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1
Haskin, Heather. "The Withdrawn and Sociable Behaviors of Children with Specific and Nonspecific Language Impairment." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2009. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd3129.pdf.
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Bradshaw, Amanda Lyn. "Assessing Effects of IQ on Sociable and Withdrawn Behaviors in Children with Language Impairment." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1356.pdf.
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Sellers, Jennifer Anne. "Extending functional analysis methodology to identify the function of peer-related withdrawn and peer-related negative social behaviors for young children with autism spectrum disorders." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0013440.
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Gavinski, Molina Marie-Helene. "What children know about social withdrawal, age-related changes in children's descriptions of socially withdrawn behaviours." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0019/MQ48386.pdf.
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Gavinski, Molina Marie-Helene Carleton University Dissertation Psychology. "What children know about social withdrawal: age-related changes in children's descriptions of socially withdrawn behaviours." Ottawa, 1999.
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6
Finkbeiner, Nicole M. "The associations of depression symptoms, withdrawal behaviors, and withdrawal cognitions with intimate behavior and pleasure from partner's intimate behaviors among clinical couples." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8320.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Family Science. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Waung, Marie Pauline. "The effects of behavioral and cognitive/affective coping orientation on job withdrawal behaviors /." The Ohio State University, 1992. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487779439846485.
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Peters, Patricia L. "Assortative mating among men and women with histories of aggressive, withdrawn, and aggressive-withdrawn behaviour." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0016/NQ43579.pdf.
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Wayland, Leigh Ann Louise. "Conjoint behavioural consultation with children who are socially withdrawn." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0001/MQ37244.pdf.
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Alexander, James Fitzgerald. "Mitigating the Effects of Withdrawal Behavior on Organizations." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2392.
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Withdrawal behaviors such as absenteeism, tardiness, turnover intention, and employee disengagement adversely affect organizations, costing billions of dollars annually. However, there is limited research on the best practices for minimizing the effects of employee withdrawal. The purpose of this qualitative case study was to explore best practices leaders need to mitigate the effects of withdrawal behaviors on organizations. The social learning theory (SLT) served as the conceptual framework for this study. Ten participants were interviewed, including 4 healthcare leaders and 6 health service workers from a correctional facility nursing department in the Southeastern United States. Scholars have indicated that correctional healthcare personnel exhibit high levels of employee withdrawal including absenteeism and turnover. Data from semistructured interviews were analyzed and compared with training and disciplinary policy statements for methodological triangulation. Several themes emerged including a need for leadership engagement, staff accountability, and an organizational culture that discourages withdrawal behaviors. The findings may contribute to the body of knowledge regarding best practices that leaders can utilize to diminish adverse effects withdrawal behaviors have on organizations. Information derived from this study might contribute to social change by decreasing the expense of employee withdrawal behaviors on citizens and reallocate taxpayer resources to appropriations necessary for public inpatient mental health treatment facilities.
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Finlay, John. "Patterns of self disclosing behaviour amongst aggressive, withdrawn and socially competent teenagers." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.317061.
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Schreck, Meghan Conboy. "Transitions in Subtypes of Withdrawn Behavior from Childhood to Adolescence: The Role of Sports Participation." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/617.
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Withdrawn behavior broadly describes individuals who are isolated from their peer group. Though not a clinical disorder, withdrawn behavior is a construct involved in many psychological problems, and it is likely the behavioral manifestation of distinct motivations and developmental processes. Additionally, withdrawn behavior is often used interchangeably with other psychological constructs, including shyness, social disinterest, and peer exclusion, making accurate classification difficult. In an effort to better understand the classification and developmental course of withdrawn behavior in youth, the current study used latent class analysis (LCA) and latent transition analysis (LTA) to identify distinct subclasses of withdrawn youth and to examine how these youth transition between classes over child and adolescent development. Furthermore, the current study investigated one potential predictor of class transition, sports participation. Results yielded the same two withdrawn classes across time and gender. The majority of youth fell within Class 1, which represented a low symptom class. Class 2 represented a shy/secretive class. For girls, the interpretation of Class 2 changed at Time 3 (e.g., ages 14-17 years), such that the majority of girls in the shy/secretive class also exhibited depressed mood. The majority of youth remained in the same class across time points. Although sports participation did not predict transitions between withdrawn classes, class membership at Time 2 (e.g., ages 10-13 years) predicted sports participation at Time 3, for boys. Taken together, these findings further clarify the nosology and developmental course of withdrawn behavior and the relation between withdrawn behavior and sports participation. It is recommended that future studies identify predictors of class transition and investigate whether withdrawn classes predict diagnostic trajectories.
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Wu, Peixia. "Social Withdrawal and Its Behavioral Correlates Among Chinese Preschoolers." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2006. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd1668.pdf.
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Robinson, Sean D. "Expanding Turnover Theory: Testing Behavioral Predictions of the Proximal Withdrawal States and Destinations (PWSD) Model." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1416255341.
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Opel, Katelyn C. "Attachment and demand/withdraw behavior in couple interactions the moderating role of conflict level /." College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/8321.
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Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Family Studies. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.
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Quinones, Amy Ines. "Effects of goal congruence on withdrawal behavior, as mediated by organizational commitment." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2002. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2243.
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Streck, Joanna Mayers. "Investigating Tobacco Withdrawal In Opioid-Maintained Smokers And Smokers With Other Vulnerabilities." ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2020. https://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/1075.
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While smoking rates in the general adult population have declined, smoking remains entrenched among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). Individuals with OUD have an extremely high prevalence of smoking, experience poor cessation outcomes, and bear a disproportionate burden of smoking-related adverse health consequences. Data have also suggested that opioid-maintained (OM) smokers may experience a unique response to nicotine including heightened reinforcement and potentially more severe withdrawal when stopping smoking. Thus, this is a sub-group of smokers for which novel harm reduction paradigms are urgently needed to reduce the burden of smoking. A promising national policy is currently under consideration by the Food and Drug Administration to decrease the nicotine content of cigarettes in an effort to reduce smoking prevalence and smoking-related disease. It is critical to understand the extent to which reduced nicotine content cigarettes (RNCCs) can attenuate tobacco withdrawal severity in OM smokers as this has direct implications for the potential acceptability and uptake of reduced nicotine cigarettes in this vulnerable subgroup.
The primary aims of this study were to rigorously examine the effects of OM status on tobacco withdrawal and craving in response to participants’ usual brand cigarette and research cigarettes that varied in nicotine content. Opioid-maintained (OM; n=65) vs. non opioid-maintained (NOM; n=135) smokers completed 5 outpatient laboratory sessions in which they smoked a single research cigarette varying in nicotine content (0.4, 2.4, 5.2, 15.8 mg/g of tobacco) or their usual brand cigarette under double-blind, acute abstinence conditions. Participants completed the Minnesota Tobacco Withdrawal Scale before and every 15 minutes for one hour following smoking each cigarette. As an exploratory aim, we also examined the contribution of OM status to tobacco withdrawal in the context of several other important characteristics associated with smoking vulnerability (e.g., depression, anxiety, education level). Repeated measures mixed model analyses were used to examine all aims.
Across usual brand cigarettes and RNCCs, tobacco withdrawal and craving did not differ as a function of OM status (p’s >.05). In multivariable models, nicotine dose, time, depression, cigarette dependence, education level, but not OM status, consistently predicted tobacco withdrawal and craving severity (p’s <.05). In particular, depression severity, rather than OM status, was the strongest and most consistent predictor of withdrawal and craving severity among the characteristics examined.
Despite prior data suggesting that OM smokers may respond differently to nicotine and experience more severe withdrawal during reductions in nicotine intake, OM smokers in this study responded favorably to RNCCs. These findings provide additional support for the potential beneficial effects of a national nicotine reduction policy for reducing the burden of smoking and smoking-related consequences among smokers with concurrent OUD.
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Sheng, Wanhui. "AN EXTENSION OF PLANARIAN BEHAVIORAL MODEL: CANNABINOID PHYSICAL DEPENDENCE AND WITHDRAWAL." Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2016. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/402376.
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Pharmaceutical SciencesM.S.
Background: Planarians have mammalian-like neurotransmitter systems and have been established as a novel in vivo model for neuropharmacology. In previous research, planarians exposed to the cannabinoid receptor (CB-R) agonist WIN 55,212-2 (10 μmol/L) for 1 h displayed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in spontaneous locomotor velocity (pLMV) when subsequently tested in drug-free, but not in drug-containing, water. This demonstrated abstinence-induced withdrawal from a CB-R agonist as a manifestation of the development of physical dependence. Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to extend previous work and to further establish a cannabinoid behavioral model with planarians. Specifically, the goals included (i) confirm the work with WIN 55,212-2 and extend to a second agonist (ii) interfere with agonist-induced physical dependence using several CB-R antagonists, (ii) demonstrate antagonist-induced precipitated withdrawal behavior, and (iii) try to induce withdrawal behavior from CB-R agonists using UV light. Methods: Two CB agonists (WIN 55,212-2 and JWH251) and four CB antagonists (AM251, AM281, SLV319 and SR144528) were used. Planarians were placed individually in CB-R agonist or agonist + antagonist mixtures for 20 and 30 min of exposure (with or without UV radiation), and withdrawal was quantified by measuring pLMV in drug-free vs drug-containing water (with or without UV light irradiation). Results: (i) Four different CB1-R antagonists (AM251, AM281, SLV319 and SR144528) dose-relatedly blocked development of physical dependence induced by two different CB-R agonists (WIN 55,212-2 and JWH251). (ii) None of the same four antagonists (AM251, AM281, SLV319 and SR144528) precipitated withdrawal. (iii) Short wavelength (254 nm), but not long wavelength (366 nm), UV light attenuated abstinence-induced withdrawal from WIN 55,212-2, while short wavelength UV light induced moderate withdrawal behavior. Conclusions: The results confirm the use of a planarian model as a simple yet robust way to study development of physical dependence to cannabinoid agonists. The model is more rapid and sensitive than the usual rodent models. The effect of UV irradiation adds to the supposition that the results are receptor-related. The results also give rise to the surprising suggestion, within the limitations of the methodology, that development of cannabinoid physical dependence and antagonist-induced precipitated withdrawal might be separable phenomena in planarians.
Temple University--Theses
19
Horton, John Kent. "Pair counseling for high school students: Improving friendship skills, interpersonal relationships, and behavior among aggressive and withdrawn adolescents." W&M ScholarWorks, 2008. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550154093.
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Gore, Sayali Gore. "Behavioral characterization of substituted amphetamines and their synthetic cathinone analogues in the rusty crayfish (Orconectes rusticus)." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1510511175410233.
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Fraser, Ashley Michelle. "I Just Can't Do It! The Effects of Social Withdrawal on Prosocial Behavior." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3572.
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While there has been research published on social withdrawal during childhood, little work has been done on the effects of social withdrawal during emerging adulthood. Since emerging adulthood is a time of transition and initiation to new environments and social contexts, it would be expected to be a time of great anxiety for individuals predisposed to social withdrawal (shyness). Shyer emerging adults are at risk for internalizing behaviors, lowered self-concept, and delayed entry into romantic relationships, therefore, they may also be more challenged when it comes to enacting prosocial behaviors. In addition, the inability to self-regulate emotions may mediate this relationship. This study utilized a sample of 774 college students (538 women, 236 men; 79% Caucasian; M = 20 years old) to test these hypotheses. Results showed that emerging adults who were more socially withdrawn were less likely to exhibit prosocial behaviors toward strangers, friends, and family members. In addition, results showed that the inability to self-regulate emotions, or cope, mediated this relationship in all cases. Implications include the salience of emotional self-regulation as a prerequisite to prosocial behavior directed toward multiple others and the possibly detrimental influence of shyness on relationship and community involvement during emerging adulthood.
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Mitchell, Marie. "UNDERSTANDING EMPLOYEES' BEHAVIORAL REACTIONS TO AGGRESSION IN ORGANIZATIONS." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2006. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3951.
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The purpose of this dissertation is to explore employees' behavioral reactions to the perceived aggression of others. Perceived aggression is defined as behavior that is perceived to be intentionally harmful by the intended target. A typology is developed that identifies two primary dimensions of behavioral reaction: (1) the form of the behavior (aggression/non-aggression) and (2) the direction of the behavior (toward the source of the harm/not toward the source of the harm). Based on these dimensions, the typology produces four categories of behavioral reactions: retaliatory aggression, displaced aggression, constructive problem-solving, and withdrawal. A model is then presented, which identifies various factors that influence employees' reactions. The relationships are examined in two studies. The first study is a cross-sectional survey design, which investigates the reactions to perceived supervisor aggression and the moderating effects of various situational factors (fear of retaliation, aggressive modeling and absolute hierarchical status) and individual factors (trait anger and the need for social approval). The second study is a 2x2 experimental design that investigates the reactions to perceived aggression and the moderating effects of fear of retaliation and personality variables (trait anger, locus of control and the need for social approval). Participants of the experiment, 77 undergraduate students, were randomly assigned into conditions of perceived aggression (high/low) and fear of retaliation (high/low). Perceived aggression was manipulated through exam feedback and fear of retaliation was manipulated through anonymity of instructor evaluations. The results of both studies provide support for some of the predictions, as well as some contradictory findings. Conclusions are drawn from the theory, typology and findings of the studies, highlighting implications for future aggression and organizational behavior research.Ph.D.
Department of Management
Business Administration
Business Administration: Ph.D.
23
Richey, Laura. "Behavioral symptoms of withdrawal from acute ethanol exposure possible mediation by inflammatory factors /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2008.
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Reynolds, Anna R. "Gαq-ASSOCIATED SIGNALING PROMOTES NEUROADAPTATION TO ETHANOL AND WITHDRAWAL-ASSOCIATED HIPPOCAMPAL DAMAGE." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/74.
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Prolonged, heavy consumption of alcohol produces marked neuroadaptations in excitatory neurotransmission. These effects are accelerated following patterns of intermittent heavy drinking wherein periods of heavy consumption are followed by periods of abstinence. Studies have shown that neuroadaptive changes in the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor produces excitotoxicity during periods of withdrawal; however, upstream targets were not adequately characterized. The present studies sought to identify these targets by assessing the role of group 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) and intracellular calcium in promoting cytotoxicity of hippocampal cell layers in vitro. It was hypothesized that ethanol-induced activity of mGluR1-and-5 contributes to hippocampal cytotoxicity and promotes the behavioral effects of withdrawal in vivo. In order to identify and test this theory, rat hippocampal explants were co-exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol exposure with or without the addition of a group 1 mGluR antagonist to assess cytotoxicity in neuronal cell types. In a second study, adult male rodents were co-exposed to chronic intermittent ethanol exposure with or without the addition of an mGluR5 antagonist to assess the role of these receptors in the development of dependence as reflected in withdrawal behaviors. Together, these studies help to identify and screen toxicity of putative pharmacotherapies for the treatment of ethanol dependence in the clinical population.
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Ross, David John. "Effect of Political Skill on Perception of Organizational Politics and Work Withdrawal among Community College Employees." ScholarWorks, 2011. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1163.
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Community college student support services are an important aspect of success among community college students. Theoretical and empirical models of organizational politics and withdrawal guided the expectation that community college employees who perceive their organizations as political may withdrawal from their organization, diminishing the services delivered to students at the institution. A multisite cross-sectional survey design was utilized to gather quantitative data via Survey Monkey from national professional organizations. Two-hundred seventeen usable surveys from community college administrators (executive, mid-level managers, and administrators) were gathered. Data were analyzed via correlation and regression models to examine if political skill reduced or moderated the relationship between perception of organizational politics and work withdrawal behaviors. Employee political skill was a partial antidote, reducing the effect of organizational politics on withdrawal behaviors, but there was not a significant interaction moderating effect. Recommendations include political skill training for community college administrators as part of their professional development program, as well as including graduate education components and new employee orientation programs. Such training could lead to positive social change in community college settings by increasing levels of service and job satisfaction and reducing attrition among community college administrators, leading to higher levels of community college student satisfaction and graduation rates.
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Cutler, Sarah Melissa. "The Effect of Progesterone Withdrawal on Molecular and Behavioral Indices after Traumatic Brain Injury." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/7202.
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Systemic injections of the neurosteroid progesterone (P) have been shown to improve cognitive, sensory and motor recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Progesterone withdrawal (PW), however, increases the risk of ischemia, anxiety, seizure, and excitotoxicity. Given these side effects, it is possible that acute PW during recovery from TBI may retard the healing process. In this project, we investigated the effect of acute PW for short and long-term intervals, and optimized post-TBI P treatment through tapered P injections and slow-release implanted capsules. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either frontal-bilateral cortical contusion injury or sham surgery. P-treated animals displayed increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze at the peak of acute withdrawal compared to tapered P doses or vehicle. Inflammation and apoptosis, as measured by TNF and #61537;, NF and #61547;B, and active caspase-3, among others, were decreased for all P-treated animals; these effects were further reduced with tapered treatment. Three weeks after injury, animals that received tapered P administration displayed fewer sensory deficiencies and increased motor activity. In addition, reducing the effects of acute PW increased the activity of HSP70 and BDNF while decreasing necrotic lesion size and reactive astrocyte staining, indicating increased neuroprotection. Finally, the beneficial effects of P administration after TBI were further enhanced through a steady-state release of P from a subcutaneously implanted silastic capsule. Compared to animals receiving a daily bolus through subcutaneous injections, capsule animals demonstrated decreased anxiety and edema. All P-treated animals, regardless of delivery method, had reduced inflammation and apoptosis compared to vehicle-treated animals. This system also serves as a model of steady-state intravenous P administration used in human clinical trials. In conclusion, all P treatment enhances both short and long term recovery after TBI. Acute PW, however, has a negative effect on both behavior and tissue recovery. At the peak of withdrawal, animals undergoing acute PW exhibit an increase in anxiety, sensory deficits, inflammation and apoptosis, and a decrease in locomotor activity, all of which are further exacerbated by injury. Tapered withdrawal enhances neuroprotection and plasticity, while a steady-steady application of P further decreases edema and the anxiogenic effects of withdrawal.
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Craige, Caryne. "Regulation of Cocaine-induced Behaviors and Anxiety Produced by Cocaine Withdrawal through the Serotonin(2C) Receptor." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/239587.
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PharmacologyPh.D.
Cocaine is a powerfully active psychostimulant which exerts its effects through blockade of dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters and resultant increases in extracellular levels of these neurotransmitters. Much of the focus on cocaine abuse in the literature has been directed towards study of the dopamine system; however, several studies have identified a role for the serotonin system in regulating the rewarding effects of cocaine as well. Specifically, the serotonin 2C (5-HT2C) receptor regulates cocaine-induced alterations in serotonin and dopamine levels in an inhibitory manner, and 5-HT2C receptor agonist treatment attenuates cocaine-induced behaviors like self-administration. In the first aspect of the current thesis study, the effects of activation of 5-HT2C receptors on cocaine-induced conditioned place preference and behavioral sensitization were assessed. It was found that pretreatment with a 5-HT2C receptor agonist, Ro 60-0175, on cocaine (10 mg/kg) conditioning days of the conditioned place preference paradigm, attenuated the development of conditioned place preference in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that activation of 5-HT2C receptors inhibits the euphoric effects elicited by cocaine. Behavioral sensitization studies demonstrated that pretreatment with Ro 60-0175 prior to cocaine (10 mg/kg) over a 5 day period attenuated cocaine-induced hyperactivity. When injected with a cocaine challenge injection 10 days after the last cocaine injection, mice pretreated with Ro 60-0175 demonstrated lower levels of locomotor activity as compared to saline pretreated, cocaine-injected mice. This portion of the first study demonstrated that 5-HT2C receptor activity attenuated acute cocaine-induced conditioned reward, hyperactivity and the development of long-term alterations of cocaine exposure, as measured by behavioral sensitization. The second aspect of the current study focused on the regulation of anxiety produced by withdrawal from chronic cocaine administration. Anxiety during cocaine withdrawal is a component of the negative affective state often experienced by cocaine-dependent individuals during abstinence from drug use. Anxiety during cocaine withdrawal is likely to increase an individual's susceptibility to relapse to drug use in alleviation of this negative symptom. Studies have shown a downregulation of the serotonin and dopamine systems during withdrawal that potentially contributes to anxiety symptoms. As the 5-HT2C receptor exerts inhibitory control over both the serotonin and dopamine systems, it was hypothesized that blockade of 5-HT2C receptors would attenuate anxiety-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal. Previous studies have identified co-localization of 5-HT2C receptors on inhibitory gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons, thus it was hypothesized that a 5-HT2C receptor-GABA mediated mechanism would be involved in the regulation of anxiety during withdrawal. The dorsal raphe brain region was targeted in these studies, as this region is the primary source of serotonin for forebrain structures. The actions of cocaine on the serotonin system likely originate with influence of cocaine on the dorsal raphe neurocircuitry, with implications for dysregulation in downstream projection areas of the dorsal raphe. In this portion of the current thesis study, electrophysiology techniques were used to measure GABA activity in subregions of the dorsal raphe either 30 minutes, 25 hours, or 7 days following a 10-day chronic binge cocaine paradigm (15 mg/kg, 3 injections per day at 1 hour intervals). Controls received saline injections. Mice were tested for anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze and then brain slices were collected for electrophysiology recordings. It was found that at 25 hours of withdrawal, cocaine-treated mice demonstrated heightened anxiety-like behavior on the elevated plus maze, as compared to saline controls. Mice tested during an active cocaine stage 30 minutes after the last injection, or at 7 days of withdrawal did not demonstrate increased anxiety-like behavior. Heightened GABA activity was exhibited in serotonin cells from cocaine-withdrawn mice at 25 hours of withdrawal, an effect that was normalized upon 5-HT2C receptor blockade. No differences were observed at 30 minutes after the last cocaine injection; however, there was an anatomical shift observed at 7 days of withdrawal, in that heightened GABA activity exhibited in two subregions of the dorsal raphe (dorsomedial and ventromedial aspects) at 25 hours of withdrawal shifted to the lateral wing areas at 7 days of withdrawal. The differential regulation of the three subregions has implications on serotonin output to projection areas and contribution to anxiety mechanisms. It was found that systemic administration and local intra-dorsal raphe administration of the 5-HT2C receptor antagonist, SB 242084, prior to elevated plus maze testing attenuated anxiety-like behavior in cocaine-withdrawn mice at 25 hours of withdrawal. Taken together, this portion of the thesis study demonstrated that 5-HT2C receptor activity, specifically within the dorsal raphe, regulates anxiety during cocaine withdrawal, through influence on the GABA inhibitory feedback system. A final aspect of the current thesis study addressed the link between dorsal raphe 5-HT2C receptor activity and activity at downstream structures in the context of cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety, particularly the nucleus accumbens. Since the dorsal raphe is important in providing serotonin input for brain regions largely involved in regulating the effects elicited by cocaine, it is likely that dysregulation of dorsal raphe signaling during withdrawal has influence on the regulation of downstream structures in the contribution of anxiety mechanisms produced by cocaine withdrawal. It was found that dorsal raphe 5-HT2C receptor blockade attenuated cocaine withdrawal-induced reductions in cFos immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens. Further work is needed to investigate these interactions in the context of cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety. Lastly, autoradiography experiments assessed the effects of cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety on 5-HT2C receptor expression in various brain regions including the dorsal raphe, medial prefrontal cortex, nucleus accumbens, caudate putamen, and ventral tegmental area. A significant decrease in 5-HT2C receptor binding was found in the dmDR region of cocaine-withdrawn mice as compared to saline controls; however, no differences were found between groups in other regions. Future studies testing 5-HT2C receptor signaling are needed to fully understand the impact of cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety on receptor function in these structures. In conclusion, the first portion of the current study showed that activation of 5-HT2C receptors attenuated the rewarding and locomotor sensitizing effects of cocaine, as evidenced by conditioned place preference and behavioral sensitization studies. In the second aspect of the current thesis study, we have established a role for the 5-HT2C receptor in the regulation of anxiety during cocaine withdrawal. During withdrawal, blockade of 5-HT2C receptor activity, both global as well as local dorsal raphe blockade, attenuated anxiety at 25 hours of withdrawal. This attenuation of cocaine withdrawal-induced anxiety resultant of 5-HT2C receptor blockade was likely due to a suppression of increased GABA activity evident in serotonin cells from cocaine-withdrawn mice.
Temple University--Theses
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Sanchez-Roige, Sandra. "Exaggerated impulsivity : a cause or a consequence of adolescent repeated ethanol withdrawal?" Thesis, University of Sussex, 2014. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/51547/.
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Binge alcohol drinking is a major public health concern world wide and its occurrence is rising among young adults. Using animal and human subjects, this thesis evaluates the impact of binge drinking during a time of neurodevelopment on aspects of impulse control, and studies the potential of addressing a molecular target, the μ-opioid receptor, to alleviate elevated impulsive-like behaviour. First, the nature of impulsivity is described in a review paper. We demonstrate the suitability of the Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task (5-CSRTT) for measuring one facet of impulsivity, waiting impulsivity, in mice. Bridging the animal and human laboratories, we developed a novel human analogue of the 5-CSRTT (paper 2). Elevated impulsive behaviour was detected in both young human binge drinkers and in an ethanol-preferring strain of mice, suggesting impulsivity to occur as a prelude to heavy alcohol use. In a second approach (paper 3), we studied the long term effects of intermittent alcohol exposure using a mouse model of adolescent binge drinking. We revealed disrupted impulsive behaviour in adulthood in two different inbred strains, which differ in baseline impulsivity and ethanol drinking patterns, indicating that impulsivity is also a consequence of ethanol exposure. In paper 4 we studied the ability of an opioid antagonist to improve top-down control of impulsive behaviour. Consilience between species and paradigms will need to be further addressed in future studies, but antagonising μ-opioid systems may aid in preventing binge drinking by facilitating inhibitory control mechanisms. Collectively, from animal and human evidence, this thesis will argue that exaggerated impulsivity may result from repeated ethanol withdrawal in adolescence as well as being a pre-existing endophenotype contributing to adolescent binge drinking. Disentangling such a relationship may help delineate new lines of intervention for at-risk individuals.
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Prescott, Steven A. "Interactions of habituation and sensitization at the network level illustrated by the tentacle withdrawal reflex of a snail." Thesis, McGill University, 1997. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=20844.
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A significant goal in studies on learning and memory is to relate cellular plasticity to the modification of behaviour. The phenomenon of dual-process learning affords an ideal opportunity to explore the complexities inherent in establishing this relationship. Dual-process learning occurs when depression (habituation) and facilitation (sensitization) are expressed simultaneously within a neural network and compete to determine the behavioural outcome. A large body of literature is reviewed to define characteristics which are common across the neural networks that exhibit dual-process learning: depression occurs at loci early in the reflex pathway, upstream of the modulatory system necessary for the induction of facilitation. Consequently, depression not only competes directly with facilitation for the determination, of behavioural change (by serial and/or parallel expression), but depression also precludes the ongoing development and maintenance of sensitization (by serial induction). A mathematical model is presented to formally describe the nature of this competition and how this competition leads to the kinetics of dual-process learning. The tentacle withdrawal reflex of the snag Helix aspersa exhibits dual-process learning and was further investigated in this study. The neural circuit mediating tentacle withdrawal is described along with the nature and the location of plasticity which occurs within that circuit. In turn, plasticity at the cellular level is related, via the network level, to plasticity at the behavioural level. The data demonstrate the importance of localizing the sites of plasticity within a neural network in order to explain (1) how plasticity at a particular locus influences plasticity occurring elsewhere in the network and (2) how plasticity at different loci affect different aspects of behaviour.
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Gill, Nishi. "The morphology of C3, a motoneuron mediating the tentacle withdrawal reflex in the snail Helix aspersa /." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=27326.
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The morphology of C3, a motoneuron mediating the tentacle withdrawal reflex, was investigated in the snail Helix aspersa by intracellular injections of the tracers Neurobiotin and biocytin. Axonal projections were identified in the optic nerve, the olfactory nerve, the internal peritentacular nerve, the external peritentacular nerve, the cerebral-pedal connective and the cerebral commissure. A rare characteristic of the cell was the multibranching of axons in the neuropil and the exiting of this bundle of fibres into the cerebral-pedal connective. Dendritic arborizations were observed branching from the cell body, the axon hillock and the dorsal main axon. In addition, tufts of dendrites were seen to branch from the ventral axon. Based on its morphology, C3 is probably a central component in the avoidance behaviour, receiving sensory input at extensive dendritic sites and sending axons to a number of key effector sites to co-ordinate the chain of reactions that constitutes the snail's avoidance behaviour.
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Monroe, Sean Christopher. "The Role of the Rostromedial Tegmental Nucleus in Aversion to Opioid Withdrawal." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1603105060389484.
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Oliver, Jason A. "Effects of Nicotine Withdrawal on Motivation, Reward Sensitivity and Reward-Learning." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5754.
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Research on addictive behavior has traditionally emphasized the role that primary reinforcing effects of drugs of abuse plays in the development and maintenance of dependence. However, contemporary behavioral economic theory and animal models of nicotine dependence suggest the need for greater attention to the impact that response to alternative rewards may have on smoking behavior. The present study sought to investigate the impact of nicotine withdrawal on self-report, behavioral and neural indices of motivation, immediate response to rewards and the capacity to learn and modify behavior in response to positive and negative feedback. Heavy smokers (n = 48) completed two laboratory sessions following overnight deprivation, during which they smoked either nicotinized or denicotinized cigarettes. At each session, they completed a reward prediction and feedback learning task while electro-encephalographic recordings were obtained, as well as resting state recordings which were used to extract global indices of motivational state. Results confirmed that nicotine withdrawal produced an avoidant motivational state. This effect was strongly related to numerous indices of smoking motivation. Exploratory analyses also revealed numerous moderators of these effects. Behavioral data from tasks provided some support for the impact of nicotine withdrawal on reward and feedback processing, though minimal impact was observed for neural indices. Together, results confirm the manifestation of a broad-spanning impact of nicotine withdrawal on motivational state, but effects on specific reward systems remains unknown. Future research should examine the impact of nicotine withdrawal on other reward-related constructs to better delineate these effects.
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Iskander, Jeannette Marie. "Delinquent Peer Relationships as a Mediator of the Differential Effects of Social Withdrawal and Behavioral Inhibition on Delinquency." University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1366381213.
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Gamage, Thomas. "Differential effects of endocannabinoid catabolic inhibitors on opioid withdrawal in mice." VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3293.
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The effects of cannabinoids in reducing somatic signs of opioid withdrawal have been known for some time. In morphine dependent rodents, opioid withdrawal following precipitation with the mu opioid antagonist naloxone elicits robust withdrawal behaviors including jumps, paw flutters, head shakes, diarrhea and weight loss. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol has been shown to reduce this opioid withdrawal in mice via activation of the cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptor and recently it has been shown that inhibition of the catabolic enzymes for endocannabinoids also reduce somatic signs of opioid withdrawal. Specifically, inhibition the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the catabolic enzyme for the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamide (AEA; anandamide) or inhibition of the enzyme monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL), the catabolic enzyme for the endocannabinoid 2-arachindonoylglycerol (2-AG) has been shown to reduce opioid withdrawal in mice. However, FAAH inhibition only reduced a subset of withdrawal signs in mice and full MAGL inhibition which maximally reduced somatic withdrawal signs has been shown to produce THC-like effects and dependence potential. Additionally, the effects of endocannabinoid catabolic inhibitors on other aspects of withdrawal, such as the negative motivational effects, are not known. The objectives of this dissertation were to 1) assess the efficacy of dual inhibition of FAAH and MAGL on somatic signs of opioid withdrawal and 2) determine whether these treatments would produce cannabimimetic effects (hypomotility, catalepsy, antinociception and hypothermia); 3) develop other behavioral assays of opioid withdrawal; and 4) determine if endocannabinoid catabolic inhibitors would reduce the acquisition of opioid withdrawal induced conditioned place avoidance (CPA) as a measure of the negative motivational consequences of opioid withdrawal. We found that full inhibition of FAAH with the selective inhibitor PF-3845 and partial inhibition of MAGL with the selective inhibitor JZL184 reduced withdrawal-related jumps and the expression of diarrhea to a greater degree than either inhibitor alone and these effects were shown to be CB1 mediated. Additionally, we tested the novel dual FAAH/MAGL inhibitor SA-57 which has greater potency at inhibiting FAAH over MAGL and found that it similarly reduced withdrawal signs at doses that only partially elevated 2-AG while fully elevating AEA; furthermore, SA-57 did not produce cannabimimetic effects at these doses. We next assessed the effects of morphine withdrawal in five behavioral assays: marble burying, novelty-induced hypophagia, the light/dark box, a novel procedure developed to assess “escape behavior” and the CPA procedure. From these studies we selected the CPA procedure to further evaluate the effects of endocannabinoid catabolic inhibitors to determine their ability to reduce the negative motivational aspect of opioid withdrawal. We found that naloxone (0.056 mg/kg) produced robust CPA in morphine-pelleted, but not placebo-pelleted, mice and that this dose elicited minimal somatic withdrawal signs. Morphine pretreatment was shown to block withdrawal CPA and withdrawal jumping in mice while clonidine only blocked withdrawal CPA and these served as positive controls. We found that THC, JZL184, and SA-57 significantly reduced the percentage of mice that jumped during the conditioning session, demonstrating that these treatments blocked the somatic signs of withdrawal. However, none of these treatments significantly affected acquisition of the withdrawal CPA. These studies suggest that dual inhibition of FAAH/MAGL has enhanced effects on attenuating withdrawal-related jumps and diarrhea, but not the negative motivational aspects of morphine withdrawal as inferred by the Pavlovian CPA experiments.
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Harvey-Lewis, Colin. "The effect of morphine dependance and withdrawel on morphine reward efficacy as evaluated by the intra-cranial self-stimulation rate-frequency function." Thesis, McGill University, 2010. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=86823.
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An important issue in the drug dependence literature is the extent to which dependence and withdrawal contribute to the motivational forces driving drug taking. One theory asserts that dependent individuals re-administer opiates primarily to remove the negative effects of withdrawal; a second theory predicts that administration of increasing doses is due to motivational desensitization to the acute rewarding effects of opiates. Studies of drug reward utilizing self-administration rates are hard to interpret because of the complex effects of tolerance and drug kinetics on response rate. Since rewards summate, the efficacy of drug rewards can be assessed by their effects on the rewarding effect of electrical brain stimulation. We examined the influence of morphine dependence on the function relating response rate to the pulse frequency of brain stimulation. The M50 index of this function assesses changes in reward efficacy independent of a drugs effect on performance. Rats were randomly assigned to one of 3 groups. A dependent (D) group that received a nightly subcutaneous dose of morphine of 30 mg/kg, a non-dependent (ND) group that received a nightly saline injection or a food deprivation (FD) group that also received nightly saline but food consumption was controlled to match the loss of body weight in the D group. Rats were tested to determine the M50 1-h and 3-h after doses of morphine, and 18+ hr after nightly injections - a time point during which dependent animals are in withdrawal. Doses tested in ascending order were 0mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg morphine s.c. administered once a day for three successive days. Morphine decreased the M50 to a dose ceiling after which higher doses caused less facilitation. Morphine 1 mg/kg and 3 mg/kg caused equivalent decrease in M50 in D, ND and FD rats but for D rats the ceiling was shifted up to 10mg/kg. The morphine dose-response curve was otherwise the same in D, ND and FD rats. Additionally, withUn important point dans l'étude de la dépendance aux drogues dures est l'ampleur avec laquelle le syndrome de manque contribue aux forces motivationnelles qui incitent a la consommation de drogues. Une théorie suggère que le consommateur accro aux drogues continue la consommation d'opiacées principalement pour alléger les effets de manque ; une deuxième théorie prédit que l'augmentation de doses d'opiacées administrées est un effet de dé-sensitizations au effet benthiques aigue de ces dites drogues. Les études examinant l'effet récompensant des drogues en utilisant l'autostimulation intracrânienne sont difficiles a interpréter due aux a la complexité des effets qu'a tolérance et la cinétique chimique des drogues sur la cadence de réponse. La propriété sommatrice des récompenses fait en sorte que l'efficacité des drogues peut être évaluée grâce a leurs effets sur l'autostimulation intracrânienne. Nous avons examine l'influence de la dépendance a la morphine sur la fonction reliant la cadence de réponse au pulse de fréquence durant la stimulation intracrânienne. L'indexe M50 de cette fonction jauge les changements de l'efficacité de la récompense indépendamment de l'effet qu'a la drogue sur la performance de l'animale. Les rats ont été assigne a un des 3 groupes aléatoirement. Un groupe dependant (D) qui a reçu une dose de morphine de 30mg/Kg sous-cutanée chaque nuit, a groupe Non-Dependant (ND) qui a reçu une dose de solution saline chaque nuit ou un groupe qui a ete prive de nourriture (food deprivation -FD) qui a aussi reçu une dose de solution saline chaque nuit, cependant la consommation de nourriture a été contrôlée de façon a coïncider avec la perte de poids subite par le group D. Les rats on ete teste afin de déterminer le point M50 1 heure et 3 heures après l'injection de morphine, ainsi que 18+ heures après l'injection nocturne - qui est un moment ou les rats dépendants sont en phase de manque. Les dos
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Battista, Lynne. "The Influence of Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction on Immediate Mood States, Withdrawal Intentions, and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors." TopSCHOLAR®, 2003. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/579.
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Affective states influence an individual's level of job satisfaction and life satisfaction. Affective states also influence behavior (e.g., withdrawal intentions and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors). The present study investigated the inverse relationship—that is, whether job and life satisfaction influence immediate mood state, and consequently withdrawal intentions and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors. Participants, who role played a restaurant server, were given a scenario that induced either positive job or life satisfaction, negative job or life satisfaction, or no information was given regarding their level of job or life satisfaction. Participants then responded to instruments measuring immediate mood state and behavioral consequences. Results indicated that an individual's level of job and life satisfaction influenced immediate mood state. In addition, job and life satisfaction influenced both withdrawal intention and Organizational Citizenship Behaviors.
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Heckman, Bryan. "Self-Control Depletion and Nicotine Deprivation as Precipitants of Smoking Cessation Failure: A Human Laboratory Model." Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5235.
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The need to understand the reinforcing properties of smoking and potential precipitants of relapse is exemplified by evidence that relapse rates exceed 95%. The Self-Control Strength model, which proposes that self-control is dependent upon limited resources and susceptible to fatigue, may offer insight into the relapse process. Indeed, there is empirical support that engaging in a task that requires self-control, relative to a comparable control, results in performance decrements on subsequent self-control tasks. The primary goal of the current study was to test whether self-control depletion (SCD) may serve as a novel antecedent for cessation failure, using a validated laboratory analogue of smoking lapse and relapse. We also aimed to compare SCD effects to those of a well-established relapse precipitant (i.e., nicotine deprivation), and test craving and behavioral economic indices as mechanisms for increased cessation failure. We used a 2 X 2 (12-hour deprivation vs. no deprivation; SCD vs. no SCD), crossed-factorial, between-subjects design (N=128 smokers). Replicating prior research, nicotine deprivation significantly increased craving, cigarette demand, delay discounting, and lapse behavior. Furthermore, craving was the only mediator of deprivation effects on lapse behavior. Finally, the primary hypothesis of the study was supported, as SCD increased lapse behavior (p = .04). Although no main effects were found for SCD on putative mediators (i.e., craving, demand, discounting), SCD was found to increase craving among nicotine deprived smokers (p = .04), which mediated cessation failure. SCD appears to play in important role in smoking behavior and may be a viable candidate for intervention.
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Suarez, Michael. "Predicting Explorative Behavior by Level of Emotional Reactivity in Bobwhite Quail Neonates (Colinus virginianus)." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/810.
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Tests of emotional reactivity have been used in a broad range of basic and applied research and have been primarily concerned with how rearing conditions, particularly environmental enrichment, can affect reactivity. However, assessment of how emotional reactivity can be altered during testing procedures and how it affects behaviors such as exploration is relatively uncommon. The present study assessed the explorative responses of Northern bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus) neonates under conditions of either elevated or attenuated emotional reactivity during a maze task. Measures of emotional reactivity were compared with measures of exploration to determine their relationship with one another. Chicks that were highly emotionally reactive were generally less willing to explore during the maze task than chicks that were less emotionally reactive. Results indicate that levels of emotional reactivity and approach/avoidance motivation play a role in the speed and amount of exploration that is likely to occur in novel environments.
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Sayre, Hannah Joy. "Modification of Excited State Behavior with Ligand Substitution in Ru(II),Rh(III) Bimetallic Supramolecular Complexes." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75150.
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The terminal ligand in [(Ph₂phen)₂Ru(dpp)RhCl₂(TL)](PF₆)₃ (Ph2phen = 4,7-diphenyl1,10-phenanthroline; dpp = 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine; TL = terminal ligand – a 4,4′-disubstituted-2,2′-bipyridine where the substituent was carbomethoxy (dcmbpy), hydrogen (bpy) or methyl (Me₂bpy)). The electron-withdrawing ability of the substituent was shown to increase the rate of chloride loss upon electrochemical reduction, facilitating catalytic water reduction. The electronic properties of the terminal ligand also impact the photophysical properties of the molecule. The excited state lifetime of the complex with a dcmbpy terminal ligand was 93 ns while the excited state lifetimes of the complexes with a bpy or Me₂bpy terminal ligand were 44 ns and 47 ns, respectively. Ligand substitution was shown to influence the photocatalytic water reduction activity of these complexes with the dcmbpy complex producing approximately twice the amount of hydrogen (62 ± 7 turnovers in 20 h) as the other two complexes.Master of Science
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Gentile, Taylor Arthur. "Investigations into the Role of Orexin (Hypocretin) and Dynorphin in Drug Seeking, Reinforcement, and Withdrawal." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/507530.
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Biomedical SciencesPh.D.
Psychostimulant dependence remains a major health and economic problem, leading to premature death and costing $181 billion annually in health care, crime, and lost productivity costs. Currently, no pharmacotherapies are available to effectively treat psychostimulant dependence. Psychostimulants cause changes in neural circuits involved in reward and affect, but addiction neurocircuitry is incompletely understood and new targets for therapeutic intervention are needed. Lateral hypothalamic orexins (hypocretins) have been shown to have functional roles in arousal, reward processing, attention, motivation, and impulsivity. The opioid peptide dynorphin, co-localized with orexin, has critical roles in producing negative affective emotion states through interactions with, among others, stress circuitry. Orexin-dynorphin neurons project to neural substrates governing positive and negative motivated behavior, including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST), amygdala, locus coeruleus and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Orexin and dynorphin modulate post-synaptic membrane activity through opposing signaling mechanisms; while orexins bind to predominantly excitatory orexin-1 and -2 G-protein coupled receptors, dynorphins bind to predominantly inhibitory G-protein coupled kappa opioid receptors (KORs). Multiple psychopathologies, including anxiety and substance abuse disorders, are characterized in part by alterations in orexin-dynorphin signaling. While these peptides have been shown to co-localize within single presynaptic vesicles and exert opposing effects on post-synaptic membrane potentials, the utility of producing oppositely-behaving peptides and the implications on psychopathologies remains unknown. The present studies were conducted to explore the role of orexin and dynorphin activity in cocaine’s rewarding effects as well as the negative effects of withdrawal. To accomplish this, we measured 1. Effects of orexin and cocaine administration on impulsive behaviors that increase the likelihood of psychostimulant addiction, using 5-choice serial reaction time task in concert with systemic and site directed pharmacology. 2. Effects of orexin and dynorphin on motivation for cocaine administration and intracranial self-stimulation. Using immunohistochemistry, ultrasonic vocalizations, and fast scan cyclic voltammetry we explored possible dopaminergic mechanisms of orexin and dynorphin contributions to reward. Lastly 3. Effects of orexin, dynorphin and chronic cocaine on withdrawal-induced anhedonia using intracranial self-stimulation, elevated plus maze, and correlations with immunohistochemistry and plasma corticosterone levels to explore further mechanisms. The results of this dissertation support our hypothesis that orexin receptor activity contributes to cocaine-induced impulsivity, motivation to self-administer cocaine and the reinforcing effects of psychostimulants. Dynorphin activity contributes to anhedonia and anxiety seen during drug abstinence after chronic exposure. Orexin and dynorphin exert these effects, in part, by modulating activity of dopaminergic neurons projecting from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens.
Temple University--Theses
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Walters, Melissa Penaranda. "Establishing a Functional Analysis Protocol for Examining Behavioral Deficits using Social Withdrawal as an Exemplar." Scholar Commons, 2006. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3807.
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The purpose of this study was to establish a functional analysis protocol for examining behavioral deficits, using social withdrawal as an exemplar. A review of the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis over the past 10 years found that although the current behavior analytic literature contains extensive studies that functionally analyze behavioral excesses, there is a limited amount of studies that analyze deficits. The rationale behind this study was the notion that although behavioral deficits are rarely studied, the fact that the participant is capable of the behavior yet fails to engage in it leads to the idea that certain events are functionally maintaining this failure. The method used involved examining two male students identified as socially withdrawn. The approach for functionally analyzing their behavior(s) was based on the conditions described in Iwata et al. (1982/1994). Specifically this study had the following conditions attention, demand/escape, and unstructured play, otherwise known as the control condition. The procedures of this study were predicated on the hypothesis that behavioral deficits respond to social contingencies in a manner similar to many behavioral excesses. Based on the findings of this study, the deficit collectively referred to as "social withdrawal" was responsive to such contingencies. Specifically, social withdrawal appeared to be maintained by adult attention for both participants.
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Natividad, Luis Alberto. "Characterization of the behavioral and neurochemical effects of nicotine withdrawal in adolescent and adult rats." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Baker, W. Kevin. "The role of organizational commitment and job satisfaction in progressive withdrawal behaviors : testing a comprehensive model with integrated methodology /." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-10032007-171731/.
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Evans, Sarah Ellen. "Does Transdermal Nicotine-Induced Withdrawal Suppression Depend on Smokers' Gender?" VCU Scholars Compass, 2005. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1168.
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Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is a pharmacotherapy used commonly to help tobacco smokers quit smoking. All forms of NRT are demonstrably efficacious for this indication, and several forms, including transdermal nicotine (TN) are available over-the-counter in the United States. NRT is less efficacious in women than in men, although the specific reasons for this gender difference are unknown. NRT generally, and TN specifically, is thought to work, at least in part, by suppressing withdrawal symptoms in abstinent smokers. While TN-induced withdrawal suppression has been demonstrated, the degree to which this withdrawal suppression is influenced by smokers' gender is uncertain. The purpose of this acute laboratory study is to determine if TN-induced withdrawal suppression is influenced by smokers' gender.One hundred twenty eight overnight-abstinent smokers completed four, double-blind, randomized, 6.5-hour laboratory sessions in which further cigarette abstinence was required. Sessions differed by TN dose (0, 7, 21, or 42 mg). All sessions were double-blind and randomly ordered. Each session included regular assessment of subjective symptoms of nicotine/tobacco withdrawal, subjective effects of transdermal nicotine dose, psychomotor performance, heart rate and plasma nicotine level. Results from this laboratory study revealed clear nicotine dose-related effects for plasma nicotine and heart rate, symptoms of nicotine intoxication (e.g. Nausea, Lightheaded) and suppression of Urges to smoke and Craving. Many DSM IV nicotine/tobacco withdrawal symptoms did not show dose-related suppression (e.g. Irritability/frustration/anger, Anxious, Difficulty concentrating). Importantly, results from this study indicated that there were very few differences between men and women in nicotine-induced suppression of the nicotine/tobacco withdrawal syndrome. Future research addressing this important issue may benefit from focusing on a potential interaction between gender and other effects of TN (i.e., blunting the effects of a concurrently administered cigarette) and/or on other triggers for relapse (i.e., smoking-related stimuli).
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Scrimshaw-Hall, Emma. "The Role of Touch in Mitigating Withdrawal Symptoms and Increasing Attachment Outcomes in Opioid Exposed Infants." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/951.
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Abstract
According to Bowlby, infants have a universal need to seek close proximity with their caregiver when under distress or threatened. This study seeks to look at attachment in a population that is undergoing extreme distress as they suffer from opioid withdrawal within the first few weeks of life. It aims to explore the role touch (kangaroo care) can have in creating the secure base that attachment theorists describe as the basis for all future attachments, and in reducing the length of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. It is hypothesized that infants born with drug dependencies who receive increased touch and holding throughout their withdrawal will have a shorter duration of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome and will be more securely attached at 18 months than those who do not receive increased touch. It is also hypothesized that infants whose caregivers reported high scores of bonding with their infants in the first year of life will be more securely attached than those with lower scores of bonding. Infants who were sent home with their birth parents after discharge are hypothesized to be more securely attached at 18 months with their caregiver than infants who were sent home to a foster family. The results of this study will contribute to attachment literature in a population where research is lacking, and will add to the knowledge on Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome treatment.
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Harvanko, Arit M. "THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF FIRST-GENERATION ELECTRONIC CIGARETTES AFTER 24-HOUR TOBACCO DEPRIVATION." UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/73.
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Little is currently known about the ability of electronic cigarettes to manage tobacco withdrawal symptoms and their abuse liability. In the current study eight conventional cigarette smokers completed nine within-subject study sessions. In the first session participants practiced using an electronic cigarette containing 16 mg/ml of nicotine over six 10-puff bouts. Remaining study sessions were comprised of four two-day blocks (one for each condition), which assessed measures of tobacco withdrawal symptoms and abuse liability following unrestricted cigarette smoking and 24-hour tobacco deprivation. Study conditions included an electronic cigarette with 0, 8, or 16 mg/ml nicotine concentrations, or preferred brand of conventional cigarette. Following 24-hours of tobacco deprivation, smoking conventional cigarettes ameliorated many of the self-report and physiological symptoms (decreased heart rate) associated with tobacco deprivation, while no attenuation of withdrawal symptoms was indicated following using electronic cigarettes, independent of nicotine dose. On abuse liability measures there were no significant changes following using an electronic cigarette (regardless of nicotine concentration), while conventional cigarettes engendered significant changes on abuse liability measures. Within the conditions of this study, first-generation electronic cigarettes had no measurable efficacy in ameliorating tobacco withdrawal symptoms and a reduced abuse liability compared to conventional tobacco cigarettes.
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Harvanko, Arit M. "THE SELF-REPORTED AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF PROPYLENE GLYCOL AND VEGETABLE GLYCERIN IN ELECTRONIC CIGARETTE LIQUIDS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/psychology_etds/139.
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Little is known about how electronic cigarette (EC) users manipulate device parameters, what factors drive their use, and how non-nicotine ingredients influence the stimulus effects of EC aerosols. The ingredients propylene glycol (PG) or vegetable glycerin (VG) serve as the base for virtually all electronic cigarette liquids, and information on how they affect the using experience would provide important groundwork for the study of other ingredients. In this dissertation, results from a survey and laboratory study focused on the stimulus effects of ECs, and the influence of PG and VG, will be discussed. A total of 522 regular EC users completed a survey comprised of an electronic cigarette dependence questionnaire, questions on tobacco and electronic cigarette use, and device and liquid preferences. This was followed by a laboratory study with sixteen electronic cigarette users completing five test days (one practice and four assessment days). In the laboratory study, following one hour of nicotine deprivation, two sampling puffs from liquid formulations containing 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100% PG/VG concentrations were administered in random order during five assessments, each separated by 20 min. Primary outcome measures were self-reported stimulus characteristics and breakpoint on a multiple-choice procedure. Survey results indicated that ability to change device voltage, and level of resistance, was significantly associated with level of nicotine dependence, as was amount of liquid consumed, nicotine concentration, and milligrams of nicotine used per week. Participants also rated 'good taste' as the most important consideration when purchasing and using liquids, and PG was associated with undesirable effects and VG with desirable effects. Laboratory results indicated that greater VG content was associated with greater reports of visibility of the exhalant (i.e. “cloud”). Liquids with mixtures of PG or VG were associated with conventional cigarette smoking sensations and greater reductions of systolic blood pressure compared to formulations with only PG or VG. There was no significant effect of liquid formulation on the multiple-choice procedure, but puffs were rarely chosen over even the smallest monetary option ($0.05), suggesting minimal reinforcing efficacy. In conclusion, survey data indicate that a wide range device parameter settings and liquid ingredients are preferred by daily e-cigarette users, and that individuals with greater nicotine dependence favor voltage control devices, and lower resistance heating elements. Survey data also indicated that taste is a key factor for EC liquid selection, and relative concentrations of propylene glycol and vegetable glycerin may have a significant impact on the reinforcing effects of liquids. In contrast, laboratory data suggests that PG or VG do not significantly impact the abuse liability of EC liquids, though reinforcing effects of these ingredients was unclear in the laboratory study.
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Wilkinson, Derek Scott. "Examination of tolerance to the cognitive enhancing effect of nicotine on contextual conditioning." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2012. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/162397.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Nicotine addiction is a multifaceted disease that can be influenced by several factors. Emerging evidence indicates that the neural substrates of nicotine addiction overlap with the neural substrates of learning and memory. Nicotine modulates various types of learning and memory and the ability of nicotine to alter cognitive processes may contribute to its addictive liability. Acute nicotine enhances contextual conditioning in mice, tolerance develops to this effect with chronic administration, and withdrawal from chronic nicotine produces cognitive deficits. While tolerance and withdrawal deficits both occur following chronic administration, it is unknown if they share similar mechanisms. The series of experiments in Chapter 2 were designed to provide evidence that tolerance and withdrawal are dissociable. C57BL/6J mice were implanted with osmotic minipumps that delivered constant nicotine or saline for various durations and then were trained and tested in contextual conditioning either during chronic nicotine administration or 24 hours after pump removal. Chronic nicotine enhanced contextual conditioning in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Tolerance developed quickly to the enhancing effect of chronic nicotine. Furthermore, the duration of chronic nicotine treatment required to produce cognitive deficits upon cessation of treatment differed than that required to produce tolerance, which suggests that tolerance and withdrawal are mediated by separate mechanisms. Chapter 2 concludes by presenting a model that integrates nicotinic acetylcholine receptor desensitization and upregulation to explain the present findings. The model presented in Chapter 2 predicts that there will be enhanced sensitivity to acute nicotine during a period of nicotine withdrawal. Previous research indicates that prior exposure to nicotine enhances sensitivity to acute nicotine injections, but it is unclear if this enhanced sensitivity is due to prior nicotine exposure or enhanced sensitivity to nicotine during withdrawal. Therefore, the experiments in Chapter 3 were designed to determine if prior exposure to nicotine or nicotine withdrawal altered sensitivity to acute nicotine injections. This was accomplished by assessing the effects of acute nicotine on contextual conditioning immediately after cessation of chronic nicotine treatment and two weeks later, a time period not associated with withdrawal-related changes in cognitive function. Results of the study showed that acute nicotine enhanced contextual conditioning across a wide range of doses in both saline- and nicotine-withdrawn mice. However, a greater enhancement of contextual conditioning was observed in mice withdrawn from chronic nicotine treatment for 24 hours than all other withdrawal groups, suggesting enhanced sensitivity during withdrawal. The enhanced sensitivity to acute nicotine suggests altered nAChR function during withdrawal. In addition, the lowest dose of acute nicotine did not enhance contextual conditioning in groups that received chronic nicotine but did in other groups. The simultaneous observation of a hyper and hyposensitive nAChR system during withdrawal suggests that there may be a phasic response to chronic nicotine. Together, the results of the present study suggest that tolerance and withdrawal operate under separate mechanisms, and that there is overall enhanced sensitivity to nicotine during periods of nicotine withdrawal.
Temple University--Theses
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Rashid, Amir. "Characterising and understanding the professional and organisational commitment of community pharmacists." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/characterising-and-understanding-the-professional-and-organisational-commitment-of-community-pharmacists(40992b1d-4e95-42ed-9c31-a2f1a57a1a9d).html.
Full textAbstract:
Community-pharmacy is in a state of flux with a series of significant recent changes including the Community-pharmacy Contract, the reconstitution of the RPSGB and the General Pharmaceutical Council. There are also socio-cultural changes such as greater numbers of women in the profession, and an increase in pharmacists reducing their hours of work. The latter comes at a time when workload/roles are expanding and diversifying, leading to potential scenarios in which there are shortfalls between the hours worked and workload demands. This will have an impact on community pharmacists, but its magnitude may be dependent on how they are professionally and organisationally committed. Whilst there has been some promising commitment research in the USA, little research has been published in GB. However, multidimensional models of commitment have been researched extensively in other professions.A programme of research was developed and conducted to characterise and understand the role of professional and organisational commitment in community-pharmacy in GB using the Three-Component Model of commitment (TCM). Various methods were used to answer the research questions including focus-groups to assess qualitatively the contextual appropriateness of the constructs (stage 1.1), and cognitive-interviews to assess construct validity (stage 1.2). Stage 2 consisted of a large survey study, which examined the psychometric validity of the measurement scales as well as salient a-priori theoretical relationships found in both community pharmacy in GB and other professional contexts. A total of 32 participants were recruited for stage one and 713 community-pharmacists participated in stage two. Ethical approval was attained from the University of Manchester Ethics Committee for both stages one and two.The research found that beyond the affective facets of professional and organisational commitment both normative and continuance facets made significant, unique and yet varied contributions to the influence of both withdrawal-behaviours and work-performance behaviours in the community pharmacy population in GB. However, the levels and strengths of the different facets of professional and organisational commitment also appeared to differ amongst the different subgroups in community pharmacists in GB. For example, independent/small-chain pharmacists exhibited significantly higher levels of affective and normative organisational commitment and significantly lower levels of organisational withdrawal behaviours compared to large-multiple pharmacists. The implications of these and other differences were highlighted and recommendations made salient to the profession and community pharmacy organisations about how the levels of the different facets of commitment may be managed to foster greater work-performance behaviours and mitigate the different withdrawal behaviours.
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Kleykamp, Betha A. "The Effects of Transdermal Nicotine on Tobacco/Nicotine Withdrawal and Concurrently Administered Cigarettes in Women and Men." VCU Scholars Compass, 2007. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1218.
Full textAbstract:
Transdermal nicotine (TN) is a smoking cessation pharmacotherapy thought to work by suppressing tobacco/nicotine withdrawal and reducing the effect of a concurrently smoked tobacco cigarette. Clinical trials suggest that TN may be less efficacious for women. This study explored the possibility of gender differences in response to transdermal nicotine in 54 women and 70 men. Participants completed four within-subject, double-blind, randomized sessions corresponding to 0, 7, 14, and 21 mg TN and 4-hrs after TN application smoked an own-brand cigarette. Prior to session onset participants completed ≥ 8 hours of verified tobacco cigarette abstinence (i.e., expired air carbon monoxide levels ≤ 10 ppm). Subjective and physiological measures were administered throughout each session, and cognitive performance and smoking behavior were assessed at time points related to the smoking opportunity.Results revealed that there were few significant effects involving the gender factor across withdrawal suppression and concurrent smoking outcomes (13 significant gender-related effects out of 338 possible; 3.9%). Women were more sensitive to some of the direct effects of nicotine in the 21 mg TN condition (e.g., increased ratings of "Nauseous"). However, for women and men TN suppressed some of the signs and symptoms of withdrawal and attenuated smoking-related increases in heart rate and subjective effects that might be indicative of the positive reinforcing properties of smoking (e.g., "Was the cigarette satisfying?"). In addition, for women and men, TN did not attenuate properties of smoking that might be negatively reinforcing (e.g., smoking- induced reductions in withdrawal symptoms). Thus, although this study does not shed light on clinical observations that TN is less effective for women, results suggest that NRT might be more efficacious if combined with other interventions that supplement the withdrawal suppressing effects of TN and reduce the negative reinforcing qualities of smoking.