Journal articles: 'Wattle (Tree)'

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Sanquetta, Mateus Niroh Inoue, John Paul McTague, Henrique Ferraço Scolforo, Alexandre Behling, Carlos Roberto Sanquetta, and Luciane Naimeke Schmidt. "What factors should be accounted for when developing a generalized taper function for black wattle trees?" Canadian Journal of Forest Research 50, no. 11 (November 2020): 1113–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0163.

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Taper functions have been widely used for various purposes. Several functions were developed and successfully applied; however, most of these functions fail to account for the influence of stand-level and individual-tree effects of variation on the stem profile. Hence, we aimed in this study to assess how these factors influence the stem profile of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) trees in southern Brazil. There is a notable necessity for developing a domestic market for black wattle solid wood. The database was composed of 218 black wattle trees at age 10 years distributed across the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A dimensionally compatible taper equation combined with the mixed-effect modeling approach was used. Additionally, auxiliary variables were included to build a generalized taper function that explains stem form variations. In general, all variables showed a significant influence on the stem profile, except the crown ratio. The inclusion of relative spacing and tree hierarchical position in the taper function resulted in higher accuracy when estimating stem diameters and total tree volume. This study indicates that accounting for attributes at the stand and individual-tree levels may improve stem profile predictions, as well as the biological soundness of the taper function.

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Mligo, Luth, Catherine Masao, and Pius Yanda. "Comparative Analysis of the Impacts of Commercial Exotic Forestry on Soil Fertility In the Southern Highlands of Tanzania: A Study of Pine, Eucalyptus and Black Wattle Plantations." Ghana Journal of Geography 16, no. 2 (June 10, 2024): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gjg.v16i2.12.

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Pine, eucalyptus and black wattle trees have been planted worldwide for commercial forestry and carbon sequester. These species affect soil fertility differently depending on climate and ecosystem. In the southern highlands of Tanzania, these trees replaced most of the native forests, grasslands and cropland, but their impacts on soil fertility are uncertain. The study compared Pinus patula, Eucalyptus grandis and Acacia meansii (black wattle) forest soils to surrounding natural forests, grasslands and cropland. 18 study sites were selected based on the related location and land use. Each site had two transects; each transect had three 25 m x 20 m rectangular plots for soil sampling. Soil pH, macro and micro-nutrients were measured to determine the soil fertility. The results show that pine, eucalyptus and wattle trees had significantly lower soil organic carbon than cropland and natural forests (p<0.05). The pine and wattle forests had lower pH than the surrounding cropland and natural forests (p<0.05). Farmlands and natural forests had significantly higher mean soil total nitrogen than the pine, eucalyptus and wattle forests (p<0.05). However, the wattle forests had a higher mean TN (1.16%) than the pine and eucalyptus forests (0.13%). Liming and application of phosphate-based fertilisers are recommended when farmers use the harvested exotic tree farms for food crop production.

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Smith, F. H. "Swartwattelbome: seën of vloek vir Suid- Afrika?" Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 25, no. 4 (September 22, 2006): 226–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v25i4.166.

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Daar is reeds baie geskryf oor uitheemse indringerplante, veral Acacia mearnsii De Wild, die swartwattelboom en die skade wat hierdie plante aan die plaaslike ekologie aanrig. In hierdie artikel word aandag gegee aan die ontstaan van die probleem, asook aan die inbring en verspreiding van swartwattelbome in die Republiek van Suid-Afrika (Suid-Afrika). Die probleme wat deur die onbeheerde verspreiding van wattelbome veroorsaak is, het die regering verplig om op te tree ten einde hierdie probleme te bekamp. Voor 1936 was daar aanvanklik geen formele beleid met betrekking tot die invoer, kweek en beheer van hierdie bome nie. Dit het daartoe gelei dat die regering in die wattelbedryf ingegryp het om ’n sekere mate van beheer te vestig en om probleme met betrekking tot uitheemse indringerplante in die algemeen – en die swartwattelboom in die besonder – die hoof te bied. Voorts sal daar ook gelet word op die rol van swartwattel in volhoubare ontwikkeling deur te fokus op die omgewings-/ekologiese probleem van impak op die biodiversiteit en die waterbronne en ook op die voordele wat dit het om woudherstel aan te help. Die artikel bespreek sosiale voordele wat die boom het vir inwoners van landelike gebiede as voorsiener in bou- en konstruksiemateriaal en vuurmaakhout, wat andersins uit die boomveld en/of inheemse woude verkry moet word. Die boom voorsien ook in die houtbehoeftes van die industrie in die vorm van byvoorbeeld pale, pulp en ekstrak. Laastens volg ’n bespreking van die Werk-vir-Water-program. AbatractBlack wattle trees: blessing or curse to South Africa Much has been written about alien invasive plants, especially Acacia mearnsii De Wild, the black wattle tree and the damage done by these plants to the local ecology. In this article cognisance is taken of how the problem was created, the introduction into and the distribution of black wattle trees in the Republic of South Africa (South Africa). Problems experienced by the uncontrolled spreading of wattle trees forced the government to act, as there was no formal policy before 1936 on the importation, cultivation and control thereof. This led to intervention by government in the wattle industry to establish some form of control and to address the problems related to alien invasive plants in general, and the black wattle tree in particular. Furthermore, cognisance will be taken of the role the black wattle plays in sustainable development by considering the environmental/ecological problem of its impact on bio-diversity and the water sources as well as the advantages it has in the process of forest recovery. Secondly notice will be taken of the social advantages the tree has for the inhabitants of rural areas as a provider of building and construction material and firewood, which would otherwise come from the woodlands and/or indigenous forests. The tree also provides in the timber requirements of industry in the form of for instance poles, pulp and extract. Lastly, the article explores the Work-for-Water Programme.

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Gonçalves de Oliveira, Thiago Wendling, Vinícius Morais Coutinho, Luan Demarco Fiorentin, Mateus Niroh Inoue Sanquetta, Carlos Roberto Sanquetta, and Ana Paula Dalla Corte. "HOW TO ESTIMATE BLACK WATTLE ABOVEGROUND BIOMASS FROM HETEROSCEDASTIC DATA?" FLORESTA 51, no. 1 (December 29, 2020): 028. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v51i1.65236.

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This study developed a system of equations for predicting total aboveground and component biomass in black wattle trees. A total of 140 black wattle trees at age 10 years were measured regarding their diameter at 1.30 m height above the ground (d), total tree height (h), basic wood density (branches and stem), and biomass (stem, crown, and aboveground). We evaluated the performance of linear and nonlinear allometric models by comparing the statistics of R2adj., RRMSE%, and BIC. Nonlinear models performed better when predicting crown biomass (using only d as an independent variable), and stem and aboveground biomass (using d and h as independent variables). Adding basic density did not significantly improve biomass modeling. The residuals had non-homogeneous variance; thus, the fitted equations were weighted, with weights derived from a function containing the same independent variables of the fitted biomass function. Subsequently, we used a simultaneous set of equations to ensure that the sum of each component's estimated biomass values was equal to the total biomass values. Simultaneous fitting improved the performance of the equations by guaranteeing the components' additivity, and weighted regression allowed to stabilize error variance, ensuring the homoscedasticity of the residuals.

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Magona, Nkoliso, David M. Richardson, Johannes J. Le Roux, Suzaan Kritzinger-Klopper, and John R. U. Wilson. "Even well-studied groups of alien species might be poorly inventoried: Australian Acacia species in South Africa as a case study." NeoBiota 39 (June 26, 2018): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.39.23135.

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Understanding the status and extent of spread of alien plants is crucial for effective management. We explore this issue using Australian Acacia species (wattles) in South Africa (a global hotspot for wattle introductions and tree invasions). The last detailed inventory of wattles in South Africa was based on data collated forty years ago. This paper aimed to determine: 1) how many Australian Acacia species have been introduced to South Africa; 2) which species are still present; and 3) the status of naturalised taxa that might be viable targets for eradication. All herbaria in South Africa with specimens of introduced Australian Acacia species were visited and locality records were compared with records from literature sources, various databases, and expert knowledge. For taxa not already known to be widespread invaders, field surveys were conducted to determine whether plants are still present, and detailed surveys were undertaken of all naturalised populations. To confirm the putative identities of the naturalised taxa, we also sequenced one nuclear and one chloroplast gene. We found evidence that 141 Australian Acacia species have been introduced to South Africa (approximately double the estimate from previous work), but we could only confirm the current presence of 33 species. Fifteen wattle species are invasive (13 are in category E and two in category D2 in the Unified Framework for Biological Invasions); five have naturalised (C3); and 13 are present but there was no evidence that they had produced reproductive offspring (B2 or C1). DNA barcoding provided strong support for only 23 taxa (including two species not previously recorded from South Africa), the current name ascribed was not supported for three species and, for a further three species, there was no voucher specimen on GenBank against which their identity could be checked. Given the omissions and errors found during this systematic re-evaluation of historical records, it is clear that analyses of the type conducted here are crucial if the status of even well-studied groups of alien taxa is to be accurately determined.

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Viera, Márcio, Mauro Valdir Schumacher, Edenilson Vieira Liberalesso, and Roque Rodríguez-Soalleiro. "MIXED AND MONOSPECIFIC STANDS OF EUCALYPTUS AND BLACK-WATTLE. II - FINE ROOT BIOMASS DENSITY." CERNE 21, no. 2 (June 2015): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/01047760201521021255.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate fine root biomass density (FRBD) in mixed and monospecific stands of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla and Acacia mearnsii(black wattle) in Bagé-RS (Southern Brazil). An experimental trial was installed with three treatments: 100% Eucalyptus (100E); 100% Acacia mearnsii (100A); 50% Eucalyptus + 50% Acacia mearnsii (50E:50A). The trial was carried using a randomized block design with three replicates. The fine root (≤ 2.0mm) biomass density was determined 8 and 18 months after planting the trees. Soil samples were collected, with a cylindrical extractor auger (d = 7.0 cm), from four depths (0 - 5, 5 - 10, 10 - 20 and 20 - 30 cm) at each sampling point. After 8 months, the FRBD distribution was the same in both species and in all soil layers, reaching the maximum projection at 125 cm from the tree trunk. After 18 months, the root biomass density was higher in the monospecific black wattle stand than in the monospecific eucalyptus stand and the mixed stand. The fine root biomass density was highest in the 5 - 10 cm layer close to the trunk, for the planting row spacing, the planting line and the diagonals between two planting lines. Knowledge about fine root growth and distribution in soil at initial stages of stand development may help in decision-making for intensive forestry, thus ensuring more efficient use of soil resources.

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Peres, Rafael S., Elaine Armelin, Carlos Alemán, and Carlos A. Ferreira. "Modified tannin extracted from black wattle tree as an environmentally friendly antifouling pigment." Industrial Crops and Products 65 (March 2015): 506–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.10.033.

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Hutchings, Ross. "Jung and the Wattle-Tree: Judith Wright and the Ecology of the Collective Unconscious." Journal of the Australasian Universities Language and Literature Association 2007, no. 107 (May 2007): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/000127907805260003.

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Behling, Marcos, Henrique Soares Koehler, and Alexandre Behling. "COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE STEM VOLUME AND TAPER EQUATIONS VOLUME FOR BLACK WATTLE TREES." FLORESTA 50, no. 3 (July 10, 2020): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v50i3.63881.

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A system of equations widely used in Forest Engineering by the international community of researchers consists of a combination of a volumetric function and a taper function, with the purpose of making volume estimates compatible. When using the volume function and the taper function in a system, the result of the volume estimated by the two functions should be compatible, meaning that the volume estimated by the volumetric function should not differ from the volume obtained by integrating the taper function. Thus, the purpose of this paper was to develop and present the procedures of a system of equations to make volume estimates from both volume and taper equations compatible, and then compare it to the traditional approach, which is used in forestry companies. The procedures proposed were applied to a data set on the Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (black wattle) at sites where the plantation of this species is concentrated in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. The data set included 343 trees ranging from 5 to 10.75 years of age. It was noted that the lack of volume compatibility, in absolute terms, grows exponentially with the size of the tree. The quality of the estimates using the system of compatible equations did not differ from those obtained from the traditional model, therefore, the former is preferable. Furthermore, it was noted that the residuals from the volume and taper equations are correlated, which suggests that the system of equations be fitted simultaneously.

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Viera, Márcio, Mauro Valdir Schumacher, and Edenilson Liberalesso. "Mixed and monospecific stands of eucalyptus and black-wattle: I - fine root length density." Ciência Rural 42, no. 10 (August 21, 2012): 1818–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782012005000074.

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Fine root length density (FRLD) was evaluated in mixed and monospecific stands of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla and Acacia mearnsii in Southern Brazil. FRLD (≤2,0mm) at 8 and 18 months after planting in the treatments: 100E (100% of eucalyptus); 100A (100% of Acacia mearnsii); 50E:50A (50% of eucalyptus + 50% of Acacia mearnsii). The findings demonstrated that the FRLD at 8 months of age have the same distribution, in the two different species, in the distribution of the different soil layers, reaching the maximum projection of 125cm from the tree trunk. For the age of 18 months after planting, it was verified that the FRLD in the monospecific stand of Acacia mearnsii was higher than in the monoculture and mixed stand of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla. Therefore, no interaction, neither positive nor negative, between the root systems of Eucalyptus grandis x E. urophylla and Acacia mearnsii during the 18 months after planting was found. The higher FRLD is found at the soil layers surface, next to the tree trunk and in the planting line, followed by the diagonal and planting rows. The initial growth in length of the root system of Acacia mearnsii is more dynamic with higher density than the eucalyptus, but without interfering directly in the global growth of fine roots in mixed stands.

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Guilherme, C. Cadori, R. Sanquetta Carlos, Pellico Netto Sylvio, Behling Alexandre, Costa Junior Sergio, and Paula Dalla Corte Ana. "Analytical approaches for modeling tree crown volume in black wattle (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) stands." African Journal of Agricultural Research 11, no. 49 (December 8, 2016): 4979–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2016.11747.

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Fossey, A., S. Mathura, and SL Beck-Pay. "Effects of leaf and tree age on chlorophyll absorbance in diploid black wattle (Acacia mearnsii)." Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science 71, no. 1 (April 2009): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/sf.2009.71.1.8.745.

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Munro, Nicola T., Katherine E. Moseby, and John L. Read. "The effects of browsing by feral and re-introduced native herbivores on seedling survivorship in the Australian rangelands." Rangeland Journal 31, no. 4 (2009): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj08027.

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Browsing by introduced cattle (Bos taurus) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) can limit the recruitment of some arid zone tree and shrub species. In a study conducted at the Arid Recovery Reserve, Roxby Downs, SA, we aimed to quantify initial recruitment changes in shrubs after the removal of cattle and rabbits and the re-introduction of locally extinct fauna. The presence and abundance of seedlings was measured at groves of seven native perennial shrubs over 6 years under four browsing treatments: (1) ‘reserve-reintroductions’ [re-introduced greater stick-nest rats (Leporillus conditor), burrowing bettongs (Bettongia lesueur) and greater bilbies (Macrotis lagotis)], (2) ‘reserve-no browsers’, (3) ‘pastoral-stocked’ (rabbits and cattle), and (4) ‘pastoral-destocked’ (rabbits). Recruitment of mulga (Acacia aneura F.Muell. ex Benth.), silver cassia (Senna artemisioides subsp. petiolaris Randell) and sandhill wattle (Acacia ligulata A.Cunn. ex Benth.) was significantly greater in the two browsing regimes inside the Reserve than in the two pastoral regimes. The number of recruits of these three species declined at ‘pastoral-destocked’ and ‘pastoral-stocked’ sites but increased at ‘reserve-reintroductions’ and ‘reserve-no browsers’ sites from 2001 to 2006. Narrow-leaf hopbush (Dodonaea viscose (L.) Jacq.) showed a trend towards increased recruitment at sites in both browsing regimes inside the Reserve, but decreased recruitment at sites in both pastoral regimes. Native plum (Santalum lanceolatum R.Br.), native apricot (Pittosporum phylliraeoides orth. var. DC.) and bullock bush (Alectryon oleifolius (Desf.) S.T.Reynolds) exhibited no significant difference in recruitment between the four browsing regimes within the study timeframe. These results suggest that excluding rabbits and stock may benefit the germination and survival of mulga, silver cassia and sandhill wattle. To date, re-introduced native herbivores at low numbers have not been found to negatively affect the recruitment or growth rate of the seven perennial plant species studied.

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Solis, Isaac Lembi, Fernanda Paes de Oliveira-Boreli, Rafael Vieira de Sousa, Luciane Silva Martello, and Danilo Florentino Pereira. "Using Thermal Signature to Evaluate Heat Stress Levels in Laying Hens with a Machine-Learning-Based Classifier." Animals 14, no. 13 (July 6, 2024): 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14131996.

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Infrared thermography has been investigated in recent studies to monitor body surface temperature and correlate it with animal welfare and performance factors. In this context, this study proposes the use of the thermal signature method as a feature extractor from the temperature matrix obtained from regions of the body surface of laying hens (face, eye, wattle, comb, leg, and foot) to enable the construction of a computational model for heat stress level classification. In an experiment conducted in climate-controlled chambers, 192 laying hens, 34 weeks old, from two different strains (Dekalb White and Dekalb Brown) were divided into groups and housed under conditions of heat stress (35 °C and 60% humidity) and thermal comfort (26 °C and 60% humidity). Weekly, individual thermal images of the hens were collected using a thermographic camera, along with their respective rectal temperatures. Surface temperatures of the six featherless image areas of the hens’ bodies were cut out. Rectal temperature was used to label each infrared thermography data as “Danger” or “Normal”, and five different classifier models (Random Forest, Random Tree, Multilayer Perceptron, K-Nearest Neighbors, and Logistic Regression) for rectal temperature class were generated using the respective thermal signatures. No differences between the strains were observed in the thermal signature of surface temperature and rectal temperature. It was evidenced that the rectal temperature and the thermal signature express heat stress and comfort conditions. The Random Forest model for the face area of the laying hen achieved the highest performance (89.0%). For the wattle area, a Random Forest model also demonstrated high performance (88.3%), indicating the significance of this area in strains where it is more developed. These findings validate the method of extracting characteristics from infrared thermography. When combined with machine learning, this method has proven promising for generating classifier models of thermal stress levels in laying hen production environments.

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Thamchaipenet, Arinthip, Chantra Indananda, Chakrit Bunyoo, Kannika Duangmal, Atsuko Matsumoto, and Yoko Takahashi. "Actinoallomurus acaciae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 60, no. 3 (March 1, 2010): 554–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.012237-0.

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A novel endophytic actinomycete, strain GMKU 931T, was isolated from the root of a wattle tree, Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth., collected at Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand. Strain GMKU 931T produced short spiral chains of smooth-surfaced spores on the aerial mycelium. Lysine and meso-diaminopimelic acid were present in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained galactose, madurose and mannose. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8). The major fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C16 : 1. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylglycerol. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences suggested that strain GMKU 931T forms a distinct phyletic line within the recently proposed genus Actinoallomurus. The significant differences in phenotypic and genotypic data indicate that strain GMKU 931T represents a novel species of the genus Actinoallomurus, for which the name Actinoallomurus acaciae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GMKU 931T (=BCC 28622T =NBRC 104354T =NRRL B-24610T).

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Ikarashi, Nobutomo, Rumi Takeda, Kiyomi Ito, Wataru Ochiai, and Kiyoshi Sugiyama. "The Inhibition of Lipase and Glucosidase Activities by Acacia Polyphenol." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/neq043.

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Acacia polyphenol (AP) extracted from the bark of the black wattle tree (Acacia mearnsii) is rich in unique catechin-like flavan-3-ols, such as robinetinidol and fisetinidol. In anin vitrostudy, we measured the inhibitory activity of AP on lipase and glucosidase. In addition, we evaluated the effects of AP on absorption of orally administered olive oil, glucose, maltose, sucrose and starch solution in mice. We found that AP concentration-dependently inhibited the activity of lipase, maltase and sucrase with an IC50of 0.95, 0.22 and 0.60 mg ml−1, respectively. In ICR mice, olive oil was administered orally immediately after oral administration of AP solution, and plasma triglyceride concentration was measured. We found that AP significantly inhibited the rise in plasma triglyceride concentration after olive oil loading. AP also significantly inhibited the rise in plasma glucose concentration after maltose and sucrose loading, and this effect was more potent against maltose. AP also inhibited the rise in plasma glucose concentration after glucose loading and slightly inhibited it after starch loading. Our results suggest that AP inhibits lipase and glucosidase activities, which leads to a reduction in the intestinal absorption of lipids and carbohydrates.

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Bird, P. R., T. T. Jackson, G. A. Kearney, and K. W. Williams. "Effect of two tree windbreaks on adjacent pastures in south-western Victoria, Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 6 (2002): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02016.

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The effects of 2 tree windbreaks on pasture production in adjoining paddocks were assessed over 4 years in a cool-temperate climate, perennial pasture area in south-western Victoria, Australia. The Willandra windbreak was 2 rows of direct-sown black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) aligned south-east–north-west. The Helm View windbreak was 4 rows of mixed Eucalyptus, Casuarina and Acacia spp., aligned east–west. Pastures at both sites had been sown to perennial ryegrass and subterranean clover. Wind direction data indicated that the north-eastern and south-western paddocks at Willandra were sheltered 39 and 28% of the time, respectively. The northern and southern paddocks at Helm View were sheltered 34 and 42% of the time, respectively. The relationship of rainfall with wind speed and direction was examined to indicate the potential of windbreaks of various orientations to protect livestock. The windbreaks had clear effects on pasture production in the competition zone along the margins of the windbreak. Average pasture production at Willandra in the zone 0.5–0.75 H (where H is the windbreak height) was 69% of open yield; production in the 0.9–1.5 H zone was 96%. At Helm View, production in the zone 0.7–1.0 H was 74% of open yield, with 81% in the zone 1.1–1.5 H. Averaged over all years, both windbreaks had no effect on pasture growth in the 2–10 H sheltered zone, although in some years there were small significant growth increases at parts of that zone in certain paddocks. Periodic soil moisture measurements at Willandra showed that water use was greater in the competition zone near the windbreak, with a difference in summer water content of the 1.2 m profile of at least 20 mm between soil 4.6 m from the windbreak and further away. The difference was due to greater water use from the deepest part of the profile. No other effects of the windbreak on soil water content were observed.

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Yazaki, Yoshikazu. "Wood Colors and their Coloring Matters: A Review." Natural Product Communications 10, no. 3 (March 2015): 1934578X1501000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1501000332.

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A number of colored specialty woods, such as ebony, rosewood, mahogany and amboyna, and commercially important woods, such as morus, logwood, Brazilwood, Japanese yellowwood, blackwood, kwila, red beech and myrtle beech, exhibit a wide range of colors from black, violet, dark red, reddish brown, to pale yellow. These colors are not only due to colored pigments contained in extractives from those woods but also to insoluble polymers. Wood and bark from many species of both hardwood and softwood trees contain many types of flavonoid compounds. Research on flavonoids has been conducted mainly from two points of view. The first is chemotaxonomy with flavonoid compounds as taxonomic markers, and the second relates to the utilization of woods for pulp and paper and the use of tannins from bark for wood adhesives. Most chemotaxonomic studies have been conducted on flavonoids in the extracts from softwoods such as Podocarpus, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Larix, Taxus, Libocedrus, Tsuja, Taxodium, Sequoia, Cedrus, Tsuga, Abies and Picea. Hardwood chemotaxonomic studies include those on Prunus and Eucalyptus species. Studies on flavonoids in pulp and paper production were conducted on Eucalyptus woods in Australia and woods from Douglas fir in the USA and larch in Japan. Flavonoids as tannin resources from black wattle tannin and quebracho tannin have been used commercially as wood adhesives. Flavonoids in the bark from radiata pine and southern pine, from western and eastern hemlock, southern red oak and Quercus dentata are also discussed. In addition, the distribution of flavonoids among tree species is described, as is the first isolation of rare procyanidin glycosides in nature.

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Vicente, Sara, Helena Trindade, Cristina Máguas, and Johannes J. Le Roux. "Genetic analyses reveal a complex introduction history of the globally invasive tree Acacia longifolia." NeoBiota 82 (February 21, 2023): 89–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.82.87455.

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Acacia longifolia (Sydney golden wattle) is considered one of the most problematic plant invaders in Mediterranean-type ecosystems. In this study, we investigate the species’ invasion history by comparing the genetic diversity and structure of native (Australia) and several invasive range (Brazil, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and Uruguay) populations and by modelling different introduction scenarios using these data. We sampled 272 A. longifolia individuals – 126 from different invasive ranges and 146 from the native range – from 41 populations. We genotyped all individuals at four chloroplast and 12 nuclear microsatellite markers. From these data we calculated diversity metrics, identified chloroplast haplotypes, and estimated population genetic structure based on Bayesian assignment tests. We used Approximate Bayesian Computation (ABC) models to infer the likely introduction history into each invaded country. In Australia, population genetic structure of A. longifolia appears to be strongly shaped by the Bass Strait and we identified two genetic clusters largely corresponding to mainland Australian and Tasmanian populations. We found invasive populations to represent a mixture of these clusters. Similar levels of genetic diversity were present in native and invasive ranges, indicating that invasive populations did not go through a genetic bottleneck. Bayesian assignment tests and chloroplast haplotype frequencies further suggested a secondary introduction event between South Africa and Portugal. However, ABC analyses could not confidently identify the native source(s) of invasive populations in these two countries, probably due to the known high propagule pressure that accompanied these introductions. ABC analyses identified Tasmania as the likely source of invasive populations in Brazil and Uruguay. A definitive native source for Spanish populations could also not be identified. This study shows that tracing the introduction history of A. longifolia is difficult, most likely because of the complexity associated with the extensive movement of the species around the world. Our findings should be considered when planning management and control efforts, such as biological control, in some invaded regions.

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Yu, Shoufu, Zhongliang Gao, Jiakun Li, Qingfeng Li, Guohui Cheng, Yanlan Mao, Yong Kang, and Yang Cheng. "Predictive Modeling of Combustible Water Content of Five Common Tree Species in Central Yunnan Province." International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 3, no. 1 (June 15, 2024): 197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.62051/ijcsit.v3n1.25.

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The water content of forest combustible material is a key factor affecting forest fire and spread, and is the main reference factor for forest fire prediction and forecasting. The live branches, live leaves, dead branches and dead leaves of cap-dou oak, green oak, Yunnan poplar, Yunnan oil fir and silver wattle in central Yunnan were selected as the research objects, and the slope ( x1 ), slope direction ( x2 ), slope position ( x3 ), elevation ( x4 ), wind speed ( x5 ), wind direction ( x6 ), humidity ( x7 ), ground diameter ( x8 ), crown height ( x9 ), crown width ( x10), tree height (x11), depression (x12), and tree species (x13), and used correlation analysis to screen the main modeling factors, and constructed a prediction model of water content of combustible materials by multiple linear regression method. The results show that the correlation between the four factors of slope (x1), slope direction (x2), wind speed (x5) and humidity (x7) and the water content of combustible materials is significant, the water content decreases when the three influencing factors of slope (x1), slope direction (x2) and wind speed (x5) increase, and the water content is higher when the influencing factor of humidity (x7) increases, and the water content of combustible materials is constructed into a model of water content of 20 groups by these factors. Compare the predicted value of the water content prediction model with the actual value to analyze the error of the model, and the results show that the established model can be used to predict the water content. The errors were caused by rainfall during sampling, which absorbed water into the combustible materials and resulted in errors in the moisture content, and wind speed measurements, which resulted in inaccurate wind speed measurements. The established water content model can provide a basis for the classification of forest danger level and combustibility of combustible materials, and can provide help and reference for forest fire prevention and management.

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Moreno Chan, J. "Frost tolerance of six seed orchards of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle) and the effect of developmental stage and tree size on frost hardiness." Australian Forestry 82, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2019.1583112.

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Lusizi, Zenande, Hamond Motsi, Patrick Nyambo, and Dimpho Elvis Elephant. "Black (Acacia mearnsii) and silver wattle (Acacia dealbata) invasive tree species impact on soil physicochemical properties in South Africa: A systematic literature review." Heliyon 10, no. 2 (January 2024): e24102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24102.

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McLay, Todd G. B., Daniel J. Murphy, Gareth D. Holmes, Sarah Mathews, Gillian K. Brown, David J. Cantrill, Frank Udovicic, Theodore R. Allnutt, and Chris J. Jackson. "A genome resource for Acacia, Australia’s largest plant genus." PLOS ONE 17, no. 10 (October 14, 2022): e0274267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274267.

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Acacia (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae, mimosoid clade) is the largest and most widespread genus of plants in the Australian flora, occupying and dominating a diverse range of environments, with an equally diverse range of forms. For a genus of its size and importance, Acacia currently has surprisingly few genomic resources. Acacia pycnantha, the golden wattle, is a woody shrub or tree occurring in south-eastern Australia and is the country’s floral emblem. To assemble a genome for A. pycnantha, we generated long-read sequences using Oxford Nanopore Technology, 10x Genomics Chromium linked reads, and short-read Illumina sequences, and produced an assembly spanning 814 Mb, with a scaffold N50 of 2.8 Mb, and 98.3% of complete Embryophyta BUSCOs. Genome annotation predicted 47,624 protein-coding genes, with 62.3% of the genome predicted to comprise transposable elements. Evolutionary analyses indicated a shared genome duplication event in the Caesalpinioideae, and conflict in the relationships between Cercis (subfamily Cercidoideae) and subfamilies Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae (pea-flowered legumes). Comparative genomics identified a suite of expanded and contracted gene families in A. pycnantha, and these were annotated with both GO terms and KEGG functional categories. One expanded gene family of particular interest is involved in flowering time and may be associated with the characteristic synchronous flowering of Acacia. This genome assembly and annotation will be a valuable resource for all studies involving Acacia, including the evolution, conservation, breeding, invasiveness, and physiology of the genus, and for comparative studies of legumes.

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Barker, Andrew. "Productivity and survival of Southern Scrub-robins in the South Australian Murray Mallee." Australian Field Ornithology 40 (2023): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20938/afo40246256.

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The Southern Scrub-robin Drymodes brunneopygia is an Australian ground-foraging insectivorous bird that has suffered dramatic declines in the South Australian Murray Mallee, and within this region is now largely confined to four isolated patches (clusters) of territories on one privately owned farm at = Bakara. In order to determine if Scrub-robins fare better in some habitats than others, colour-banded adults were intensively tracked to determine their productivity and survival in four habitat patches over a 3-year period between 2008 and 2011. At Bakara, survival of adult Scrub-robins was possibly lower in the North-west patch than in other patches. Most pairs were observed to breed; breeding started in late September/early October and lasted c. 1 month. Thirty-two percent (n = 22) of juveniles survived to >1 year. Juvenile survival was higher in the South and Heritage Agreement patches,and was greater in the wetter year (2010) than in the other years. More juvenile males survived to >1 year of age (n = 16) than did females (n = 6), and survival of juveniles was positively correlated with time spent in their natal territory. Three birds bred at 2 years of age. Scrub-robin survival at Bakara appears to be positively correlated with increased rainfall and higher shrub cover, particularly of Green Tea-tree Leptospermum coriaceum or Hard-leaf Wattle Acacia sclerophylla, as was observed in the South and Heritage Agreement patches.

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Ikarashi, Nobutomo, Takahiro Toda, Takehiro Okaniwa, Kiyomi Ito, Wataru Ochiai, and Kiyoshi Sugiyama. "Anti-Obesity and Anti-Diabetic Effects of Acacia Polyphenol in Obese Diabetic KKAy Mice Fed High-Fat Diet." Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2011 (2011): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nep241.

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Acacia polyphenol (AP) extracted from the bark of the black wattle tree (Acacia meansii) is rich in unique catechin-like flavan-3-ols, such as robinetinidol and fisetinidol. The present study investigated the anti-obesity/anti-diabetic effects of AP using obese diabetic KKAy mice. KKAy mice received either normal diet, high-fat diet or high-fat diet with additional AP for 7 weeks. After the end of administration, body weight, plasma glucose and insulin were measured. Furthermore, mRNA and protein expression of obesity/diabetic suppression-related genes were measured in skeletal muscle, liver and white adipose tissue. As a result, compared to the high-fat diet group, increases in body weight, plasma glucose and insulin were significantly suppressed for AP groups. Furthermore, compared to the high-fat diet group, mRNA expression of energy expenditure-related genes (PPARα, PPARδ, CPT1, ACO and UCP3) was significantly higher for AP groups in skeletal muscle. Protein expressions of CPT1, ACO and UCP3 for AP groups were also significantly higher when compared to the high-fat diet group. Moreover, AP lowered the expression of fat acid synthesis-related genes (SREBP-1c, ACC and FAS) in the liver. AP also increased mRNA expression of adiponectin and decreased expression of TNF-αin white adipose tissue. In conclusion, the anti-obesity actions of AP are considered attributable to increased expression of energy expenditure-related genes in skeletal muscle, and decreased fatty acid synthesis and fat intake in the liver. These results suggest that AP is expected to be a useful plant extract for alleviating metabolic syndrome.

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Polizzi, G., and V. Catara. "First Report of Leaf Spot Caused by Cylindrocladium pauciramosum on Acacia retinodes, Arbutus unedo, Feijoa sellowiana, and Dodonaea viscosa in Southern Italy." Plant Disease 85, no. 7 (July 2001): 803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2001.85.7.803c.

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In October 1997, severe leaf spotting was observed on several ornamental plants growing in different nurseries in southern Italy. These symptoms were detected for the first time on strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo L.) and water wattle (Acacia retinodes Schltdl.). In the latter species, diseased plants showed also stem canker and shoot blight symptoms. Cylindrocladium pauciramosum C.L. Schoch & Crous (teleomorph Calonectria pauciramosa) were found associated with these symptoms (2). More recently, leaf spots were found also on feijoa (Feijoa sellowiana Berg.) and on Florida hopbush (Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq.) in two other nurseries located in Sicily. Infected tissues were surface-sterilized and plated on potato dextrose agar. Plates were incubated at room temperature under fluorescent cool white lights on a 12-h light/dark regime. A Cylindrocladium species was consistently associated with diseased tissues. The isolates of Cylindrocladium collected from feijoa and Florida hopbush were identified on carnation leaf agar as C. pauciramosum on the basis of their obpyriform to broadly ellipsoidal terminal vesicles, conidiophore branching pattern, and conidium morphology, as well as mating type studies with tester strains of C. pauciramosum (1,3). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating 6-month-old seedlings of the four ornamental plants with a spore suspension of the fungus (104 conidia per ml). Following inoculation, all plants were maintained in a glasshouse where the temperature was 15 to 25° C and relative humidity was 80 to 90%. After 6 to 8 days, symptoms resembling those seen in the nurseries were apparent. The Cylindrocladium species was reisolated from lesions on inoculated plants, thus confirming it to be the causal organism of these diseases. This is apparently the first report of C. pauciramosum leaf spot on these hosts. References: (1) P. W. Crous and M. J. Wingfield. Mycotaxon 51: 341, 1994. (2) G. Polizzi and P.W. Crous. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 105:407, 1999. (3) C. L. Schoch et al. Mycologia 91:286, 1999.

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Grainger, C., T. Clarke, M. J. Auldist, K. A. Beauchemin, S. M. McGinn, G. C. Waghorn, and R. J. Eckard. "Potential use of Acacia mearnsii condensed tannins to reduce methane emissions and nitrogen excretion from grazing dairy cows." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 89, no. 2 (June 1, 2009): 241–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas08110.

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We measured the effect of condensed tannins (CT) extracted from the bark of the Black Wattle tree (Acacia mearnsii) on the milk production, methane emissions, nitrogen (N) balance and energy partitioning of lactating dairy cattle. Sixty lactating cows, approximately 32 d in milk grazing ryegrass pasture supplemented with 5 kg d-1 cracked triticale grain, were allocated to three treatments: Control, Tannin 1 (163 g CT d-1) or Tannin 2 (326 g CT d-1 initially, reduced to 244 g d-1 CT by day 17). Cows were dosed twice daily after milking for 5 wk with the powdered CT extract (mixed 1:1 with water). Low and high CT supplementation reduced (P < 0.05) methane emissions by 14 and 29%, respectively (about 10 and 22% on an estimated dry matter intake basis). However, milk production was also reduced by the CT (P < 0.05), especially at the high dose rate. Milk yields were 33.0, 31.8 and 29.8 kg cow-1 d-1. Tannin 2 also caused a 19% decline in fat yield and a 7% decline in protein yield, but protein and lactose contents of milk were not affected by CT supplementation. After the initial 5-wk period, five cows representative of each treatment group were moved to metabolism facilities to determine effects of CT on energy digestion and N balance over 6 d. The energy digestibility was reduced (P < 0.05) from 76.9 (Control) to 70.9 (Tannin 1) and 66.0% (Tannin 2) and the percentage of feed N lost to urine was reduced (P < 0.05) from 39 to 26% and 22% for the respective treatments. The CT also caused a reduction (P < 0.05) in intake during the metabolism study, effectively increasing CT as a percentage of intake. Although CT can be used to reduce methane and urinary N losses from cows fed pastures with a high crude protein (CP) concentration, reduced milk yield in this study suggested the dietary concentration was too high. If CT are to be considered as a means for lowering methane emissions further research is needed to define impacts of lower doses of A. mearnsii CT on methane production and cow productivity. Dairy producers will be reluctant to adopt feeding practices that compromise profitability.Key words: Dairy cow, condensed tannins, methane, milk production, energy, nitrogen balance

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Frank, Stephen, Glenn Waters, Russell Beer, and Peter May. "An Analysis of the Street Tree Population of Greater Melbourne at the Beginning of the 21st Century." Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 32, no. 4 (July 1, 2006): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.2006.021.

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An audit of the street tree population of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, was undertaken to establish its size and botanical composition as a reference point for future studies. The 31 independent municipalities that comprise metropolitan Melbourne were approached to provide information on their respective street tree populations. Where available, data from individual municipalities on population, area, and total street length were also collected. Of the 31 municipalities surveyed, 23 had undertaken some form of street tree inventory or audit. These individual data sets were combined into a single database. Data queries were then undertaken to obtain a range of information. A total of 922,353 trees, comprising 1127 taxa, were captured in this superset of data. Australian native plants made up the majority of the trees with 60% of the total. Of the Australian native taxa, wattles (Acacia spp.), gums or eucalypts (Eucalyptus spp.), paperbarks (Melaleuca spp.), bottlebrush (Callistemon spp.), and Queensland brush box (Lophostemon confertus [R. Br.] Peter G. Wilson and Waterhouse) comprised 394,730 individuals (43% of all trees). Of the exotic taxa, Prunus spp. were the most common with 86,227 individuals (9% of the total). Queensland brush box was the most common taxon surveyed with 61,959 individuals. Purple-leaf cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. ‘Nigra’) was the most common exotic taxon with 35,402 individuals. An analysis of the diversity of this population showed that it meets a set of minimum diversity criteria apart from the dominance of the Myrtaceae at the family level.

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Roux, J., R. N. Heath, L. Labuschagne, G. K. Nkuekam, and M. J. Wingfield. "Occurrence of the wattle wilt pathogen, Ceratocystis albifundus on native South African trees." Forest Pathology 37, no. 5 (October 2007): 292–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0329.2007.00507.x.

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Manaka, Takuya, Shinta Ohashi, Sumika Ogo, Yuichiro Otsuka, and Hitomi Furusawa. "Sorption and desorption experiments using stable cesium: considerations for radiocesium retention by fresh plant residues in Fukushima forest soils." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 329, no. 1 (May 17, 2021): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-021-07749-1.

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AbstractWe conducted sorption experiments with stable cesium (133Cs) solution in different organic matter samples, aiming to understand the sorption of radiocesium (134Cs and 137Cs) in the initial throughfall by fresh plant residues (e.g., needles, wood, and bark from Japanese cedar trees) in the Oi horizon in forests in Fukushima. Among the organic matter samples, bark and wattle tannin sorbed relatively large amounts of Cs, whereas wood and cellulose powder sorbed small amounts. In contrast, samples containing clay minerals showed much higher Cs sorption. We also conducted desorption experiments, and suggested that Cs on the organic matter samples were relatively mobile.

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Karubian, Jordan, Gabriela Castañeda, Juan F. Freile, Ramiro T. Salazar, Tatiana Santander, and Thomas B. Smith. "Nesting biology of a female Long-wattled Umbrellabird Cephalopterus penduliger in north-western Ecuador." Bird Conservation International 13, no. 4 (November 20, 2003): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959270903003253.

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Long-wattled Umbrellabirds Cephalopterus penduliger are restricted to the Chocó Biogeographical Region, an area with exceptional levels of avian diversity and endemism. Due to widespread habitat loss and hunting pressure, the species is considered globally Vulnerable and Endangered within Ecuador. Little is known of the species' basic biology. This paper presents data on the first confirmed nest recorded for the species. The nest was found in June 2002 atop a tree fern Cyathea sp. located in secondary forest near Mindo, north-west Ecuador, at 1,600 m in the subtropical zone of the Andean slope. Data collected during incubation and nestling provisioning suggest that females may be responsible for all parental care. At the nest, the female provided food an average of once per hour, and brought roughly twice as many invertebrate food items as vertebrate or regurgitated food items. A male was never seen at the nest. In addition to presenting data from the nest, we compare Long-wattled Umbrellabirds to congeners and discuss implications for the conservation of this species.

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Báez, Diana P., Néstor Ardila, Ángel Valdés, and Arturo Acero P. "Taxonomy and phylogeny of Armina (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia: Arminidae) from the Atlantic and eastern Pacific." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 91, no. 5 (January 21, 2011): 1107–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315410002109.

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Armina is the most species-rich genus of the Arminidae family with over 50 nominal species. Material of the genus Armina from the western Atlantic and the eastern Pacific was revised. Six species have been documented from the western Atlantic; however, we have determined that only four of them are valid: Armina muelleri, A. wattla, A. juliana and A. elongata. Also, only three out of seven species previously registered in the eastern Pacific were recognized in the present study: A. californica, A. cordellensis and Armina sp., an unnamed species. The phylogenetic analysis of 13 taxa and 17 characters was performed using the program PAUP (Phylogenetic Analysis Using Parsimony). The Branch-and-Bound algorithm generated a 29-step tree with the following relations: (Histiomena convolvula, (Dermatobranchus sp., ((((A. californica , (A. maculata, A. muelleri)), ((A. loveni, A. neapolitana), A. wattla)), (A. cordellensis, (Armina sp., A. juliana))), (A. tigrina, A. elongata)))). The monophyletic evidence for Armina is discussed and compared to possible speciation processes similar to those found in other Opisthobranchia groups.

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Maxon, Robert M. "Where Did the Trees Go? The Wattle Bark Industry in Western Kenya, 1932-1950." International Journal of African Historical Studies 34, no. 3 (2001): 565. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3097554.

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Turbill, Christopher. "THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR OF TREE-ROOSTING CHOCOLATE WATTLED BATS (CHALINOLOBUS MORIO) DURING SUMMER AND WINTER." Journal of Mammalogy 87, no. 2 (April 2006): 318–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1644/05-mamm-a-167r1.1.

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Diprose, Rosalyn. "The Art of Dreaming: Merleau-Ponty and Petyarre on Flesh Expressing a World." Cultural Studies Review 12, no. 1 (August 5, 2013): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/csr.v12i1.3411.

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I do not understand painting very well, and especially not Australian Indigenous painting, the dot painting of Western and Central Desert artists such as Kathleen Petyarre. I grew up without art on the wall, among gum trees, red dirt, dying wattle, and ‘two thirds (blue) sky’. While this might suggest that I inhabit the same landscape as Petyarre, I also grew up without ‘the Dreaming’, the meaning that this dot painting is said to be about. How and why then can this painting have the impact on me that it does? And, given the history of colonisation in Australia, including the colonisation of Indigenous meanings, what is the politics of the impact of that painting?

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Kull, Christian A., and Haripriya Rangan. "Acacia exchanges: Wattles, thorn trees, and the study of plant movements." Geoforum 39, no. 3 (May 2008): 1258–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2007.09.009.

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Eloy, Elder, Dimas Agostinho da Silva, Braulio Otomar Caron, Rômulo Trevisan, and Rafaelo Balbinot. "Effect of age and plant spacing on the energy properties of black wattle." Comunicata Scientiae 8, no. 3 (April 11, 2018): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.14295/cs.v8i3.1771.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect on the energy properties of different biomass components of Acacia mearnsii De Wild distributed in different plant spacings: 2.0x1.0 m, 2.0x1.5 m, 3.0x1.0 m and 3.0x1.5 m, in the 1st, 3rd and 5th years after planting. The experiment was performed in a complete randomized block design in three replicates. The following traits were determined: biomass (BIO), gross calorific value (GCV), basic density (BD), energy productivity (EP), energy density (ED), fixed carbon content (FCC), volatile material content (VMC) and ash content (AC) of different biomass components: wood, bark, branch and leaf. The effect of age significantly influenced all variables, providing an increasing distribution of BIO, EP, BD and ED. The four plant spacings provided different yields of BIO, EP, GCV and BD and the increased spacing caused a tendency to reduce BIO and EP values in all evaluated periods. In the 5th year, even being influenced by the spacing, the BD did not present a systematic increase or decrease over the provided living space. The three components of the trees induced a significant effect on the BIO, GCV, EP, FCC, VMC and AC variables.

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Katsvanga, C. A. T., L. Jimu, J. F. Mupangwa, and D. Zinner. "Susceptibility of pine stands to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe." Current Zoology 55, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 389–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/55.6.389.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the susceptibility, intensity and distribution of pine trees to bark stripping by chacma baboons Papio ursinus in three plantations in the Eastern Highlands of Zimbabwe. The number of plots/ha, stripped trees/plot and stripped trees/ha was recorded during the pre-rainy, rainy and post-rainy seasons from August 2006 to May 2007. During data collection, altitude, aspect, season and other site predictor variables (e.g., roads and fire traces, water points, indigenous vegetation conservation areas, crop fields, human settlements, wattle scrubs, rocky areas, open grasslands, earlier stripped sites and roost sites) were recorded for each plot in association with selected predictor variables within plantation estates. Data on the number of stripped plots/ha, stripped trees/plot and stripped trees/ha were analysed as dependent variables using the Generalised linear Model (GLM) through SPSS version 15 (2006) to determine which predictor variables were significantly related to bark stripping. Differences between means were tested using Bonferroni tests with a 5% level of significance. Our findings show that bark stripping of pine trees by baboons occurred at all altitudes and aspects. Overall, the number of bark stripped trees/ha did not significantly vary by season. The number of bark stripped plots/ha was lower during the pre-rainy season than the rainy season, whereas the number of bark stripped trees/plot was higher during the pre-rainy than the rainy season. Bark stripping of pines occurred more often in the vicinities of areas with abundant food and water.

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Darajat, Muhammad Gilang Prawira, and Teguh Arfianto. "The Design of Solar Power Tree in Tourist Village Area in Situgede Village, Karangpawitan Subdistrict, Garut Regency." REKA ELKOMIKA: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 3, no. 2 (June 3, 2022): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26760/rekaelkomika.v3i2.80-87.

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Energy is a basic need for every human being in the world, including in Situgede Village which is located in Karangpawitan Subdistrict, Garut Regency. According to the design concept of the Situgede village as a tourist village, there would be built a solar power plant forwhich construction aconcept of Solar Power Treewas designed. The methods employed in the design process started from calculating the total load estimation, calculating battery capacity, determining the peak wattage value of the PV module, determining the inverter, determining the SCC, to designing the physical power of the Solar Power Tree. The result was a design of Solar Power Tree having capacity of 2 kWh with a total estimated load of 1896 Wh.

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Behling, Marcos, Henrique Soares Koehler, and Alexandre Behling. "COMPATIBILITY BETWEEN THE SPURR FUNCTION VOLUME AND THE KOZAK’S TAPER FUNCTION AND QUINTIC POLYNOMIAL VOLUMES FOR BLACK WATTLE TREES." FLORESTA 51, no. 2 (March 16, 2021): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rf.v51i2.70887.

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When modeling the taper and volume, it is desired that the volume estimates obtained by using these two methods are compatible, where the total stem volume estimates shall not differ when using a total volume equation and the volume calculated by integrating the taper equation. There are several of such systems proposed in the literature, in which modifications in the volume and taper models were made to obtain compatible systems. This paper introduces an idea to obtain compatibility in a simpler way, without the need to modify the volume and taper models. Thus, the overall objective of this study was to develop and present a procedure to obtain compatibility between the Spurr function volume and the Kozak’s taper function and quintic polynomial volumes for Acacia mearnsii De Wild trees and compare the results to the traditional method of the same system of equations. The procedures proposed were applied on data on the Acacia mearnsii De Wild (black wattle) species in the towns of Cristal, Piratini, and Encruzilhada in the south of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The data set included 343 trees ranging from 5 to 10.75 years of age. The quality of the fitting for the volume and taper equations fitted using procedures 1 and 2 is similar, and both are compatible. The system of equations presented in procedure 2 is simpler to be applied when compared to procedure 1.

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Stawski, Clare, and Shannon E. Currie. "Effect of roost choice on winter torpor patterns of a free-ranging insectivorous bat." Australian Journal of Zoology 64, no. 2 (2016): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo16030.

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Gould’s wattled bat (Chalinolobus gouldii) is one of only three native Australian mammals with an Australia-wide distribution. However, currently no data are available on the thermal physiology of free-ranging C. gouldii. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the effect of roost choice on daily skin temperature fluctuations during winter in C. gouldii living in an agricultural landscape in a temperate region. Ambient conditions consisted of long periods below 0°C and snow. Some individuals roosted high in dead branches whereas one individual roosted in a large cavity located low in a live tree. Torpor was employed on every day of the study period by all bats, with bouts lasting for over five days. The skin temperature of individuals in the dead branches tracked ambient temperature, with skin temperatures below 3°C on 67% of bat-days (lowest recorded –0.2°C). In contrast, the individual in the tree cavity maintained a larger skin-ambient temperature differential, likely influenced by the internal cavity temperature. Our study presents the lowest skin temperature recorded for a free-ranging Australian microbat and reveals that roost choice affects the thermal physiology of C. gouldii, ensuring survival during periods of cold weather and limited food supply.

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Dye, P. J., and A. G. Poulter. "A Field Demonstration of the Effect on Streamflow of Clearing Invasive Pine and Wattle Trees from a Riparian Zone." South African Forestry Journal 173, no. 1 (July 1995): 27–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00382167.1995.9629687.

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Godinho, Lisa N., Linda F. Lumsden, Graeme Coulson, and Stephen R. Griffiths. "Network analysis reveals cryptic seasonal patterns of association in Gould’s wattled bats (Chalinolobus gouldii) roosting in bat-boxes." Behaviour 152, no. 15 (2015): 2079–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568539x-00003315.

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Tree-roosting bats are highly social mammals, which often form fission–fusion societies. However, extensive, fine scale data is required to detect and interpret these patterns. We investigated the social structure of Gould’s wattled bats, Chalinolobus gouldii, roosting in artificial roosts (bat-boxes) over a continuous 18-month period. Network analyses revealed non-random associations among individuals in the roosting population consistent with a temperate zone fission–fusion social structure. Females generally showed stronger associations with roost-mates than did males. Two distinct sub-groups within the larger roosting population were detected. There was also evidence of smaller subunits within these larger roosting groups in spring and summer, with broader mixing at other times of the year. The extensive roost occupancy data collected across all seasons was critical in defining this fine scale, and otherwise cryptic, social structure, and in particular indicating that associations observed during peak activity periods may not be maintained across the year.

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Hoffmann, J. H., F. A. C. Impson, V. C. Moran, and D. Donnelly. "Biological control of invasive golden wattle trees (Acacia pycnantha) by a gall wasp, Trichilogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), in South Africa." Biological Control 25, no. 1 (September 2002): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1049-9644(02)00039-7.

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SIMPSON, MARCUS B. "Dr John Brickell's Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs (1739): A bibliographic misadventure." Archives of Natural History 21, no. 1 (February 1994): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1994.21.1.67.

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Dr John Brickell, the obscure author/compiler of the Natural History of North-Carolina (1737), has long been credited with a second work, commonly cited as A Catalogue of American Trees and Shrubs which will endure the Climate of England (1739). Careful review of the available data suggests that this attribution may have resulted from an error in Robert Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica, in which a broadside catalogue sheet bearing the title, issued by plant nurseryman Christopher Gray, was mistakenly credited to Brickell.

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Lunney, D., J. Barker, and D. Priddel. "Movements and day roosts of the Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio (Gray) (Microchiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in a logged forest." Australian Mammalogy 8, no. 4 (October 1, 1985): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am85031.

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Movements and day roosts of the Chocolate Wattled Bat Chalinolobus morio were studied in Mumbulla State Forest near Bega on the south coast of New South Wales from 1981-1984. Part of the forest had been intensively logged since 1979, leaving a patchwork of alternate logged and unlogged coupes of 10-20 ha each. This part of the forest contained the major part of the study area. The location of roosts and the movements of bats were estimated from (a) recapture data of 11 bats from among the 88 which had been caught, banded and released, (b) reports by logging crews, and (c) radio emissions from transmitters fitted to 3 bats. Trapping data alone greatly underestimated distances moved by this species. Radio-tracking revealed that C. morio can fly rapidly through several kilometres of forest and so make use of widespread resources. It was concluded that the assessment of habitat preferences of this species should incorporate resources within at least 5 km from the site of capture. All three bats caught in logged forest flew 5 km to roost in unlogged forest, and the two identified roosts were in exceptionally large trees. The authors concluded that to conserve C. morio in a forest to be logged requires the retention of some trees in a range of age classes to replace existing roost trees when they die and fall, as well as the retention of areas of forest in a permanently unlogged state.

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Beck-Pay, Sascha L. "Confirmation of cytotype stability in autotetraploid black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) trees using flow cytometry and size differences of the reproductive gametes." Southern Forests: a Journal of Forest Science 75, no. 1 (March 2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/20702620.2013.743763.

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Machado, Théa M. M., Mohamed Chakir, and Jean Jacques Lauvergne. "Genetic distances and taxonomic trees between goats of Ceará State (Brazil) and goats of the Mediterranean region (Europe and Africa)." Genetics and Molecular Biology 23, no. 1 (March 2000): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1415-47572000000100022.

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Goats of an undefined breed (called UDB) from the State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil (N = 447), European Mediterranean goats (N = 3,847) and African Mediterranean goats (N = 325) were compared to establish genetic distances and taxonomic trees. Allelic frequencies in each population for presence or absence of the following traits were used: horns, reduced ears, long hair, wattles, beard, roan color, brown eumelanin and eumelanic standard pigmentation. The genetic distance, applying the method developed by Nei (1972), was: least between goats from different meso-regions of the State of Ceará (0.0008 to 0.0120); small between all UDB of Ceará and French goats of Rove and Haute Roya (0.0236 and 0.0459); greater between all UDB of Ceará and northern Spanish goats (0.1166), and greatest between all UDB of Ceará and northern African goats (Moroccan of Drâa, Rhâali and Zagora), Balkan goats (Sakhar from Bulgaria and Macedonia from Greece) and some insular Mediterranean populations (Corsica, Sicily and Sardinia), which ranged from 0.1237 to 0.2714. Brazilian UDB goats are more closely related to Continental and Western European populations than to North African, Balkan or Insular Mediterranean populations.

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Vaz, Ana Sofia, Joana Ribeiro, João P. Honrado, and Joana R. Vicente. "Stakeholders’ perceptions towards non-native acacias and implications for their management in Portugal." Forestry: An International Journal of Forest Research 93, no. 4 (November 18, 2019): 557–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestry/cpz060.

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Abstract Humans act as drivers for the introduction of non-native trees. Some non-native species may become invasive and cause undesirable impacts, thereby motivating targeted decision-making and management actions. Australian acacias (or wattles; genus Acacia subgenus Phyllodineae) have been introduced worldwide, offering both opportunities and risks for local communities. Understanding how stakeholders perceive invasive acacias is paramount to assist effective decision-making. We assessed stakeholders’ perceptions about these non-native acacias, their invasion process, social-ecological impacts and management. We conducted a questionnaire-based survey with experienced managers and decision-makers in Northern Portugal, where acacia invasions are widespread. We found that most stakeholders are not able to recognize non-native species, failing to identify the introduction period, drivers of dispersion and appropriate management methods of Australian acacias. We could also identify different stakeholder perceptions on the benefits and negative impacts provided by these species. We call for the implementation of technical training and information outreach strategies to address stakeholders’ lack of knowledge (and experience) on the recognition and identification of non-native trees, as well as on their introduction and invasion history, drivers of dispersion, costs and benefits, and effective management actions. Stakeholders’ engagement should be promoted in the design and implementation of biosecurity efforts to control (and/or adapt to) invasive acacias at relevant scales of invasion management.

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de Vingo, Paolo, Andrea Bruna, and Giovanni Battista Parodi. "The Roman and late antique site of Montessoro (Isola del Cantone – Genova): A case study of the wattle and daub construction technique." Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 74, no. 1 (June 16, 2023): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/072.2023.00005.

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AbstractArchaeological excavations at the site of Montessoro (660 m. a.sl.), carried out between 2009 and 2013 by the Department of Christian and Medieval Archaeology (University of Turin – Department of the Historical Studies) and currently under publication, have led to the large-scale exploration of a rural Apennine site which was inhabited between the first century BC and the fifth century AD. The late antique phase, which is the best-preserved, consists of five farm buildings made using a masonry base bound with clay, with an elevation in lathwork and a roof made of cover and pan tiles. The systematic study of almost 600 clay fragments, some of them large and mainly from the collapse levels caused by the fire in the granary, with negative impressions of plant material, has enabled considerable information to be obtained about the technique of wattle and daub used to construct the elevations: the morphology and arrangement of the wooden parts (horizontal and vertical), related to the woven lattice of the lathwork and the load-bearing structure, and the mixing and application of clay and plaster. This work, associated with a thorough analysis of the plentiful wood charcoal remains (carried out by Prof. Lanfredo Castelletti and Dr. Sila Motella – Museo Civico P. Giovio di Como), has yielded data about the choice and working of the plants and trees used for the construction of elevations and all the structural parts, enabling a fairly precise reconstruction of the buildings and the socio-economic and cultural context of the site.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Wattle (Tree)'

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