Academic literature on the topic 'Wheat grass extract'
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Journal articles on the topic "Wheat grass extract"
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Lekha, L., and C. A. Kalpana. "Hypoglycemic and Hypocholesterolemic Potential of Wheat Grass Juice Extract and Powder on Diabetics." Indian Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics 54, no. 1 (2017): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21048/ijnd.2017.54.1.15444.
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The study was designed to evaluate the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic potential of wheat grass juice, extract and powder on diabetics. Two hundred male employees (35-50 y) of Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) from Usilampatti, a town in Madurai district, Tamil Nadu were selected for the study. After screening, 60 employees whose fasting blood glucose level was ≥ 145mg/dl and not taking oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin were considered for the study. Fifty grams of fresh wheat grass, made into a fine paste using a stone grinder was mixed in 100ml of water. Two to three drops of lemon juice was added to enhance the flavour and palatability of the juice. Wheat grass extract obtained was then squeezed and the fiber separated. Fresh wheat grass was harvested and shade dried for 2-3 days. It was then made into fine powder with a stone grinder. Five grams of wheat grass powder was added in 100ml of water and mixed thoroughly. The selected diabetic employees (60) were divided into three experimental groups and one control group of 15 members each. Experimental group I was supplemented with 100ml of wheat grass juice, group II was supplemented with 100ml of wheat grass extract and group III was supplemented with 5g of wheat grass powder mixed in 100ml of water and for a period of four months. No supplementation was given to control group. Anthropometric parameters like height, weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist / hip ratio, skin fold thickness and biochemical parameters namely fasting blood glucose level, post prandial blood glucose level, total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, HDL, HbA<sub>1</sub>C and blood pressure were measured before and after supplementation. Group II supplemented with wheat grass extract showed a slight difference in weight when compared to groups I and III. The mean skin fold thickness of all the three groups decreased after supplementation. The mean initial blood glucose level of the experimental groups (I, II and III) and control group were above the normal range . The mean decrease of fasting blood glucose level in experimental group I, II, III and control group were 37.4, 32.9, 27.6 and 1.4 mg /dl respectively. The mean decrease of post prandial blood glucose level in experimental groups I, II, III and control group were 63, 60.3, 39 and 1.8 mg/dl respectively. High fibre supplement lowered total cholesterol by about 19.2 % and reduced LDL cholesterol by 13.2 % with maximum reduction in groups II and III. HDL cholesterol level was highly increased in experimental group II. The decrease in HbA<sub>1</sub>C level was higher in experimental group I (2.5%) and blood pressure was highly decreased in experimental group I compared to other experimental groups and control group.
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Mukhopadhyay, S., J. Basak, M. Kar, S. Mandal, and A. Mukhopadhyay. "The role of iron chelation activity of wheat grass juice in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (2009): 7012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.7012.
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7012 Background: A pilot study with wheat grass juice in major thalassaemia patients was done by a group of clinicians in IPGMR, Chandigarh, India. We performed a study of 200 patients of intermediate thalassaemia with wheat grass juice and found 80% patients becoming transfusion independent. During the study in majority of the patients, serum ferritin level was significantly less as compared to pretreatment values. The aim of our study was to see the effect of wheat grass juice in reducing Ferritin level in myelodysplastic syndrome and also do the biochemical analysis of the wheat grass juice. Methods: During period from January 2003 to December 2007 we selected 20 patients of transfusion dependent myelodysplastic syndrome in the oncology department of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute. The age range of the patients was 42 years to 72 years (median 55 years). The fresh leaves of 5–7-day-old wheat grasss including stems were made fresh juice and had given 30 mL of juice daily to all 20 patients for continuous 6 months. Wheat grass juice was analyzed by column chromatography and found to be rich in oxalic and malic acid which might have some role in dietary absorption of iron from intestine. Beside that the wheat grass juice was found to contain two unique active ingredients with iron chelating property which was performed by deoxyribose degradation assay. We compared aqueous soluble extract of 5–7-day-old plant and dose-dependent study showed a significant iron chelating activity of crude extract in comparison to known standard iron chelator desferroxamine (DFO). The active compounds of crude extract of wheat grass may chelate catalytic iron in iron overload disorders when taking systematic dose. Result: The mean serum Ferritin level of the patients was 2,250 (range 650–4,800) before wheat grass treatment. The mean reduced to 950 (range 68–1680) (p < 0.0001). The performance status was improved from 60% to 80% (Karnofsky) after wheat grass treatment. The mean interval between transfusions was found increased. Conclusions: Wheat grass juice is an effective iron chelator and its use in reducing serum ferritin should be encouraged in myelodysplastic syndrome and other diseases where repeated blood transfusion is required. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Sharma, Natasha, Vandita Tiwari, Shreya Vats, et al. "Evaluation of Anthocyanin Content, Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Black, Purple and Blue Colored Wheat Flour and Wheat-Grass Juice against Common Human Pathogens." Molecules 25, no. 24 (2020): 5785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245785.
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The present study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of anthocyanins extracted from colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice against human pathogens. The total anthocyanin content and antioxidant potential in colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice extracts were significantly higher than white flour and wheat-grass juice extracts. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography showed the maximum number of anthocyanin peaks in black wheat, with delphinidin-3-o-galactoside chloride, delphinidin-3-o-glucoside chloride, and cyanindin-3-o-glucoside chloride as the major contributors. Among flour extracts, maximum zones of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1934), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1434), Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans (MTCC 227) were produced by black flour extract, having the highest anthocyanin content. It exhibited a minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of 200 mg/mL against E. coli and C. albicans; and 100 and 150 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Black and purple flour extracts exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. White flour extracts did not show MMC against E. coli and C. albicans. Among wheat-grass juice extracts, black wheat-grass was most effective and showed an MIC of 100–150 mg/mL against all pathogens. It exhibited an MMC of 200 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Hence, anthocyanin-rich colored wheat could be of nutraceutical importance.
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Safitri, Ratu, Lelani Reniarti, Madihah Madihah, Lila Delia, Mas Rizky A. A. Syamsunarno, and Ramdan Panigoro. "The Effect of Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan), Wheat grass and Vitamin E Treatment on the Liver Structure of Iron overload of Rat (Rattus norvegicus)." KnE Life Sciences 3, no. 6 (2017): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1159.
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This research was carried out to detect the effect of Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan), Wheat grass and Vitamin E Treatment on the liver structure of iron overload rat (Rattus norvegicus).The method of experimental used Completely Random Design (CRD in triple repetition. The treatment had been carried out orally. Iron dextran with total dose of 1.5 g kg-1 of body were given to rat on the first, fourth, seventh, ten and thirteenth day. Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan)200 mg kg-1 bw, 400 mg kg-1 bw, Wheat grass extract 100 mg kg-1 bw and Vitamin E 60 mg kg-1 bw were given to rat everyday for 15 days. At the seventeenth, rat were killed and their liver were taken. The observed parameters are morphological abnormality including the colour, the contour, ratio between liver weight and body weight as well as histological destruction. The result showed iron dextran treatment was proved the abnormality on morphological and histological desruction. Futhermore, Sappan Wood Extract (Caesalpinia sappan), Wheat grass and Vitamin E Treatment can decrease the morphological abnormality and the liver histological destructionon of iron overload rat. Keywords: Sappan Wood Extract, Wheat grass, Vitamin E, Iron, Morphological abnormality, Histological destruction
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Mukhopadhyay, Soma, Ashis Mukhopadhyay, Pinaki Ranjan Gupta, Manoj Kar, and Arpita Ghosh. "The Role of Iron Chelation Activity of Wheat Grass Juice in Blood Transfusion Requirement of Intermediate Thalassaemia." Blood 110, no. 11 (2007): 3829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v110.11.3829.3829.
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Abstract Background: Previously it was thought that the chlorophyll of wheat grass (Triticum astevum) may be the substitute of haemoglobin of RBC having resemblance of similar structure. A group of Austrelian scientists tried to prove that wheat grass juice increases the foetal haemoglobin level 3–5 folds in intermediate thalassaemia patients. A pilot study with wheat grass juice in major thalassaemia patients were done by Dr. Marwa et al in IPGMR, Chandigarh, India. But there is no satisfactory explanation behind the reduced blood transfusion requirements after consumption of wheat grass juice for a long period. The aim of our study was to see the effect of wheat grass juice in blood transfusion requirement in intermediate thalassaemia patients and also do the biochemical analysis of the wheat grass juice. Material & Methods: During period from January 2003 to December 2006 we selected 200 intermediate thalassaemia patients (E-thalassaemia, E-Beta & Sickle thal) in the paediatric oncology department of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute. The age range of the patients was 1 year to 35 years (median age 18 years). The different types of thalasssaemia were E-Beta Thalassaemia 80% (160 patients), E-Thalassaemia 15% (30 patients) and Sickle Thalassaemia 5% (10 patients). When the wheat grasses were 5–7 days old, the fresh leaves including steams were made fresh juice and had given 30ml of juice daily to all our 200 patients for continuous 6 months. Wheat grass juice was analysed by column chromatography and found to be rich in oxalic acid and malic acid which might have some role in dietary absorption of iron from intestine. Beside that the wheat grass juice was found to contain a unique iron chelating property which was performed by deoxyribose degradation assay. We compared aqueous soluble extract of 5–7th day plant and our dose dependant study showed a significant iron chelating activity of crude extract in comparison to known standard iron chelator desferroxamine (DFO). The active compounds of crude extract of wheat grass may chelate catalytic iron in iron overload disorders when taking systematic dose. Result: The mean levels of haemoglobin before starting wheat grass juice were 6.2gm%. After 6months of wheat grass therapy the mean value for haemoglobin was 7.8gm% (pvalue <. 005). Twenty four patients (12%) require blood transfusion (haemoglobin < 6gm%). The performance status was improved from 60% to 80% (Karnofsky) after wheat grass treatment. The ferritin level of all patients before the study was found to be decreased significantly after wheat grass juice consumption. The mean interval between transfusion were found increased. Being a natural potent iron chelator and H2O2 quencher, it prevents the hydroxyl radical production by Fenton reaction in the RBC. Thus it may prevent the breakdown of plasma membrane of RBC and haemoglobin level becomes stable for a prolonged period. Conclusion: We may conclude that wheat grass juice is an effective alternative of blood transfusion. It’s use in intermediate thalassaemia patients should be encouraged.
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Sarker, Uttam Kumer, Md Salahuddin Kaysar, Jasmin Nahar, and Md Romij Uddin. "Reduction in use of herbicides by combining aqueous extract of grass pea for weed management and yield of wheat." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 7, no. 1 (2022): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0701014.
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Nowadays, the increasing costs in the agricultural sector, increasing public concern about the widespread use of herbicides and the development non-chemical methods of weed control programs are alerting management. In this regard, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of grass pea residues on weed management and crop performance of wheat. The experiment was comprised of three varieties of wheat viz., BARI Gom-30, BARI Gom-31, BARI Gom-32 and six different levels of treatments such as no weeding, recommended dose of herbicide, aqueous extraction of grass pea, 90% recommended dose + aqueous extraction of grass pea,80% recommended dose + aqueous extraction of grass pea, 70% recommended dose +aqueous extraction of grass pea, 60% recommended dose + aqueous extraction of grass pea. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Weed population, weed dry weight and weed control efficacy were significantly influenced by aqueous extract of grass pea crop residues and varieties. The highest numbers of tillers hill-1, numbers of grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight and grain yield were observed where recommended dose of herbicide was used followed by the application of 90% recommended dose +aqueous extraction of grass pea. BARI Gom-31along with 90% recommended dose +aqueous extraction of grass pea produced the highest grain and straw yield among the treatment combination. Therefore, aqueous extract of grass pea crop residues might be used as an alternative way for weed management in effective and sustainable crop production.
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Md., Giush Uddin Ahmed. "Assessment of nutrient content in grain, hydroponic and conventional fodder with focus on maize, wheat and Sudan grass." International Journal of Biosciences (IJB) 24, no. 3 (2024): 187–94. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/24.3.187-194.
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Livestock nutrition plays a crucial role in ensuring animal health and productivity. However, the nutritional quality of fodder can vary significantly depending on cultivation methods, posing challenges for livestock farmers in providing balanced diets for their animals. This study aimed to compare the chemical composition of fodder produced using three different cultivation methods: grain, hydroponic, and conventional. Specific objectives included assessing the levels of crude protein, fiber, ether extract, and ashes in maize, wheat, and Sudan grass fodder types. Fodder samples were collected from representative farms and subjected to laboratory analysis to determine their chemical composition. Standard methods were employed to assess crude protein, crude fiber, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, ether extract, and ash content. Statistical analysis was conducted to compare the results among different fodder types. Hydroponically cultivated fodder consistently exhibited higher levels of crude protein and ether extract compared to conventionally grown fodder. Additionally, conventional fodder types tended to have higher fiber and ash content. However, all fodder types showed variations in nutritional composition depending on the crop species. Hydroponic cultivation methods resulted in higher protein and lipid content in maize, wheat, and Sudan grass fodder. Conventional fodder types had higher levels of fiber and ash, potentially impacting digestibility and nutrient availability. The findings suggest that hydroponic cultivation methods hold promise for enhancing the nutritional quality of fodder, thereby improving livestock health and productivity. Farmers should consider integrating hydroponic systems into their fodder production practices to optimize animal nutrition and achieve better economic outcomes. published by the <strong> International Journal of Biosciences (IJB)</strong>
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Meda, Anderson R., Marcelo E. Cassiolato, Marcos A. Pavan, and Mário Miyazawa. "Alleviating soil acidity through plant organic compounds." Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 44, no. 2 (2001): 185–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132001000200012.
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A laboratory experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of water soluble plant extracts on soil acidity. The plant materials were: black oat, oil seed radish, white and blue lupin, gray and dwarf mucuna, Crotalaria spectabilis and C. breviflora, millet, pigeon pea, star grass, mato grosso grass, coffee leaves, sugar cane leaves, rice straw, and wheat straw. Plant extracts were added on soil surface in a PVC soil column at a rate of 1.0 ml min-1. Both soil and drainage water were analyzed for pH, Ca, Al, and K. Plant extracts applied on the soil surface increased soil pH, exchangeable Ca ex and Kex and decreased Al ex. Oil seed radish, black oat, and blue lupin were the best and millet the worst materials to alleviate soil acidity. Oil seed radish markedly increased Al in the drainage water. Chemical changes were associated with the concentrations of basic cations in the plant extract: the higher the concentration the greater the effects in alleviating soil acidity.
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Rahul Hait, Annasha Das, and Rupali Dhara Mitra. "Exploring The Effect of Wheat Grass Juice on Thalassaemia: A Comprehensive Review." Journal of Advanced Zoology 44, S6 (2023): 1636–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is6.2583.
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Thalassemia is a hereditary blood disorder characterized by a deficiency in the oxygen-carrying protein (haemoglobin) and a reduced number of red blood cells in the body compared to normal. Mild forms of thalassemia may not necessitate treatment, while severe cases may require blood transfusions or a stem-cell transplant from a donor. Wheatgrass extract is seen as a supplementary treatment option for thalassemia, although research in this field is still in its early stages. Wheatgrass is a low-calorie substance but rich in essential nutrients, including antioxidants like glutathione, vitamin C, and vitamin E that plays a crucial role in combating harmful free radicals in the body, reducing oxidative stress, and providing protection against conditions such as arthritis, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The proposed mechanism behind wheatgrass extract involves the swift absorption of chlorophyll and its action at the cellular level in the bone marrow, facilitating heme production. Treatment with wheatgrass tablets has been found to maintain serum ferritin levels and increase HbF levels in children with thalassemia who undergo frequent blood transfusions. However, it does not appear to reduce the frequency of blood transfusions required. Wheatgrass tablets also contribute to an improved quality of life for children with thalassemia. The present study aims to investigate the effectiveness of wheatgrass therapy in patients with transfusion-dependent anemia, further extensive studies involving a larger patient population would be necessary.
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Rustum, Adeeba Najam, Zina M. Abdul-Qader, and Sajid Odah Mohammed. "Use of water extract of common reed and johnsen grass flowers to increase yield and storage life of oyster mushroom." Journal of Kerbala for Agricultural Sciences 5, no. 5 (2018): 459–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.59658/jkas.v5i5.598.
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Experiments were conducted in the mushroom project, dept. of Hort , college of Agric , Univ. of Baghdad from 2/2/2012 to 25/6/2013 . Pure culture of pleurotus ostreatus (Jaq. Fr.) was imported from Jordan , Plastic bags were filled with 1 KG of moist and sterilized wheat straw and 50 g of mushroom spawn was added to each bag, the bags were transferred to the incubation room at 25 +- 2 C for one month , Humidity was raised to 80-90% and light to 400 lux , Water extract of common reed and Johnson grass flowers of the following concentrations : 0.0% or 5% or 10% or 20% of one of the two extracts was added to the plastic bag after the pin heads formation .Fruiting bodies were harvested , dried and used to determine the concentration of the protein and phenolic compounds , the results showed that the fresh and the dry yield and the biological efficiency (BE) increased significantly with the increase of the concentration of the water extract of Johnson grass flowers , while increasing the concentration of the water extract of the common reed flowers to 20% reduced the fresh and the dry yield and the BE significantly compared with 10% and 5% concentrations , the best result was obtained from using10% of common reed flowers extract compared with all other treatments , the highest percentage of dry matter was obtained from using 10% of both kind of extracts , the concentrations of the phenolic compounds and the protein increased with the increase of both kinds of extracts ,the best concentration of the phenolic compounds and the protein was obtained from using 20% of common reed flowers extracts, the concentration of the protein and the phenolic compounds decreased during cold storage
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Wheat grass extract"
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Wu, Shih-Hao, and 吳士豪. "Effect of far-infrared freeze drying on antioxidative properties of the aqueous extract of wheat grass juice powder." Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/97826467706387132123.
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碩士<br>中興大學<br>食品暨應用生物科技學系<br>95<br>In this study, wheat grass juice was treated with freeze drying combined with far infra-red (FIR). Drying efficiency and antioxidant properties of wheat grass juice powder (WGJP) were then investigated. Result showed that FIR is capable of decreasing the drying time by 50%, and increasing drying temperature and shortening the distance between FIR emitter and samples would be an effective way to raise drying rate. As to antioxidant activities, samples treated by FIR exhibited higher scavenging ability of DPPH and ABTS radical, reducing power and total phenol content (TPC). It could be explained by the fact that heat treatment could liberate some bonded antioxidants and facilitate Milliard reaction that produces reductive products. All samples exhibited high scavenging ability of superoxide anion with low concentrations (12.5 mg/ ml). However, heat treatment also caused breakdown of some active spieces. Total flavonoid content of most samples were lower than that of control.
Phenolic acid in WGJP was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography after a sequential extraction. Results showed that ferulic acid is the dominant phenolic acid in all extracts of wheat grass, and the most various kinds and the largest content of phenolic acid were obtained in alkaline extract. Our results also suggested that appropriate treatment by FIR dehydration conditions could increase the phenolic acid contents in WGJP.
Books on the topic "Wheat grass extract"
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Herring, Jonathan. 8. Homicide II. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198815150.003.0008.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. An unlawful homicide committed without the mens rea for murder is involuntary manslaughter. This chapter discusses the three classes of involuntary manslaughter: reckless manslaughter, unlawful act manslaughter, and gross negligence manslaughter. Both unlawful act manslaughter and gross negligence are notable for the low level of mens rea required. Indeed, with gross negligence manslaughter the defendant may not even have foreseen the risk of death and yet still be convicted of manslaughter.
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Spencer, Maureen, and John Spencer. Evidence Concentrate. 7th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192865670.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Evidence Concentrate is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further. Written by experts, it covers all the key topics so you can approach your exams with confidence. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you succeed in exams. This guide has been rigorously reviewed and is endorsed by students and lecturers for level of coverage, accuracy, and exam advice. It is clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you get the most out of your revision. After an introduction, the book covers principles and key concepts; burden of proof; confessions and the defendant’s silence; improperly obtained evidence, other than confessions; character evidence; hearsay evidence; competence and compellability, special measures; identification evidence and questioning at trial; opinion evidence; public interest immunity; and privilege.
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Spencer, Maureen, and John Spencer. Evidence Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840633.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Evidence Concentrate is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further. It has been written by experts and covers all the key topics so you can approach your exams with confidence. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. This guide has been rigorously reviewed and is endorsed by students and lecturers for level of coverage, accuracy, and exam advice. It is clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you get the most out of your revision. After an introduction, the book covers principles and key concepts; burden of proof; confessions and the defendant’s silence; improperly obtained evidence, other than confessions; character evidence; hearsay evidence; competence and compellability, special measures; identification evidence and questioning at trial; opinion evidence; public interest immunity; and privilege. New to this, the sixth edition, is an increased coverage of identification.
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Baskind, Eric. Commercial Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840619.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Commercial Law Concentrate is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further. It has been written by experts and covers all the key topics so you can approach your exams with confidence. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. This guide has been rigorously reviewed, and is endorsed by students and lecturers for level of coverage, accuracy, and exam advice. It is clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you get the most out of your revision. After an introduction to contracts for the sale of goods, the book covers: statutory implied terms; passing of property and risk; retention of title clauses; exemption and limitation clauses; non-existent and perishing of goods; transfer of ownership by a non-owner; delivery, acceptance, and payment; remedies of the unpaid seller; remedies of the buyer; consumer credit; the creation of agency and the agent’s authority; and the relationships created by agency—the rights and liabilities of the parties.
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Press, Tim. Intellectual Property Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198840640.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Intellectual Property Concentrate is the essential study and revision guide for intellectual property law students. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. After an introduction to intellectual property and common themes, the book covers: copyright; computer programs and databases; moral rights; performers’ rights; trade secrets and confidential information; patents; designs; and passing-off and trade marks. Written by experts and covering all the key topics so you can approach your exams with confidence, the book is: clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you get the most out of your revision; full of learning features and tips to show you how best to impress your examiner; and accompanied by online resources including multiple-choice questions and interactive flashcards to test your understanding of topics. Its ‘Exam essentials’ feature prepares you for your intellectual property law exam by giving help and guidance on how to approach questions, structure answers, and avoid common pitfalls.
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Baskind, Eric. Commercial Law Concentrate. 6th ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780192897206.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Commercial Law Concentrate is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further. It has been written by experts and covers all the key topics so you can approach your exams with confidence. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. This guide has been rigorously reviewed and is endorsed by students and lecturers for level of coverage, accuracy, and exam advice. It is clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you to get the most out of your revision. After an introduction to contracts of the sale of goods, the book covers: statutory implied terms; passing of property and risk; retention of title clauses; exclusion and limitation clauses; non-existence and perishing of goods; transfer of ownership by a non-owner; delivery, acceptance, and payment; remedies of the unpaid seller; remedies of the buyer; consumer credit; the creation of agency and the agent’s authority; and the relationships created by agency—the rights and liabilities of the parties.
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Heenan, Susan, and Anna Heenan. Family Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198794165.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Family Law Concentrate is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further. It has been written by experts and covers all the key topics so that you can approach your exams with confidence. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. This guide has been rigorously reviewed and is endorsed by students and lecturers for level of coverage, accuracy, and exam advice. It is clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you get the most out of your revision. After an introduction, the book covers: families, civil partnerships, and cohabitation; nullity; divorce, dissolution, and judicial separation; domestic violence; financial provision on divorce or dissolution; The Children Act—the private law; The Children Act—the public law; adoption; and child abduction. This, the fourth edition, has been fully updated in light of recent developments in the law, including the Serious Crime Act 2013, recent case law on financial remedies, and the Law Commission Scoping Paper on Getting Married.
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Rainey, Bernadette. Human Rights Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198794172.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Human Rights Law Concentrate is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further. It has been written by experts and covers all the key topics so that you can approach your exams with confidence. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. This guide has been rigorously reviewed, and is endorsed by students and lecturers for level of coverage, accuracy, and exam advice. It is clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you get the most out of your revision. After an introduction, the book covers: the European Convention on Human Rights; the Human Rights Act 1998; right to life and freedom from ill treatment; right to liberty and right to fair trial; right to family and private life; freedom of religion and expression; freedom of assembly and association; freedom from discrimination; and terrorism. This, the fourth edition, has been fully updated with all the recent developments in the law.
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Baskind, Eric. Commercial Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198803843.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Commercial Law Concentrate is supported by extensive online resources to take your learning further. It has been written by experts and covers all the key topics so you can approach your exams with confidence. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. This guide has been rigorously reviewed, and is endorsed by students and lecturers for level of coverage, accuracy, and exam advice. It is clear, concise, and easy to use, helping you get the most out of your revision. After an introduction to contracts of the sale of goods, the book covers: statutory implied terms; passing of property and risk; retention of title clauses; exemption and limitation clauses; non-existent and perishing of goods; transfer of ownership by a non-owner; delivery, acceptance, and payment; remedies of the unpaid seller; remedies of the buyer; consumer credit; the creation of agency and the agent’s authority; and the relationships created by agency—the rights and liabilities of the parties.
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Press, Tim. Intellectual Property Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198803881.001.0001.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. Intellectual Property Law Concentrate is the essential study and revision guide for intellectual property law students. The clear, succinct coverage enables you to quickly grasp the fundamental principles of this area of law and helps you to succeed in exams. After an introduction to intellectual property and common themes, the book covers: copyright; computer programs and databases; moral rights; performers’ rights; trade secrets and confidential information; patents; designs; and passing-off and trade marks. Written by experts and covering all the key topics so you can approach your exams with confidence, the book is: clear, concise, and easy-to-use, helping you get the most out of your revision; full of learning features and tips to show you how best to impress your examiner; and accompanied by an Online Resource Centre including multiple-choice questions and interactive flashcards to test your understanding of topics. Its ‘Exam essentials’ feature prepares you for the your intellectual property law exam by giving help and guidance on how to approach questions, structure answers, and avoid common pitfalls.
Book chapters on the topic "Wheat grass extract"
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Papenberg, Björn, Patrick Rückert, and Kirsten Tracht. "Classification of Assembly Operations Using Recurrent Neural Networks." In Annals of Scientific Society for Assembly, Handling and Industrial Robotics 2021. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74032-0_25.
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AbstractVisual sensor data of manual assembly operations offers rich information that can be extracted in order to analyze and digitalize the assembly. The worker’s interaction with tools and objects, as well as the spatial–temporal nature of assembly operations, makes the recognition and classification of assembly operations a complex task. Therefore, classical methods of computer vision do not provide a sufficient solution. This paper presents a recurrent neural network for the classification of manual assembly operations using visual sensor data and addresses the question as to what extent such a solution is feasible in terms of robustness and reliability. Since complex assembly operations are a combination of basic movements, four main assembly operations of the Methods Time-Measurement base operations are classified using a machine learning approach. A dataset of these four assembly operations, reach, grasp, move and release, containing RGB-, infrared-, and depth-data is used. A Convolutional Neural Network—Long Short Term Memory architecture is investigated regarding its applicability due to the spatial–temporal nature of the data.
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Herring, Jonathan. "8. Homicide II." In Criminal Law Concentrate. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/he/9780198854982.003.0008.
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Each Concentrate revision guide is packed with essential information, key cases, revision tips, exam Q&As, and more. Concentrates show you what to expect in a law exam, what examiners are looking for, and how to achieve extra marks. An unlawful homicide committed without the mens rea for murder is involuntary manslaughter. This chapter discusses the three classes of involuntary manslaughter: reckless manslaughter, unlawful act manslaughter, and gross negligence manslaughter. Both unlawful act manslaughter and gross negligence are notable for the low level of mens rea required. Indeed, with gross negligence manslaughter the defendant may not even have foreseen the risk of death and yet still be convicted of manslaughter.
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Evans, David E., and Yasuyuki Kawahigashi. "Von Neumann Algebra Basics." In Quantum Symmetries on Operator Algebras. Oxford University PressOxford, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198511755.003.0005.
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Abstract The aim of this chapter is to present the basic theory of von Neumann algebras with minimal preparation. The general theory of von Neumann algebras often requires several hundred pages in standard textbooks, and this has been an obstacle for non-operator algebraists to grasp the theory for applications in other fields such as low-dimensional topology or quantum group theory. We present only what is needed in the remainder of the book, and often give ad hoc definitions and make extra assumptions rather than work in full generality. (When we give a non-standard corner-cutting definition, we also explain what the standard definition is.)
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Santos, Lucas Regis de Oliveira, Claudia Nery Teixeira Palombo, Marcia Maria Carneiro Oliveira, and Carlos Javier Avendano Vasquez. "Children born with low weight: what factors interfere with their growth?" In DEVELOPMENT AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. Seven Editora, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/devopinterscie-104.
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Introduction: It is known that the state of health at birth is a determining factor of greater importance for the survival and quality of life of the child. Children born with less than 2500 grams are more likely to die in the first months of life, have delays in neuro-psychomotor development, and have chronic non-communicable diseases in adulthood. As the growth process depends on the interaction between genetic load and factors extrinsic to the human being, knowing which factors interfere in the growth of children born with low weight can contribute to qualifying the child's health care. Objective: To identify in the kinetic literature the factors that interfere with the growth of children born with low weight up to two years of life. Method: The proposed systematic review was conducted according to the methodology of the Joanna Briggs Institute for systematic reviews of etiology and risk. Only studies that quantitatively addressed the factors that interfere with the growth of children born with low weight up to 2 years of age were selected. Studies involving children with congenital or perinatal pathology did not participate in this review. The data were extracted by the principal investigator and included: the author/year, objective, method, and main results of the study. Results: Of the 3433 articles identified, only 1 2 studies were included in this review. Diet, socioeconomic status, family-centered care, and genetics were identified as the main factors of interference in the growth of children born with low weight up to two years of age. Conclusions: The growth of children born with low weight is determined by several factors, especially diet and socioeconomic aspects.
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Hart, Keith. "Afterword." In Debt in the Ancient Mediterranean and Near East. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197647172.003.0012.
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Abstract The breakout from agrarian civilization was led by urban middle-class elements in a few European places. For a thousand years bce, class coalitions based, respectively, on property in land and money slugged it out for control of Mediterranean society. The world today can be summarized as a two-class model. A rich, mainly White, aging minority is surrounded by people who are a lot poorer, darker in color, and much younger. A stagnant Western elite is about to be replaced by a majority from whom it is separated by cultural arrogance and ingrained practices of social exclusion. The institutions of agrarian civilization, developed over five millennia to extract wealth from an unfree rural workforce, are, in form if not in content, our institutions today: territorial states, landed property, warfare, racism, varieties of slavery, embattled cities, money as currency and credit, long-distance trade, an emphasis on work, world religion, and the nuclear family—all of this to preserve gross inequality. Human society has never been modern. It is comprised of primitives who stumbled recently into a machine revolution and cannot think what to do with it beyond repeating the inhumanity of a society built unequally on agriculture. Humanity is caught between the machine revolution and agrarian institutions, and the combination is potentially lethal. The Afterword ends with a fuller account of David Graeber’s Debt: The First 5,000 Years, which inspired this volume.
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Kelly, Alan. "On the Origin of the Spices (and Other Foodstuffs)." In Molecules, Microbes, and Meals. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190687694.003.0005.
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The beginning of the story of food is what is termed food production. This might sound logically like the process of making food, such as a chef or food company might, but this term is rather generally used in food science to refer to the so-called primary production of food, from growth of crops to harvesting of fish and minding and milking of cows. Primary production is, for example, what farmers do, producing the food that is brought to the farm-gate, from where the processors take over. So the food chain runs, according to your preference for a snappy soundbite, from grass to glass (for milk), farm to fork, slurry to curry, or (taking the food chain to its logical conclusion, and including the role of the human gut charmingly but appropriately in the chain) from farm to flush. But where do these raw materials that are yielded by primary production actually come from? It is often said that all things found on earth can be divided into categories of animal, vegetable, and mineral. To these could perhaps be added two more categories, microbial and synthetic (man-made). Within these five groups can essentially be placed everything we know as food, so using this classification to consider where our food comes from seems like a good starting point for this book. Perhaps the simplest group to start with is minerals, which might intuitively seem an unlikely source of foodstuffs (do we eat metal or rock?), until we consider where salt comes from and how much of it we add to our food (in other words, probably too much). Our bodies, however, absolutely need for us to consume certain metals and other chemical elements to survive, beyond the sodium and chloride we get from salt, and so many extracted minerals find their way from deposits in the earth into food products. This is particularly important where their biological effects are a desirable outcome (such as in carefully formulated nutritional products). In addition, products such as milk contain minerals like calcium, magnesium, zinc, and more, because the infant or calf needs them to thrive.
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"• be able to apply a range of methods for breaking into secondary texts; • gain confidence in reading secondary texts. 6.2.1A reading strategy For each text located, decisions have to be made. • Is this text relevant? • Is it necessary to skim read and/or scan, and/or close read? • What is/are the argument(s) of the text? Vital decisions have to be taken about the reading. It is absolutely essential from the outset to have a plan for reading. Reading in the context of studying always implies reading for a purpose. The parameters of the problems before the reader have to be carefully thought out before commencing reading. Students may be given a problem question to research, or an essay to write. With both types of assessment activity, it is vital that the limits of the question are correctly identified by looking for clues in the grammar used to construct the question. For example, the facts of problem cases are often set in the areas between decided cases where there is an area of ‘unknown’, an area that the student is expected to talk about confidently. Competent identification of the issues from the outset often determines the quality of the answer before any creative writing has begun. These matters are explored in greater detail in Chapter 8. The care given to the reading of cases and statutory provisions has also to be brought to the reading of secondary explanatory, interpretative or evaluative texts. Reading with an idea of why the text is being read as well as with a view to what it is hoped to do with the extracted information will enable the student to read with a mixture of skimming strategies, detailed reading strategies and note-taking. The ‘why’ can be as simple as ‘I am reading to find out what this article is about’ through to ‘does this article support the argument that I am trying to construct?’. Many students, however, read blindly—‘This is on the reading list so I have to read it’. They do not fit their reading into a strategy: ‘Am I reading this for description, information or analysis?’ ‘Am I seeking to find out basic things about the topic or am I trying to support propositions in my argument?’ It is essential to develop a reading strategy. There are some basic steps which will be set out below. However, the most important issue to grasp is that reading can never be a purely passive act, because a writer always seeks to engage the reader in active dialogue with the text. No one writes in order not to be read, and no one wishes to be read passively without thought entering into the reading process. It is necessary to become aware of an inner dialogue between self and text as reading progresses, or to acquire an inner dialogue if one is not present! The reader should be continually processing, reflecting, considering, agreeing or disagreeing as reading is in progress. Readers should particularly note if other thoughts enter their head (like ‘what’s on TV?’!). If readers become frustrated with the text, the reading should stop and questions asked. Is the reader scared, threatened, annoyed with the text and, if so,." In Legal Method and Reasoning. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843145103-144.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Wheat grass extract"
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Mahyudin, Des, Elsa Yuniarti, Prima Minerva, Atradinal Atradinal, and Syauqi Madani. "Analysis of vitamin C levels of wheat grass extract (Triticum aestivum L.) from different planting media." In THE 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATERIALS ENGINEERING AND NANOTECHNOLOGY (ICMEN 2021). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0138386.
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Bourret, Quentin, Pierre-Olivier Lemieux, Julie Charland, and Rachid Aissaoui. "Grasp Planning Of Unknown Object For Digital Human Model." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001908.
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ObjectiveGrasp planning is a popular topic in the fields of robotic and Digital Human Model (DHM) (4, 6, 7, 9, 10, 11). So far, the proposed planners do not consider the final posture of the DHM has a criteria when determining potential grasps. In (4), a grasping algorithm has been developed to automatically grasp known tools. The present work introduces a grasp planner for single-hand grasp on an unknown object, further referred as “part”.MethodThe grasp planner gives has a result a grasp pose (position + orientation) for the posture solver (Smart Posturing Engine) to reach. The input necessary to the grasp planner are the 3D model of the object to grasp and of the surrounding environment, and an initial manikin position that is automatically determines by the posture solver algorithm.First the part is approximated by its oriented bounding box (OBB), limiting the grasp poses to 6 (one for each face of the OBB). Then precise grasp types (5) and apertures are chosen based on the face’s dimensions (i.e. width and depth), ranging from a small face (i.e. pinch) to larger ones (i.e. medium wrap or precision sphere).To determine what is the best face of the OBB to grasp, accessibility checks are performed by validating that the space around the face is free of collision. The faces are checked using a specific order (i.e. top, right or left, bottom, front, back) that is determined using the relative initial position of the manikin. As soon as a face is found to be graspable and accessible, the algorithm stops and choose that face as the best one to grasp.Using the selected face target, the hand is positioned using an inverse kinematic solver, free to rotate around the target using extra hand degrees-of-freedom inside a limited range (4). Giving the posture solver more possibilities to find a realistic posture.ResultsThe grasp planner described above leaded to believable grasps for the simulated tasks as well as a believable overall DHM posture. Examples of postures will be shown on assembly tasks performed on a gearbox assembly line.DiscussionThe proposed grasp planner seems really promising. In its current form, it is most suitable for small parts and bigger ones well represented by their OBB. More complex and bigger parts may require further segmentation into multiple smaller sub-parts (9, 10), allowing to perform the proposed checks at more specific and believable locations on the object. This would allow to obtain grasps on a wider range of objects. The object weight is also important and is currently being added to grasp type selection. The present planner is used by the Smart Posture Engine (SPE) framework (1, 2 and 3) inside Dassault Systèmes application “Ergonomic Workplace Design”. With the Ergo4All (12) technology the SPE allows to assess and minimize ergonomic risks involved in simulated workplaces.1. Lemieux, P.-O., Barré, A., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, R.: Degrees of freedom coupling adapted to the upper limb of a digital human model. Int. J. Hum. Factors Model. Simul. 5(4), 314–337 (2017)2. Lemieux, P., Cauffiez,M., Barré, A., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, R.: A visual acuity constraint for digital human modeling. In: 4th Conference proceedings (2016)3. Zeighami, A., Lemieux, P., Charland, J., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, A.: Stepping behavior for stability control of a digital human model. ISB/ASB (2019)4. Bourret, Q., Lemieux, P., Hagemeister, N., Aissaoui, R.: Flexible hand posture for tools grasping. DHM (2019)5. FEIX, Thomas, ROMERO, Javier, SCHMIEDMAYER, Heinz-Bodo, et al. The grasp taxonomy of human grasp types. IEEE Transactions on human-machine systems, 2015, vol. 46, no 1, p. 66-77.6. BEKEY, George A., LIU, Huan, TOMOVIC, Rajko, et al. Knowledge-based control of grasping in robot hands using heuristics from human motor skills. IEEE Transactions on Robotics and Automation, 1993, vol. 9, no 6, p. 709-722.7. Holleman, C.; Kavraki, L.E.; A framework for using the workspace medial axis in PRM planners, in Proceedings 2000 ICRA. Millennium Conference. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Symposia Proceedings (Cat. No. 00CH37065), IEEE, Vol 2, 2000, 1408-1413. https://doi.org/10.1109/ROBOT.2000.8447958. FEIX, Thomas, BULLOCK, Ian M., et DOLLAR, Aaron M. Analysis of human grasping behavior: Correlating tasks, objects and grasps. IEEE transactions on haptics, 2014, vol. 7, no 4, p. 430-4419. Díaz, C.; Puente, S.; Torres, F.; Grasping points for handle objects in a cooperative disassembly system, IFAC Proceedings Volumes, 40(2), 2007, 112-117. https://doi.org/10.3182/20070523-3-ES-4907.0002010. Miller, A.T., Knoop, S., Christensen, H.I. and Allen, P.K., Automatic grasp planning using shape primitives. in Robotics and Automation, 2003. Proceedings. ICRA'03. IEEE International Conference on, (2003), IEEE, 1824-1829.11. Goussous, Faisal Amer. Grasp planning for digital humans. The University of Iowa, 2007.12. Bourret, Quentin, et al. "Ergo4All: An Ergonomic Guid
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Matai Hamed Majid, Ass Prof Alyaa, and Prof Dr Haamziya Meere Kadh. "THE ROLE OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN IRAQ." In IV. International research Scientific Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/ist.con4-4.
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Renewable energy sources are characterized by their ability to be continuously exploited without depleting their source, and they are those that we obtain through energy streams that recur in nature automatically and periodically. We also mean by “renewable energy” the electricity that is generated from the sun, wind, biomass and heat Underground and water, as well as biofuels and hydrogen extracted from renewable sources, also means energy that remains available for future generations and for thousands of years, that is, energy that does not run out in the very long term, and it arises directly from natural phenomena and it is less carbon dioxide emission than fossil energy and is characterized by its ability to be exploited. Continuous without leading to depletion of its source, that is, its sources are renewable, that renewable energies will be in the near future sources of mobile energies and the era of the scientific revolution, and the greater our wealth of energy, the stronger it helped us and became able to walk at the forefront of the knees, and in the modern era we find a large part of the global consumption of energy About seventy percent consists of liquid fossil fuels, petroleum, gaseous natural gas, and solid coal, due to their strong presence and cheap price. It is damaged, that the comprehensiveness of the concept of development has led to different points of view, the human being is the goal of development, and one of the most important traditional measures of economic development is an increase in the growth rates of the gross domestic product, which leads to the eradication of poverty and various manifestations. Most developing countries possess a lot of renewable energy sources, and these sources are commensurate with Small forces of energy in their daily uses, and it has been proven in actual and practical experience that the use of renewable energy in rural communities is more appropriate from an economic point of view than in advanced industrial societies. For example, God Almighty has been blessed with a bright sun throughout the days of the year. And how to exploit these energies for development and future development to ensure the achievement of social justice and for a person to have a better and better life. Planning has become within the framework of a specific region, and the plan is that the geographical stage for the movement of capital and technology lies in natural and human resources. One of the most important environmental effects associated with traditional energy uses What is known as the phenomenon of global warming, which has been associated with the phenomenon of global warming as a result of the increase in the concentration of some gases in the atmosphere, the most important of which is carbon dioxide. On the contrary, the use of renewable energy has a well-known effect on protecting the environment as a result of what it achieves in reducing the emission of those gases, including environmental pollution.
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Сорокин, А. Н. "THE MESOLITHIC OF THE VOLGA-OKA BASIN FOR BEGINNERS." In Материалы 23–25-го заседаний научно-методического семинара «Тверская земля и сопредельные территории в древности». Crossref, 2024. https://doi.org/10.70203/2556.2024.62.69.002.
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Первые изделия эпохи мезолита на территории Волго-Окского бассейна стали известны ещё в конце XIX в. К настоящему времени зафиксированы не менее 2000 пунктов, бóльшая часть которых была открыта в 1970–1980-е годы. Взрывной прирост источниковедческой базы не привёл к прорыву в систематизации добытых материалов и их полноценному вводу в научный оборот. Катастрофическими для сохранения добытых коллекций стали и 1990-е годы, когда в результате экономического кризиса перестали физически существовать многие хранилища, что неизбежно привело к утрате годами складировавшихся в них сокровищ. Значительную негативную роль в развитии представлений о мезолите региона сыграли и многочисленные попытки «улучшения качества источников». В статье анализу подвергаются лишь те источники, которые отвечают критериям «достоверности» и «надёжности» [40; 23; 24]. В результате все имеющиеся на настоящий момент материалы группируются в три различающиеся набором каменного инвентаря археологические культуры – заднепи́левскую, култинскую и пургасовскую. Созданный многими поколениями исследователей фундамент по-прежнему требует значительных усилий не только по своему осмыслению, но и переходу на качественно новый уровень. Необходима переориентация с валового принципа сбора данных на геоархеологическое отношение к источнику. Памятники археологии должны превратиться из узкодисциплинарного (археологического) понятия в общенаучное и стать тем, чем они реально являются, – объектами биосферы. Это означает, что они обязаны быть предметом междисциплинарного изучения, основу которого составляет методология геоархеологии. Смена исследовательской парадигмы неизбежна, и чем раньше она произойдёт, тем больше полноценных источников сохранится для науки и наших потомков. The first artifacts of the Mesolithic Age on the territory of the Volga-Oka basin were found at the end of the XIX century. By the present time at least 2000 sites have been found, most of which were discovered in 1970–1980. The explosive growth of the source base did not lead to a breakthrough in the systematization of the extracted materials and their full introduction into the scientific circulation. The 1990s were also catastrophic for the preservation of the collections, when, as a result of the economic crisis, many repositories were closed down physically and this inevitably led to the loss of the treasures that had been there for years. Numerous attempts to “improve the quality of sources” have also played a significant negative role in the development of ideas about the Mesolithic in the region. The article analyses only those sources which meet the criteria of “reliability” and “trustworthiness” [40; 23; 24]. As a result, all presently available materials are grouped into three, diff ering by the set of stone implements, archaeological cultures – Zadnepilevo, Kultino and Purgasovo. The foundation laid by many generations of researchers is still demanding not only comprehension but also transition to a qualitatively new level. What is needed is a reorientation from the gross principle of data collection to a geoarchaeological attitude to the source. Archaeological monuments should be transformed from a narrow disciplinary (archaeological) concept into a general scientific concept, and become what they really are – objects of the biosphere. This means that they must be the subject of interdisciplinary study, based on the methodology of geoarchaeology. The change in the research paradigm is inevitable, and the sooner it occurs, the more valuable sources will be preserved for science and our descendants.
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Roca Cisa, Miquel, Joan Triadó Aymerich, Jordi Arderiu, and David Perelló. "Projecte centre de coneixement urbà: EUP de Mataró - Ajuntament de Mataró: eines d’ajuda a la presa de decisions dins de l’àmbit de la gestió municipal." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7582.
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La utilització de grans quantitats de dades dins de l’àmbit de gestió municipal, planteja uns problemes importants d’extracció d’informació i , anant més enllà, d’extracció de coneixement.
 
 En aquest article es presentaran eines d’ajuda a la presa de decisions, que permeten visualitzar anàlisis complexes que relacionen tipus de dades diversos, tals com l’estructura física de la ciutat (carrers, illes, parcel·les, portals), la població que hi viu, els centres proveïdors de serveis i les característiques de les activitats econòmiques que s’hi desenvolupen. També permeten fer hipòtesis i simulacions dels diferents escenaris.
 
 Aquestes eines s’han aplicat a la ciutat de Mataró, mitjançant el Servei d’Estudis i Planificació de l’Ajuntament, i hi estan involucrades dades que tenen origen en diferents departaments municipals, com ara el Padró d’Habitants, el Cadastre i el Mapa de la Ciutat entre altres. 
 
 L’Ajuntament de Mataró a través del Servei d’Estudis, per una part i l’Escola Universitària Politècnica com soci tecnològic han creat el Centre de Coneixement Urbà per dur a terme aquestes activitats.
 
 El projecte es basa, fonamentalment, en la superioritat de la informació gràfica sobre de l’alfanumèrica. Un aspecte essencial és la ubicació de les dades en el territori, a partir de la seva georeferenciació tal com fa un SIG, però en el nostre cas el SIG és simplement una interfície i el que realment es valorat i potenciat és la interacció entres les diferents tipologies de dades, per acabar generant uns indicadorstambé gràfics i georefenciats (entitats o mapes temàtics) que presenten la síntesi resultant aportant una informació qualitativament diferent a la informació inicial.
 
 Aplicacions:
 
 1) Centres proveïdors de serveis i proximitat. 
 La idea és associar l’àrea d’influència d’un determinat centre proveïdor de servei (amb aquest nom es pot representar un centre d’ensenyament, un ambulatori, un centre cívic etc.) amb la seva capacitat de donar aquest servei (nombre de places) i amb la població ‘target’ del citat servei que hi ha a l’entorn físic del centre.
 
 D’aquesta manera es pot generar un indicador de l’àrea d’influència sobre el seu territori més proper. Això permet al polític o al gestor, d’una mirada, percebre sobre el mapa de la ciutat o el territori, si hi ha ‘buits’ significatius en la cobertura i també veure ‘que passaria si’ s’augmenta la capacitat d’un centre, o es canvia d’emplaçament, o se’n tanquen u obren de nous.
 
 2) Activitat econòmica i relació amb la població
 Permet tenir una visió de l’activitat econòmica de la ciutat agrupada per sectors (epígrafs normalitzats) podent escollir activitats relacionades de diferents maneres, com per exemple: tot el comerç al detall, tot el comerç a l’engròs, la restauració, la banca, el tèxtil etc. Es presenten totes les entitats que corresponen a cada consulta en forma de números de policia o parcel·les. Es visualitza també en forma gràfica la superfície declarada per aquesta activitat. Igualment també es pot relacionar amb la població, predefinint unes zones d’influència de cada centre d’activitat i mostrant un temàtic de la població que en queda fora permetent per tant aplicacions de geomarketing. The use of massive data within the field of local-government management causes some important problems to extract information and knowledge from data.
 
 In this article, tools are presented to help in decision-making. These tools allow to show complex analysis which connect diferent types of data, such as physical structures and elements in town (streets, blocks, plots of land and doorways), with the inhabitants who live there, service supplier centers and economic activity characteristics. Hypothesis and simulations of diferent scenes are also enabled.
 
 The Servei d’estudis i planificació - Study and Planning Service – of Mataró Town Council has put into practice these tools in its own town. The data used have their origin in diferent departments, such as Inhabitants Register, Property Register, and the City’s Map Department. 
 
 Mataró Town Council, through Servei d’estudis i planificació, and the Escola Universitària Politècnica de Mataró (Mataró School of Engineering), as technology partner, have created the Centre de Coneixement Urbà – Urban Knowledge Center – to carry out these activities.
 
 The project is mainly based on the idea that graphically-presented information is more useful than alphanumerically-presented information. An essencial aim is the location of data in the territory from its georeference, as a Geographical Information System (GIS) does. In our case, however, the GIS is used just as an interface. What is actually valuable and strengthened is the integration of the diferent types of data to create graphic and georeferenced indicators (entities and thematic maps), which summarizes and improves the quality of the information.
 
 Application:
 1) Service suppliers and proximity centers
 The main idea is to associate an area of influence to a particular Service Supplier Center (a school, a health center, a community center, etc.) with its number of vacancies and with the inhabitants targeted by and around this service. So, an indicator of the area of influence around the center can be generated. This indicator is a great tool to politicians or managers because it allows them to understand, over the city map, if there are empty areas not covered by the analysed service. Therefore “what if “ questions can be used to change the number of vacancies of the center, its situation or even removing or creating new ones.
 
 2) Economic activity and relationship with population
 It allows to have a view of the town’s economic activity grouped into sectors. The user can choose diferent activities related in some diferent ways, for instance: retail, wholesale trading, restaurants, banks, textile, etc. All the entities corresponding to each query are shown on the map as plots of lands or doorways. And you can also graphically see the area legally declared by the owner of the activity. Moreover, these entities can be related to the inhabitants by previously defining a zone of influence of each activity center and by showing a thematic map of inhabitants left out from the area of influence, thus allowing geomarketing applications