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Journal articles on the topic 'Values of thermally stimulated current'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 15 July 2025

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1

Haouzi, A., H. Belarbi, J. C. Giuntini, J. Vanderschueren, S. Staunton, and J. V. Zanchetta. "Comparison between thermally-stimulated current and complex impedance spectroscopy measurements on a dehydrated Ca-montmorillonite." Clay Minerals 35, no. 2 (2000): 323–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/000985500546765.

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AbstractThe polarization conductivity, σ'(ω) of a Ca-montmorillonite has been determined by complex impedance spectroscopy. The technique of thermally-stimulated currents (TSC) leads to the determination of the different relaxation parameters, such as the distribution function of the different relaxation processes. The results demonstrated the coherence of the two approaches, and confirmed that the conducting phenomenon is due to the hopping of charge carriers between localized sites. The energy corresponding to the hopping process is evaluated using two different methods of analysis of the TSC signal. The values obtained are compared to those observed on a Na-montmorillonite.

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2

Tsybulskyi, Volodymyr, Myron R. Panasyuk, Ivan M. Solskii, Viktor Rudyk, and Volodymyr B. Kapustianyk. "Thermally Activated Processes in CaMoO₄ Crystals." Solid State Phenomena 200 (April 2013): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.200.220.

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The effect of annealing in the oxygen flow atmosphere of calcium molybdate crystals on their absorption spectra and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) glow curve was studied. The thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD), polarization (TSP) currents and temperature dependence of X-ray luminescence of CaMoO4were investigated in the temperature range of 100-320 K. One of the trap detected by TSL was found to disappear after high-temperature annealing of calcium molybdate single crystals. The nature of the absorption bands is discussed. The values of activation energy were calculated for the detected traps.

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3

Vorobjev, Alexander, Aleksandr Ponomarev, and Aleksei N. Lachinov. "Study of Current-Voltage Characteristics of Electroactive Polymers Placed in Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Conditions." Materials Science Forum 845 (March 2016): 219–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.845.219.

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The article proposes a method of studying the localized states (“traps”) in the band gap of dielectrics. The method combines both the method of current-voltage characteristics and the method of thermally stimulated currentIt is intended to use the method for analyzing the materials, in which trapping states are quasi-continuously distributed. The article gives an example of using the method for studying of the advanced polymer material - polydiphenylenephthalide. It presents calculation of values of the activation energies and the depth of the traps. The results are compared with the data obtained by traditional methods.

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4

KAŽUKAUSKAS, VAIDOTAS, and MINDAUGAS PRANAITIS. "TRAP DISTRIBUTION NEAR THE ENERGY BAND GAP EDGE IN MDMO-PPV." Functional Materials Letters 04, no. 01 (2011): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793604711001567.

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Carrier transport and trapping was investigated in poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) layers by thermally stimulated currents (TSC) depending on the exciting light spectral range. The upper edge of the light spectra was varied from 1.77 eV up to 3.1 eV to assure selective excitation of the defect states. We had shown that material conductivity is affected by several thermally activated processes, i.e., carrier generation from trapping states and thermally stimulated mobility growth. If the below band gap excitation was used, the effective photoconductivity activation energy values of 0.13–0.15 eV were obtained. After the above band gap excitation, the effective photoconductivity activation energy values decreased to 0.05 eV. The energy distribution of the trapping state density was shown to follow the Gaussian distribution function. The deeper states with activation energies of 0.28–0.3 eV and 0.8–0.85 eV were identified too. The results are direct indication by photo-thermo-electrical methods of distributed in energy trapping and transport states with the standard deviation of the density of states of about 0.015 eV.

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5

Kalytka, Valeriy, Zein Baimukhanov, Yelena Neshina, et al. "Influence of Quantum Effects on Dielectric Relaxation in Functional Electrical and Electric Energy Elements Based on Proton Semiconductors and Dielectrics." Applied Sciences 13, no. 15 (2023): 8755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13158755.

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Using the quasi-classical kinetic theory of dielectric relaxation, in addition to existing methods, fundamental mathematical expressions are built, which make it possible to more strictly consider the effects of the main charge carriers’ (protons’) tunneling on the numerical values of the molecular parameters (activation energy, equilibrium concentration) of protons in HBC. The formulas for calculating the statistically averaged non-stationary quantum transparency of a parabolic potential barrier for protons have been modernized by more stringent consideration of the effects of corrections caused by an external electric field. For the model of a double-symmetric potential well, a generalized nonlinear solution of the quasi-classical kinetic equation of dielectric relaxation in HBC was built. The phenomenological Bucci-Rive formula for thermally stimulated depolarization current density (TSDC) was first investigated, taking into account quantum transparency, for the case of a parabolic potential barrier. The choice of the parabolic shape of the potential barrier allowed, at a theoretical level, for the mathematical model of relaxation polarization to be brought closer to the conditions of the real spatial structure of the crystal potential field, in comparison with the rectangular potential barrier model. It has been found that quantum effects due to proton tunnel transitions significantly affect the mechanism of thermally stimulated depolarization currents in HBC, over a wide temperature range (50–550 K) and external field parameters (0.1–1 MV/m). Generalized solutions of the nonlinear kinetic equation, recorded considering the effects of field parameters on proton tunnel transitions, made it possible to significantly approximate the theoretical values of activation energies, equilibrium concentrations of protons and amplitudes of the theoretical maxima of the current density of thermally stimulated depolarization, according to their experimental values in the field of low-temperature (50–100 K) and high-temperature (350–550 K) maxima of TSDC density in HBC. For the first time, precision measurements of TSDC temperature spectra were carried out for chalcanthite crystals. The effects of alloying impurities concentrations and crystal calcination temperatures on the parameters of experimental maxima in the TSDC spectrum of chalcanthite were established. A physical mechanism of the quantum tunnel motion of protons in HBC with a complex crystal structure (crystalline hydrates, layered silicates, ferroelectric HBC (KDP, DKDP)) is described. The patterns found in this article indicate a fairly high degree of applied scientific significance for the obtained theoretical results, allowing for the further development of electrophysics and optoelectronics of heterogeneous structures (MIS, MSM) based on proton semiconductors and dielectrics (PSD) and their composites.

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6

Ilyasov, V. Kh, D. D. Karamov, А. N. Lachinov, and N. P. Bogdanov. "The activation energy of charge carriers in submicron polymethylmethacrylat films." Plasticheskie massy, no. 6 (January 13, 2025): 10–12. https://doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2024-06-10-12.

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Depolarization currents in submicron polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) films were measured using the thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) method in the range from 170 to 450 K. The concentration of the solution was 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 5,0; 7,5 and 10.0 wt.%. The value of the polarizing electric field strength was 1.7·105 V/cm. The rate of temperature change was 5 K/min. Based on experimental data, the values of the released charge and the activation energy of relaxation processes depending on the thickness of the polymer film are shown.

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7

Engström, Olof, Bahman Raeissi, Johan Piscator, et al. "Charging Phenomena at the Interface Between High-k Dielectrics and SiOx Interlayers." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 4 (June 27, 2023): 81–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2010.4.1115.

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The transition regions of GdSiO/SiOx and HfO2/SiOx interfaces have been studied with the high-k layers deposited on silicon substrates. The existence of transition regions was verified by medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) data and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From measurements of thermally stimulated current (TSC), electron states were found in the transition region of the HfO2/SiOx structures, exhibiting instability attributed to the flexible structural molecular network expected to surround the trap volumes. The investigations were focused especially on whether the trap states belong to an agglomeration consisting of a single charge polarity or of a dipole constellation. We found that flat-band voltage shifts of MOS structures, that reach constant values for increasing oxide thickness, cannot be taken as unique evidence for the existence of dipole layers.

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8

Engström, Olof, Bahman Raeissi, Johan Piscator, et al. "Charging Phenomena at the Interface Between High-k Dielectrics and SiOx Interlayers." Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, no. 1 (June 27, 2023): 10–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.26636/jtit.2010.1.1023.

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The transition regions of GdSiO/SiOx and HfO2/ SiOx interfaces have been studied with the high-k layers deposited on silicon substrates. The existence of transition regions was verified by medium energy ion scattering (MEIS) data and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). From measurements of thermally stimulated current (TSC), electron states were found in the transition region of the HfO2/SiOx structures, exhibiting instability attributed to the flexible structural molecular network expected to surround the trap volumes. The investigations were focused especially on whether the trap states belong to an agglomeration consisting of a single charge polarity or of a dipole constellation. We found that flat-band voltage shifts of MOS structures, that reach constant values for increasing oxide thickness, cannot be taken as unique evidence for the existence of dipole layers.

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9

Feliksik, Kamil, Jolanta Makowska, Joanna A. Bartkowska, et al. "Dielectric, Electric, and Pyroelectric Properties of Ba1−xCaxTiO3 Ceramics." Materials 17, no. 24 (2024): 6040. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17246040.

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In this study, we investigate the dielectric, electric, and pyroelectric properties of Ba1−xCaxTiO3 (BCT) ceramics with compositions of x = 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3. The ceramics were synthesized using the solid-state reaction method. A microstructural analysis was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing that calcium concentration influences grain size and morphology, with BCT20 showing larger, hexagonal grains, while BCT25 and BCT30 exhibited smaller, irregular grains. Phase composition and crystalline structure were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), which confirmed the absence of secondary phases and a predominantly tetragonal P4mm structure for BCT20 and BCT25. However, BCT30 showed an additional orthorhombic (Pbam) phase at 5.9 wt. % alongside the dominant tetragonal phase. Dielectric measurements revealed that increasing the calcium concentration shifts the temperature of dielectric permittivity maximum to lower values, correlating with a shift in the ferroelectric–paraelectric phase transition. Pyroelectric measurements indicated the highest pyroelectric current for BCT25, while BCT30 showed the maximum thermally stimulated depolarization current.

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10

Szabó, Edina, Anna Haraszti, Petra Záhonyi, et al. "Evaluation of Different Thermoanalytical Methods for the Analysis of the Stability of Naproxen-Loaded Amorphous Solid Dispersions." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (2022): 2508. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112508.

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The aim of this research was to investigate three thermoanalytical techniques from the glass transition temperature (Tg) determination point of view. In addition, the examination of the correlation between the measured Tg values and the stability of the amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) was also an important part of the work. The results showed that a similar tendency of the Tg can be observed in the case of the applied methods. However, Tg values measured by thermally stimulated depolarization currents showed higher deviation from the theoretical calculations than the values measured by modulated differential scanning calorimetry, referring better to the drug-polymer interactions. Indeed, the investigations after the stress stability tests revealed that micro-thermal analysis can indicate the most sensitive changes in the Tg values, better indicating the instability of the samples. In addition to confirming that the active pharmaceutical ingredient content is a crucial factor in the stability of ASDs containing naproxen and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate), it is worthwhile applying orthogonal techniques to better understand the behavior of ASDs. The development of stable ASDs can be facilitated via mapping the molecular mobilities with suitable thermoanalytical methods.

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11

Ubele-Kalnina, Darta, Miho Nakamura, and Karlis Agris Gross. "Inter-Laboratory Study on Measuring the Surface Charge of Electrically Polarized Hydroxyapatite." Journal of Functional Biomaterials 14, no. 2 (2023): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfb14020100.

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Surface charges on implants improve integration into bone and so require a clear protocol for achieving a surface charge and comparable results from different laboratories. This study sintered hydroxyapatite (HAp) at one laboratory to remove the influence of the microstructure on surface charge and then polarized/depolarized the pellets at two different laboratories (in Tokyo and Riga). Surface charges on HAp pellets induced by electric polarization at 400 °C in a 5 kV/cm DC electric field were measured by the thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) method as 6–9 µC/cm2. The surface charge results were comparable between laboratories and also agreed with previously documented values. Recommendations describe conditions for polarization and depolarization to generate a surface charge and repeatedly achieve a comparable outcome. A visual display of the polarization mechanisms and the contribution to surface charge point to further aspects that need further development.

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12

Ikromov, A., and X. Kuchkarov. "STUDY OF THE PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS IN ENGINEERING." Znanstvena misel journal 1, no. 63 (2022): 48–55. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6562742.

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Studies have shown that when modifying mixed composites based on polyamides with highly dispersed particles of carbon-containing or silicate-containing components, a technically significant effect is achieved by increasing the parameters of deformation-strength and adhesion and tribotechnical characteristics that correlate with them.

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13

Alisoy, Hafiz Z., and Murat Koseoglu. "The Changes in Electrical and Interfacial Properties of Polyimide Exposed to Dielectric Barrier Discharge in SF6Medium." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/890454.

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The formation mechanism of space charges in polyimide (PI) which was exposed to dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) in SF6medium and the effects of the space charges on interfacial and electrical properties of PI were investigated. The variation of normalized surface charge density on PI sample was calculated and illustrated for different DBD exposure times. The surface potential was measured to determine the effect of the space charges on the sample. Then, the contact angle values were measured to obtain the relation between the surface energy and the surface charge density. The expressions for the total charge and the concentration of trapped electrons were derived by using Poisson and continuity equations at stationary state. The space charges were determined experimentally by using thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) method. Also, SEM image and FTIR spectrum of virgin and treated samples were presented to observe the structural variations. It was seen that the approach for the formation mechanism of the space charges agreed with the experimental data. However, it was concluded particularly for the short-time DBD treatments that the space charges accumulated in the sample should be considered besides the effects of surface functionalization in the determination of the surface energy.

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14

Neagu, Eugen R., José N. Marat-Mendes, and Radu Neagu. "Analysis of Dielectric Relaxation Parameters in the Range of Glass Transition." Materials Science Forum 480-481 (March 2005): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.480-481.437.

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The apparent activation energy W, the temperature Ta at which the molecular movement is assumed frozen (the relaxation time is infinitely large) and the preexponential factor t0 were determined for Nylon 11 using the data obtained by fractional polarization thermally stimulated discharge current technique. The aim was to investigate the temperature dependence of the relaxation time in the range of the glass transition temperature. An experimental thermogram can be analyzed equally well using the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann-Hess relationship or the Arrhenius equation. Experimental results and simulations, for nearby peaks, demonstrate that the relaxation time at peak temperature changes from about 100 to 500 s revealing a very narrow distribution in relaxation times. On contrary, W and especially t0 varies in large limits and the values for t0 are in many situations physically meaningless. It was found that the temperature at which the molecular movement can be assumed frozen for electric effects is about 150 K below the glass transition temperature in Nylon 11. A small change in W (in the limit ± kTm which represents the minimum uncertainty interval in W) induces a change in t0 of about two decades, indicating (i) that any analysis assuming t0 constant should be avoided and (ii) the selectivity limit of the method.

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15

Guo, Weijia, Zhiyu Ma, Yu Luo, Yugu Chen, Zhenxing Yue, and Longtu Li. "Structure, defects, and microwave dielectric properties of Al-doped and Al/Nd co-doped Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54 ceramics." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 11, no. 4 (2022): 629–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0564-0.

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AbstractLow-loss tungsten-bronze microwave dielectric ceramics are dielectric materials with potential application value for miniaturized dielectric filters and antennas in the fifth-generation (5G) communication technology. In this work, a novel Al/Nd co-doping method of Ba4Nd9.33Ti18O54 (BNT) ceramics with a chemical formula of Ba4Nd9.33+z/3Ti18−zAlzO54 (BNT-AN, 0 ⩽ z ⩽ 2) was proposed to improve the dielectric properties through structural and defect modulation. Together with Al-doped ceramics (Ba4Nd9.33Ti18−zAl4z/3O54, BNT-A, 0 ⩽ z ⩽ 2) for comparison, the ceramics were prepared by a solid state method. It is found that Al/Nd co-doping method has a significant effect on improving the dielectric properties compared with Al doping. As the doping amount z increased, the relative dielectric constant (εr) and the temperature coefficient of resonant frequency (τf) of the ceramics decreased, and the Q×f values of the ceramics obviously increased when z ⩽ 1.5. Excellent microwave dielectric properties of εr = 72.2, Q×f = 16,480 GHz, and τf = +14.3 ppm/°C were achieved in BNT-AN ceramics with z = 1.25. Raman spectroscopy and thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique were firstly combined to analyze the structures and defects in microwave dielectric ceramics. It is shown that the improvement on Q×f values was originated from the decrease in the strength of the A-site cation vibration and the concentration of oxygen vacancies ($${\rm{V}}_{\rm{O}}^{ \cdot \cdot }$$ V O ⋅ ⋅ ), demonstrating the effect and mechanism underlying for structural and defect modulation on the performance improvement of microwave dielectric ceramics.

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16

Sircar, A. K., M. L. Galaska, S. Rodrigues, and R. P. Chartoff. "Glass Transition of Elastomers Using Thermal Analysis Techniques." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 72, no. 3 (1999): 513–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538816.

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Abstract The paper defines the glass transition temperature (Tg) of elastomers using various thermal analysis techniques (differential scanning calorimetry, DSC; derivative DSC; thermomechanical analysis, TMA; dynamic mechanical analysis, DMA; dielectric analysis, DEA; thermal stimulated current, TSC) and compares Tg values of eight elastomers by the first four techniques. Comparison of Tg by two TMA methods (expansion and penetration) is also included. Necessary information regarding both the specific technique and the sample used to compare published data is mentioned. Their inclusion, along with the Tg data, is emphasized. Correlation of Tg, as determined by thermal methods with that determined by an industrial low-temperature test method (ASTM D 1053-89a) is discussed. The factors that are unique to elastomer Tg determination, such as subambient operation, as compared to other polymers, are pointed out.

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17

Ilyasov, V. Kh, A. N. Lachinov, and D. D. Karamov. "INFLUENCE OF THE THICKNESS OF POLYDIPHENYLENE PHTHALIDE FILMS ON THE SPECTRUM OF DEPOLARIZATION CURRENTS OF MULTILAYER STRUCTURES." Izvestia Ufimskogo Nauchnogo Tsentra RAN, no. 1 (March 12, 2024): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31040/2222-8349-2024-0-1-61-66.

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The depolarization currents of multilayer polymer films of polydiphenylene phthalide were measured using the thermally stimulated depolarization (TSD) method in the range from 170 to 400 K. The solution concentration was 2.5 and 5 wt.%. Each layer of polymer film was pre-dried at room temperature, then annealed in an oven. The number of layers of polymer film was 1, 2, 3 and 7 layers for 2.5 wt.%. and 1, 2, 3, 5 and 7 layers for 5 wt.%. The polarizing electric field strength was 2.5 × 105 V/cm. The rate of temperature change was 5 K/min. Based on experimental data, the dependence of the temperature of the position of the maximum peak of the depolarization current, the maximum values of the peaks of the depolarization currents, the values of the released charge and the activation energy of relaxation processes on the number of layers of the polymer film is shown. The temperature dependences of depolarization currents revealed two regions for a solution concentration of 2.5 wt.%. and one area for 5 wt.%. The first region is interpreted in the dipole charge approximation. The second region is explained by the presence of a wide distribution of traps occupied by injected charges. Interlayer polarization is observed in inhomogeneous dielectrics and is caused by differences in the electrical conductivity and dielectric constant of individual particles (or microparticles) of the dielectric. In such dielectrics, when an electric field is applied at the interface between its various components, charge will accumulate, which is equivalent to the creation of polarization. The results for the temperature dependences of the TSD currents of the samples showed that the total accumulated charge in the volume increases as the number of polymer layers increases. The reason for such a high concentration of trapped charges is most likely due to the presence of a wide distribution of traps occupied by injected charges. Moreover, the magnitude of the released charge is greater for samples prepared from a polymer solution with 2.5 wt. % This effect depends on the thickness of the polymer films. Namely, the thinner the films, the more charged particles penetrate the interface between the films.

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18

D'souza, Nandika Anne. "Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Current." International Journal of Polymeric Materials 45, no. 3-4 (2000): 277–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00914030008035047.

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19

Arkhipov, V. I., E. V. Emelianova, R. Schmechel, and H. von Seggern. "Thermally stimulated luminescence versus thermally stimulated current in organic semiconductors." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 338-340 (June 2004): 626–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.03.056.

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20

Suzuki, Hidenori, Hirohumi Kuroda, Sotaro Asai, and Yoshimichl Ohki. "Thermally Stimulated Current in Polymethylpentene." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 117, no. 3 (1997): 269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.117.3_269.

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21

Fleetwood, D. M., R. A. Reber, L. C. Riewe, and P. S. Winokur. "Thermally stimulated current in SiO2." Microelectronics Reliability 39, no. 9 (1999): 1323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0026-2714(99)00084-0.

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22

Bayard, J., E. Dargent, C. Cabot, P. Lebaudy, and J. Grenet. "Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Current Measurements." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 51, no. 3 (1998): 879–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03341465.

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23

Takeuchi, Manabu, Kenichi Kutsukake, and Takao Sugihara. "Thermally Stimulated Current and Thermally Stimulated Charge Decay Measurements in Toner Layers." NIP & Digital Fabrication Conference 21, no. 1 (2005): 561–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2169-4451.2005.21.1.art00059_2.

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24

Onoda, Mitsuyoshi, Kiyoshi Amakawa, Hal Bon Gu, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Thermally-stimulated current in conducting polymers." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 108, no. 7 (1988): 287–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1972.108.287.

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25

Look, D. C., Z. ‐Q Fang, W. Kim, et al. "Thermally stimulated current trap in GaN." Applied Physics Letters 68, no. 26 (1996): 3775–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.116613.

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26

Kang, T. W., C. Tong, J. Y. Leem, and T. W. Kim. "Thermally stimulated current of amorphous selenium." Journal of Applied Physics 69, no. 5 (1991): 3115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.348577.

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27

Onoda, Mitsuyoshi, Kiyoshi Amakawa, Hal Bon Gu, and Katsumi Yoshino. "Thermally stimulated current in conducting polymers." Electrical Engineering in Japan 109, no. 2 (1989): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eej.4391090203.

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28

Sheng, Jing, and Fengkui Li. "Thermally Stimulated Current Behavior of Polystyrene." Chinese Journal of Applied Chemistry 12, no. 6 (1995): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/j.issn.1000-0518.1995.6.9294.

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29

Kitajima, Hironori, Masatsugu Kodaka, Yasuhiro Tanaka, and Tatsuo Takada. "Thermally stimulated current and thermally stimulated charge distribution in electron-beam-irradiated PMMA." Electrical Engineering in Japan 128, no. 2 (1999): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1520-6416(19990730)128:2<1::aid-eej1>3.0.co;2-t.

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30

Kitajima, Hironori, Masatsugu Kodaka, Yasuhiro Tanaka, and Tatsuo Takada. "Thermally Stimulated Current and Thermally Stimulated Space Charge Distribution in Electron Beam Irradiated PMMA." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 117, no. 10 (1997): 1058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.117.10_1058.

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31

Lee, Choon-Ho, Gyoung-Nam Jeon, Seung-Cheol Yu, and Seok-Yong Ko. "Simultaneous measurement of thermally stimulated luminescence and thermally stimulated current of ZnSe single crystal." Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics 28, no. 9 (1995): 1951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0022-3727/28/9/024.

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32

Rysiakiewicz-Pasek, E., B. Macalik, and E. Pawlik. "Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Current in Porous Glass." Defect and Diffusion Forum 53-54 (January 1987): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.53-54.111.

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33

Bayard, J., C. Cabot, E. Dargent, and J. Grenet. "Thermally stimulated depolarisation current measurements and interpretation." IEE Proceedings - Science, Measurement and Technology 144, no. 4 (1997): 168–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-smt:19970733.

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34

Qingquan, Lei, and Wang Fulei. "Thermally stimulated current studies on polyimide film." Ferroelectrics 101, no. 1 (1990): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00150199008016508.

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35

Datta, T., R. Noufi, and S. K. Deb. "Thermally stimulated current inp‐type CuInSe2thin films." Journal of Applied Physics 59, no. 5 (1986): 1548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.336462.

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36

Kuniyoshi, S., S. Naruge, M. Iizuka, M. Nakamura, K. Kudo, and K. Tanaka. "Thermally stimulated current of pentacene Schottky diode." Synthetic Metals 137, no. 1-3 (2003): 895–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(02)01130-x.

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37

Ponpon, J. P., and M. Amann. "Thermally stimulated current measurements on polycrystalline PbI2layers." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 18, no. 1 (2002): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap:2002023.

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38

Kim, E. J., T. Takeda, and Y. Ohki. "Origins of thermally stimulated current in polyethersulfone." IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation 3, no. 3 (1996): 386–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/94.506211.

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39

Topić, M., and Z. Katović. "Thermally stimulated depolarization current of novolac resin." Journal of Thermal Analysis 48, no. 2 (1997): 349–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01979279.

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40

Vigil, O., H. Heredia, F. Leccabue, and B. E. Watts. "Thermally Stimulated Current in Na-Fau Zeolite." Physica Status Solidi (a) 135, no. 2 (1993): K71—K74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211350238.

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41

Mezghani, S., A. Lamure, D. Bader, and C. Lacabanne. "Thermally stimulated current changes of irradiated skin." Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 7, no. 5 (1996): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00058568.

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42

Ohki, Yoshimichi, Eunjoo Kim, and Toshinao Takeda. "Thermally Stimulated Current and Electrical Conduction in Polyethersulfone." IEEJ Transactions on Fundamentals and Materials 116, no. 4 (1996): 357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1541/ieejfms1990.116.4_357.

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43

NISHIJIMA, Shigehiro, Toichi OKADA, and Takeshi HAGIHARA. "Thermally stimulated current and dielectric measurements in FRP." TEION KOGAKU (Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan) 21, no. 1 (1986): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2221/jcsj.21.26.

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44

Choi, Yoon Young. "Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Current from HCl-Doped Ice." Physics Research International 2011 (August 8, 2011): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/930406.

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Abstract:

Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) technique has been applied to investigate the dielectric properties of the HCl-doped ice. Three TSDC peaks were found from HCl-doped ice as well as ice of pure water. Among three peaks, the α and γ peaks are affected strongly by the concentrations of HCl. We found that the pH numbers are linearly proportioned to the ratios of the areas of the peaks. The relation between xα (the ratio of the area of α peak to the area of β peak) and pHHCl,α was found to be pHHCl,α=7.77−2.86xα. This result suggests the possibility of the development of an apparatus to measure the pH number of acid contaminated water. The activation energies correspond to depolarization processes reflected in the α, β, and γ peaks that were found to be 267±19 meV, 431±30 meV, and 635±44 meV, respectively.

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45

Courel, Maykel, O. Vigil-Galán, D. Jiménez-Olarte, M. Espindola-Rodriguez, and E. Saucedo. "Thermally Stimulated Current in Sprayed Cu2ZnSnS4 Thin Films." Energy and Environment Focus 2, no. 4 (2013): 294–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/eef.2013.1067.

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Neagu, Eugen R., and Aglaia Vassilikou-Dova. "Final thermally stimulated discharge current in nonpolar materials." Applied Physics Letters 88, no. 10 (2006): 102903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2182014.

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47

Lee, Y. H., T. W. Kang, and T. W. Kim. "Thermally stimulated current of Si‐ion‐implanted GaAs." Journal of Applied Physics 71, no. 11 (1992): 5419–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.351377.

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48

Jackson, John M., Biprodas Dutta, and Donald L. Kinser. "Computerized apparatus for thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements." Review of Scientific Instruments 58, no. 6 (1987): 1003–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1139600.

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Whang, C. N., J. J. Woo, C. C. Lee, and R. Y. Lee. "Thermally stimulated current from ion implanted Mylar film." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 33, no. 1-4 (1988): 752–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(88)90674-x.

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Aranguren, G., E. Hernández, A. López Pescador, C. A. Durante Rincón, and Máximo León. "Thermally stimulated current and electrical resistivity in CuIn3Se5." Materials Letters 58, no. 5 (2004): 573–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-577x(03)00564-0.

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