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Journal articles on the topic 'XENON1T'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 13 February 2022

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1

Ahlin, Daniel, Boris Bauermeister, Jan Conrad, Robert Gardner, Luca Grandi, Benedikt Riedel, Evan Shockley, et al. "The XENON1T Data Distribution and Processing Scheme." EPJ Web of Conferences 214 (2019): 03015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201921403015.

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The XENON experiment is looking for non-baryonic particle dark matter in the universe. The setup is a dual phase time projection chamber (TPC) filled with 3200 kg of ultra-pure liquid xenon. The setup is operated at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy. We present a full overview of the computing scheme for data distribution and job management in XENON1T. The software package Rucio, which is developed by the ATLAS collaboration, facilitates data handling on Open Science Grid (OSG) and European Grid Infrastructure (EGI) storage systems. A tape copy at the Centre for High Performance Computing (PDC) is managed by the Tivoli Storage Manager (TSM). Data reduction and Monte Carlo production are handled by CI Connect which is integrated into the OSG network. The job submission system connects resources at the EGI, OSG, SDSC’s Comet, and the campus HPC resources for distributed computing. The previous success in the XENON1T computing scheme is also the starting point for its successor experiment XENONnT, which starts to take data in autumn 2019.

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2

Di Gangi, Pietro. "The Xenon Road to Direct Detection of Dark Matter at LNGS: The XENON Project." Universe 7, no. 8 (August 23, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7080313.

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Dark matter is a milestone in the understanding of the Universe and a portal to the discovery of new physics beyond the Standard Model of particles. The direct search for dark matter has become one of the most active fields of experimental physics in the last few decades. Liquid Xenon (LXe) detectors demonstrated the highest sensitivities to the main dark matter candidates (Weakly Interactive Massive Particles, WIMP). The experiments of the XENON project, located in the underground INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS) in Italy, are leading the field thanks to the dual-phase LXe time projection chamber (TPC) technology. Since the first prototype XENON10 built in 2005, each detector of the XENON project achieved the highest sensitivity to WIMP dark matter. XENON increased the LXe target mass by nearly a factor 400, up to the 5.9 t of the current XENONnT detector installed at LNGS in 2020. Thanks to an unprecedentedly low background level, XENON1T (predecessor of XENONnT) set the world best limits on WIMP dark matter to date, for an overall boost of more than 3 orders of magnitude to the experimental sensitivity since the XENON project started. In this work, we review the principles of direct dark matter detection with LXe TPCs, the detectors of the XENON project, the challenges posed by background mitigation to ultra-low levels, and the main results achieved by the XENON project in the search for dark matter.

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3

Alfonsi, Matteo. "The XENON Dark Matter project: from XENON100 to XENON1T." Nuclear and Particle Physics Proceedings 273-275 (April 2016): 373–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2015.09.053.

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4

Persiani, Rino. "RESULTS FROM THE XENON100 EXPERIMENT." Acta Polytechnica 53, A (December 18, 2013): 555–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/ap.2013.53.0555.

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The XENON program consists in operating and developing double-phase time projection chambers using liquid xenon as the target material. It aims to directly detect dark matter in the form of WIMPs via their elastic scattering off xenon nuclei. The current phase is XENON100, located at the Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS), with a 62 kg liquid xenon target. We present the 100.9 live days of data, acquired between January and June 2010, with no evidence of dark matter, as well as the new results of the last scientific run, with about 225 live days. The next phase, XENON1T, will increase the sensitivity by two orders of magnitude.

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5

Davide, Ferella Alfredo. "Direct WIMP searches with XENON100 and XENON1T." EPJ Web of Conferences 95 (2015): 04019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/20159504019.

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6

Fieguth, Alexander. "Search for doubleβ-decays of124Xe with XENON100 & XENON1T." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 888 (September 2017): 012251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/888/1/012251.

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7

Ni, Kaixuan, Jianyang Qi, Evan Shockley, and Yuehuan Wei. "Sensitivity of a Liquid Xenon Detector to Neutrino–Nucleus Coherent Scattering and Neutrino Magnetic Moment from Reactor Neutrinos." Universe 7, no. 3 (March 3, 2021): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7030054.

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Liquid xenon is one of the leading targets to search for dark matter via its elastic scattering on nuclei or electrons. Due to their low-threshold and low-background capabilities, liquid xenon detectors can also detect coherent elastic neutrino–nucleus scattering (CEνNS) or neutrino–electron scattering. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of a compact and movable liquid xenon detector with an active target mass of O(10∼100) kg and single-electron sensitivity to detect CEνNS from anti-neutrinos from a nuclear reactor. Assuming a single- and few-electron background rate at the level achieved by the XENON10/100 experiments, we expect a 5-σ detection of CEνNS with less than 400 kg-days of exposure. We further investigate the sensitivity of such a detector to neutrino magnetic moment with neutrino electron scattering. If an electronic recoil background rate of 0.01∼0.1 events/keV/kg/day above 1 keV can be achieved with adequate shielding, a liquid xenon detector can reach a neutrino magnetic moment sensitivity of 10−11μB, which would improve upon the current most-constraining laboratory limits from the GEMMA and Borexino experiments. Additionally, such a detector would be able to probe the region compatible with a magnetic moment interpretation of the low-energy excess electronic recoil events recently reported by XENON1T.

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8

Arias-Aragón, Fernando, Francesco D'Eramo, Ricardo Z. Ferreira, Luca Merlo, and Alessio Notari. "Cosmic imprints of XENON1T axions." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2020, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/025.

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9

Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, V. C. Antochi, et al. "The XENON1T data acquisition system." Journal of Instrumentation 14, no. 07 (July 24, 2019): P07016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/14/07/p07016.

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10

Bhattacherjee, Biplob, and Rhitaja Sengupta. "XENON1T excess: Some possible backgrounds." Physics Letters B 817 (June 2021): 136305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2021.136305.

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11

Aristizabal Sierra, D., V. De Romeri, L. J. Flores, and D. K. Papoulias. "Light vector mediators facing XENON1T data." Physics Letters B 809 (October 2020): 135681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135681.

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12

Fieguth, Alexander. "Distillation column for the XENON1T experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 718 (May 2016): 042020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/718/4/042020.

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13

Benabderrahmane, M. L. "Latest results from the XENON1T experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1258 (October 2019): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1258/1/012009.

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14

Miranda, O. G., D. K. Papoulias, M. Tórtola, and J. W. F. Valle. "XENON1T signal from transition neutrino magnetic moments." Physics Letters B 808 (September 2020): 135685. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135685.

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15

Kim, Jongkuk, Takaaki Nomura, and Hiroshi Okada. "A radiative seesaw model linking to XENON1T anomaly." Physics Letters B 811 (December 2020): 135862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135862.

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16

Rosendahl, S., E. Brown, I. Cristescu, A. Fieguth, C. Huhmann, M. Murra, and C. Weinheimer. "A cryogenic distillation column for the XENON1T experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 564 (November 28, 2014): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/564/1/012006.

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17

Chigusa, So, Motoi Endo, and Kazunori Kohri. "Constraints on electron-scattering interpretation of XENON1T excess." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2020, no. 10 (October 13, 2020): 035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/10/035.

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18

Buch, Jatan, Manuel A. Buen-Abad, JiJi Fan, and John Shing Chau Leung. "Galactic origin of relativistic bosons and XENON1T excess." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2020, no. 10 (October 26, 2020): 051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/10/051.

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19

Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, F. D. Amaro, M. Anthony, L. Arazi, et al. "Physics reach of the XENON1T dark matter experiment." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2016, no. 04 (April 14, 2016): 027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2016/04/027.

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20

Ko, P., and Yong Tang. "Semi-annihilating Z3 dark matter for XENON1T excess." Physics Letters B 815 (April 2021): 136181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2021.136181.

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21

Harigaya, Keisuke, Yuichiro Nakai, and Motoo Suzuki. "Inelastic dark matter electron scattering and the XENON1T excess." Physics Letters B 809 (October 2020): 135729. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135729.

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22

Khan, Amir N. "Can nonstandard neutrino interactions explain the XENON1T spectral excess?" Physics Letters B 809 (October 2020): 135782. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135782.

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23

Zu, Lei, Guan-Wen Yuan, Lei Feng, and Yi-Zhong Fan. "Mirror dark matter and electronic recoil events in XENON1T." Nuclear Physics B 965 (April 2021): 115369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysb.2021.115369.

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24

Zu, Lei, R. Foot, Yi-Zhong Fan, and Lei Feng. "Plasma dark matter and electronic recoil events in XENON1T." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2021, no. 01 (January 29, 2021): 070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2021/01/070.

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25

Alikhanov, Ibragim, and Emmanuel Paschos. "A Light Mediator Relating Neutrino Reactions." Universe 7, no. 7 (June 22, 2021): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/universe7070204.

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The extension of the standard model with a multiplicative U(1)R factor is consistent with a light vector boson. In its simplest realization, only right-handed particles carry charges of the new group. In this model, there is a residual τ3R symmetry and one new coupling constant which correlates neutrino interactions. We compute new contributions to antineutrino–electron scattering and coherent scattering on nuclei, and compare them with the XENON1T result.

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26

Clarke, J. D., and R. Foot. "Mirror dark matter will be confirmed or excluded by XENON1T." Physics Letters B 766 (March 2017): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2016.12.047.

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27

Camargo, Daniel A., Yann Mambrini, and Farinaldo S. Queiroz. "XENON1T takes a razor to a dark E6-inspired model." Physics Letters B 786 (November 2018): 337–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2018.09.057.

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28

Choi, Gongjun, Motoo Suzuki, and Tsutomu T. Yanagida. "XENON1T anomaly and its implication for decaying warm dark matter." Physics Letters B 811 (December 2020): 135976. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135976.

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29

Shitov, Yu, and E. Yakushev. "Carbon 14C and Tritium as possible background sources in XENON1T." Journal of Instrumentation 15, no. 12 (December 9, 2020): P12013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/15/12/p12013.

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30

Aprile, E., R. Budnik, B. Choi, H. A. Contreras, K. L. Giboni, L. W. Goetzke, R. F. Lang, et al. "Performance of a cryogenic system prototype for the XENON1T detector." Journal of Instrumentation 7, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): P10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/7/10/p10001.

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31

Rizzo, A. "The next generation dark matter hunter: XENON1T status and perspective." EPJ Web of Conferences 121 (2016): 06009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201612106009.

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32

Buttazzo, Dario, Paolo Panci, Daniele Teresi, and Robert Ziegler. "Xenon1T excess from electron recoils of non-relativistic Dark Matter." Physics Letters B 817 (June 2021): 136310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2021.136310.

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33

Dutta, Koushik, Avirup Ghosh, Arpan Kar, and Biswarup Mukhopadhyaya. "Decaying fermionic warm dark matter and XENON1T electronic recoil excess." Physics of the Dark Universe 33 (September 2021): 100855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2021.100855.

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34

Dessert, Christopher, Joshua W. Foster, Yonatan Kahn, and Benjamin R. Safdi. "Systematics in the XENON1T data: The 15-keV anti-axion." Physics of the Dark Universe 34 (December 2021): 100878. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dark.2021.100878.

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35

BAO, SHOU-SHAN, XUE GONG, ZONG-GUO SI, and YU-FENG ZHOU. "FOURTH GENERATION MAJORANA NEUTRINO, DARK MATTER AND HIGGS PHYSICS." International Journal of Modern Physics A 29, no. 02 (January 20, 2014): 1450010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x14500109.

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We consider extensions of the standard model with fourth generation fermions (SM4) in which extra symmetries are introduced such that the transitions between the fourth generation fermions and the ones in the first three generations are forbidden. In these models, the stringent lower bounds on the masses of fourth generation quarks from direct searches can be relaxed, and the lightest fourth neutrino is allowed to be stable and light enough to trigger the Higgs boson invisible decay. In addition, the fourth Majorana neutrino can be a subdominant but highly detectable dark matter component. We perform a global analysis of the current Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data on the Higgs production and decay in this type of SM4. The results show that the mass of the lightest fourth Majorana neutrino is confined in the range ~41–59 GeV. Within the allowed parameter space, the predicted effective cross-section for spin-independent DM–nucleon scattering is ~3×10-48–6×10-46 cm 2, which is close to the current XENON100 upper limit and is within the reach of the XENON1T experiment in the near future. The predicted spin-dependent cross sections can also reach ~8×10-40 cm 2.

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36

Baek, Seungwon, Jongkuk Kim, and P. Ko. "XENON1T excess in local Z2 DM models with light dark sector." Physics Letters B 810 (November 2020): 135848. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135848.

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37

Lindner, Manfred, Yann Mambrini, Téssio B. de Melo, and Farinaldo S. Queiroz. "XENON1T anomaly: A light Z′ from a Two Higgs Doublet Model." Physics Letters B 811 (December 2020): 135972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135972.

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38

Remenska, D., C. Tunnell, J. Aalbers, S. Verhoeven, J. Maassen, and J. Templon. "GivingpandasROOT to chew on: experiences with the XENON1T Dark Matter experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 898 (October 2017): 042003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/898/4/042003.

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39

Khan, Najimuddin. "Neutrino Mass and the Higgs Portal Dark Matter in the ESSFSM." Advances in High Energy Physics 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4809682.

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We extend the standard model with three right-handed singlet neutrinos and a real singlet scalar. We impose two Z2 and Z2′ symmetries. We explain the tiny neutrino mass-squared differences with two Z2- and Z2′-even right-handed neutrinos using type I seesaw mechanism. The Z2-odd fermion and the Z2′-odd scalar can both serve as viable dark matter candidates. We identify new regions in the parameter space which are consistent with relic density of the dark matter from recent direct search experiments LUX-2016 and XENON1T-2017 and LHC data.

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40

Okada, Nobuchika, Satomi Okada, Digesh Raut, and Qaisar Shafi. "Dark matter Z′ and XENON1T excess from U(1) extended standard model." Physics Letters B 810 (November 2020): 135785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135785.

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41

Dey, Ujjal Kumar, Tarak Nath Maity, and Tirtha Sankar Ray. "Prospects of Migdal effect in the explanation of XENON1T electron recoil excess." Physics Letters B 811 (December 2020): 135900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135900.

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42

Alonso-Álvarez, Gonzalo, Fatih Ertas, Joerg Jaeckel, Felix Kahlhoefer, and Lennert J. Thormaehlen. "Hidden photon dark matter in the light of XENON1T and stellar cooling." Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics 2020, no. 11 (November 16, 2020): 029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1475-7516/2020/11/029.

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43

Barrow, P., L. Baudis, D. Cichon, M. Danisch, D. Franco, F. Kaether, A. Kish, et al. "Qualification tests of the R11410-21 photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T detector." Journal of Instrumentation 12, no. 01 (January 30, 2017): P01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/12/01/p01024.

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44

Jho, Yongsoo, Jong-Chul Park, Seong Chan Park, and Po-Yan Tseng. "Leptonic new force and cosmic-ray boosted dark matter for the XENON1T excess." Physics Letters B 811 (December 2020): 135863. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135863.

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45

Nakayama, Kazunori, and Yong Tang. "Gravitational production of hidden photon dark matter in light of the XENON1T excess." Physics Letters B 811 (December 2020): 135977. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135977.

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46

Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, V. C. Antochi, et al. "$$^{222}$$Rn emanation measurements for the XENON1T experiment." European Physical Journal C 81, no. 4 (April 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-08777-z.

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AbstractThe selection of low-radioactive construction materials is of utmost importance for the success of low-energy rare event search experiments. Besides radioactive contaminants in the bulk, the emanation of radioactive radon atoms from material surfaces attains increasing relevance in the effort to further reduce the background of such experiments. In this work, we present the $$^{222}$$ 222 Rn emanation measurements performed for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. Together with the bulk impurity screening campaign, the results enabled us to select the radio-purest construction materials, targeting a $$^{222}$$ 222 Rn activity concentration of $$10\,\mathrm{\,}\upmu \mathrm{Bq}/\mathrm{kg}$$ 10 μ Bq / kg in $$3.2\,\mathrm{t}$$ 3.2 t of xenon. The knowledge of the distribution of the $$^{222}$$ 222 Rn sources allowed us to selectively eliminate problematic components in the course of the experiment. The predictions from the emanation measurements were compared to data of the $$^{222}$$ 222 Rn activity concentration in XENON1T. The final $$^{222}$$ 222 Rn activity concentration of $$(4.5\pm 0.1)\,\mathrm{\,}\upmu \mathrm{Bq}/\mathrm{kg}$$ ( 4.5 ± 0.1 ) μ Bq / kg in the target of XENON1T is the lowest ever achieved in a xenon dark matter experiment.

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47

Shakeri, Soroush, Fazlollah Hajkarim, and She-Sheng Xue. "Shedding new light on sterile neutrinos from XENON1T experiment." Journal of High Energy Physics 2020, no. 12 (December 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep12(2020)194.

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Abstract The XENON1T collaboration recently reported the excess of events from recoil electrons, possibly giving an insight into new area beyond the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics. We try to explain this excess by considering effective interactions between the sterile neutrinos and the SM particles. In this paper, we present an effective model based on one-particle-irreducible interaction vertices at low energies that are induced from the SM gauge symmetric four-fermion operators at high energies. The effective interaction strength is constrained by the SM precision measurements, astrophysical and cosmological observations. We introduce a novel effective electromagnetic interaction between sterile neutrinos and SM neutrinos, which can successfully explain the XENON1T event rate through inelastic scattering of the sterile neutrino dark matter from Xenon electrons. We find that sterile neutrinos with masses around 90 keV and specific effective coupling can fit well with the XENON1T data where the best fit points preserving DM constraints and possibly describe the anomalies in other experiments.

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48

Lee, Hyun Min. "Exothermic dark matter for XENON1T excess." Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, no. 1 (January 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep01(2021)019.

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Abstract Motivated by the recent excess in the electron recoil from XENON1T experiment, we consider the possibility of exothermic dark matter, which is composed of two states with mass splitting. The heavier state down-scatters off the electron into the lighter state, making an appropriate recoil energy required for the Xenon excess even for the standard Maxwellian velocity distribution of dark matter. Accordingly, we determine the mass difference between two component states of dark matter to the peak electron recoil energy at about 2.5 keV up to the detector resolution, accounting for the recoil events over ER = 2 − 3 keV, which are most significant. We include the effects of the phase-space enhancement and the atomic excitation factor to calculate the required scattering cross section for the Xenon excess. We discuss the implications of dark matter interactions in the effective theory for exothermic dark matter and a massive Z′ mediator and provide microscopic models realizing the required dark matter and electron couplings to Z′.

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49

Aprile, E., J. Aalbers, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Althueser, F. D. Amaro, V. C. Antochi, et al. "Energy resolution and linearity of XENON1T in the MeV energy range." European Physical Journal C 80, no. 8 (August 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-020-8284-0.

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Abstract Xenon dual-phase time projection chambers designed to search for weakly interacting massive particles have so far shown a relative energy resolution which degrades with energy above $$\sim $$∼ 200 keV due to the saturation effects. This has limited their sensitivity in the search for rare events like the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $$^{136} \hbox {Xe}$$136Xe at its Q value, $$Q_{\beta \beta }\simeq 2.46\,\hbox {MeV}$$Qββ≃2.46MeV. For the XENON1T dual-phase time projection chamber, we demonstrate that the relative energy resolution at $$1\,\sigma /\mu $$1σ/μ is as low as ($$0.80 \pm 0.02$$0.80±0.02) % in its one-ton fiducial mass, and for single-site interactions at $$Q_{\beta \beta }$$Qββ. We also present a new signal correction method to rectify the saturation effects of the signal readout system, resulting in more accurate position reconstruction and indirectly improving the energy resolution. The very good result achieved in XENON1T opens up new windows for the xenon dual-phase dark matter detectors to simultaneously search for other rare events.

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50

Takahashi, Fuminobu, Masaki Yamada, and Wen Yin. "What if ALP dark matter for the XENON1T excess is the inflaton." Journal of High Energy Physics 2021, no. 1 (January 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/jhep01(2021)152.

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Abstract:

Abstract The recent XENON1T excess in the electron recoil data can be explained by anomaly-free axion-like particle (ALP) dark matter with mass mϕ = 2.3 ± 0.2 keV and the decay constant $$ {f}_{\phi }/{q}_e\simeq 2\times {10}^{10}\sqrt{\Omega_{\phi }/{\Omega}_{\mathrm{DM}}} $$ f ϕ / q e ≃ 2 × 10 10 Ω ϕ / Ω DM GeV. Intriguingly, the suggested mass and decay constant are consistent with the relation, $$ {f}_{\phi}\sim {10}^3\sqrt{m_{\phi }{M}_p} $$ f ϕ ∼ 10 3 m ϕ M p , predicted in a scenario where the ALP plays the role of the inflaton. This raises a possibility that the ALP dark matter responsible for the XENON1T excess also drove inflation in the very early universe. We study implications of the XENON1T excess for the ALP inflation and thermal history of the universe after inflation. We find that the successful reheating requires the ALP couplings to heavy fermions in the standard model, which results in an instantaneous reheating and subsequent thermalization of the ALPs. Then, an entropy dilution of $$ \mathcal{O} $$ O (10) is necessary to explain the XENON1T excess, which can be achieved by decays of the right-handed neutrinos.

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