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Journal articles on the topic 'Wars of Independence'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Schell, William. "The Mexican Wars for Independence." Hispanic American Historical Review 90, no. 3 (2010): 553–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-2010-023.

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2

Yektaş, Hadi, Magnus Hoffmann, Friedhelm Hentschel, and Roland Hodler. "Wars of Conquest and Independence." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics 175, no. 4 (2019): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1628/jite-2019-0037.

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3

Kuethe, Allan J., and Christon I. Archer. "The Wars of Independence in South America." Journal of Military History 65, no. 3 (2001): 794. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2677551.

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Blanchard, Peter. "The Wars of Independence in Spanish America." Hispanic American Historical Review 81, no. 2 (2001): 367–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-81-2-367.

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5

de la Teja, Jesús F. "The Mexican Wars for Independence (review)." Southwestern Historical Quarterly 113, no. 4 (2010): 535–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/swh.2010.0059.

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Pedro Santoni. "The Mexican Wars of Independence (review)." Journal of Military History 73, no. 4 (2009): 1329–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.0.0404.

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7

Brown, Matthew. "Soldier Heroes and the Colombian Wars of Independence." Hispanic Research Journal 7, no. 1 (2006): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174582006x86021.

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Vejo, Tomáás Péérez. "El problema de la nacióón en las independencias americanas: Una propuesta teóórica." Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 24, no. 2 (2008): 221–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/msem.2008.24.2.221.

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El punto de partida de este artíículo es que las naciones no son la causa de las guerras de independencia sino su consecuencia. La propuesta, intentar una nueva relectura de los conflictos que tuvieron lugar en la Monarquíía Catóólica en la segunda déécada del siglo XIX a partir de una mirada que intente evitar lo que hay de construccióón posterior e incluir las nuevas aportaciones que desde diversos campos, especialmente desde la teoríía políítica, se han hecho sobre el concepto de nacióón en los úúltimos añños. Las guerras de independencia son vistas como un problema de soberaníía y no como

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9

Papanikos, Gregory T. "Wars and Foreign Interventions in Greece in the 1820s." ATHENS JOURNAL OF HISTORY 8, no. 1 (2021): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajhis.8-1-1.

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In Greece, the 1820s is a well-remembered decade. Many things happened which future Greek generations can study and learn. In the beginning of the decade (1821), some Greeks rebelled against the Ottomans, but, parallel with this War of Independence, they, as did so many times in their heroic past, started fighting between themselves (1823-1825). The Olympians intervened, as in Homer’s masterpieces, and “independence” came as a result of a direct foreign (divine) intervention by Britain (Poseidon), France (Athena) and Russia (Hera). This began first in the battlefields in 1827, and then at the

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Brown, Matthew. "Adventurers, Foreign Women and Masculinity in the Colombian Wars of Independence." Feminist Review 79, no. 1 (2005): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400198.

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This paper examines changing conceptions of honour and masculinity during the Colombian Wars of Independence in the early 19th century. It explores the position of the foreign women who accompanied British and Irish expeditions to join the war against Spanish rule, and shows how colonial, imperial and republican conceptions of masculinity were affected by the role that women played in these volunteer expeditions and in the wars in general. The paper considers women's experiences during war and peace, and examines their experiences in the light of changing conceptions of masculinity at home, in

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11

Mead, Walter Russell, and Franklin Lambert. "The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World." Foreign Affairs 84, no. 3 (2005): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20034377.

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12

Frame, R. "The Welsh Wars of Independence, c.410-c.1415." English Historical Review CXXII, no. 495 (2007): 232–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cel421.

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13

Allison, R. J. "The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World." Journal of American History 93, no. 1 (2006): 201–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4486103.

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Álvarez, José Maurício. "Asia, 1945-1954: Three Wars in One." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 8 (2020): 237–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.78.8818.

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The conflicts waged in Asia between 1945 and 1954 are examined here as part of the anti-colonial struggle and national independence, giving rise to free and original Asian practices. The background is the emergence and consolidation of the bipolar powers of the superpowers involved in the cold war. The decolonization of the region was part of the Western Allies' ideals. However, the Cold Conflict's political conveniences lead the Truman Administration to tolerate and support the colonial presence. American policy on Asia-Pacific feared that independence would jeopardize regional stability. Thi

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15

Tushnet, Mark. "The New Citizenship and Wars of Position." Law & Social Inquiry 21, no. 01 (1996): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.1996.tb00012.x.

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Suppose Charles Reich had typed “The New Citizenship” on the first page of his article. He might have rediscovered republicanism a generation earlier than the neo-republicans of the 1980s. Perhaps he might even have understood that a right to some minimum of property, sufficient to guarantee the independence essential to the exercise of citizenship rights, could be derived from concepts of republican citizenship.

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Oostindie, Gert, and Fridus Steijlen. "Ethnic ‘Ferociousness’ in Colonial Wars." Bijdragen tot de taal-, land- en volkenkunde / Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 177, no. 4 (2021): 491–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134379-bja10032.

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Abstract This article explores the myths and evidence surrounding extreme violence and the framing of ‘ethnic soldiers’ as loyal and indispensable Moluccan soldiers in the Dutch army in the Indonesian War of Independence, 1945–1949. In this article, we first interrogate the origins of this framing in the Dutch–Indonesian case and the type of sources underlying this perspective. Next, we present the results of our research, which combines a study of Dutch veterans’ ego documents and oral-history projects. Based on this analysis, we reconsider both the framing and the evidence, after which we co

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Cienfuegos, Sigfrido Vázquez, and Antonio Santamaría García. "Cuba económica en tiempos de las independencias Americanas. La hacienda y la consolidación de los vales reales en comparación con el caso de México." Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 30, no. 1 (2011): 91–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610911000243.

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AbstractThe historiography emphasizes the importance of the fiscal policy and regional differences as causes of Hispano-American independences. The Consolidación de los Vales Reales (1804-1809), an endorsement of the debt contracted to its colonies by Spain in order to finance its constant wars, caused the collapse of the Mexican Treasury and was a key factor in its independence. This article demonstrates that in Cuba, the Consolidation had a different effect. Thanks to its different institutionalization and fiscal praxis, it was used to alleviate the deficit of situados, with which the Mexica

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18

BROWN, MATTHEW. "Richard Vowell's Not-So-Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Adventure in Nineteenth-Century Hispanic America." Journal of Latin American Studies 38, no. 1 (2006): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022216x05000301.

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Richard Vowell was a British mercenary who served in the Wars of Independence in Hispanic America. A study of his writings offers a new perspective from which to reconsider the influential arguments of the section of Mary Louise Pratt's Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation (London and New York, 1992) that deals with European travel in the region in the period. The analysis centres on the ways in which Vowell depicted Hispanic American masculinities, indigenous peoples, collective identities and the diverse groups that made up society during the wars of independence. Vowell's writ

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19

Spruyt, Hendrik. "Civil Wars as Challenges to the Modern International System." Daedalus 146, no. 4 (2017): 112–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00463.

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The current international system is based on Westphalian principles in which authority is defined territorially. Within this territory, the state has sole jurisdiction. Adherence to these principles has contributed to the decline of interstate war. Conversely, applying these principles and correlated norms to states that gained their independence after 1945 has contributed to civil conflicts. These norms are opaque, as is the case with the principle of self-determination; or they lock in an unstable status quo, as with uti possidetis, the principle that borders inherited at the moment of indep

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Anderle, Ádám. "El balance de la independencia latinoamericana." Acta Hispanica 16 (January 1, 2011): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2011.16.9-18.

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This study is a historiographical overview of the literature of the Latin American wars of independence. It analyses the gains and losses, and poses the question: „has the world advanced" in the 200 years of independence? The first part of the article concentrates on the events of the wars of independence and the developments in the 19th century focusing on the works of Francisco Morales Padrón, Luis Navarro Garcia, Jose' Carlos Maridtegui, and the approach of the German historian Manfred Kossok. In the secondpart the author presents the question of subdesarrollo and dependencia. He discusses

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21

Brewster, Claire. "Women and the Spanish-American Wars of Independence: An Overview." Feminist Review 79, no. 1 (2005): 20–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400200.

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This article looks at the ways in which Spanish American women exploited the political and social turmoil of the late 18th and early 19th centuries to move beyond their traditional sphere of influence in the home. Women directly participated in the Túpac Amaru Rebellion (1780–1781) and in the Wars of Independence (1810–1825) providing funding, food supplies, infrastructure and reinforcements for the troops, and nursing the wounded. Others contributed by taking part in the physical fighting (both openly and disguised as men) and a few led troops into battle. This article looks at some of the in

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22

Smith, Gene A. "The Barbary Wars: American Independence in the Atlantic World (review)." Journal of Military History 70, no. 2 (2006): 509–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2006.0130.

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23

Da Silva, Fernando Caldeira. "THE ROLE OF THE CHRISTIAN COUNCIL OF MOZAMBIQUE IN THE COLONIAL WAR (1964-1974) AND IN CIVIL WARS (1977-2014): CHRISTIANS IN COLONIAL WARS." Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae 41, no. 1 (2015): 105–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/2412-4265/105.

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Founded in 1948, the Christian Council of Mozambique (Conselho Cristão de Moçambique - CCM) is an institution which contributed to the Colonial War (1964-1974) and to ending the Civil Wars (1977-1992) (2012-2014). the Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs informed the CCM ideals on ‘sustainable development’.2 By the latter’s evangelisation and teaching, leaders such as Eduardo C. Mondlane were produced for the independence of Mozambique.3 After independence the CCM embarked on facilitated dialogue, bringing peace to a nation torn apart by two belligerent parties, REnAMO4 and fRe

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24

Benbaji, Yitzhak. "Justice in Asymmetric Wars: A Contractarian Analysis." Law & Ethics of Human Rights 6, no. 2 (2013): 172–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/1938-2545.1072.

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Abstract This Article aims to extend contractarianism in just war theory to the case of asymmetric war of independence. Its main thesis is that within asymmetric wars, the traditional rule of noncombatant immunity has no contractarian justification: It systematically discriminates against the weak part to the conflict, and thus it is unfair. On the other hand, a rule that allows those who take themselves to be freedom fighters to threaten civic life, yet prohibits deliberately targeting individuals, is fair and mutually beneficial. The branch of the war convention I called “justice in asymmetr

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25

Guéhenno, Jean-Marie. "The United Nations & Civil Wars." Daedalus 147, no. 1 (2018): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00483.

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The UN engagement in civil wars was almost nonexistent until the end of the Cold War, but recent experience brings some important lessons: the traditional principles of peacekeeping are ill-suited for civil war, as demands on peacekeepers, in particular the protection of civilians, are expanding. But military force is there to support a political strategy. The UN must focus on politics, using its comparative advantage–its independence–to win the confidence of the parties, while preserving its access to big powers to put pressure on them. However, it is challenged by the growing divisions in th

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26

Hunefeldt, Christine. "Reinventing old power: state, tribute, and indians in Puno." Fronteras de la Historia 4 (December 20, 1999): 11–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22380/20274688.772.

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In 1824. toward the end of the Wars of Independence (1820-1825), Hiram Paulding, an English traveler reached Peru's Central Highlands. One ofhis stops was at the small town [villorio] of Gulcán, where he met its Gobernador and Alcalde.

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27

Winland, Daphne. "Between Two Wars: Generational Responses of Toronto Croats to Homeland Independence." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 18, no. 1-2 (2015): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/diaspora.18.1-2.117.

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Winland, Daphne. "Between Two Wars: Generational Responses of Toronto Croats to Homeland Independence." Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 18, no. 1-2 (2015): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/dsp.2015.0009.

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29

Blanchard, Peter. "The Language of Liberation: Slave Voices in the Wars of Independence." Hispanic American Historical Review 82, no. 3 (2002): 499–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-82-3-499.

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Gallagher, Niav. "The Franciscans and the Scottish Wars of Independence: an Irish perspective." Journal of Medieval History 32, no. 1 (2006): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmedhist.2005.12.006.

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31

Conway, Stephen. "British Mobilization in the War of American Independence*." Historical Research 72, no. 177 (1999): 58–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-2281.00073.

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Abstract This article argues that the mass arming in Britain during the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars was not a wholly new phenomenon but the culmination of a long‐running process of greater mobilization of manpower. That process was significantly advanced in the American war, when more Britons and Irishmen went into uniform than in any earlier eighteenth‐century conflict, and when men from widely different social backgrounds participated in a military or naval capacity.

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32

Valencia Llano, Alonso. "Guerras y expropiaciones de la época federal caucana." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 2, no. 3 (2010): 8–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v2n3.10220.

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En el presente artículo se enuncian los factores explicativos de la crisis económica que afectó al Cauca durante la primera mitad del siglo XIX, y se les muestra como un efecto de los procesos económicos desarrollados durante el período colonial. Veremos cómo los caucanos debieron construir empresas en las cuales vincularon políticos y extranjeros para desarrollar la infraestructura necesaria, para sacar así a la región de la crisis en que la sumieron las guerras de Independencia y el rosario de guerras civiles que caracterizaron los primeros años del período republicano. Finalmente, se ofrece

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Boriqi, Dr Sc Gjon. "Geo-Regional Security and Transformation After the Balkan's Wars and Kosova Independence." ILIRIA International Review 4, no. 2 (2016): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.21113/iir.v4i2.40.

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During the '90-ies the wars in the former territories of what was called Yugoslavia marked the end of a century plenty of wars and local armed conflicts. More than 140 million people died because of wars in the XX century. The war of Kosova was the last one in that century. The beginning of the XXI century stressed the necessity for a new way of thinking nationally, regionally and globally. The Balkans were often considered as a gun powder territory. All the Balkans states, someone more and someone less, have problems with each other. History was and remained very passionate within the Balkan

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Kokkola, Lydia. "Becoming Native? The Wisdom of Plants in Margarita Engle's The Surrender Tree." International Research in Children's Literature 9, no. 1 (2016): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/ircl.2016.0181.

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This paper situates Margarita Engle's verse novel, The Surrender Tree: Poems of Cuba's Struggle for Freedom (2008), in both the historical context it depicts (the various wars against Spain 1850–99) and the emerging field of human-plant studies (HPS). Noting that Cuba's indigenous population was destroyed by genocide and imported illnesses, the paper suggests that the island itself, as portrayed in Engle's poetry, has colluded in human politics and played an active role in determining who can lay claim to Cuban nativity. Human-plant studies provide a rationale for suggesting that, in Engle's T

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NEAL, LARRY. "How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815." Financial History Review 7, no. 2 (2000): 117–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565000000081.

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Larry Neal, How it all began: the monetary and financial architecture of Europe during the first global capital markets, 1648–1815The Treaty of Westphalia created the modern nation-state system of Europe and set the stage for the long-term success of financial capitalism. The new sovereign states experimented with competing monetary regimes during their wars over the next century and two-thirds while they extended and perfected the financial innovations in war finance developed during the Thirty Years War. The Dutch maintained fixed exchange rates, the French insisted on exercising monetary in

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Nieves, J. Edwin, and April Adams Pace. "Casualties of the Spanish Army in Cuba During the “Long War” of 1868-1878." Military Medicine 187, no. 1-2 (2021): 7–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usab365.

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ABSTRACT Spanish continental soldiers were ill prepared for the environmental conditions they encountered in the first of three wars for Cuban independence. The disease fatality rate was over 80% with yellow fever the most prevalent disease. Another 7% of these soldiers died in battle or from their combat wounds.

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Urbano Revilla, Juan. "La Independencia y la Contra Independencia del Perú." REVISTA XAUXA AÑO II, NÚMERO 4 – 2021 II, no. 04 (2021): 07–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56374/xau.02.04.21.01.

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This text deals with the military cost that the Independence of Peru demanded in the final stage of the decisive wars. On the one hand, the military cost of the counterrevolutionary campaigns that the royalists undertook from 1809 from the capital of the viceroyalty of Peru, towards the American periphery to appease the independence movements of Quito, La Paz, Chile and The Rio de la Plata (this is called counter-independence). On the other hand, it considers the military cost of the patriotic campaigns for the Independence of Peru, including the liberating currents that arrived from abroad. T

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38

Ivanov, Ivelin. "Tsar Samuel Against Emperor Basil II: Why Did Bulgaria Loose the Battle With the Byzantine Empire at the Beginning of the 11th century." Studia Ceranea 1 (December 30, 2011): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2084-140x.01.12.

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At the beginning of the 11th century, after decades of almost incessant wars with the Byzantine Empire, the Bulgarian state lost its political independence. In many research works on the period in question there is emphasis put on the stabilization of the Empire at the end of the 10th and the beginning of the 11th century as a major factor or a reason for the loss of our political independence for a century and a half. Naturally, the internal political state of affairs in the Bulgarian Tsardom and the decline of its military power resulting from the loss of independence also made it easier for

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Ramírez, María Himelda. "Las mujeres en la Independencia de la Nueva Granada. Entre líneas." La Manzana de la Discordia 5, no. 1 (2016): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/lamanzanadeladiscordia.v5i1.1529.

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Resumen: El presente artículo parte de una serie dereflexiones sobre la historiografía feminista de lasmujeres, la cual se propone desmitificar a los personajesfemeninos, entre ellos las heroínas de la independencia,y situar su presencia y protagonismo en los contextos delas tensiones sociales y guerras en que les correspondióvivir, reconociendo su autonomía, aún en condicionesadversas, y apartándose de la manera tradicional depresentarlas como sujetas pasivas y victimizadas. Porotra parte, se hace un recuento de las principales figurasfemeninas de la Independencia de nuestro país, y sebusca i

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Sánchez Martínez, César Félix. "Hacia una lectura de las Tradiciones Peruanas desde la teoría de la representación política." Aula Palma, no. 20 (January 2, 2023): 529–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31381/ap.v20i20.4469.

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    En este artículo se presentará una interpretación del proceso de independencia y construcción estatal de las repúblicas hispanoamericanas de la mano de las teorías de la representación política de Guerra, Furet y Cochin y se planteará, en el caso del Perú, la necesidad de contar con las Tradiciones peruanas de Ricardo Palma como insumo para comprender este proceso en esta nación andina. Asimismo, a guisa de ejemplo para estudios ulteriores, se revisará una tradición palmiana referida al modo privilegiado de construcción de legitimidad en la representac

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Partacz, Czesław. "Ukraińskie dążenia niepodległościowe w czasie Wielkiej Wojny i po niej." Galicja. Studia i materiały 7 (2021): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2021.7.3.

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The article deals with the issues of Ukrainian aspirations to autonomy, which during the Great War took the form of actions to regain independence. However, they were not successful because they were carried out in too many directions. In the years 1917–1921, it was not possible to build a Ukrainian state that would match the exorbitant ambitions of politicians. These aspirations encountered two conflicting political trends: autonomy-independence (nationalists) and pro-Russian (Old-Russian) ones. The provisions of the Versailles Treaty and the lost wars meant that Ukrainians became negotiators

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Kasekamp, Andres. "Survival against the Odds: The Baltic States at 100." Slavic Review 78, no. 3 (2019): 640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2019.225.

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This essay examines how Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania have managed to secure their independence and analyzes how they have dealt with the internal and external challenges to their state-building efforts. It compares the first period of statehood between the two world wars with the current period of independence beginning with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Among the critical external tasks they have faced were deterring former imperial powers, fostering regional cooperation and gaining a voice in international organizations. Internally, consolidating democratic systems and integration of et

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Singleton, Brent D. "Book Review: Encyclopedia of African Colonial Conflicts." Reference & User Services Quarterly 56, no. 4 (2017): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/rusq.56.4.302b.

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Africa has experienced more than its fair share of warfare and general strife during the past half century. Many of these struggles have their roots in colonialism, which inspired the ethnic division, military tactics, and brutality that characterized subsequent conflicts, even those occurring long after the colonial regimes caved to African independence movements. This encyclopedia covers the major colonial-era wars between Africans and Europeans and/or their allies and proxies, as well as the occasional fight among Europeans. While there are many works concerning colonialism, conflict, and s

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Yılancıoglu, S. Seza. "Unveiling the Individual Memory of War in the Work of Maïssa Bey." Human and Social Studies 4, no. 3 (2015): 73–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hssr-2015-0025.

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Abstract This paper is interested in the individual memory of wars in Maïssa Bey. The writer devoted her two books to the wars in Algeria - they were written to be adapted to the theatre: Entendez-vous dans les montagnes… (2002) and Pierre Sang Papier ou Cendre (2008). In Entendez-vous dans les montagnes..., the memory in question is that of the War of Independence against the colonization during the years 1956-1962, while Pierre Sang Papier ou Cendre addresses the French colonization that lasted 132 years, from 1830 to 1962. In other words, the first relies on individual and collective memori

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Morea, Alejandro. "The process of professionalization of the Army of Alto Peru during the wars of Independence." Quinto Sol 15, no. 2 (2011): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.19137/qs.v15i2.131.

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Maoz, Asher. "WAR AND PEACE- AN ISRAELI PERSPECTIVE." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 14, no. 2 & 3 (2011): 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/c90d4m.

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The State of Israel was born in the storm of war and has been in a state of military confrontation ever since, which continues even as these lines are being written. Israel has fought six full-scale wars since its establishment: the War of Independence (1948), the Sinai War (1956), the Six Day War (1967), the War of Attrition (1970s), the Yom Kippur – or October – War (1973), and the Lebanon War (1982). Furthermore, the periods between the wars were not without military unrest. Israel has found itself in unabated military confrontations, most recently capped by the uprising (known in Arabic as

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Maver, Igor. "The Maori and the Pakeha in C. K. Stead's novel Talking about O'Dwyer." Acta Neophilologica 49, no. 1-2 (2016): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.49.1-2.53-61.

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The article focuses on a recent novel by the contemporary New Zealand author C.K. Stead, Talking about O'Dwyer. It represents an indictment of war per se, war as a collective madness and its consequences for the life destinies of every single individual caught in it. The Second World War and the independence war in Croatia in the 1990s are minutely described and juxtaposed in this work: both brought to the people, as all wars, suffering and death and have radically changed and marked their lives and relationships. C.K. Stead writes about four locales in very different time periods, New Zealand

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Filyushkin, Alexander. "Conquest, Borders, Geopolitics." Russian History 43, no. 1 (2016): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763316-04301004.

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Livonian War (1558–83) was not a local Baltic war, but a European conflict. What was the place of Livonian War in the context of European wars of the 16th century? Europe in this era experienced colonial wars, wars of independence, religious wars, Turkish wars etc. The Livonian War bears the strongest resemblance to Italian wars of 1494–1559. Those were wars about tying microstates to new monarchies. In part, a similar process took place in Livonia. It was a microstate with an obsolete socio-political hierarchy unable to fight back (the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order). Several new Europ

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Hopkins, Fred. "For Freedom and Profit: Baltimore Privateers in the Wars of South American Independence." Northern Mariner / Le marin du nord 18, no. 3-4 (2008): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.25071/2561-5467.344.

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Morelli, Federica. "Race, Wars, and Citizenship: Free People of Color in the Spanish American Independence." Journal of the History of Ideas 79, no. 1 (2018): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jhi.2018.0008.

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