a pH value of 9, 0% free fatty acids, 0% free alkali, 13.6% water content, and no presence of mineral oil. Keywords : transparant solid soap, butterfly pea, sodium hydroxide, coconut oil
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Apriyani, Nani, Achmad Imam Santoso, and Dhymas Sulistyono. "Perbandingan Konsentrasi Detergen Akibat Pandemi COVID-19 dan Kebiasaan Baru (New Normal) Pada Kualitas Air Permukaan Kota Palangka Raya." Dinamika Lingkungan Indonesia 10, no. 1 (2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/dli.10.1.p.34-37.
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Currently, the Indonesian nation is facing challenges that require human resources adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. Has the discovery of a vaccine and the implementation of ongoing vaccination does not guarantee avoid the spread of COVID-19. Thus, the obligation to implement the protocol health continues. One of the health protocol policies is provide adequate hand washing facilities for the management public facilities. The behavior of washing hands with soap is part of the program Clean and Healthy Life Behavior (PHBS) in the household. Washing hands Using soap is an effective step to break the chain of transmission COVID-19. However, please note that hand soap contains detergent. The results of using detergent (hand soap) will produce residue in the form of liquid waste, which is then discharged into the environment directly cause the balance of nature to be disturbed, namely soil pollution which causes capable of changing soil pH, changing mineral content and nutrient disturbances from soil for plant life and polluted groundwater sources. On research In this case, identifying and analyzing the waste from washing hands with soap in public facilities can affect the environment and the amount of content detergents that dissolve in water and whether nature can neutralize water pollution that occurred before and after the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Purbosari, Ira. "Uji Aktivitas Daya Hambat Antimikroba Produk Antiseptik Hand Sanitizer dan Sabun Cair terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus aureus." FARMASIS: Jurnal Sains Farmasi 2, no. 1 (2021): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/farmasis.v2i1.3620.
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Washing hands is the first step to avoid various germs that cause infectious diseases, but this step is often ignored or overlooked. The use of hand sanitizer antiseptics and liquid soap is recommended early to avoid various types of germs that cause infectious diseases. Liquid soap can make viruses and bacteria unable to infect and reproduce. Because fat or lipids are damaged by detergents. Apart from antiseptic soap, hand sanitizers can disinfect and clean hands without soap. Hand sanitizers contain antibacterial ingredients such as triclosan or other antimicrobial agents which can inhibit the growth of bacteria on the hands such as Staphylococcus aureus. The purpose of this study was to determine the comparison of the effectiveness test of washing hands using antiseptic soap, running water, and hand sanitizer. In this study, the method used was the disc diffusion technique and the zone of inhibition was determined. This study uses 5 kinds of hand sanitizers that already have a distribution permit and negative control in the form of oil carriers. And the antimicrobial inhibition test was carried out with Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Of the five hand sanitizer samples, there is an inhibition zone, namely in the sample HS code 1 (70% alcohol and castor oil) and HS 5 (70% alcohol), where the diameter of the inhibition zone is 1.8 mm and 4.3 mm. This shows that the response to growth inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is very weak. Therefore, it can be concluded that the antibacterial activity of locally produced liquid soap and hand sanitizer is very weak in inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria.
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Wulandari, Suci, Ayu Renta Niasari Silaen, and Siti Wahyuni. "FORMULATION OF SOLID BATH SOAP PREPARATIONS OF PURPLE SWEET POTATO ETHANOL EXTRACT (IPOMEA BATATAS L) AS A SKIN MOISTURIZER." JURNAL FARMASIMED (JFM) 4, no. 2 (2022): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35451/jfm.v4i2.1018.
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Soap is a surfatctant used to clean or wash something that is available in solid and liquid form. Soap can be useful as a cleaning tool, this is because soap molecules contain polar (bonded with water) and non-polar (bonded with oil) groups so that they can clean grease or dirt that is not lifted by water. Soap is made by applying a saphonification reaction using olive oil, NaOH, and purple sweet potato extract as the basic ingredients. The addition of NaOH concentration an affect the weight of the soap produced. Purple sweet potato is a sweet potato that has natural dyes a anthocyanins that function as antioxidant. The purpose of this study was to obtain a solid bath soap formulation with purple sweet potato extract. Furthermore, purple sweet potato extract was formulated based on formula with concentration difference of 3,5%, 4,5%, 5,5%. Furthermore, preparations have been made with organoleptic tests, pH tests, and foam stability tests. It can be concluded that purple sweet potato extract can be used as a solid soap preparation and there is a concentration effect on the organoleptic test soap quality, pH, foam stability and moisture content. The preparation of solid bath soap from purple sweet potato ethanol extract has the ability to moisturize the skin, and the highest concentration obtained at a concentration of 5,5% with 57,83% moisture can moisturize the skin and at concentration of 4,5% with 48,3% humidity as well. Can moisturize the skin but with a moderate level of humidity, and at a concentration of 3,3% with 43,00% humidity with a lower humidity level.
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M., Swetha, Abutaher Muskaan, Naman, Suman Choudhary D., and Rama Rao T. "A Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Soap for Anti-Acne Activity." International Journal for Research Trends and Innovation 9, no. 3 (2024): 23–32. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11298298.
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Natural fatty acids react with sodium or potassium ions to produce soap, a common cleaning solution. Water has a cleansing effect because it bonds to the carboxylic group, while the negative ions in the hydrocarbon chain draw oil and grease. Diverse kinds of soaps are available to meet diverse demands. These include synthetic soaps created through chemical processes and natural soaps prepared from just natural materials. There are also Syndet bars, which contain a mixture of synthetic detergents. To guarantee proper use, it is important to recognize these differences. For example, dish soap should be used for dishes rather than for personal hygiene. Furthermore, soap is available in a variety of forms, including laundry soap that is liquid, powder, or gel; toilet soap that is rated according to Total Fatty Matter (TFM); and beauty soaps that are tailored to particular skin types. Medicated soaps include antimicrobial and antifungal qualities that are beneficial for treating a variety of skin issues. Novelty soaps distinctive forms and patterns make bathing more enjoyable. Transparent soaps with a high glycerin content offer mild cleaning. They are frequently glycerin-based. Generally composed of natural ingredients, handmade soaps provide a safer option than commercial goods. Polyherbal soaps combine plants and herbs to offer medicinal advantages, promoting skin health through their restorative qualities. Physical characteristics like as clarity and odor, pH levels, cleaning effectiveness, amount of moisture, and saponification values are among the physical factors that evaluation tests check for quality and efficacy. Clinical metrics such as the number of acne lesions and assessments of sebum production are evaluated in conjunction with antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. Knowing these features of soap makes it easier to choose the best choice for your needs, whether they are therapeutic, skincare, or personal hygiene-related.
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Sijabat, Apriani, and Osco P. Sijabat. "PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN SABUN CAIR UNTUK PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN COVID-19 DI KELURAHAN TIGA BALATA." Mitra Mahajana: Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat 2, no. 1 (2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.37478/mahajana.v2i1.807.
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The Covid-19 pandemic is still sweeping the entire world, therefore understanding and information is needed regarding the prevention of covid-19 transmission. One of them is by washing your hands using running water and soap. The purpose of this activity is to provide socialization to the community in the Tiga Balata village to prevent the spread of Covid-19. Activities carried out by providing training in making liquid hand washing soap. It is hoped that from this activity the people of Tiga Balata Village will become an example to socialize ways to prevent the spread of Covid-19 to the surrounding community. This activity is also expected to be able to create business opportunities for the community in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this service is the method of counseling and training. This hand washing soap-making training aims to improve community skills, especially participants in activities amid the Covid-19 pandemic. The result of this service is that the community is enthusiastic about participating in the training and has produced liquid soap products for personal use and commercial use as business opportunities.
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Ainiyah, Roisatul, and Cahyaning Rini Utami. "Formulasi sabun karika (Carica pubescens) sebagai sabun kecantikan dan kesehatan." AGROMIX 11, no. 1 (2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35891/agx.v11i1.1652.
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Soap is a mixture of sodium compounds with fatty acids that are used as a body cleansing agent, in the form of solid, foam, with or without other additives and does not cause irritation to the skin. To improve quality, bath soap can be given additional ingredients that contain vitamins and various nutrients needed by the skin such as the addition of extracts of karika fruit (Carica pubescens). The purpose of this research is to find out the right formulation in making karika soap. This research used an experimental method with randomized block design (RCBD), consisting of two factorial variations in the concentration of karika juice (0%, 100%, 80%, 60%) and variations in the concentration of NaOH (30%, 35%, and 40% ) so that 12 treatments were obtained each with 3 replications. The process of making soap uses the hot process method. Soap quality analysis is carried out by comparing the results of chemical tests for karika soap with SNI 06-3532-1994 (SNI for solid bath soap), foam stability test, soap hardness, and organoleptic test. The data obtained were analyzed using ANOVA with a confidence interval of 5%. If an effect is found on one of the variebel, a further Tukey test is performed. The results showed that the water content, pH, and free alkali did not meet SNI, while the amount of fatty acids and mineral oil was in accordance with SNI, the significant difference between treatments was only in the water content. Karika soap has abundant and stable foam. The higher concentration of karika juice make the lower hardness of the soap. Organoleptic test results showed a low level of preference for panelists on karika soap products. The suggestion from this research is that karika juice can be tried to applied it in the liquid bath.
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Hartini, S., Y. Widharto, S. R. Indarto, and G. Murdikaningrum. "Eco-efficiency analysis of waste cooking oil recycling into liquid dish soap using life cycle assessment." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 896, no. 1 (2021): 012066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/896/1/012066.
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Abstract Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) is an oil with a chemical composition containing carcinogenic compounds formed during frying and unsaturated fatty acids. Improper handling of WCO can cause environmental pollution, especially water and soil. However, several studies have provided information that WCO can be recycled into products that are more value-added and have economic potential. Previous research has succeeded in finding the best combination of treatments for making soap from waste cooking oil that meets the standards of SNI 06-2048-1990, namely with a concentration of 22.5% KOH, cooling method and adsorption of activated charcoal and kepok banana peels. This study intends to analyze the environmental impact if WCO is recycled into liquid dish soap. The analysis was carried out using Life Cycle Assessment with the help of simapro software. The recycling process has the most significant impact on indicators of climate change and acidification. The eco-efficiency index is included in the affordable and sustainable categories.
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Nazrulafni, Nur Afrina, Nuranisah Shurfa Chik, Arissa Ilhamzara Hamka, Nurul Syamimi Norhisham, Ehwan Ngadi, and Rahayu Ahmad. "Nutraceuticals from Bushland: Determination of Medicinal Value of Malaysian Wild Herbs for Proposed Hygienic Travel Soap." International Journal of Advanced Research in Food Science and Agriculture Technology 3, no. 1 (2024): 62–71. https://doi.org/10.37934/fsat.3.1.6271.
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Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to their phytochemical components and medicinal properties. In this study, wild herbs Oldenlandia corymbosa (Lidah Ular), Striga asiatica (Jarum Mas) and Phyllanthus niruri (Dukung Anak) were collected from Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, dried, and grounded. The powdered samples were extracted using hot water, ethyl acetate and ethanol for 48 hours. Phytochemical analysis revealed antioxidants such as flavonoids and phenolics in all extracts, while resins were present only in the ethanolic extracts, and steroids were absent. ATR-FTIR analysis identified key functional groups, including hydroxyls, lipids, alkanes, amino acids, benzoic compounds and phenols. Additionally, the study aimed to develop a portable, easy-to-use travel soap to promote frequent handwashing. Since liquid soap and bar soap each have their own limitations, this travel soap was invented to make it easier for users. Oils from Oldenlandia corymbosa, Striga asiatica and Phyllanthus niruri were used to replace palm oil in the saponification process. The soap, shaped like a ball, allows for easier use than traditional soap and can be rolled between the fingers to effectively clean all parts of the hands and remove germs.
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Nazrulafni, Nur Afrina, Nuranisah Shurfa Chik, Arissa Ilhamzara Hamka, Nurul Syamimi Norhisham, Ehwan Ngadi, and Rahayu Ahmad. "Nutraceuticals from Bushland: Determination of Medicinal Value of Malaysian Wild Herbs for Proposed Hygienic Travel Soap." International Journal of Advanced Research in Food Science and Agriculture Technology 3, no. 1 (2025): 62–71. https://doi.org/10.37934/fsat.3.1.6271a.
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Medicinal plants have been used in traditional medicine for centuries due to their phytochemical components and medicinal properties. In this study, wild herbs Oldenlandia corymbosa (Lidah Ular), Striga asiatica (Jarum Mas) and Phyllanthus niruri (Dukung Anak) were collected from Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, dried, and grounded. The powdered samples were extracted using hot water, ethyl acetate and ethanol for 48 hours. Phytochemical analysis revealed antioxidants such as flavonoids and phenolics in all extracts, while resins were present only in the ethanolic extracts, and steroids were absent. ATR-FTIR analysis identified key functional groups, including hydroxyls, lipids, alkanes, amino acids, benzoic compounds and phenols. Additionally, the study aimed to develop a portable, easy-to-use travel soap to promote frequent handwashing. Since liquid soap and bar soap each have their own limitations, this travel soap was invented to make it easier for users. Oils from Oldenlandia corymbosa, Striga asiatica and Phyllanthus niruri were used to replace palm oil in the saponification process. The soap, shaped like a ball, allows for easier use than traditional soap and can be rolled between the fingers to effectively clean all parts of the hands and remove germs.
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Kundu, Arnab, Sirsendu Mahata, Manish Mukhopadhyay, Ayan Banerjee, Bijoy Mandal, and Santanu Das. "Studying the effects of using liquid carbon dioxide and soap water in grinding Inconel 718." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 377 (June 2018): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/377/1/012060.
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Kurniawati, Darini. "Pengembangan Produk Sabun Cair Herbal terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia coli." FARMASIS: Jurnal Sains Farmasi 3, no. 2 (2022): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36456/farmasis.v3i2.5659.
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Abstrak
 Mencuci tangan dengan sabun bisa memutus mata rantai penyebaran Covid-19. Saat ini sabun cair lebih disukai karena lebih praktis digunakan. Oleh karena itu, kami ingin meneliti lebih lanjut efektifitas sabun cair herbal antiseptik pengembangan formulasi antiseptik herbal dari penelitian sebelumnya.
 Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas formulasi kombinasi herbal daun sirih, kulit jeruk nipis dan tanaman bundung dalam produk sabun cair antiseptik
 Metode: True eksperimental, kelompok mencuci tangan dengan sabun cair herbal, kelompok kontrol , uji daya hambat terhadap Staphylococcus aureus dan Escherichia colli beserta evaluasi ph, organoleptik, stabilitas busa, kadar air, asam lemak bebas dan alkali bebas.
 Hasil: Bentuk cair, bau lemon dan warna kuning, busa 15 – 70 mm, pH 10, kadar air 52%, asam lemak bebas 0,05%, alkali bebas 0,091%. penurunan angka kuman sebesar 90,5% dan diperkuat dengan analisa bivariat menggunakan Paired T tes diperoleh nilai signifikansi 0,0001 (<0,05). uji antibakteri dengan metode dilusi dan dilanjutkan daya hambat mikroba diperoleh KHM. Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus KHM pada konsentrasi 25% dan KBM pada konsentrasi 25%.Terhadap Escherichia colli KHM pada konsentrasi 30% dan KBM pada konsentrasi 25% .
 Kesimpulan: : Sabun cair herbal daun sirih, kulit jeruk nipis dan tanaman bundung sesuai standar SNI sabun cair yang dipersyaratkan, efektif menurunkan angka kuman dan ditemukan KHM serta KBM pada semua mikroba yang diujikan.
 Kata kunci : sabun cair _herbal_antiseptik
 
 
 
 Abstract
 Washing hands with soap can break the chain of the spread of Covid-19. Currently liquid soap is preferred because it is more practical to use. Therefore, we would like to further investigate the effectiveness of herbal antiseptic liquid soap in developing herbal antiseptic formulations from previous studies.
 Objective: To determine the effectiveness of the herbal combination formulation of betel leaf, lime peel and bund plants in antiseptic liquid soap.
 Methods: True experimental, hand washing group with herbal liquid soap, control group, test of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia colli along with evaluation of pH, organoleptic, foam stability, moisture content, free fatty acids and free alkali.
 Results: Liquid form, lemon odor and yellow color, foam 15 – 70 mm, pH 10, water content 52%, free fatty acids 0.05%, free alkali 0.091%. decrease in germ numbers by 90.5% and strengthened by bivariate analysis using Paired T test obtained a significance value of 0.0001 (<0.05). antibacterial test by dilution method and continued with microbial inhibition obtained MIC. Against Staphylococcus aureus MIC at a concentration of 25% and MBC at a concentration of 25%. Against Escherichia colli MIC at a concentration of 30% and MBC at a concentration of 25%.
 Conclusion:Betel leaf herbal liquid soap, lime peel and bundung plants according to the required SNI standard for liquid soap, effectively reduce the number of germs and MIC and KBM were found in all tested microbes.
 Keywords: liquid soap _herbal_antiseptic
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Sandy, Semuel, and Tri Nury Kridningsih. "Source of household water as main risk factor of soil-transmitted helminth infections among elementary school pupils in Wamena District, Jayawijaya Regency, Papua." Universa Medicina 42, no. 2 (2023): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18051/univmed.2023.v42.160-172.
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BackgroundSoil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections are caused by three types of worms: Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and hookworms. Soil-transmitted helminth infections have significant health and socioeconomic implications for communities in developing countries, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of STH infections among elementary school pupils in Wamena District. MethodsThe study design used was a cross-sectional design involving 317 elementary school pupils. The children were interviewed using a structured questionnaire that included demographic information, hygiene, and environmental sanitation data of the respondents. Stool samples were collected from all consenting participants in sterile plastic containers and were analyzed within 24 hours of collection, using the Kato-Katz method. The data were analyzed using bivariate statistical analysis (Chi-square) and multivariate analysis (logistic regression). ResultsThe prevalence of helminthiasis among elementary school pupils was 19.9% (63/317). STH prevalence of mild category was 17.4% (55/317). The risk factors for STH infections among school children were the habit of not washing hands with soap after defecation, with an odds ratio of 5.04 [95% CI (2.22-11.48)], and the source of water for household use, with an odds ratio of 7.22 [95% CI (3.66-14.22)]. ConclusionThe prevalence of helminthiasis was found to be 19.9% (63/317), with an STH prevalence of mild category. Risk factors for STH infections included the habit of not washing hands with soap after defecation and the source of water for household use.
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Ishwah, Benjamin, Rose E. Kukwa, John O. Ajegi, et al. "Adsorption of Some Heavy Metals from Wastewater using Fine Sand and Zeolite." American Journal of Chemistry and Pharmacy 1, no. 1 (2022): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54536/ajcp.v1i1.385.
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In this study, successive columns containing different types of solid state materials were used to investigate the treatment efficiency of soya bean oil mill wastewater (soap stock) using heavy metals analysis. Soap stock is a liquid waste obtained from soya bean oil industry from the neutralization process which has several environmental issues due to its high amount of organic and inorganic pollutants. Soap stock emerges from the refining process when oil is treated with a dilute alkali solution separating the FFAs as soaps. In this present study, an attempt was made at treating the wastewater using successive columns containing different types of solid state materials. The wastewater was passed through successive columns of fine sand, Zeolite and Zeolite/fine sand composite.. This treatment method decreased the toxic concentration of heavy metals assessed which include Pb, Cu, Zn, Ni and Cd by mean percentages of 96.60%, 100%, 62.0%, 16.10% and 96.60% respectively. Most contaminants were removed in the Zeolite/sand composite column possibly as a result of ion exchange capacity in addition to high sorption affinity of Zeolite on its active sites. This simple Zeolite based method enable us to obtain environmentally friendly treated soya bean oil water that can be safely used for irrigation purposes.
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Zafar, Aiman. "COMPARISON OF ROUTINE XYLENE AND DISH WASHING SOLUTION WITH LEMON WATER USED AS DEPARAFFINIZING AGENTS." International Journal of Head and Neck Pathology 6, no. 2 (2023): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.56501/intjheadneckpathol.v6i2.994.
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Background: Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon known for its wide usage in tissue processing which has many hazardous effects. Objectives: To compare the efficacy of xylene free sections deparaffinized with dish washing soap and diluted lemon water and compare them. Materials and Methods: Using twenty paraffin embedded tissue blocks, three sections each were prepared. One section was stained with conventional H &E method (Group A) and the other two sections with xylene-free (XF) H & E (Groups B and C). Staining characteristics were compared with xylene and scoring was given. Result: There is appreciable nuclear stain, cytoplasmic staining, staining clarity with dishwash and diluted lemon water solution with p value <0.001 in comparison with xylene. Conclusion: This study shows good result in terms of nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining, and clarity of staining, liquid soap with lemon can be used as alternate to xylene.
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Suraidi, Suraidi, and Meirista Wulandari. "PERANCANGAN SISTEM PENCUCI TANGAN OTOMATIS TANPA SENTUH UNTUK MENCEGAH PENULARAN VIRUS COVID-19." TESLA: Jurnal Teknik Elektro 23, no. 1 (2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/tesla.v23i1.11918.
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This study discusses an automatic hand washing system with water and liquid soap that comes out automatically. The results of this study are used as material for electronics training activities at high school level in the form of community service activities. This system can be applied to a place to wash hands in schools, colleges or malls. Water sources can be collected or directly using a water pipe, while liquid soap uses a bottle holder or the like. The water and liquid soap control system has a separate or separate circuit. The system for controlling water consists of an infrared sensor module which is applied as a proximity sensor, a relay module and a solenoid valve to open or close the water tap. The use of a solenoid valve when the water source uses a direct tap and the use of a water pump for the water source uses a reservoir. The system for controlling liquid soap consists of a proximity sensor module, a switching transistor circuit, and a mini DC submersible pump. All modules are tested to determine the characteristics of each module, so that you know the type of relay module and switching transistors to be used. The type of relay used is the active low type and the switching transistor type used is PNP. There were two systems that were tested, and they worked properly according to the original design, so it could be said that the whole system was working well. System testing can be seen at the following link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi5XiWMZuNU&t=51sABSTRAK:Penelitian ini membahas tentang sistem mencuci tangan otomatis dengan air dan sabun cair yang keluar secara otomatis. Hasil penelitian ini sebagai materi untuk kegiatan pelatihan elektronika di sekolah tingkat SMA dalam bentuk kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Sistem ini bisa diterapkan untuk tempat mencuci tangan di sekolah, kampus atau mall. Sumber air bisa dengan ditampung atau langsung menggunakan pipa air, sedangkan sabun cair menggunakan tempat botol atau sejenisnya. Sistem pengendali air dan sabun cair mempunyai rangkaian yang terpisah atau tersendiri. Sistem untuk mengendalikan air terdiri dari modul sensor infra merah yang diaplikasikan sebagai sensor proximity, modul relay dan solenoid valve untuk membuka atau menutup keran air. Penggunaan solenoid valve bila sumber air menggunakan keran langsung dan penggunaan pompa air untuk sumber air menggunakan penampungan. Sistem untuk mengendalikan sabun cair terdiri dari modul sensor proximity, rangkaian transistor switching, dan pompa mini DC celup. Semua modul diuji untuk mengetahui karakteristik tiap modul, sehingga mengetahui jenis modul relay dan transistor switching yang akan digunakan. Jenis relay yang digunakan yaitu jenis aktif low dan jenis transistor switching yang digunakan yaitu PNP. Ada dua sistem yang diuji, dan bekerja dengan baik sesuai dengan rancangan semula, sehingga bisa dikatakan sistem keseluruhan bekerja dengan baik. Pengujian sistem dapat dilihat pada link berikut https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi5XiWMZuNU&t=51s