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1
Ulyate, Jessica. "Automated reading of high volume water meters." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6673.
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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Accurate water usage information is very important for municipalities in order to provide
accurate billing information for high volume water users. Meter reading are currently
obtained by sending a person out to every meter to obtain a manual reading. This is very
costly with regards to time and money, and it is also very error prone.
In order to improve on this system, an image based telemetry system was developed
that can be retrofitted on currently installed bulk water meters. Images of the meter dials
are captured and transmitted to a central server where they are further processed and
enhanced. Character recognition is performed on the enhanced images in order to extract
meter readings.
Through tests it was found that characters can be recognised to 100% accuracy for
cases which the character recognition software has been trained, and 70% accuracy for
cases which is was not trained. Thus, an overall recognition accuracy of 85% was achieved.
These results can be improved upon in future work by statistically analysing results and
utilizing the inherent heuristic information from the meter dials.
Overall the feasibility of the approach was demonstrated and a way forward was indicated.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is belangrik vir munisipaliteite om akkurate water verbruikingssyfers te hê sodat hulle
akkurate rekeninge aan hoë volume water gebruikers kan stuur. Tans besoek ’n persoon
fisies elke meter om meterlesings te verkry. Dit is egter baie oneffektief ten opsigte van
tyd en geld. Die metode is ook baie geneig tot foute.
Ten einde te verbeter op hierdie stelsel was ’n beeld gebaseerde telemetrie stelsel
ontwerp wat geïnstalleer word op huidig geïnstalleerde hoë volume water meters. Beelde
van die meters word na ’n sentrale bediener gestuur waar dit verwerk word en die beeld
kwaliteit verbeter word. Karakter herkenning sagteware word gebruik om die meter lesings
te verkry vanuit die verbeterde beelde.
Deur middel van toetse is gevind dat karakters herken kan word tot op 100% graad
van akkuraatheid in gevalle waar die karakter herkenning sagteware opgelei is, en 70%
akkuraatheid vir gevalle waarvoor dit nie opgelei was nie. Dus was ’n algehele herkennings
akkuraatheid van 85% behaal. Hierdie resultate kan verbeter word in die toekoms deur
die resultate statisties te analiseer en die inherente heuristieke inligting van die meter
syfers te benutting.
Ten slotte, in die tesis was die haalbaarheid van die benadering gedemonstreer en ’n
weg vorentoe vir toekomstige werk aangedui.
2
Emmons, Jason Daniel. "Quantifying the restorable water volume of Sierran meadows." Thesis, University of California, Davis, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1553338.
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<p> The Sierra Nevada is estimated to provide over 66% of California's water supply, which is largely derived from snowmelt. Global climate warming is expected to result in a decrease in snow pack and an increase in melting rate, making the attenuation of snowmelt by any means, an important ecosystem service for ensuring water availability. Montane meadows are dispersed throughout the mountain range providing wildlife habitat, water filtration, and water storage. Despite the important role of meadows in the Sierra Nevada, the majority are degraded from stream incision, which increases volume outflows and reduces overbank flooding, thus reducing infiltration and potential water storage. Restoration of meadow stream channels would therefore improve hydrological functioning, including increased water storage. The potential water holding capacity of restored meadows has yet to be quantified, thus this research seeks to address this knowledge gap by estimating the restorable water volume due to stream incision. More than 17,000 meadows were analyzed by categorizing their erosion potential using channel slope and soil texture, ultimately resulting in six general erodibility types. Field measurements of over 100 meadows, stratified by latitude, elevation, and geologic substrate, were then taken and analyzed for each erodibility type to determine average depth of incision. Restorable water volume was then quantified as a function of water holding capacity of the soil, meadow area and incised depth. Total restorable water volume across meadows in the Sierra Nevada was found to be 120 x 10<sup>6</sup>m<sup>3</sup>, or approximately 97,000 acre-feet. Using 95% confidence intervals for incised depth, the upper and lower bounds of the total restorable water volume were found to be 107 x 10<sup>6</sup>m<sup> 3</sup> – 140 x 10<sup>6</sup>m<sup>3</sup>. Though this estimate of restorable water volume is small in regards to the storage capacity of typical California reservoirs, restoration of Sierra Nevada meadows remains an important objective. Storage of water in meadows benefits California wildlife, potentially attenuates floods, and elevates base flows, which can ease effects to the spring snowmelt recession from the expected decline in Sierran snowpack with atmospheric warming.</p>
3
Bispen, Georgij [Verfasser]. "IMEX finite volume methods for the shallow water equations / Georgij Bispen." Mainz : Universitätsbibliothek Mainz, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069093327/34.
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Dahlbäck, Per. "Modeling a novel sorption dehumidication method : super saturation of water vapour in a closed volume using the finite volume method." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Avdelningen för beräkningsvetenskap, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208511.
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This thesis develops and evaluates a method to simulate energy consumption and water production for a novel sorption dehumidication pro-cess. The system consists of a chamber comprising a hygroscopic materialand a heating device. The process consists of an adsorption phase anda regeneration phase. For both the regeneration phase and the adsorp-tion phase the model considers the heat distribution by thermal diusionand convection and the water transport by diusion and convection. Forthe regeneration phase the radiation is also considered since the radia-tive power increases with temperature to the power of four. Further, amodel for the condensation process is implemented and a model for thecondensation is suggested. To model the properties of the hygroscopicmaterials, the adsorption curves for SiO2 and AlO2 are investigated. Themodel were evaluated by comparing the simulated values with experimen-tal measurements.The results from the the simulation of the regeneration phase showsa good agreement with experimental data for the power and the energyconsumption even though the simulated values are a bit underestimated,about 10%. The water production is simulated to be about 25% higherthan the measured values. This discrepancy could be explained by aleakage of water vapour that was found in the experimental set up, whichis not considered in the model. This could also explain the underestimatedenergy consumption since the condensation energy in the system is toogreat. To improve the accuracy for the model the water leakage wouldneed to be implemented. The overestimation of water seemed to be thesame for the measurements from the same apparatus.For the adsorption phase a developed model, from an article for ad-sorption in silica, was implemented and tuned for the specic system. Thesimulations are in good agreement with the measurements but could betested further for more certainty.
5
Li, Lit Siew. "Parabolic equation modeling of bottom interface and volume reverberation in shallow water." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA385351.
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Thesis (M.S. in Engineering Acoustics) Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 2000.<br>Thesis advisor(s): Smith, Kevin B. "September 2000." Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-90). Also available in print.
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Chopra, Akash. "The volume of fluid technique for the numerical simulation of water waves." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/13379.
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A discussion is given of numerical techniques for modelling fluid flows with free surfaces, covering the basic principles behind the schemes and their respective advantages and disadvantages. This leads to the adoption of a two dimensional "Volume of Fluid" (VOF) method for the simulation of wave impacts on vertical walls. The VOF method is described in detail, including enhancements to various sections of the algorithm. The "water piston" theory of air pockets is given, together with a scheme to incorporate the effects into the model. The results of a test problem are given which illustrates the ability of the VOF method to simulate free surface flows, and another test case validates the approach to air pocket modelling. Finally a series of comparisons with experimental results of wave impacts is given; these include time series of surface elevations and wall pressures. The results illustrate the difficulty in making direct comparisons with experiment due to the problem of ensuring identical wave conditions and show that, given this constraint, the VOF model is capable of accurate simulation of impact events.
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Ip, Kenneth C. W. "Dynamic modular simulation of variable water and air volume flow systems in buildings." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251526.
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Fitzgerald, Nicholas B. "The Small Volume Autonomous Water Sampler (SVAWS): An Innovative, Cost- Effective, Adaptable Protocol." PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1533.
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As of 2007, U.S. pesticide use stood at 1.1 billion pounds with 80% of all usage in agriculture. Such realities pose a potentially dangerous threat to our surface water bodies. This research provides a detailed analysis of the design, operation and field testing of a prototype water sampler, the Small Volume Autonomous Water Sampler (SVAWS). The research includes a discussion of the design and construction of the SVAWS. Seven USGS employees operated the SVAWS in a number of different states and conditions in order to collect samples for pesticide analysis. Field-testing outcomes of the SVAWS were measured through a Participant Survey Request and a Likert-Scale Assessment.
Overall, survey data proved the SVAWS to be an effective device for collecting water samples in different locations and conditions. Users also understood the SVAWS has significant potential for applications other than pesticide studies. While feedback did show a number of alterations or modifications could improve the design, the device proved to be effective across many of its goals, from valid water sampling to reducing costs of sample acquisition. Recommendations for future research include these and other avenues of research. A conclusion addresses the potential future of the SVAWS with respect to water sampling applications.
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Ottermann, Tanja Linda. "Experimental and numerical investigation into the natural convection of TiO2-water nanofluid." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61323.
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This Master of Engineering investigation focuses on the natural convection of nanofluids in rectangular cavities. The governing equations applied to analyse the heat transfer and fluid flow occurring within the cavity are given and discussed. Special attention is given to the models that were developed to predict the thermal conductivity and dynamic viscosity of such nanofluids.
A review concerning past investigations into the field of natural convection of nanofluids in cavities is made. The investigation is divided into experimental works and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) numerical investigations.
Through the literature review, it was discovered that many numerical models exist for the prediction of the thermophysical properties of nanofluids, specifically thermal conductivity and viscosity. Depending on the nanofluid and the application, different models can be used.
The literature study also revealed that most previous works were done in the CFD field. Very few experimental studies have been performed. Numerical CFD investigations, however, need experimental results for validation purposes, leading to the conclusion that more experimental work is needed.
The heat transfer capability and thermophysical properties of the nanofluid are investigated based on models found in literature. The investigation incudes measuring the heat transfer inside a cavity filled with a nanofluid and subjected to a temperature gradient. The experiment is performed for several volume fractions of particles. An optimum volume fraction of 0.005 is obtained. At this volume fraction the heat transfer enhancement reaches a maximum for the present investigation.
The investigation is repeated as a numerical investigation using the commercially available CFD software ANSYS-FLUENT. The same case as used in the experimental investigation is modelled as a two-dimensional case and the results are compared. The same optimum volume fraction and maximum heat transfer is obtained with an insignificantly small difference between the two methods of investigation. This error can be attributed to the minor heat losses experienced from the experimental setup as in the CFD adiabatic walls considered. It is concluded that, through the inclusion of TiO2 particles in the base fluid (deionised water), the thermophysical properties and the heat transfer capability of the fluid are altered. For a volume fraction of 0.005 and heat transfer at a temperature difference of 50 °C, the heat transferred through the fluid in the cavity is increased by more than 8%.
From the results, it is recommended that the investigation is repeated with TiO2 particles of a different size to determine the dependency of the heat transfer increase on the particle size. Various materials should also be tested to determine the effect that material type has on the heat transfer increase.<br>Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering<br>MEng<br>Unrestricted
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Ghodsinezhad, Hadi. "Experimental investigation on natural convection of AI2O3-water nanofluids in cavity flow." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/61292.
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The thermophysical properties of nanofluids have attracted the attention of researchers to a far greater extent than the heat transfer characteristics of nanofluids have. Contradictory results on the thermal-fluid behaviour of nanofluids have been numerically and experimentally reported on in the open literature. Natural convection has not been investigated experimentally as much as the other properties of nanofluids. In this study, the characteristics and stability of Al2O3-water nanofluids (d = 20 30 nm) were analysed using a Malvern zetasizer, zeta potential and UV-visible spectroscopy. The natural convection of Al2O3- water nanofluids (formulated with a single-step method) was experimentally studied in detail for the volume fractions 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% in a rectangular cavity with an aspect ratio of 1, heated differentially on two opposite vertical walls for the Rayleigh number (Ra) range 3.49 x 10⁸ to 1.05 x 10⁹. The viscosity of Al2O3-water nanofluids measured between 15 and 50 °C. The effect of temperature and volume fraction on viscosity was also investigated. A detailed study of the nanoparticle concentration effect on the natural convection heat transfer coefficient was performed. It was found that increasing the concentration of nanoparticles improves the heat transfer coefficient by up to 15% at a 0.1% volume fraction. Further increasing the concentration of nanoparticles causes the natural convection heat transfer coefficient to deteriorate. This research also supports the idea that "for nanofluids with thermal conductivity more than the base fluids an optimum concentration may exist that maximises heat transfer in an exact condition as natural convection, laminar force convection or turbulence force convection".<br>Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2016.<br>Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering<br>MEng<br>Unrestricted
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Panasiuk, Oleksandr. "Towards better practices in detection of wastewater pollution in stormwater sewers and volume estimation of SSO discharges." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Arkitektur och vatten, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17406.
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Separate sewerage systems are designed so that the wastewater and stormwater are carried separately. However, in practice, untreated wastewater discharges to receiving waters are not that rare, impairing the quality of the receiving waters and increasing the risks to public health and aquatic organisms. The two main causes for such discharges are wastewater that enters stormwater sewers as well as sanitary sewer overflows (SSOs) from the separate wastewater sewers. The overall aim of this licentiate thesis is to review and improve the strategies used for detection of wastewater inputs to stormwater sewers and their location, and to address the issue of quantification of untreated wastewater discharges into the receiving waters by developing two methods: one for SSO discharges and one for the estimation of the wastewater amounts in stormwater sewers.A review of methods for detecting the entry of wastewater into stormwater sewers and the location of the entry points has been carried out by a critical literature review of the effectiveness of the current methods, their advantages, weaknesses and limitations in use. Additionally, an evaluation of the factors affecting the performance of a selected number of methods has been made from specially designed field studies, focusing on detectability of certain indicative pollution parameters and the effects of travel distance. The parameters selected based on those identified as being potentially the most useful in the literature review were E. coli, total coliform, Enterococci, conductivity, turbidity, TSS, and ammonium.The estimation of the volumes of untreated wastewater discharged into receiving waters was addressed by developing two methods: (1) volume estimation of SSO discharges based on already available infrastructure—backflow preventing flap gates—by performing full-scale studies to establish flow rating curves as a function of water head; and (2) estimation of wastewater ingress volumes into a stormwater system by using data from field studies as input to a Monte Carlo simulation to generate the probability distribution of possible fractions of wastewater in stormwater sewers.The reviewed indicator parameters and methods all demonstrated potential for detecting stormwater contamination by wastewater. However, there was no single method or strategy that would work under all conditions investigated. Human waste specific indicators—microbiological (adopted in microbial source tracking methods) and chemical markers (e.g., caffeine and carbamazepine)—as well as the Distributed Temperature Sensing method provided the best indication of wastewater pollution in the literature. However, these methods are currently beyond the capabilities of typical municipal expertise due to their costs and/or complexity and, therefore, combinations of methods that minimise the limitations of individual approaches have been identified in this thesis as the most effective provided these are tailored to specific cases.The travel distance from the point at which the wastewater entered the stormwater sewer is an important factor affecting the detectability of the investigated parameters, as the concentrations of the indicator parameters may change along the sewer length due to dilution, dispersion, physical, chemical, and microbiological processes. A Maximum Detection Distance (MDD) away from the origin of the input was determined which was in general shorter for the microbiological parameters than for the physicochemical parameters. Among the microorganisms analysed, Enterococci showed the shortest MDD of about 330–550 m, and E. coli — the longest of about 635–1245 m. Of the physicochemical parameters, the shortest MDD was for TSS (800–1130 m) and the longest for conductivity (1220–1560 m). MDD itself is not the main factor for selecting what parameters should be used, but rather how the sampling strategy for a particular parameter should be planned.The full-scale experiments on circular flap gates provided flow-rating curves for diameters of 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mm with high precision (R2>0.99). There are a large number of such gates installed in Sweden and the flow rating curves developed in this study could help practitioners to monitor SSO discharges with minimal onsite measurements (water head before and after the flap gate) in a reliable and inexpensive way.From the field study results, an equation was developed to estimate the volume of wastewater entering into the stormwater sewer. Monte Carlo simulation was selected as a means to increase the robustness of the outcome of the developed equation. The results of the simulation showed that the efficiency of the suggested method varied to a great extent depending on the selected combination of parameters: for example, for TSS and conductivity the percent error between the most probable and actual wastewater fractions in the sewer was less than 2%, while TSS combined with microbiological parameters failed as a combination to estimate the wastewater fraction in sewer.<br><p>Godkänd; 2015; 20151102 (olepan); Nedanstående person kommer att hålla licentiatseminarium för avläggande av teknologie licentiatexamen. Namn: Oleksandr Panasiuk Ämne: VA-teknik/Urban Water Engineering Uppsats: Towards Better Practices in Detection of Wastewater Pollution in Stormwater Sewers and Volume Estimation of SSO Discharges Examinator: Professor Maria Viklander, Institutionen för samhällsbyggnad och naturresurser, Avdelning: Arkitektur och vatten, Luleå tekniska universitet. Diskutant: Professor Sveinung Sægrov, NTNU Department of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering. Tid: Onsdag 9 december, 2015 kl 10.00 Plats: E632, Luleå tekniska universitet</p>
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Hansen, Nels Edward. "Amending constructed roadside and urban soils with large volume-based compost applications: effects on water quality." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/4743.
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Mineral nutrients imported in composted dairy manure (CDM) and municipal
biosolid (CMB) amendments for highway-rights-of-way and urban landscapes can pose
a threat to surface water quality. Treatments were developed to evaluate
recommendations for amending roadside and urban soils with compost at large volumebased
rates. Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) recommendations were
evaluated in 2002 and 2003. Municipal recommendations were evaluated in 2004.
Treatments were imposed on 4 by 1.5-m field plots on a constructed soil with an 8.5%
slope. Three TxDOT compost application methods were tested; incorporation at 25% by
volume (CMT), topdressing over vegetation (GUC), and topdressing a 5-cm compost
woodchip mix over bare soil (ECC). In 2003, a 12.5% CMT treatment was substituted
for the GUC, and two contrasting composts were compared. In 2002, soil test
phosphorus (STP) concentrations (mg kg-1) were 291, 360, 410, and 1921 mg kg-1 in the
0 to 5-cm layer of a course textured CMT, fine textured CMT, GUC, and ECC
treatments, respectively using CDM. In 2003, STP concentrations were 264, 439, 496,623, 1115, and 2203 mg kg-1, in the 0 to 5-cm layer after incorporation of CDM and
CMB at the 12.5 and 25% volume-based rates, and topdressing the 5-cm CDM- or
CMB-woodchip mix over bare soil, respectively. In 2004, contrasting CMB products,
relatively low or high in total phosphorus (TP) were incorporated into the soil at 12.5
and 25% by volume, or imported in transplanted sod at the 25% by volume rate. The
STP concentrations were 87, 147, 180, 301, 322, and 544 mg kg-1, respective to the
previously defined treatments. Runoff water from 14, 10, and 8 natural rain events was
used to characterize nutrient and sediment transport in 2002, 2003, and 2004,
respectively. Concentration of TDP in runoff water was highly variable for roadside
treatments across rain events. Mass losses of TDP were similar after CDM or CMB
were incorporated into the soil at 12.5 and 25% by volume. Compost incorporation was
the most effective method for limiting TP loss in runoff. Roadway and urban soils are
expected to contribute greater TP losses as P concentration increases in soils.
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Lhebrard, Xavier. "Analyse de quelques schémas numériques pour des problèmes de shallow water." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC1019/document.
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Nous élaborons et analysons mathématiquement des approximations numériques par des méthodes de type volumes finis de solutions faibles de systèmes hyperboliques pour des écoulements géophysiques. Dans une première partie nous approchons les solutions du système de la magnétohydrodynamique en faible épaisseur avec un fond plat. Nous développons un schéma de type Godunov utilisant un solveur de Riemann approché défini via une méthode de relaxation. Des expressions explicites sont établies pour les vitesses de relaxation, qui permettent d'obtenir un schéma satisfaisant un ensemble de bonnes propriétés de consistance et de stabilité. Il conserve la masse, préserve la positivité de la hauteur de fluide, vérifie une inégalité d'entropie discrète, résout les discontinuités de contact même résonantes, donne des vitesses de propagations contrôlées par les données initiales. Des tests numériques sont effectués, validant les résultats théoriques énoncés. Dans une seconde partie nous approchons les solutions du système de la magnétohydrodynamique en faible épaisseur avec fond variable. Nous développons un schéma équilibre pour certains états stationnaires au repos. Nous utilisons la méthode de reconstruction hydrostatique, avec des états reconstruits pour la hauteur d'eau et les composantes du champ magnétique. Nous trouvons des termes correctifs pour les flux numériques par rapport au cadre habituel, et nous prouvons que le schéma obtenu préserve la positivité de la hauteur d'eau, vérifie une inégalité d'entropie semi-discrète et est consistant. Des tests numériques sont effectués, validant les résultats théoriques. Dans une troisième partie nous établissons la convergence d'un schéma cinétique avec reconstruction hydrostatique pour le système de Saint-Venant avec topographie. De nouvelles estimations sur le gradient des solutions approchées sont obtenues par l'analyse de la dissipation d'énergie. La convergence est obtenue par la méthode de compacité par compensation, sous des hypothèses sur les données initiales et la régularité du fond<br>We build and analyze mathematically numerical approximations by finite volume methods of weak solutions to hyperbolic systems for geophysical flows. In a first part we approximate the solutions of the shallow water magneto hydrodynamics system with flat bottom. We develop a Godunov scheme using an approximate Riemann solver defined via a relaxation method. Explicit formulas are established for the relaxation speeds, that lead to a scheme satisfying good properties of consistency and stability. It preserves mass, positivity of the fluid height, satisfies a discrete entropy inequality, resolves contact discontinuities, and involves propagation speeds controlled by the initial data. Several numerical tests are performed, endorsing the theoretical results. In a second part we approximate the solutions of the shallow water magneto hydrodynamics system with non-flat bottom. We develop a well-balanced scheme for several steady states at rest. We use the hydrostatic reconstruction method, with reconstructed states for the fluid height and the magnetic field. We get some new corrective terms for the numerical fluxes with respect to the classical framework, and we prove that the obtained scheme preserves the positivity of height, satisfies a semi-discrete entropy inequality, and is consistent. Several numerical tests are presented, endorsing the theoretical results. In a third part we prove the convergence of a kinetic scheme with hydrostatic reconstruction for the Saint-Venant system with topography. Some new estimates on the gradient of approximate solutions are established, by the analysis of energy dissipation. The convergence is obtained by the compensated compactness method, under some hypotheses concerning the initial data and the regularity of the topography
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Yuan, Mei-Chun. "Effects of shallow water bottom interface roughness and volume fluctuations on broadband pulse resolution." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1996. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA313437.
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Dudzinski, Michael [Verfasser]. "Well-Balanced Bicharacteristic-Based Finite Volume Schemes for Multilayer Shallow Water Systems / Michael Dudzinski." München : Verlag Dr. Hut, 2014. http://d-nb.info/106456058X/34.
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Shrimpton, James Mark. "Factors affecting swimbladder volume in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) held in gas suppersaturated water." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28397.
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I examined the response of the rainbow trout. CSalmo gairdneriJ swimbladder bo gas supersaturated water. Cannulas positioned in the swimbladder of fish were connected to a pressure transducer, facilitating direct measurement of swimbladder pressure. Fish held in supersaturated water showed an increase in swimbladder pressure. The response showed a strong dependence on the total gas pressure and the oxygen partial pressure of the water. The minimum level of gas supersaturation observed to cause this response was a ΔP of 27 mmHg CPO₂ = 160 mmHg). Swimbladder pressure increased until gas was forced out the pneumatic duct. The pneumatic duct release pressure is size dependent, with greater pressure required to expel swimbladder gas in smaller fish. The expansion of the swimbladder due to increased pressure causes a decrease in density. The buoyant force created by decreased density is greatest for fish below 10g. These fish seek depth to compensate for swimbladder overinflation.<br>Science, Faculty of<br>Zoology, Department of<br>Graduate
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Townrow, Sam. "The effects of water on local free volume and related properties in carbohydrate glasses." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.509754.
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O'Farrell, Caroline L. "Osmotic Tolerance and Volume Regulation in Cultured Cells of the Oyster Pathogen Perkinsus marinus." W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617697.
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Yu-Hong, Li, Nana Waldréus, Joachim Zdolsek, and Robert G. Hahn. "Effects of tap water, electrolyte solution, and spontaneous and furosemide-stimulated urinary excretion on thirst." Linköpings universitet, Anestesiologi med intensivvård, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-85178.
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AIM: To contrast the effects of various modifications of body fluid volumes on thirst as reported by healthy volunteers. METHODS: Ten male volunteers aged between 19 and 37 years (mean 22 years) underwent four experiments each, which comprised infusion of 400-800 mL of acetated Ringer’s solution and intake of 600 mL of tap water. Half of the experiments were preceded by volume depletion (median 1.7 L) with furosemide. A visual analogue scale (0-100 mm) was used to assess perceived thirst during each experiment. RESULTS: Volume depletion (P < 0.001) and tap water (P < 0.03) both affected thirst by 13 mm per L of fluid, whereas spontaneous diuresis and infusion of Ringer’s acetate did not significantly change the thirst rating (multiple regressions). More detailed analyses showed that the volume depletion increased the median (25th-75th percentiles) thirst rating from 28 mm (21-43) to 59 mm (46-72, P < 0.001) while no change occurred in those who were only slightly thirsty (< 30 mm) before the volume depletion began. Ringer’s solution alleviated thirst in those who were very thirsty, but tended to increase thirst in the volunteers who were not thirsty before the infusion. Similarly, hydration with tap water decreased thirst (by 24 mm, P < 0.04) in those who were thirsty (> 60 mm) while the others reported no change. CONCLUSION: The change in thirst rating during volume depletion, administration of Ringer’s acetate, and ingestion of tap water were all dependent on the thirst rating obtained when the manipulation of the body fluid volume was initiated.
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Andersson, Sandra, and Linn Bengtsson. "Utredning och analys av en vattenreservoars utformning och dimensioneringsprocess." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-76525.
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Arbetet innefattar en undersökning kring vattenreservoarer där magasinsvolymer och konstruktionslösningar utreds samt analyseras. I nuläget saknas tydliga riktlinjer för hur reservoarer i mindre samhällen ska utformas och dimensioneras för att säkerställa vattenkvalitén och uppnå en säker vattenförsörjning. Målet och syftet med arbetet är att ta fram en magasinsvolym, identifiera viktiga aspekter att ta hänsyn till vid utformning av en reservoar samt presentera fördelar med och behovet av en vattenreservoar utifrån förbrukningsvariationer. Arbetet avgränsas till Lammhults förutsättningar där intervjuer, observationer, litteraturstudier, analyser och beräkningar ligger till grund för teori och resultat. Resultatet påvisar bland annat svårigheter i att analysera förbrukningsvariationer, vikten av lokal korrekt statistik och ifrågasättande av befintligt dimensioneringssätt för magasinsvolym. Arbetet kartlägger delvis vissa problemområden men vidare studier krävs för att fastställa lösningar inom områdena. Genom detta kan tydliga riktlinjer för att dimensionera och utforma en reservoar tas fram.<br>The essay contains an assessment of water reservoirs, where an examination and analysis of storage volumes and construction solutions are carried out. Today there are no clear guidelines for how reservoirs in smaller communities should be designed and dimensioned to ensure water quality and guarantee a safe water supply. The goal and purpose of the essay is to calculate a storage volume, identify important aspects to consider in designing a reservoir, and present advantages with and the need of a water reservoir based on consumption variations. The assessment is limited to Lammhults’s conditions where interviews, observations, literature studies, analyses and calculations serve as a foundation for the theory and the result. The result demonstrates, among other things, difficulties, difficulties in analyzing consumption variations, the importance of local correct statistics and questioning of existing methods of dimensioning a storage volume. The essay partially some problem areas, but further studies are required to find solutions in the sector and straight guidelines regarding dimensions and design of reservoirs.
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Cicenas, Blake John. "Optimization of a fiducial volume for a 10 kiloton water Cerenkov detector for geo-neutrinos." Thesis, Wichita State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/10629.
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A fiducial volume is crucial in particle physics when trying to choose the shape and size of a particle detector. The fiducial volume is defined as the volume at which a specified number of energy events are to be accepted. Fiducial volumes are impacted by aspects such as size and geometry. The fiducial volume in this study is optimized to contain the highest number of events generated from geo-neutrinos for the Hawaii Anti-Neutrino Observatory Project (HANOHANO). Geo-neutrinos are defined as anti-neutrinos coming from the earth either through radioactive decay or from a hypothetical nuclear reactor (geo-reactor). Five different volume types were tested and each type was able to contain at least 98% of anti-neutrino events. This study will demonstrate that an elliptical-cylinder is the best fiducial volume geometry for the HANOHANO project.<br>Thesis (M.S.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Geology
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Siddiqui, Shariq. "Optimization of Ammonia-Peroxide Water Mixture (APM) for High Volume Manufacturing through Surface Chemical Investigations." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/201511.
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Ammonia-peroxide mixture (APM) is a widely used wet chemical system for particle removal from silicon surfaces. The conventional APM solution in a volume ratio of 1:1:5 (NH4OH:H2O2:H2O) is employed at elevated temperatures of 70-80 °C. At these temperatures, APM solution etches silicon at a rate of ~3 Å/min, which is unacceptable for current technology node. Additionally, APM solutions are unstable due to the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide and evaporative loss of ammonium hydroxide resulting in the change in APM solution composition. This has generated interest in the use of dilute APM solutions. However, dilution ratios are chosen without any established fundamental relationship between particle-wafer interactions and APM solutions.Atomic force microscopy has been used to measure interaction forces between H-terminated Si surface and Si tip in APM solutions of different compositions. The approach force curves results show attractive forces in DI-water, NH4OH:H2O (1:100) and H2O2:H2O (1:100) solutions at separation distances of less than 10 nm for all immersion times (2, 10 and 60 min) investigated. In the case of dilute APM solutions, the forces are purely repulsive within 2 min of immersion time. During retraction, the adhesion force between Si surface and Si tip was in the range of 0.8 nN to 10.0 nN. In dilute APM solutions, no adhesion force is measured between Si surfaces and repulsive forces dominated at all distances. These results show that even in very dilute APM solutions, repulsive forces exist between Si surface and particle re-deposition can be prevented.The stability of APM solutions has been investigated as a function of temperature (24 - 65 °C), dilution ratio (1:1:5 - 1:2:100), solution pH (8.0 - 9.7) and Fe2+ concentration (0 - 10 ppb) using an optical concentration monitor. The results show that the rate of H2O2 decomposition increased with an increase in temperature, solution pH and Fe2+ concentration. The kinetic analysis showed that the H2O2 decomposition follows a first order kinetics with respect to both H2O2 and OH- concentrations. In the presence of Fe2+, hydrogen peroxide decomposition follows a first order reaction kinetics with respect to H2O2 concentration.
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French, Rachel. "Modelling urban runoff : volume and pollutant concentration of the Barker Inlet Wetland Catchment." Title page, abstract and contents only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENS/09ensf875.pdf.
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Bibliography :leaves 158-171. A monitoring program, funded by the South Australian government (through the former MFP Development Corporation), was established to monitor the quality and quantity of storm water entering and leaving the wetland. This study formed part of the funded program. Simple regression models were developed; and will assist in the monitoring of performance of the wetland to alleviate the pollutant load into the Barker Inlet.
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Able, Chad. "Supercritical Water Desalination: Thermodynamic Characterization and Economic Analysis." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1591978393019881.
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Reyes, Matthew David. "High volume flush vs. low-flush water closets and solid waste transport distance: a comparative study." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/1442.
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Upon the enactment by the United States Congress of the 1992 Energy Policy
Act, it became mandatory that all water closets in residential and commercial settings
reduce the volume of water that they consume per flush. In 1994, after installations
began of the new low-flush or low-flow water closets that used less than half the water
that their predecessors used, many owners of the new plumbing fixtures began to
complain that their performance was sub par. Many complained about plumbing
backups and of complete bowl clearance problems. There have been studies conducted
to evaluate the new water closets bowl evacuation properties. This study focuses on
what happens to the solid waste that is flushed through the water closet after leaving the
bowl, namely how far the solid media is transported down waste piping. The main focus
of this study is to compare the performance of the low-flush, 1.6 gallons (6 liters) per
flush water closets with the performance of the formerly standard flush 3.5 gallons (13
liters) per flush in regards to how far they transport solid waste through waste lines.
It was found that the media flushed through the high volume water closets
traveled significantly farther that the media flushed through the low-flush water closets.
It was often more than double the average distance. It was also found that media
traveled farther down pipes composed of PVC than those composed of cast iron and also
traveled farther down three inch pipes than four inch pipes.
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Pu, J. H. "Efficient finite volume numerical modelling and experimental study of 2D shallow water free surface turbulent flows." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.568781.
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OSAFO, NANA. "Phosphorus in the sediment of L. Hällerstadsjön: spatial distribution, fractions and release to the water volume." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för fysik, kemi och biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-131757.
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: In freshwater systems phosphorus (P) is the limiting element in the cause of eutrophication. In many Swedish lakes, causes of eutrophication have been attributed to more of internal loading than external since the external loading has been fairly well managed. Internal loading is linked to the mobility of sediment P, which are known to be Bioavailable P (BAP). Sediments from Lake Hällerstadsjön in Sweden was studied to know the BAP concentration and its possible release into the water column under reduced conditions. Sediments were sampled at two different depths, 0-5 cm and 5-10cm. BAP was determined by a phosphorus fractionation scheme. Sediments were incubated under oxic and anoxic conditions in the laboratory to evaluate sediment P release. Spatial variation in the distribution of P forms across the lake was also studied, in order to examine possible local patterns, particularly along a transect from the main inlet to the outlet. Fractionation analyses showed a trend of; Residual-P > NaOH-P > HCl-P > BD-P > Loosely bound P. The fractions constituting the BAP was higher at the 0-5 cm sediment depth than 5-10 cm. Sediment P flux was recorded for anoxic but not oxic sediment. BAP correlated significantly with sediment P flux (P= 0.01). Spatially, the P distribution varied both at depths and along a latitudinal transect, from the main inlet to the outlet. Dredging of the surface sediments with high BAP content would possibly be an effective means of preventing eutrophication of the lake.
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Schroeder, E. Todd. "Effect of immersion in water on residual volume in college-age men and women: a thesis." Scholarly Commons, 1996. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2297.
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Health care professionals require accurate measurements of body composition and the hydrostatic weighing method is widely used as a reliable technique. Hydrostatic weighing measures body density accounting for an individuals residual volume (RV). To determine differences of RV measured in air (RVA) and in water (RVW), college-age men and women (n=51) were randomly assigned to one of four groups: female RVA, female RVW, male RVA, or male RVW. To account for possible gender differences with protocol (RVA vs. RVW) male and female subjects were treated as separate groups. RVW subjects began the first two trials in water followed by two trials out of water. If RV measures differed by more than 200 ml between the first two trials either in water or in air, a third or fourth trial was completed until two RV measures were within 200 ml of each other. The two trials were then averaged to determine the RVW. The same procedure was used for RVA subjects. RV was determined by the closed circuit helium dilution method. A 2-factor repeated measures ANOVA revealed that there was no statistically significant interaction between genders and protocols, a statistically significant difference between genders, and a statistically significant difference between protocols (RVA vs. RVW). The RV mean decreased with immersion in water among college-age subjects. A decrease in RV will have a marked increase in estimation of percent body fat. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that measuring RV during immersion in water on college-age men and women, to accurately assess body composition, is a valid and recommended protocol.
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Beyer, M., D. Lucas, J. Kussin, and P. Schütz. "Air-water experiments in a vertical DN200-pipe." Forschungszentrum Dresden, 2011. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:d120-qucosa-74486.
Full textAbstract:
The extensive experimental results presented in this report provide a high-quality database for air-/water flows in a vertical pipe with a nominal diameter of 200 mm. This database can be used for the development and validation of CFD-like models for two-phase flows, e.g. for bubble coalescence and fragmentation. In particular, the investigations aim on the evolution of the two-phase flow along the pipe height. Therefore, up to 18 single measurements with varying distances between the gas injection and measurement plane were realised for each of the 92 combinations of gas and water flow rates. The pressure at the position of the activated gas injection was kept constant at 0.25 MPa(a). This boundary condition has the advantage that the measured data represent exactly the evolution of the flow along the pipe, i.e. they reflect a configuration at which the gas injection is at a fixed height position, while the measurement plane varies. Important results of this test series are time averaged radial profiles of the gas fraction, and the gas velocity, as well as the time and cross-section averaged bubble size distributions. Furthermore, gas fraction data resolved regarding the bubble size and spatial distribution are presented. As in previous test series, flow patterns were analysed, whereby the classification results from the bubble size. A substantial part of these new air/water experiments were quality and plausibility checks of the measured data. In the result, a clear and consistent trend regarding their evolution with increasing distance from the position of the gas injection was found. Comparisons of the trend of time and cross section averaged gas volume fraction along the pipe height with the theoretically expected values were carried out. The influence of the orifice diameter of the gas injection on flow patterns is also discussed in the report.
30
Messerschmidt, Bettina Charlotte [Verfasser]. "A High Order Finite Volume Scheme for the 2D Shallow Water Equations Including Topography / Bettina Charlotte Messerschmidt." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1027175856/34.
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吳朝安 and Chiu-on Ng. "Simulation of initial stage of water impact on 2-D members with multigridded volume of fluid method." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1990. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31209361.
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Ng, Chiu-on. "Simulation of initial stage of water impact on 2-D members with multigridded volume of fluid method /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1990. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12758073.
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Alves, Neri. "Transiente de corrente elétrica em amostras de PVDF devido a água de volume." Universidade de São Paulo, 1987. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/54/54132/tde-15042014-104053/.
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Uma condutividade evanescente, dependente do tempo, tem sido detectada nos filmes de PVDF da BembergFolien. Após muitos ciclos de polarização e despolarização, a corrente de absorção torna-se fortemente reduzida, para o mesmo nível das correntes de despolarização. Esta condutividade é facilmente observada, aparecendo na corrente de polarização pela aplicação de altos campos. É observada recuperação em amostras deixadas em atmosfera úmida. Nós interpretamos estas observações como sendo uma limpeza, pelo campo elétrico, dos íons gerados por uma acentuação da dissociação de moléculas de água absorvida no volume, pela ação deste campo.<br>A time dependent evanescent conductivity has been detected in BembergFoliem PVDF films. After many polarization-depolarization cycles, the absorption current became strongly reduced, to the same level as the depolarization one. It is easily seen at higher fields by a bump appearing in the polarization current Recovering is observed in samples left in humid atmosphere. We have interpreted these observations as an electric field ion cleaning of an electric field enhanced dissociation of bulk absorbed water molecules.
34
Reynolds, Benjamin. "Variability and change in Koga reservoir volume, Blue Nile, Ethiopia : Variabilitet och förändring i Kogadammens vattenvolym, Blå Nilen, Etiopien." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-199832.
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Ethiopia has long since been an area strongly affected by drought. Although there is a relativelylarge amount of fresh water present in the country, variability in rainfall and lack ofinfrastructure lead to the result that most of the population is undersupplied with water. In thisregion where water is such a valuable commodity, the Abay River is a large, mainly untappedresource. Agriculture is the largest economic activity in Ethiopia but the productivity ofagriculture here is one of the lowest in the world, making food security a serious problem for acountry with a fast growing population. The development of irrigation projects is hoped toensure food security at the household level. The Koga Dam is a key project for the Ethiopiangovernment, as a step towards achieving food self-sufficiency at both national and regionallevels for a country that has a history of draughts and famine. If this project succeeds, it will be amodel for projects to come and proof that dams and water management can bring change to theregion, particularly concerning food security. Sedimentation is a problem for many dams aroundthe world, and especially in this region. It is likely that the volume of the Koga reservoir willdecrease over time due to reservoir siltation. Variability in climate is also predicted for the regionwhich could mean years with below average rain. These two factors combined could mean adecrease in water supply for the irrigation project in the future. This study applies existingknowledge of sedimentation and annual climate variability relative to the Koga reservoir to asimple reservoir model in order to investigate current and future annual changes in thereservoir’s volume. Climate and volume change were incorporated into the water balance model.Results showed that the dam should be capable of providing enough irrigation water to farm yearround assuming average climate and climate variability and no sedimentation. However, as lowas an 11% decrease in storage could result in the reservoir drying out for at least one month ayear.<br>Etiopien har sedan länge varit utsatt för vattenbrist. Trots att det finns ganska mycket sötvatten ilandet leder variation i nederbörd och brist på infrastruktur till att en stor del av befolkningensaknar vatten i tillräcklig utsträckning. När vatten är en sådan värdefull råvara är Blå Nilen(Abay floden är den inhemska beteckningen) en stor och outnyttjad resurs för regionen.Jordbruk är den största näringen i Etiopien men jordbrukets produktivitet är en av de lägsta ivärlden. Med tanke på landets snabbt växande befolkning är livsmedelsförsörjningen därför enallvarligutmaning. Utvecklingen av bevattningsprojekt förväntas trygga livsmedelsförsörjningenpå familjenivå. Kogadammen är ett centralt projekt både på nationell och på regional nivå. Denetiopiska regeringen som ser den som ett steg mot livsmedelssäkerhet mot bakgrund av landetshistoria av regnbrist och svält. Om projektet lyckas, kommer det att bli en modell för framtidaprojekt och ett bevis på att dammar och vattenförvaltning kan ge förändra situationen, särskiltmed avseende på livsmedelssäkerhet. Sedimentering är ett problem för många dammar runt om ivärlden, särskilt i denna region. Risken är stor att Kogadammens vattenvolym kommer attminska på grund av igenslamning. Klimatets variabilitet förutspås dessutom öka i regionen ochkan innebära år med såväl mindre som mer regn än idag. Sedimenteringen och den ökadenederbördsvariabiliteten kan möjligtvis innebära en minskad tillgång på bevattningsvatten iframtiden. Denna studie använde sig av befintlig kunskap om sedimentering och årligaklimatvariationer för att studera tänkbara förändringar i Kogadammens vattenvolym.Existerande data användes i en enkel reservoarmodell för att undersöka årliga volymförändringari reservoaren idag och i framtiden. Dammens månatliga vattenbalans beräknades årsvis underolika antaganden om klimat och volymförändringar. Beräkningarna visar att dammen bör kunnaleverera tillräckligt med vatten för att bevattna hela projektområdet om ingen klimatförändringeller volymminskning sker. Men om en volymminskning skulle inträffa, skulle dammensannolikt inte kunna leverera tillräckligt med vatten för bevattning under torrsäsongenmednuvarande odlingsmönster.
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Wilson, L. G., S. P. Neuman, A. G. Guzman, T. P. Leo, and M. D. Osborn. "Effects of Channel Stabilization in Tucson Stream Reaches on Infiltration and Ground-Water Recharge: Volume I Model Studies." Water Resources Research Center. The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/306944.
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Final Report to Pima County Department of Transportation and Flood Control District, June 1987.<br>Volume I Executive Summary: The increase in extreme flood events in Tucson stream channels has led to the use of channel stabilization procedures to mitigate flood damage. These procedures include bank protection with soil cement, channel modification, and grade control structures. The channel stabilization and grade control structures are typically constructed to depths up to 20 ft below the channel bottom. Channel modification generally consists of widening and straightening channels in bank-protected reaches. There is concern that structural changes in the rivers will reduce infiltration and recharge during the periodic flow events. Ground-water recharge occurs when water that has infiltrated at the land surface and percolated through the vadose zone reaches the water table. The vadose zone is the partially saturated geological region between the land surface and the water table. Recognizing this concern, Pima County contracted with the Water Resources Research Center of the University of Arizona, to estimate the effect of channel modification on infiltration and recharge by undertaking computer simulations of subsurface flow during a representative runoff event in modified and unmodified channels. The purpose of a companion study, which is reported in Volume II of this report, was to estimate the effect of channel modification in localized reaches on the basin-wide recharge regimen.
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Schneider, Mark S. "Analysis of Organic Pollutants by Micro Scale Liquid-Liquid Extraction and On-column Large Volume Injection Gas Chromatography." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46329.
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The analysis of organic pollutants in water is traditionally done following EPA procedures which commonly use liquid-liquid extraction. One liter of water is extracted three times with 60 mL of an organic solvent. The extract is concentrated and analyzed by gas chromatography. This procedure is time consuming and can cause losses of semi-volatile components, in addition to requiring a relatively large amount of organic solvent (180 mL). By performing the extraction directly in a GC autosampler vial using one milliliter of contaminated water and one milliliter of organic solvent, then injecting a large volume (~150 mL) of the organic layer taken directly from the vial by an autosampler, the same analysis can be done simpler, quicker, and with much less organic solvent (1 mL).<br>Master of Science
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Stjern, Magnus, and Aldenfalk Staffan Jansson. "Investigation of pattern recognition algorithms to determine depth and volume of water inside the sump of a pumping station." Thesis, KTH, Radio Systems Laboratory (RS Lab), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-149256.
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Pattern recognition is now considered a fundamental building block in many fields. The ability to interact with a computer or vice versa is no longer limited by how fast the computer is, but rather what an application developer can think of. Today many modern, real-time applications, such as high performance and high quality graphics can be combined with a Xbox Kinect to do object tracking and Google Glass to provide a heads up display. These applications can also be combined with other sensors and actuators to produce monitoring systems that can give facilities' operators "telepresence" throughout a facility. To be able to computationally interpret movement or patterns in an image it is imperative to investigate the application of this technology. The research conducted at Xylem has focused on a very specific problem: How can pattern recognition be utilized to dynamically determine the volume and depth of water in a sump at a pumping station. The equipment currently used to determine the water level depends upon being either below or alongside the water's surface, this puts the equipment under great stress due to the nature of a pumping station. Xylem is one of the leading global water technology companies, hence sewage-pumps are one of its main products. The main equipment utilized in this thesis project consists of a camera attached to the interior at the top of the sump in a pumping station connected to a computer. The software developed includes a simple graphical user interface (GUI). This GUI was implemented in C# and is designed to continuously collect data from a camera for subsequent analysis. Our algorithm utilizes anti-correlation between many images taken during a short interval to determine the actual water level. The known dimensions of the sump are then used to calculate the volume of water. Most of the depth values produced by our software were correct and we were able to correctly estimate the water level with an error of less than 4 cm, this corresponds to a volume error of 62 liters for a 140 cm wide sump. Our algorithm was able to monitor the depth over time inside a pumping station in a simulated live environment. This accuracy is obtained with a time window of 1 second. The results of this system are important because it shows that it is possible to use a camera to measure water depth. This provides pump owners and operators with valuable information regarding the current state of the pump, both in terms of current water depth and an image of possible anomalies such as the presence of foreign objects in the sump.<br>Mönsterigenkänning betraktas numera som en grundläggande byggsten inom många områden. Möjligheten att kunna interagera med en dator eller vice versa är inte längre begränsat av datorkraft, utan snarare av vilken slags applikation en utvecklare kan komma på. Idag kan många moderna realtidsapplikationer, såsom högpresterande datorer och högkvalitativ grafik kombineras med en Xbox Kinect för att utföra objektspårning och Google Glass för att åstadkomma en huvudburen display. Dessa applikationer kan även kombineras med andra sensorer samt manöverdon för att skapa övervakningssystem som kan ge anläggningsoperatörer möjlighet till fjärrövervakning i en anläggning. För att beräkningsmässigt kunna tolka rörelser eller mönster i en bild är det nödvändigt att utforska tillämpningen av denna teknologi. Forskningen utförd på Xylem har fokuserat på ett väldigt specifikt problem: Hur kan mönsterigenkänning användas för att dynamiskt detektera volymen och vattendjupet i en sumpstation? Utrustningen som vanligen används för detektering av vattennivån är beroende av att vara antingen under eller i linje med vattennivån. Detta utsätter utrustningen för stora påfrestningar på grund av miljön inuti i en pumpstation. Xylem är ett av de globalt ledande företagen inom pumpar, följaktligen är avloppspumpar en av deras huvudsakliga produkter. Den huvudsakliga utrustningen som används i detta projekt är en kamera kopplad till en dator som monteras på den inre och översta delen av en sump i en pumpstation. Programvaran som utvecklats inkluderar ett enkelt grafiskt interface. Detta interface implementerades i C# och är designat för att kontinuerligt samla in data från en kamera för efterföljande analys. Vår algoritm använder sig utav anti-korrelationen mellan många bilder tagna under ett kort intervall för att bestämma det verkliga vattendjupet. De kända dimensionerna av pumpstationen används sedan för att beräkna volymen av vattnet. De flesta djupmätningar genererade av vårt program var korrekta och vi har lyckats korrekt uppskatta vattennivån med ett fel på mindre än 4 cm. Detta motsvarar ett volymfel på 62 liter för en sump med en diameter på 140 cm. Vår algoritm har lyckats övervaka hur djupet ändras med tiden i en live-simulerad miljö. Denna noggrannhet erhålles med ett tidsfönster på 1 sekund. Resultatet av detta system är viktigt eftersom det visar att det är möjligt att använda en kamera för att mäta vattendjup. Detta ger pumpägare och operatörer värdefull information om befintligt skick av en pumpsump, både i form av aktuellt vattendjup samt en bild av möjliga avvikelser såsom förekomsten av främmande objekt inuti sumpen.
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Romanchuk, Bradley J. "Computational Modeling of Bubble Growth Dynamics in Nucleate Pool Boiling for Pure Water and Aqueous Surfactant Solutions." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1406809980.
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Beyer, M., D. Lucas, J. Kussin, and P. Schütz. "Air-water experiments in a vertical DN200-pipe." Forschungszentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 2008. https://hzdr.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A22143.
Full textAbstract:
The extensive experimental results presented in this report provide a high-quality database for air-/water flows in a vertical pipe with a nominal diameter of 200 mm. This database can be used for the development and validation of CFD-like models for two-phase flows, e.g. for bubble coalescence and fragmentation. In particular, the investigations aim on the evolution of the two-phase flow along the pipe height. Therefore, up to 18 single measurements with varying distances between the gas injection and measurement plane were realised for each of the 92 combinations of gas and water flow rates. The pressure at the position of the activated gas injection was kept constant at 0.25 MPa(a). This boundary condition has the advantage that the measured data represent exactly the evolution of the flow along the pipe, i.e. they reflect a configuration at which the gas injection is at a fixed height position, while the measurement plane varies. Important results of this test series are time averaged radial profiles of the gas fraction, and the gas velocity, as well as the time and cross-section averaged bubble size distributions. Furthermore, gas fraction data resolved regarding the bubble size and spatial distribution are presented. As in previous test series, flow patterns were analysed, whereby the classification results from the bubble size. A substantial part of these new air/water experiments were quality and plausibility checks of the measured data. In the result, a clear and consistent trend regarding their evolution with increasing distance from the position of the gas injection was found. Comparisons of the trend of time and cross section averaged gas volume fraction along the pipe height with the theoretically expected values were carried out. The influence of the orifice diameter of the gas injection on flow patterns is also discussed in the report.
40
Yu, Chunshui. "Two Dimensional Finite Volume Model for Simulating Unsteady Turbulent Flow and Sediment Transport." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/301662.
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The two-dimensional depth-averaged shallow water equations have attracted considerable attentions as a practical way to solve flows with free surface. Compared to three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations, the shallow water equations give essentially the same results at much lower cost. Solving the shallow water equations by the Godunov-type finite volume method is a newly emerging area. The Godunov-type finite volume method is good at capturing the discontinuous fronts in numerical solutions. This makes the method suitable for solving the system of shallow water equations. In this dissertation, both the shallow water equations and the Godunov-type finite volume method are described in detail. A new surface flow routing method is proposed in the dissertation. The method does not limit the shallow water equations to open channels but extends the shallow water equations to the whole domain. Results show that the new routing method is a promising method for prediction of watershed runoff. The method is also applied to turbulence modeling of free surface flow. The κ - ε turbulence model is incorporated into the system of shallow water equations. The outcomes prove that the turbulence modeling is necessary for calculation of free surface flow. At last part of the dissertation, a total load sediment transport model is described and the model is tested against 1D and 2D laboratory experiments. In summary, the proposed numerical method shows good potential in solving free surface flow problems. And future development will be focusing on river meandering simulation, non-equilibrium sediment transport and surface flow - subsurface flow interaction.
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Santos, Carlos Levi Anastacio dos. "Curva característica de água no solo: relações com estrutura e volume da amostra." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2014. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/19333.
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SANTOS, Carlos Levi Anastacio dos. Curva característica de água no solo: relações com estrutura e volume da amostra. 2014. 33 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em agronomia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2016.<br>Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-08-29T21:43:41Z
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Previous issue date: 2014<br>A curva característica de água no solo (CCAS) é considerada uma propriedade físico-hídrica do solo, uma vez que modificações na granulometria ou na estrutura do solo alteram o seu formato. A partir dela é possível manejar a irrigação de uma cultura e inferir acerca da qualidade física do solo. No entanto, sua determinação é lenta e onerosa. Uma abordagem para tal inconveniente consiste em reduzir o volume da amostra de solo, pressupondo que o tempo para obtenção da CCAS seja proporcional ao quadrado da altura da amostra. Mas até que ponto a redução do volume da amostra não altera a representatividade da CCAS? Para tanto admite-se as seguintes hipóteses: 1- O comportamento da CCAS é coincidente para amostras que possuem a mesma textura e estrutura, independente do volume, considerando que mudanças na textura e/ou estrutura provocam alterações na curva; e 2- O comportamento da CCAS é coincidente para amostras que apresentam a mesma textura e estruturas diferente, apenas na faixa de alta tensão (33 – 1500 kPa), considerando que nessa faixa o fenômeno responsável pela retenção de água seja a adsorção, cuja ação independe da estrutura e do volume da amostra. Afim de testar as hipóteses, coletaram-se amostras com estrutura deformada e indeformada com volume de 20, 50 e 100 cm3, aproximadamente, para diferentes classes texturais. Assim estabeleceu-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 8 repetições para cada tratamento e aplicou-se os testes de Jarque-Bera para normalidade, F para a análise de variância e de Dunnett para comparação de médias. Afora isso, foram feitas análises de regressão e correlação entre o log neperiano do potencial mátrico e conteúdo de água no solo, o que possibilitou a obtenção de retas para então aplicar testes de coincidência a 5%. Verifica-se que é possível obter a CCAS com um volume mínimo de 50 cm3, sem a perda da sua representatividade, considerando amostras com estrutura indeformada e textura franco argiloarenosa e que amostras com estrutura deformada não podem substituir amostras com estrutura indeformada na parte mais úmida da curva (0 – 10 kPa), independente da textura e do volume da amostra; enquanto na parte mais seca da curva característica de água (33 – 1500 kPa) é possível, desde que se considere a textura e o volume da amostra.
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Gazaneo, Gustavo Lisandro Vila. "A influência do volume na performance dos fundos de investimento em ações no Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/6561.
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Previous issue date: 2006-07-31<br>Using the international literature on mutual funds, the present study search to find some characteristics that influence the performance of the equity mutual funds in Brazil from January of 1999 to April of 2005. The main subject of the work is to notice that the equity mutual funds have decreasing return of scale. At the same time, the persistence of a good profitability depends on the degree of the managers' professionalism and also of a good relationship between the responsible manager and the investor, and a great contract betw een both. It was observed, through a regression using panel data, that the volume doesn't have negative influence in the return of the funds, on the contrary, as larger is the fund, better is the profitabil ity of the same. It was also observed that the funds that pay performance incentive to their managers have a better acting than the others. It was identified also that the equity mutual funds that use high water marks as a remuneration incentive to the managers, has profitability than the funds that pay performance, but they don't use the high water marks in the own regulation. It was found that there is a straight relationship between incentive and performance. The results at this study may be used to facilitate the knowledge and the new decisions of researchers, investors, company managers, Brokers and Dealers, pension funds and others interested parties in the industry of investment funds in Brazil.<br>Tendo como base a literatura internacional sobre fundos mútuos, o presente estudo busca encontrar algumas características que influenciam a performance dos fundos de investimentos em ações no Brasil de janeiro de 1999 até abril de 2005. O objetivo principal do trabalho é perceber se os fundos de investimento em ações têm retorno decrescente de escala. Ao mesmo tempo, sabe-se que a persistência de uma boa rentabilidade depende do grau de profissionalismo dos gestores e também de uma boa relação entre o gestor responsável e o investidor e, um contrato ótimo entre ambos. Observou-se que o volume não tem influência negativa no retorno do fundo, pelo contrário, quanto maior o fundo melhor é a rentabilidade do mesmo. Os resultados também apresentaram que os fundos que cobram taxa de performance têm um desempenho melhor do que os que não cobram. Foi identificado também que os fundos que utilizam a marca d água como incentivo de remuneração aos gestores têm rentabilidade um pouco maior do que os fundos que pagam taxa de performance, mas não utilizam a marca d água no regulamento. Chegou-se a conclusão que há uma relação direta entre incentivo e desempenho. Os resultados aqui encontrados buscam facilitar o conhecimento e a tomada de decisão de pesquisadores, investidores, empresas gestoras, Corretoras e Distribuidoras, fundos de pensão e dos demais interessados na indústria de fundos de investimento em ações no Brasil.
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Duran, Arnaud. "Numerical simulation of depth-averaged flows models : a class of Finite Volume and discontinuous Galerkin approaches." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20066/document.
Full textAbstract:
Ce travail est consacré au développement de schémas numériques pour approcher les solutions de modèles d'écoulement type “depth averaged”. Dans un premier temps, nous détaillons la construction d'approches Volumes Finis pour le système Shallow Water avec termes sources sur maillages non structurés. En se basant sur une reformulation appropriée des équations, nous mettons en place un schéma équilibré et préservant la positivité de la hauteur d'eau, et suggérons des extensions MUSCL adaptées. La méthode est capable de gérer des topographies irrégulières et exhibe de fortes propriétés de stabilité. L'inclusion des termes de friction fait l'objet d'une analyse poussée, aboutissant à l'établissement d'une propriété type “Asymptotic Preserving” à travers l'amélioration d'un autre récent schéma Volumes Finis. La seconde composante de cette étude concerne les méthodes Elements Finis type Galerkin discontinu. Certaines des idées avancées dans le contexte Volumes Finis sont employées pour aborder le système Shallow Water surmaillages triangulaires. Des résultats numériques sont exposés et la méthode se révèle bien adaptée à la description d'une large variété d'écoulements. Partant de ces observations nous proposons finalement d'exploiter ces caractéristiques pour étendre l'approche à une nouvelle famille d'équations type Green-Nadghi. Des validations numériques sont également proposées pour valider le modèle numérique<br>This work is devoted to the development of numerical schemes to approximatesolutions of depth averaged flow models. We first detail the construction of Finite Volume approaches for the Shallow Water system with source terms on unstructured meshes. Based on a suitable reformulation of the equations, we implement a well-balanced and positive preserving approach, and suggest adapted MUSCL extensions. The method is shown to handle irregular topography variations and demonstrates strong stabilities properties. The inclusion of friction terms is subject to a thorough analysis, leading to the establishment of some Asymptotic Preserving property through the enhancement of another recent Finite Volume scheme.The second aspect of this study concerns discontinuous Galerkin Finite Elementmethods. Some of the ideas advanced in the Finite Volume context areemployed to broach the Shallow Water system on triangular meshes. Numericalresults are exposed and the method turns out to be well suited to describe a large variety of flows. On these observations we finally propose to exploit its features to extend the approach to a new family of Green-Nadghi equations. Numerical experiments are also proposed to validate this numerical model
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Keshavarz, Ali. "An investigation of the stable equilibrium state of a bubble in a finite volume of a water-nitrogen solution." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0014/MQ34146.pdf.
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Tester, Jefferson W. "Fundamental studies of oxidation kinetics and salt precipitation in supercritical water: final NASA project report, volume 1: research summary." MIT Energy Lab, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27221.
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Rachbuch, Shelley Ann. "Volume of verse: wandering through water." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/1465.
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Faculty of Humanities
School of Literature and Language Studies
8707325r
sheileya@myconnection.co.za<br>This thesis comprises a volume of verse entitled ‘Wandering through water’ and
a theoretical reflection on it. The volume contains poems written, edited and
refined over the two year research period (July 2003 to May 2005). A reflexive
essay accompanies it, providing a template for an account of the poems’
composition and a description of poetic devices and practices employed. It also
engages with the primary concerns of the verse and its possibilities.
The essay reflects on the working method employed: the process and necessity of
refining a poem by tracing its multiple revisions. Reflexive tools utilized in this
‘mapping’, include the ‘Writer’s Reflexive Journal’, suggestions and comments
made during supervision and workshop processes, as well as engagement with
other poet’s work.
The reflexive essay also explores that the thematic priorities of the poetry and its
inspiration which is rooted in a historical, Jewish and South African context. In
the space of the poetry it is re-narrated, negotiated and struggled with and at
times experienced without the mediation of conscious thought, to produce
alternative meaning and the possibility of selfhood. It explores the
responsibilities of a poet to her community. Further, that the writing of poetry
contains within it the possibility of extending that which is personal and
contextualised into a spiritual or universal experience.
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Sandstrom, John Carl. "Water-suppressed volume-localized proton fourier transform spectroscopy in vivo." 1990. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/22980929.html.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1990.<br>Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.
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YANG, ZHI-JIE, and 楊智傑. "Monitoring on the Spring Water Volume Using Internet of Thing." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/ub6pv5.
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碩士<br>嘉南藥理大學<br>應用空間資訊系<br>106<br>With technology changing rapidly, the Internet has become an indispensable and important part of people's lives. The Internet of Things can connect many different applications so that sensors can provide instant messages over the Internet. Among the hot spring water metering, traditional water meters are quite easily damaged in the environment of high temperature and high pressure of hot spring water, making it impossible for hot water providers and industrial regulators to obtain accurate water usage. At the same time, the Internet of Things (IoT) has not yet matured in hot spring testing.
To this purpose, the study set up a set of hot spring monitoring system to monitor its water level and temperature. Among them, the use of industrial level sensors and temperature sensors to withstand hot springs and hot water environment and complex water quality, and then connect to other electronic components for a series of signal conversion in order to meet the interface signal integration needs. Finally, the sensor signal from ESP8266 uploaded to the cloud server, cloud data through the database to collect and analyze, to achieve the goal of monitoring the hot spring water and temperature changes.
To ensure stable operation of these sensors and their components, a calibration and heat-resistant experiment was first conducted on the components to minimize the temperature error by ± 3 ° C and the water level error by ± 3 cm through experimental data fitting. Then, the system is actually applied to hot spring water, hot springs for specific industries, real-time monitoring of water level and temperature. The data measured by the system per minute, compared with the hot springs industry, the actual use of water, verify the feasibility of the system. Through the newly developed device, the complete physical changes are obtained by remote monitoring through the Internet of Things. With very low equipment installation costs, it is not only more convenient for spa practitioners to get an instant access to hot springs, but also to save on monthly spa resources and to improve water billing.
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Jami, Vishwanath. "Numerical Simulation of a Dam Break Flow Using Finite Volume Approach." Thesis, 2016. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/9159/1/2016_MT_VJami.pdf.
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The fluid flow and the free surface shape during the initial stage of dam breaking are investigated. A numerical scheme is developed to predict the wave of an unsteady, incompressible viscous flow with free surface. The Naiver-Stokes equations for conservation of momentum and mass for Newtonian fluids, continuity equation were used as the governing equations. A program is developed to solve highly deformed free surface problems common in waves formed during wave propagation, which transforms the run up model from the physical domain to a computational domain with McCormack scheme & finite volume modeling technique. A simple and accurate projection of finite volume method is developed for solving shallow water equations in two space dimensions. The aim of such a method compared to the conventional finite volume methods is to solve shallow water equations efficiently and with an appropriate level of accuracy.
The computation of governing equations (both momentum equation and continuity equations) to be solved are generally called the Saint-Venant equations. These equations are highly nonlinear partial differential equations, the solutions of which are very much complex. Numerical approaches are generally employed to solve these equations and proper discretization with proper selection of grid size and time step provides the results more effectively and accurately. In the present research work the Saint–Venant equations are solved through the Maccormack explicit finite volume scheme. Conversion of governing equations into ordinary partial differential equation forms and the simple discretization of this equation by explicit scheme using CFD tool are presented in this paper. Matlab as the computing tool and suitable program has been performed successfully. The water surface elevation and velocity of the shallow water wave are found through this numerical model. The numerical model is verified using results from ANSYS for a channel.
Finally all computed results are shown in5terms of tables and plots. This paper investigates dam-break flow problem with the aim to capture fluid flow in transition to solve one dimensional shallow-water equations (SWE). Applying compact MacCormack type schemes with high accuracy approach, governing equations are solved using explicit scheme. Parameters for one-dimensional flow problem with respect to water depth and velocity.
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Lee, Chang-En, and 李長恩. "Effects of Seasonal Temperatures and Water Volume on Swine Wastewater Treatment." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/48101829414949113176.
Full textAbstract:
碩士<br>國立屏東科技大學<br>動物科學與畜產系所<br>101<br>Currently, hog industry has transformed from family business to a large-scaled industry. The amount of effluent water is already way over a farm’s ability to dispose wastewater. Furthermore, the environment pollution, green house effects and green awareness make public aware of controlling water pollution generated by hog industry. All these explain the importance of having 3-step wastewater disposal pipeline techniques. Currently, because of the variation in the wastewater inflow amount, the huge volume of wastewater and seasonal change, the wastewater treatment facilities in most hog companies cannot fully function. Furthermore, when hog solid disposals are soaped in water, they are dissolved into water. This phenomenon increases the waste level and reduces the level of the organic components and the efficiency of resource recycling. Additionally, all related research about the
benefit of using 3-step waste water disposal pipeline techniques have been conducted in 1980s and cannot reflect the current hog industry status. Therefore, this work would like to analyze the statistical data collected from 2007 to 2012 to understand the impacts of environmental factors on the wastewater disposal pipeline in a hog industry and to seek a good solution for waste water disposal.
This work is conducted in the Nan-Jin branch of Taiwan Sugar Corporation in Jia-Yi and the experiments separate into cool seasons, warm seasons and hot seasons. This work has conducted three experiments: The first experiment explores the relationship of the water usage and retention period with different seasons. We found that a cool season uses average 10,077.96 tons, a warm season uses average 11,036.44 tons and a hot season uses average 12,314.07 tons of water. The water retention period in a cool season is average 25.19 days, The water retention period in a warm season is average 22.88 days and the water retention period in a hot season is average 20.39 days. The water usage in a hot season is larger than a cool season with
P &;lt; 0.001 and the water retention period in a hot season is shorter than a cool season with P &;lt; 0.001. The water usage trend is hot season＞ warm season > cool season. The water retention period is cool season＞ warm season＞ hot
season. The second experiment explores the relationship between seasonal water usage and the quality of effluent water. When checking the wastewater quality at the entrance, the seasonal change is an important factor on the water temperature and pH ( water temperature with P &;lt; 0.001; pH with P &;lt; 0.05). BOD of effluent water in a cool season is 70.44 mg/L, BOD in a warm season is 52.86 mg/L and BOD in a hot season is 37.99 mg/L. COD of effluent water in a cool season is 441.74 mg/L, COD in a warm season is 349.47 mg/L and COD in a hot season is 268 mg/L. Based on COD and BOD, the water quality
is better in a hot season than in a cool season with P &;lt; 0.001. The processing efficiency of effluent water BOD and COD is hot season＞warm season＞cool season. The third experiment explores the relationship between the consumed forage volume and the amount of dropping. Consumed forage volume in a cool season is average 173.44 tons, consumed forage volume in a warm season is average 166.64 tons and consumed forage volume in a cool season is average 153.62 tons. The amount of dropping in a cool season is average 34.89 tons, the amount of dropping in a warm season is average 33.83 tons, the amount of dropping in hot season is average 31.87 tons. The consumed forage volume is larger in a cool season than in a hot season with P &;lt; 0.001. The consumed forage volume and the amount of dropping is cool season＞warm season＞hot season.
Generally the quality of wastewater is affected by the number of the hogs, the feeding method, the source of syringing water and other factors. It is too complex to understand the relationship of these factors on the quality of wastewater. Even the same handling site has different quality of wastewater when the season is different. Therefore, it is not easy to identify the effect of a single factor. According to the previous discussion, the seasonal temperature, water retention period and water consumption have large impact on the effluent water. This work shows that the seasonal temperature has significant effects on the water volume, retention period, waste water quality, the consumed forage and the amount of dropping. According to the current government regulations, the effluent water quality can fulfill the requirement in a hot and warm season. However, in a cool season because the temperature decreases, the decomposing abilities of germ decrease to reduce the wastewater handling abilities. As a result, the water quality are the worst in the three experimental seasons. The recommendation is to reduce the amount of wastewater volume to increase the processing time of germ to improve the water quality.